<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-25-006762.txt : 20250303
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-25-006762.hdr.sgml : 20250303
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250303162516
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-25-006762
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-8
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250303
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250303
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20250303

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ACM Research, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001680062
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SPECIAL INDUSTRY MACHINERY, NEC [3559]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	06 Technology
		IRS NUMBER:				000000000
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			CA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-8
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-285496
		FILM NUMBER:		25698358

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		42307 OSGOOD ROAD, SUITE I
		CITY:			FREMONT
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94539
		BUSINESS PHONE:		510-445-3700

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		42307 OSGOOD ROAD, SUITE I
		CITY:			FREMONT
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94539
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-8
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>ef20044772_s8.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-8
<TEXT>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 3, 2025</div>
    <div style="text-align: right;"><font style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Registration No.&#160;333-</font></div>
    <div>
      <hr align="center" style="border: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: 4px solid black; height: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
      <div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">UNITED STATES</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</div>
        <div>&#160;
          <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: #000000; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px auto; height: 2px; width: 15%; color: #000000; text-align: center;">
          <div> <br>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">FORM S-8</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">REGISTRATION STATEMENT</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">UNDER</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> <br>
        </div>
        <div>
          <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: #000000; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px auto; height: 2px; width: 15%; color: #000000; text-align: center;">
          <div> <br>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 24pt; font-weight: bold;">ACM RESEARCH, INC.</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="zf6fc69e153814405812112b95721159d" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Delaware</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">94-3290283</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(State or other jurisdiction of</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">incorporation or organization)</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">42307 Osgood Road, Suite I</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Fremont, California</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">94539</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(Address of principal executive offices)</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 2%; vertical-align: top;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 49%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(Zip code)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>

        </table>
        <div> <br>
        </div>
        <div>
          <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: #000000; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px auto; height: 2px; width: 15%; color: #000000; text-align: center;">
          <div> <br>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(Full title of the plan)</div>
        <div>&#160;
          <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="background-color: #000000; border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px auto; height: 2px; width: 15%; color: #000000; text-align: center;">
          <div> <br>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">David H. Wang</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Chief Executive Officer and President</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">ACM Research, Inc.</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">42307 Osgood Road, Suite I</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Fremont, California 94539</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">(510) 445-3700</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">With a copy to:</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Michael A. Hedge</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Jason C. Dreibelbis</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">K&amp;L Gates LLP</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">1 Park Plaza, Twelfth Floor</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Irvine, California 92614</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">(949) 253-0900</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div>Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221;
          &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller reporting company,&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="z7f58954415c04df292609af9555da98b" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 16.35%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Large accelerated filer</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 56.73%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#9746;</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 21.81%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Accelerated filer</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 5.12%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">&#9744;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 16.35%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Non-accelerated filer</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 56.73%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">&#9744;</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 21.81%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Smaller reporting company</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 5.12%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">&#9744;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 73.08%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 21.81%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Emerging growth company</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 5.12%; vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">&#9744;</td>
            </tr>

        </table>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the
          Securities Act. &#9744;</div>
        <div>&#160;
          <hr align="center" style="border: none; border-bottom: 4px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black; height: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"></div>
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        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">STATEMENT OF INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: justify;">This Registration Statement on Form S-8 relating to the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan of the registrant is being filed for the purpose of registering additional securities of the same class as other securities for
          which a Registration Statement on Form S-8 has previously been filed and is effective. Pursuant to General Instruction E to Form S-8, except as otherwise set forth below, this Registration Statement incorporates by reference the contents of the
          Registration Statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-222702, filed by the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2018.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">PART II</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="font-weight: bold;">Item 8. Exhibits.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="z94bd866ee50d480fbb40f59518a24a67" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: middle; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Exhibit Number</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Description</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1680062/000119312517342650/d407541dex301.htm">4.1</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div>Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ACM Research, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2017)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1680062/000114036121024240/brhc10026736_ex3-01.htm">4.2</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ACM Research, Inc., dated July 13, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to the Current Report filed on July 13, 2021)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1680062/000119312517342650/d407541dex302.htm">4.3</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div>Restated Bylaws of ACM Research, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.02 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 14, 2017)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ef20044772_ex5-1.htm">5.1</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Opinion of K&amp;L Gates LLP</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ef20044772_ex23-1.htm">23.1</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div>Consent of Ernst &amp; Young Hua Ming LLP</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ef20044772_ex23-2.htm">23.2</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Consent of Armanino LLP</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="ef20044772_ex5-1.htm">23.3</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div>Consent of K&amp;L Gates LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="#POWEROFATTORNEY">24.1</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1680062/000119312517364926/d481028dex1001.htm">99.1</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204, 238, 255);">
                <div>ACM Research, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.01 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on December 8, 2017)</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 9.22%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div><a href="ef20044772_ex107.htm">107</a></div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1.49%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Filing Fee Table</div>
              </td>
            </tr>

