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Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies. a. INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP), and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for reporting of interim financial information. Pursuant to such rules and regulations, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 included in this Form 10-Q was derived from the audited financial statements and does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company as of the dates and for the periods presented. Accordingly, these consolidated statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future period or for the full 2025 fiscal year. b. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Catalyst Pharmaceuticals Ireland, Ltd. (Catalyst Ireland). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Catalyst Ireland was organized in 2017. c. USE OF ESTIMATES. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. d. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS. The Company primarily invests in high credit-quality instruments in order to obtain higher yields on its cash equivalents. The Company considers all highly liquid instruments, purchased with an original maturity of three months or less, to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist mainly of money market funds and U.S. Treasuries. The Company has its cash and cash equivalents deposited with two financial institutions. e. INVESTMENTS. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, investments consisted of U.S. Treasuries and an investment in equity securities. Such investments are not insured by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. U.S. Treasuries held at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were classified as available-for-sale securities. The Company classifies U.S. Treasuries with stated maturities of greater than three months and less than one year in short-term investments. U.S. Treasuries with stated maturities greater than one year are classified as non-current investments in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company records available-for-sale securities at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (in stockholders’ equity). Realized gains and losses are included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of securities sold. Interest income is recognized when earned and is included in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company recognizes a charge when the declines in the fair value below the amortized cost basis of its available-for-sale securities are judged to be as a result of a credit loss. The Company considers various factors in determining whether to recognize an allowance for credit losses including whether the Company intends to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis. If the unrealized loss of an available-for-sale debt security is determined to be a result of a credit loss the Company would recognize an allowance and the corresponding credit loss would be included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company has not recorded an allowance for credit loss on its available-for-sale securities. See Note 3 (Investments). In July 2023, the Company made a strategic equity investment into Santhera by acquiring 1,414,688 of Santhera’s ordinary shares (representing approximately 11.26% of Santhera’s outstanding ordinary shares immediately following the transaction). The investment is denominated in Swiss Francs. The Company has determined that it does not have significant influence over the operations of Santhera and accordingly the investment in Santhera’s ordinary shares is recorded under ASC 321, Equity Securities, with changes in fair value, inclusive of changes resulting from movements in foreign exchange rates, in other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). f. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET. Accounts receivable are recorded net of customer allowances for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts, chargebacks and expected credit losses. Allowances for distribution fees, trade discounts, prompt payment discounts and chargebacks are based on contractual terms. The Company estimates the allowance for expected credit losses based on existing contractual payment terms, actual payment patterns of its customers, current and future economic and market conditions and individual customer circumstances. The Company has not historically experienced any significant credit losses. All customer accounts are actively managed. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company determined that an allowance for expected credit losses was not required. No amounts were written off during the periods presented. g. INVENTORY, NET. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories consist of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods. Costs to be capitalized as inventories primarily include third party manufacturing costs and other overhead costs. Cost is determined using a standard cost method, which approximates actual cost, and assumes a first-in, first out (FIFO) flow of goods. If information becomes available that suggests that inventories may not be realizable, the Company may be required to expense a portion or all of the previously capitalized inventories to cost of sales within the consolidated statements of operations. Products that have been approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, such as FIRDAPSE®, AGAMREE® and FYCOMPA® are also used in clinical programs to assess the safety and efficacy of the products for usage in treating diseases that have not been approved by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. The forms of FIRDAPSE®, AGAMREE® and FYCOMPA® utilized for both commercial and clinical programs are identical and, as a result, the inventories have an “alternative future use” as defined in authoritative guidance. Raw materials associated with clinical development programs are included in inventory, net and charged to research and development expense when the product enters the research and development process and no longer can be used for commercial purposes and, therefore, does not have an “alternative future use”. The Company evaluates for potential excess inventory by analyzing current and future product demand relative to the remaining product shelf life. The Company builds demand forecasts by considering factors such as, but not limited to, overall market potential, market share, market acceptance, and patient usage. The Company records a reserve equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value. h. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS. Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist primarily of prepaid manufacturing, prepaid tax, prepaid insurance, prepaid subscription fees, prepaid research fees, prepaid commercialization expenses, prepaid co-pay assistance program, amounts due from collaborative and license arrangements, and prepaid conference and travel expenses. Prepaid research fees consist of advances for the Company’s product development activities, including contracts for pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and studies, regulatory affairs and consulting. Prepaid manufacturing costs consist of advances for the Company’s drug manufacturing activities. Such advances are recorded as expense as the related goods are received or the related services are performed. i. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET. Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated to amortize the depreciable assets over their useful lives using the straight-line method and commences when the asset is placed in service. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease or the estimated life of the improvement, whichever is shorter. Useful lives generally range from three to five years for computer equipment and software, from five to seven years for furniture and equipment, and from five to ten years for leasehold improvements. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expenses as incurred. j. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND ASSET ACQUISITIONS. The Company evaluates acquisitions of assets and other similar transactions to assess whether or not the transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If the screen test is met, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If the screen test is not met, further determination is required as to whether or not the Company has acquired inputs and processes that have the ability to create outputs which would meet the requirements of a business. If determined to be an asset acquisition, the Company accounts for the transaction under ASC 805-50, which requires the acquiring entity in an asset acquisition to recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the cost to the acquiring entity on a relative fair value basis, which includes transaction costs in addition to consideration given. Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition and any excess consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to the identifiable assets based on relative fair values. Contingent consideration payments in asset acquisitions are recognized when the contingency is resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). See Notes 12 (Commitments and Contingencies) and 13 (Agreements) for further discussion of the Company’s exclusive license agreement with Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. (Jacobus), for the rights to develop and commercialize RUZURGI® in the U.S. and Mexico, which the Company accounted for as an asset acquisition under ASC 805-50. See Note 13 (Agreements) for further discussion on the Company’s acquisitions of the U.S. rights to FYCOMPA® from Eisai, and on the exclusive license for North America acquired from Santhera for AGAMREE®, both of which the Company accounted for as asset acquisitions under ASC 805-50. k. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET. Identifiable intangible assets with a finite life are comprised of licensed rights and other acquired intangible assets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the respective estimated useful life. The Company reviews intangible assets with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If indicators of impairment exist, an impairment test is performed to assess the recoverability of the affected assets by determining whether the carrying amount of such assets exceeds the undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the affected assets are deemed not recoverable, the Company would estimate the fair value of the assets and record an impairment loss. l. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and certain components of accrued expenses and other liabilities. At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value of these instruments approximated their carrying value as a result of their respective short-term duration. m. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS. Current Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) fair value guidance emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, current FASB guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions that it believes market participants would use in pricing assets or liabilities (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy). Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using (in thousands) |
|  | Balances as of June 30, 2025 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 102,194 |  |  | $ | 102,194 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasuries |  | $ | 407,687 |  |  | $ | 407,687 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Investment in equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | 21,256 |  |  | $ | 21,256 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued).
|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using (in thousands) |
|  | Balances as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 109,947 |  |  | $ | 109,947 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Treasuries |  | $ | 329,457 |  |  | $ | 329,457 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Investment in equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities |  | $ | 21,564 |  |  | $ | 21,564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
n. OPERATING LEASES. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets, net, other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s lease does not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company’s lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease, however, these options are not considered in the lease term as the Company is not reasonably certain that it will exercise these options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has a lease agreement with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. o. SHARE REPURCHASES. In March 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program. No shares were repurchased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and the share repurchase program expired in March 2025. p. REVENUE RECOGNITION. Product Revenues: To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations by assessing whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for product revenue, see Product Revenue, Net below. The Company also may generate revenues from payments received under collaborative and licensing arrangements. Collaborative and license agreement payments may include nonrefundable fees at the inception of the agreements, contingent payments for specific achievements designated in the agreements, and/or net profit-sharing payments on sales of products resulting from the collaborative and license agreements. For a complete discussion of accounting for collaborative and licensing arrangements, see Revenues from Collaboration and Licensing Arrangements below. The Company recognizes revenue when its customers obtain title of the promised goods, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for these goods. For FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE®, subsequent to receiving FDA approvals, the Company entered into an arrangement with one distributor (the Customer), which is the exclusive distributor of FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE® in the U.S. The Customer subsequently resells FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE® to a small group of exclusive specialty pharmacies (SPs) whose dispensing activities for patients with specific payors may result in government-mandated or privately negotiated rebate obligations for the Company with respect to the purchase of FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE®. