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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income tax expenses benefit | Income (loss) before income taxes and income tax expense (benefit) are comprised of the following:
(Thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 90,403 |  |  | $ | 54,684 |  |  | $ | (1,153) |
Foreign |  | 12,697 |  |  | 22,641 |  |  | 9,428 |
Total income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 103,100 |  |  | $ | 77,325 |  |  | $ | 8,275 |
Income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 12,571 |  |  | $ | 14,603 |  |  | $ | 812 |
Foreign |  | 2,806 |  |  | 3,205 |  |  | 1,851 |
Total current |  | $ | 15,377 |  |  | $ | 17,808 |  |  | $ | 2,663 |
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | (7,953) |  |  | $ | (5,641) |
Foreign |  | 1,145 |  |  | (5,004) |  |  | (4,209) |
Total deferred |  | $ | 1,733 |  |  | $ | (12,957) |  |  | $ | (9,850) |
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 17,110 |  |  | $ | 4,851 |  |  | $ | (7,187) |
Effective income tax rate reconciliation | A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate is as follows:
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
U.S. federal statutory rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
State and local income taxes, net of federal tax effect |  | 1.7 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (10.0) |
Effect of excess of percentage depletion over cost depletion |  | (3.1) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (43.0) |
Foreign derived intangible income deduction |  | (1.7) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (1.8) |
Non-deductible goodwill impairment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |
Research and development tax credit |  | (2.0) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (16.4) |
Impact of foreign operations |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (5.3) |
Non-deductible transaction costs |  | — |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 6.9 |
Interest from tax authorities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3.8) |
Adjustment to unrecognized tax benefits |  | (0.5) |  |  | (1.9) |  |  | 1.8 |
Equity compensation |  | (0.9) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (5.3) |
Non-deductible officers' compensation |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 6.8 |
Valuation allowance |  | 0.6 |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (45.5) |
Other items |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.6 |
Effective tax rate |  | 16.6 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | (86.9) | %
Deferred tax assets and liabilities | Deferred tax assets and (liabilities) recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following:
|  | December 31,
(Thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Asset (liability) |  |  |  |
Post-employment benefits other than pensions |  | $ | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 1,714 |
Other reserves |  | 1,831 |  |  | 1,901 |
Deferred compensation |  | 3,850 |  |  | 3,263 |
Environmental reserves |  | 1,321 |  |  | 1,358 |
Inventory |  | 6,118 |  |  | — |
Research expenditures |  | 7,069 |  |  | — |
Revenue recognition |  | 7,878 |  |  | 5,027 |
Lease liabilities |  | 12,651 |  |  | 11,639 |
Interest expense carryforward |  | 12,470 |  |  | 14,163 |
Pensions |  | — |  |  | 1,393 |
Accrued compensation expense |  | 5,477 |  |  | 6,410 |
Net operating loss and credit carryforwards |  | 9,915 |  |  | 11,423 |
Subtotal |  | 69,810 |  |  | 58,291 |
Valuation allowance |  | (4,935) |  |  | (4,957) |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 64,875 |  |  | 53,334 |
Depreciation |  | (42,481) |  |  | (24,484) |
Lease assets |  | (12,078) |  |  | (11,184) |
Inventory |  | — |  |  | (2,329) |
Amortization |  | (32,925) |  |  | (35,542) |
Mine development |  | — |  |  | (917) |
Pensions |  | (400) |  |  | — |
Unrealized gains |  | (1,940) |  |  | (663) |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (89,824) |  |  | (75,119) |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  | $ | (24,949) |  |  | $ | (21,785) |
Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits | A reconciliation of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits for the year-to-date periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
(Thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 1,142 |  |  | $ | 2,360 |
Additions to tax provisions related to the current year |  | — |  |  | 431 |
Additions to tax positions related to prior years |  | — |  |  | — |
Reduction to tax positions related to prior years |  | (8) |  |  | (45) |
Lapses on statutes of limitations |  | (482) |  |  | (1,604) |
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 652 |  |  | $ | 1,142 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure for tax positions taken in the tax returns filed or to be filed for which it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities and other income tax contingencies. Includes, but is not limited to, interest and penalties, reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the effective tax rate, tax years that remain subject to examination by tax jurisdictions, and information about positions for which it is reasonably possible that amounts unrecognized will significantly change within 12 months. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15A -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=SL6600010-109319 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32718-109319 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 19 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32840-109319 + Details
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