        </table>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
          <div class="BRPFPageBreak" style="page-break-after: always;">
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        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURE</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div>Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be
          signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Fremont, State of California, as of March 3, 2025.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="z4231b1f9d8f94e7f9090e09a9d0ad7a7" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: bottom; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1">ACM RESEARCH, INC.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: bottom;"><br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div>/s/ Mark A. McKechnie</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Mark A. McKechnie</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Treasurer</div>
              </td>
            </tr>

        </table>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a name="POWEROFATTORNEY"><!--Anchor--></a>POWER OF ATTORNEY AND SIGNATURES</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: justify;">KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David H. Wang and Mark A. McKechnie, or any of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and
          agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to file and sign any and all amendments, including post-effective amendments and any registration
          statement for the same offering that is to be effective under Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act of 1933 to this registration statement, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, full power and
          authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said
          attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. This power of attorney shall be governed by and construed with the laws of the State of Delaware and applicable federal
          securities laws.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="text-align: justify;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" id="zb52762f0b0cf403ba199aacc63aef01d" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div>
                  <div style="font-weight: bold;">Signature</div>
                </div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div>
                  <div style="font-weight: bold;">Title</div>
                </div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div>
                  <div style="font-weight: bold;">Date</div>
                </div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
                <div>/s/ David H. Wang</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>Chief Executive Officer, President and Chair of the Board of Directors</div>
                <div style="font-style: italic;">(Principal Executive Officer)</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>March 3, 2025</div>
                <br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>David H Wang</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" rowspan="1">
                <div>/s/ Mark A. McKechnie</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Treasurer
                <div style="font-style: italic;">(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&#160;&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>March 3, 2025</div>
                <br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Mark A. McKechnie</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" rowspan="1">
                <div>/s/ Haiping Dun</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>Director</div>
                <br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>March 3, 2025</div>
                <br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Haiping Dun</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" rowspan="1">
                <div>/s/ Chenming Hu</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Director<br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>March 3, 2025</div>
                <br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Chenming Hu</div>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: bottom;" rowspan="1"><br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" rowspan="1">
                <div>/s/ Tracy Liu</div>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 43%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>Director</div>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><br>
                &#160;</td>
              <td style="width: 16.92%; vertical-align: top;" rowspan="2" colspan="1">
                <div>March 3, 2025</div>
                &#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 38%; vertical-align: top;">
                <div>Tracy Liu</div>
              </td>
            </tr>

        </table>
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        <br>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ef20044772_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<html>
  <head>
    <title></title>
    <!-- Licensed to: Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
         Document created using Broadridge PROfile 25.1.1.5279
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  <div>
    <div style="text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">
      <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="height: 4px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;">EXHIBIT <font style="font-variant: small-caps;">5.1</font></div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">K&amp;L Gates LLP</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">1 Park Plaza, Twelfth Floor</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">Irvine, California 92614</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">March 3, 2025</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>ACM Research, Inc.</div>
    <div>42307 Osgood Road, Suite I</div>
    <div>Fremont, California 94539</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>Ladies and Gentlemen:</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">We have acted as counsel to ACM Research, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<font style="font-style: italic;">Company</font>&#8221;), in connection with the preparation of the Registration Statement on
      Form S-8 (the &#8220;<font style="font-style: italic;">Registration Statement</font>&#8221;) to be filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission for the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<font style="font-style: italic;">Securities Act</font>&#8221;), of 2,442,319 shares (the &#8220;<font style="font-style: italic;">Shares</font>&#8221;) of the Company&#8217;s Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, which are to be issued from time to time in connection with the
      Company&#8217;s 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the &#8220;<font style="font-style: italic;">Plan</font>&#8221;).</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">This opinion is being delivered in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">You have requested our opinion as to the matters set forth below in connection with the Registration Statement.&#160; For purposes of rendering that opinion, we have examined copies of the Plan, the
      Registration Statement, the Company&#8217;s Restated Certificate of Incorporation (as amended to date) and Restated Bylaws, and the corporate actions of the Company that provide for the issuance of the Shares, and we have made such other investigation as
      we have deemed appropriate. We also have examined and relied upon certificates of public officials and, in rendering our opinion, we have made the assumptions that are customary in opinion letters of this kind.&#160; We have not verified any of those
      assumptions.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">Based upon and subject to the foregoing and the additional qualifications and other matters set forth below, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly and validly authorized and reserved
      for issuance and that the Shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the Plan, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">The opinion expressed in this opinion letter is limited to the laws of the State of Delaware. The foregoing opinion is rendered as of the date of this letter. We assume no obligation to update or
      supplement such opinion in order to reflect any changes of law or fact that may occur.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">We are furnishing this opinion letter to you solely in connection with the Registration Statement.&#160; You may not rely on this opinion letter in any other connection, and it may not be furnished to or
      relied upon by any other person for any purpose, without our specific prior written consent.&#160; We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement.&#160; In giving our consent we do not thereby admit that we are in
      the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.</div>
    <div>&#160;</div>
    <div>
      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; width: 100%;">

          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;">Yours truly,</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;">/s/ K&amp;L Gates LLP</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
            </td>
            <td style="width: 50.00%;">K&amp;L Gates LLP</td>
          </tr>