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). During 2023, the Company sold FYCOMPA® in the U.S. commercial market through a Transition Service Agreement with a U.S. subsidiary of Eisai to major wholesalers and specialty pharmaceutical distributors. These sales are often subject to contracts held with managed care organizations and government agencies. The distribution services under the Transition Services Agreement ended on December 31, 2023, and beginning on January 1, 2024, the Company commenced direct sales of FYCOMPA® in the U.S. Product Revenue, Net: The Company recognizes revenue on product sales when its customers obtain control of the Company’s products, which occur at a point in time (upon delivery or upon dispense to patient). Product revenue is recorded net of applicable reserves for variable consideration, including discounts and allowances. The Company’s payment terms range between 15 and 60 days. Shipping and handling costs for product shipments occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the goods and are recorded in cost of sales. If taxes should be collected from the Customer relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities, they will be excluded from revenue. The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that the Company would have recognized is one year or less. However, no such costs were incurred during the three or six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, substantially all of the Company’s product revenues were from sales to customers in the U.S. The following table summarizes the Company’s net product revenue disaggregated by product (in thousands):
|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
FIRDAPSE® |  | $ | 84,845 |  |  | $ | 77,372 |  |  | $ | 168,576 |  |  | $ | 144,214 |
FYCOMPA® |  |  | 34,332 |  |  |  | 36,535 |  |  |  | 69,959 |  |  |  | 66,960 |
AGAMREE®* |  |  | 27,363 |  |  |  | 8,746 |  |  |  | 49,405 |  |  |  | 9,920 |
Total product revenue, net |  | $ | 146,540 |  |  | $ | 122,653 |  |  | $ | 287,940 |  |  | $ | 221,094 |
_________________ *AGAMREE® net product revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2024 is for the period between March 13, 2024 (date of commercial launch) and June 30, 2024. Reserves for Variable Consideration: Revenue from product sales is recorded at the net sales price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established. Components of variable consideration include trade discounts and allowances, prompt payment discounts, product returns, provider chargebacks and discounts, government rebates, payor rebates, and other incentives, such as voluntary patient assistance, and other allowances that are offered within contracts between the Company and its customers relating to the Company’s sale of its products. These reserves, as detailed below, are based on the amounts earned, or to be claimed on the related sales, and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable (if the amount is payable to its customers) or a current liability (if the amount is payable to a party other than its customers). These estimates take into consideration a range of possible outcomes which are probability-weighted in accordance with the expected value method in Topic 606 for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data, and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Overall, these reserves reflect the Company’s best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the respective underlying contracts. The amount of variable consideration which is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur in a future period. The Company’s analysis also contemplates application of the constraint in accordance with the guidance, under which it determined a material reversal of revenue would not occur in a future period for the estimates detailed below as of June 30, 2025 and, therefore, the transaction price was not reduced further during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from the Company’s estimates. If actual results in the future vary from the Company’s estimates, the Company will adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). Trade Discounts, Allowances and Wholesaler Fees: The Company provides its customers with a discount that is explicitly stated in its contract and is recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized. To the extent the services received are distinct from the sale of products to its customers, these payments are classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. However, if the Company has determined such services received are not distinct from the Company’s sale of products to its customers, these payments have been recorded as a reduction of revenue within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income through June 30, 2025 and 2024, as well as a reduction to accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Prompt Payment Discounts: The Company provides its customers with prompt payment discounts which may result in adjustments to the price that is invoiced for the product transferred, in the case that payments are made within a defined period. The prompt payment discount reserve is based on actual invoice sales and contractual discount rates. Reserves for prompt payment discounts are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Funded Co-pay Assistance Program: The Company contracts with a third party to manage the co-pay assistance program intended to provide financial assistance to qualified commercially-insured patients. The calculation of the accrual for co-pay assistance is based on an estimate of claims and the cost per claim that the Company expects to receive associated with its products, that have been recognized as revenue, but remains in the distribution channel at the end of each reporting period. These payments are considered payable to the third party vendor and the related reserve is recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Product Returns: Consistent with industry practice, the Company offers its customers limited product return rights for damaged and expiring product, provided it is within a specified period around the product expiration date as set forth in the applicable individual distribution or master agreement. