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Value Appreciation Pool
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Value Appreciation Pool Value Appreciation Pool
The Value Appreciation Pool ("VAP") represents an accrual in respect of the Company's estimated liability under a long-term incentive compensation plan that rewards employees with 10% of any increase in the multiple of the Company's estimated fair market value to GAAP shareholders' equity between the December 1, 2020 VAP inception date, and either an interim Trigger Event or the ultimate plan maturity on December 31, 2025. A total of 10.0 million units are available for issuance under this plan. As of September 30, 2023, there were 9.5 million units issued and outstanding.

With effect from March 10, 2023, the VAP was revised to include an Underpin, such that if the ratio of the Company's estimated fair market value to GAAP shareholders' equity on the Trigger Event date is less than 1.15, the value of the award will be calculated with reference to a minimum ratio of 1.15 in order to provide for a minimum payment in respect of the award. In the event that the Underpin comes into effect, the fair value of the VAP at the offering date is estimated to be approximately $5.00 per VAP unit.
The award vests in two tranches, subject to continued service: either 50% upon the ultimate plan maturity date of November 30, 2025 and 50% twelve months later, or 50% on each of the first and second anniversaries of a Trigger Event if one occurs prior to the maturity date. Participants who leave prior to vesting forfeit any previously unsettled portion of their awards. The award may be settled in either cash or shares, solely at the discretion of the Company.

As a private company, the VAP was initially measured at intrinsic value and no compensation cost was recorded over the period December 1, 2020 to March 31, 2023. On May 15, 2023, the Company became a public business entity and the VAP was remeasured at fair value. The fair value of the compensation cost is estimated at each reporting date and expensed over the period for which the employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, with any changes recorded in compensation expense by a cumulative catch-up adjustment. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded compensation expense of $11.2 million and $15.6 million, respectively. $4.2 million of this expense was recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings in "Share compensation expense" in the second quarter of 2023.

The aggregate fair value of the VAP was estimated on September 30, 2023 using the following assumptions:

Inputs
Actual
Expected volatility
26.70%
Risk-free rate
4.95%
Expected life2.28 years

The volatility assumption is derived from the median of the volatility of a select group of peer companies. The risk-free interest rate is based on the conversion of semi-annual zero-coupon U.S. Treasury rates as of the Valuation Date to continuously compounded rates and a rate selection commensurate with the remaining projected period. The expected life of the award was estimated at the remaining time to VAP maturity, assuming no prior Trigger Event occurs. An equity valuation assumption is also used in the Monte Carlo simulation.