      </table>
    </div>
    <div> <br>
    </div>
    <br>
    <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> </div>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ef20044772_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
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    <title></title>
    <!-- Licensed to: Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
         Document created using Broadridge PROfile 25.1.1.5279
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    <div>
      <div style="text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">EXHIBIT <font style="font-variant: small-caps;">23.1</font></div>
      <div>&#160;</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="color: #000000;">We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form S-8) pertaining to the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan of ACM Research, Inc. of our reports dated March 3, 2025, with respect to the
        consolidated financial statements of ACM Research, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of ACM Research, Inc., included in its Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the
        Securities and Exchange Commission.</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div>
        <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">/s/ Ernst &amp; Young Hua Ming LLP</div>
      </div>
      <div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div style="color: #000000;">Shanghai, the People&#8217;s Republic of China</div>
        <div>&#160;</div>
        <div style="color: #000000;">March 3, 2025</div>
      </div>
      <div> <br>
      </div>
      <div> <br>
      </div>
      <div>
        <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> </div>
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  </div>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.2
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>ef20044772_ex23-2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.2
<TEXT>
<html>
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    <title></title>
    <!-- Licensed to: Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
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    <div>
      <div style="text-align: right; font-weight: bold;">EXHIBIT <font style="font-variant: small-caps;">23.2</font></div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: center;"><u>C</u><u>ONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</u></div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: justify;">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of our report dated March 1, 2023, relating to the consolidated financial statements of ACM Research, Inc. and
        subsidiaries (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) appearing in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div>
        <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; width: 100%;">

            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;">Armanino<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">LLP</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;">San Ramon, California</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
              </td>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;">March 3, 2025</td>
              <td style="width: 50.00%;"><br>
              </td>
            </tr>

        </table>
        <div> <br>
        </div>
        <div> <br>
        </div>
        <div>
          <hr noshade="noshade" align="center" style="height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> </div>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>ef20044772_ex107.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 107
<TEXT>
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      <div style="text-align: right; text-indent: 397.8pt; font-weight: bold;">EXHIBIT 107</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Calculation of Filing Fee Table</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Form <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="ffd:FormTp" id="ixv-178">S-8</ix:nonNumeric></div>
      <div style="text-align: center;">(Form Type)</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c0" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" id="ixv-179">ACM Research, Inc.</ix:nonNumeric></div>
      <div style="text-align: center;">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)</div>
      <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Table 1&#8212;Newly Registered Securities</div>
      <div><br/>
      </div>
      <table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="cfttable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; color: #000000; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 10%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom"> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Security </div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Type</div> </td> <td colspan="1" style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2px; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom">&#160;</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 19%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom"> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Security Class</div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Title</div> </td> <td colspan="1" style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2px; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom">&#160;</td> <td style="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 9%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom"> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Fee</div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Calculation</div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Rule</div> </td> <td class="cftguttercell" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: bottom; padding-bottom: 2px; width: 1%; white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap;" valign="bottom"> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Amount </div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Registered</div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">(1)</div> </td> <td class="cftfncell" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: bottom; 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<th class="th"><div>Mar. 03, 2025</div></th>
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<td class="text">S-8<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-8<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:feeExhibitTypeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<SEQUENCE>8
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm44967385223824">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Offerings - Offering: 1<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Mar. 03, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>shares</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg', window );">Other Rule</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,442,319<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty', window );">Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">22.9<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price | $</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 55,929,105.1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeRate', window );">Fee Rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.01531%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee | $</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,562.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text"><table cellpadding="0" class="DSPFListTable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; text-align: left; color: #000000; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td style="width: 18.7pt; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(1)</td> <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;"> <div>Consists of additional shares available for issuance under the registrant&#8217;s 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan as the result of an annual increase effective as of January 1, 2025. In accordance with Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement shall be deemed to cover any additional securities that may from time to time be offered or issued to prevent dilution resulting from stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions.</div> </td> </tr> </table><table cellpadding="0" class="DSPFListTable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; text-align: left; color: #000000; border-spacing: 0px;">

          <tr>
            <td style="width: 18.7pt; vertical-align: top; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(2)</td>
            <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div>Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rules 457(c) and (h) under the Securities Act of 1933 and based upon the average of the high and low prices of the registrant&#8217;s Class A common stock as
                reported on The NASDAQ Global Market on February 25, 2025.</div>
            </td>
          </tr>

      </table><span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of securities being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_AmtSctiesRegd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a rule other than 457(a), 457(o), or 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingNote">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingNote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTitl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Type of securities: "Asset-backed Securities", "ADRs/ADSs", "Debt", "Debt Convertible into Equity", "Equity", "Face Amount Certificates", "Limited Partnership Interests", "Mortgage Backed Securities", "Non-Convertible Debt", "Unallocated (Universal) Shelf", "Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities", "Other"</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_PrevslyPdFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm44967385193376">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Mar. 03, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt', window );">Total Offering</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 55,929,105.1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt', window );">Total Fee Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,562.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt', window );">Total Offset Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt', window );">Net Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,562.75<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NetFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOfferingAmt</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
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<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOffsetAmt</td>
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<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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