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using available industry data and its own sales information, including its visibility into the inventory remaining in the distribution channel. Return payments related to the sale of products are considered payable to the third party vendor and the related reserve is recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue and the establishment of a current liability which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Provider Chargebacks and Discounts: Chargebacks for fees and discounts to providers represent the estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell products to qualified healthcare providers at prices lower than the list prices charged to the customer, who directly purchases the product from the Company. The customer charges the Company for the difference between what they paid for the product and the ultimate selling price to the qualified healthcare providers. The Company also participates in programs with government entities and other parties, including covered entities under the 340B Drug Pricing Program, whereby pricing on FYCOMPA® is extended below wholesaler list price to participating entities (the FYCOMPA® Participants). These entities purchase FYCOMPA® through wholesalers at the lower program price and the wholesalers then charge the Company the difference between their acquisition cost and the lower program price. These reserves are established in the same period that the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue, net and accounts receivable, net. Chargeback amounts are generally determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider by the customer or at the time of a resale to a FYCOMPA® Participant by a wholesaler, and the Company generally issues credits for such amounts within a few weeks of the customer or wholesalers’ notification to the Company of the resale. Reserves for chargebacks consist primarily of chargebacks that the customer or wholesalers have claimed, but for which the Company has not yet issued a credit, as well as an estimate of chargeback claims that the Company expects to receive associated with its products, that have been recognized as revenue but remains in the distribution channel at the end of each reporting period. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). Government Rebates: The Company is subject to discount obligations under state Medicaid, Medicare and other government programs. These reserves are recorded in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue. For reserves related to the sale of its products, there is an establishment of a current liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. For Medicare, the Company historically estimated the number of patients in the prescription drug coverage gap for whom the Company will owe an additional liability under the Medicare Part D program; however, the coverage gap program was replaced with a redesign of the Medicare program under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). While most components of the new Medicare program began in 2025, the inflation penalty portion was effective as of 2024. Specifically, the program imposes manufacturer rebates on certain Part B and Part D drugs when prices rise faster than the rate of inflation. The Company has estimated this impact and has accounted for these inflation-related rebates, as well as the other components of the program, as a reduction of product revenue to the extent they apply to its drug portfolio. Similar to the coverage gap rebates, the associated reserve is accrued for as a current liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s liability for these rebates consists of invoices received for claims from prior quarters that have not been paid or for which an invoice has not yet been received, estimates of claims for the current quarter, and estimated future claims that will be made for product that has been recognized as revenue, but which remains in the distribution channel inventories at the end of each reporting period. Payor Rebates: The Company contracts with certain private payor organizations, primarily insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers, for the payment of rebates with respect to utilization of its products. The Company estimates these rebates and records such estimates in the same period the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue, net and the establishment of a current liability, which is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balances sheets. Bridge and Patient Assistance Programs: The Company provides FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE® free of charge to uninsured patients who satisfy pre-established criteria for either the Bridge Program or the Patient Assistance Program. Patients who meet the Bridge Program eligibility criteria and are transitioning from investigational product while they are waiting for a coverage determination, or later, for patients whose access is threatened by the complications arising from a change of insurer may receive a temporary supply of free FIRDAPSE® or AGAMREE® while the Company is determining the patient’s third party insurance, prescription drug benefit or other third party coverage for FIRDAPSE® or AGAMREE®. The Patient Assistance Program provides FIRDAPSE® or AGAMREE® free of charge for longer periods of time for those who are uninsured or functionally uninsured with respect to FIRDAPSE® or AGAMREE® because they are unable to obtain coverage from their payor despite having health insurance, to the extent allowed by applicable law. The Company provides FYCOMPA® free of charge to uninsured patients who satisfy pre-established criteria through a Patient Assistance Program. In addition, Catalyst provides programs to assist patients through the process for obtaining reimbursement approval for their FYCOMPA® prescriptions from their insurers. Catalyst also provides support for patients using FYCOMPA® through an Instant Savings Card Program. The Company does not recognize any revenue related to these free products and the associated costs are classified in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Revenues from Collaboration and Licensing Arrangements: The Company analyzes license and collaboration arrangements pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangement Guidance and Consideration (Topic 808), to assess whether such arrangements, or transactions between arrangement participants, involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities or are more akin to a vendor-customer relationship. In making this evaluation, the Company considers whether the activities of the collaboration are considered to be distinct and deemed to be within the scope of the collaborative arrangement guidance or if they are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and, therefore, within the scope of Topic 606. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For elements of collaboration arrangements that are not accounted for pursuant to guidance in Topic 606, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently, generally by analogy to the revenue from contracts with customers guidance. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). The Company evaluates the performance obligations promised in the contract that are based on goods and services that will be transferred to the customer and determines whether those obligations are both (i) capable of being distinct and (ii) distinct in the context of the contract. Goods or services that meet these criteria are considered distinct performance obligations. The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include fixed consideration or variable consideration. Revenue is included in product revenue, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The agreements provide for milestone payments upon achievement of development, regulatory and commercial events. The Company accounts for milestone payments as variable consideration in accordance with Topic 606. At the inception of each arrangement that includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the amount of potential transaction price and the likelihood that the transaction price will be received. The Company utilizes either the most likely amount method or expected value method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method best predicts the amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer’s discretion are generally considered options. The Company assesses if these options provide a material right to the customer and, if so, these options are considered performance obligations. Revenue is included in license and other revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. After contract inception, the transaction price is reassessed at every period end and updated for changes such as resolution of uncertain events. Any change in the overall transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations based on the same methodology used at contract inception. The Company recognizes sales-based royalties or net profit-sharing when the latter of (a) the subsequent sale occurs, or (b) the performance obligation to which the sales-based royalty or net profit-sharing has been allocated has been satisfied. Revenue is included in license and other revenue in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. Payments to and from the collaborator are presented in the statements of operations based on the nature of the Company’s business operations, the nature of the arrangement, including the contractual terms, and the nature of the payments. See Note 11 (Collaborative and Licensing Arrangements), for further discussion on the Company’s collaborative and licensing arrangements. q. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Costs incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. These costs consist of direct and indirect costs associated with specific projects, as well as fees paid to various entities that perform research-related services for the Company. The Company records upfront and milestone payments made to third parties under licensing and collaboration arrangements that occur before a compound receives regulatory approval as acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D). IPR&D acquired as part of an asset acquisition with no alternative future use is expensed immediately to research and development. Milestone payments made after regulatory approval are capitalized as a developed asset and unless the asset is determined to have an indefinite life, the Company amortizes its definite-lived intangible assets using the straight-line method, which is considered the best estimate of economic benefit, over their estimated useful lives. r. ADVERTISING EXPENSE. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred approximately $3.7 million and $6.3 million in advertising costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and approximately $1.2 million and $5.1 million in advertising costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. s. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION. The Company recognizes expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the grant date fair value of all stock-based payments to employees, directors and consultants, including grants of stock options and other share-based awards. For stock options, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model, the single-option award approach, and the straight-line attribution method. Using this approach, compensation cost is amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each respective stock option, generally one to three years. Forfeitures are recognized as a reduction of stock-based compensation expense as they occur. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). t. CONCENTRATION OF RISK. The financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk are cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable, net. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high-credit quality financial institutions. These amounts at times may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses in these accounts. The Company sells its products, FIRDAPSE® and AGAMREE®, in the U.S. through an exclusive distributor (its Customer) to SPs. Therefore, its distributor and SPs account for principally all of its trade receivables and net product revenues related to these products. The Company sells its product, FYCOMPA®, directly to major wholesalers and specialty pharmaceutical distributors and indirectly to managed care organizations and government agencies. The creditworthiness of its customers is continuously monitored, and the Company has internal policies regarding customer credit limits. The Company estimates an allowance for expected credit loss primarily based on the creditworthiness of its customers, historical payment patterns, aging of receivable balances and general economic conditions. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had three FDA approved products, which makes it difficult to evaluate its current business, predict its future prospects, and forecast financial performance and growth. The Company had invested a significant portion of its efforts and financial resources in the development and commercialization of its lead product, FIRDAPSE®. The Company expects sales of FIRDAPSE®, AGAMREE® and FYCOMPA® to constitute virtually all of the Company’s product revenue for the foreseeable future. The Company relies exclusively on third parties to formulate and manufacture its products and any future drug candidates. The commercialization of its products and any other drug candidates, if approved, could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if those third parties fail to provide sufficient quantities of product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices. The Company does not intend to establish its own manufacturing facilities. The Company is using the same third party contractors to manufacture, supply, store and distribute drug supplies for clinical trials and for the commercialization of FIRDAPSE®. The Company relies on the same third party manufacturers for FYCOMPA® as utilized by Eisai prior to the Company’s acquisition of the U.S. rights to the product in January 2023. It also relies on Santhera and its supplier as its sole source of supply for AGAMREE®. If the Company is unable to continue its relationships with one or more of these third party contractors, it could experience delays in the development or commercialization efforts as it locates and qualifies new manufacturers. The Company intends to rely on one or more third party contractors to manufacture the commercial supply of its drugs. The following table illustrates the approximate percentage of the Company’s total net product revenue attributed to the Company’s largest customers for the periods presented:
|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Customer A |  |  | 76.5 | % |  |  | 70.2 | % |  |  | 75.3 | % |  |  | 69.7 | %
Customer B |  |  | 8.5 | % |  |  | 11.2 | % |  |  | 9.1 | % |  |  | 10.4 | %
Total |  |  | 85.0 | % |  |  | 81.4 | % |  |  | 84.4 | % |  |  | 80.1 | %
u. ROYALTIES. Royalties incurred in connection with the Company’s license agreements for its products, as disclosed in Note 13 (Agreements), are expensed to cost of sales as revenue from product sales is recognized. Royalties incurred in connection with the Company’s license agreement for RUZURGI®, as disclosed in Note 13 (Agreements), are expensed to cost of sales as revenue from product sales is recognized for any royalties in excess of the minimum annual royalty payment from July 11, 2022 (the Effective Date) through 2025. The minimum royalty payment that exists annually for calendar years from the Effective Date through 2025 of $3 million are included in the purchase price of the agreement. v. INCOME TAXES. The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. Tax regulations within each jurisdiction are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. The Company is not subject to U.S. federal, state and local tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2021. If the Company were to subsequently record an unrecognized tax benefit, associated penalties and tax related interest expense would be reported as a component of income tax expense. See Note 14 (Income Taxes). w. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME. U.S. GAAP requires that all components of comprehensive income be reported in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income is net income, plus certain other items that are recorded directly into stockholders’ equity. The Company’s comprehensive income is shown on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and is comprised of net unrealized gains (losses) on the Company’s available-for-sale securities. x. NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. With regard to common stock subject to vesting requirements, the calculation includes only the vested portion of such stock and units. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, increased by the assumed conversion of other potentially dilutive securities during the period. The following table reconciles basic and diluted weighted average common shares:
|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 122,163,212 |  |  |  | 118,180,396 |  |  |  | 121,819,748 |  |  |  | 117,493,257 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | 5,380,072 |  |  |  | 6,475,603 |  |  |  | 5,441,779 |  |  |  | 6,535,495 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 127,543,284 |  |  |  | 124,655,999 |  |  |  | 127,261,527 |  |  |  | 124,028,752 |
Outstanding common stock equivalents totaling approximately 2.2 million and 2.5 million, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, as their effect would be anti-dilutive. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, approximately 5.2 million shares of common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. y. SEGMENT INFORMATION. Management has determined that the Company operates in one reportable segment, which is the development and commercialization of drug products. The Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) is its president and chief executive officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis. The CODM uses consolidated operating margin (operating income divided by product revenue, net) and net income to assess financial performance and allocate resources. These financial metrics are used by the CODM t o make key operating decisions, such as the determination of the rate at which the Company seeks to grow operating margin and the allocation of budget between cost of revenues, selling, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. The following table illustrates information about significant segment expenses, inclusive of stock-based compensation:
|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Research and development |  | $ | 4,358 |  |  | $ | 2,985 |  |  | $ | 8,245 |  |  | $ | 5,566 |
Selling |  |  | 31,133 |  |  |  | 28,100 |  |  |  | 63,233 |  |  |  | 55,098 |
General and administrative (a) |  |  | 14,816 |  |  |  | 12,630 |  |  |  | 29,627 |  |  |  | 32,570 |
Total |  | $ | 50,307 |  |  | $ | 43,715 |  |  | $ | 101,105 |  |  | $ | 93,234 |
__________________________________________ (a) exclusive of amortization of intangible assets 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). z. RECLASSIFICATIONS. Certain prior year amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. aa. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures which requires significant disclosures about income taxes, primarily focused on the disclosure of income taxes paid and the rate reconciliation table. The new guidance will be applied prospectively and is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2025, and it will include the necessary disclosures in its annual Form 10-K. The disclosures are required on an annual basis so there was no impact to this Form 10-Q. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement: Reporting Comprehensive Income— Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) which requires more detailed information about specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement, as well as disclosures about selling expenses. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements disclosures.

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