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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information Nature of Business Operations Power Solutions International, Inc. (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or “the Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a global producer and distributor of a broad range of high-performance, certified low-emission power systems, including alternative-fueled power systems for original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of off-highway industrial equipment and certain on-road vehicles and large custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems. The Company’s customers include large, industry-leading and multinational organizations. The Company’s products and services are sold predominantly to customers throughout North America as well as to customers located throughout the Pacific Rim and Europe. The Company’s power systems are highly engineered, comprehensive systems which, through the Company's technologically sophisticated development and manufacturing processes, including its in-house design, prototyping, testing and engineering capabilities and its analysis and determination of the specific components to be integrated into a given power system (driven in large part by emission standards and cost considerations), allow the Company to provide its customers with power systems customized to meet specific industrial OEM application requirements, other technical customers' specifications and requirements imposed by environmental regulatory bodies. The Company’s power system configurations range from a basic engine integrated with appropriate fuel system components to completely packaged power systems that include any combination of cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company purchases engines from third-party suppliers and produces internally-designed engines, all of which are then integrated into its power systems. Of the other components that the Company integrates into its power systems, a substantial portion consist of internally designed components and components for which it coordinates significant design efforts with third-party suppliers, with the remainder consisting largely of parts that are sourced off-the-shelf from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components (including purchased engines) embody proprietary intellectual property of the Company's suppliers. As a result of its design and manufacturing capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with a comprehensive power system that can be incorporated, using a single part number, directly into a customer’s specified application. Capitalizing on its expertise in developing and manufacturing emission certified power systems and its access to the latest power system technologies, the Company believes that it is able to provide complete power systems to OEMs at a low cost and with fast design turnaround. In addition to the certified products described above, the Company sells diesel, gasoline and non-certified power systems and aftermarket components. In March 2017, the Company executed a share purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, SZ000338) (herein collectively referred to as “Weichai”). Under the terms of the SPA, Weichai invested $60.0 million in the Company purchasing a combination of newly issued Common and Preferred Stock as well as a stock purchase warrant (the “Weichai Warrant”). Stock Ownership and Control As of May 3, 2019, Weichai owned 51.5% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock. Additionally, Gary S. Winemaster, the Company's founder, former Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Office and President and nonexecutive Chief Strategy Officer, owned approximately 16.1% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock, and Kenneth J. Winemaster, the Company's Executive Vice President, owned approximately 9.7% of the Company's outstanding shares of Common Stock. Each of these stockholders, by virtue of their significant equity ownership in the Company, may be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of Directors and any merger or other significant corporate transactions. The interest of these stockholders may not coincide with the interests of other stockholders. The concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company that other stockholders may view as beneficial. With the exercise of the Weichai Warrant on April 23, 2019, Weichai alone owns a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock and, therefore, possesses voting control over the Company sufficient to prevent any change of control from occurring. Weichai entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the SPA. The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with representation on the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and management representation rights. To date, Weichai currently has three representatives on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, with Weichai exercising the Weichai Warrant and becoming the owner of 51% of the outstanding shares of the Common Stock calculated on a fully-diluted as-converted basis (excluding certain excepted issuances), the Company shall cause the appointment to the Board of an additional individual designated by Weichai, and Weichai shall thereafter have the right to nominate for election four Directors and any additional number of designees necessary to ensure that its designees constitute the majority of the Directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e). With Weichai becoming a majority beneficial owner of the Company's outstanding shares of its Common Stock, Weichai is able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders' approval, including the election of the Directors, amendment of the Company's Charter and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai. Going Concern Considerations The Company's management has concluded as of December 31, 2017 that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s ability to amend or refinance its current debt agreements and the uncertainty as to whether it will have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition. The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company's ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement (the “Wells Fargo Credit Agreement”) with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”) and the Unsecured Senior Notes (the “Unsecured Senior Notes”), and refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under those agreements. The current Wells Fargo Credit Agreement maturity date is the earlier of March 31, 2021, or 60 days prior to the final maturity of the Unsecured Senior Notes, which currently mature on January 1, 2020, resulting in a current maturity date of November 2, 2019 for the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement. Based on the Company’s current forecasts, without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay the Unsecured Senior Notes by November 1, 2019. Management plans to seek additional liquidity from other lenders by November 1, 2019 to avoid acceleration of the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement. There can be no assurance that the Company's management will be able to effect a financing on acceptable terms or repay this outstanding indebtedness, when required or if at all. The consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues. Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to:
• | Continue to expand the Company's research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;
• | Expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and
• | Respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The Company is filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, which contains audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The consolidated financial statements for 2015 and 2014 included herein restate and replace the Company's previously issued audited annual consolidated financial statements, which were filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, investors should rely only on the financial information and other disclosures regarding the Company's consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K or in future filings with the SEC, as applicable, and not on any previously issued or filed reports, earnings releases or similar communications relating to these periods. See Note 2. Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the restatement adjustments for 2015 and 2014. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, sales and expenses of all wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews Consolidated Statements of Operations to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line. Concentrations and Entity-wide Information The following table summarizes net sales by end market:
(in thousands) |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
End Market |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Industrial |  | $ | 190,724 |  |  | $ | 164,245 |  |  | $ | 174,203 |  |  | $ | 155,935 |
Energy |  | 159,008 |  |  | 115,367 |  |  | 137,190 |  |  | 191,528 |
Transportation |  | 66,884 |  |  | 59,853 |  |  | 50,994 |  |  | 117 |
Total |  | $ | 416,616 |  |  | $ | 339,465 |  |  | $ | 362,387 |  |  | $ | 347,580 |
The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:
(in thousands) |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Geographic Area |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
North America |  | $ | 355,268 |  |  | $ | 304,621 |  |  | $ | 327,479 |  |  | $ | 323,474 |
Pacific Rim |  | 42,221 |  |  | 22,827 |  |  | 25,356 |  |  | 17,719 |
Europe |  | 14,205 |  |  | 11,065 |  |  | 9,552 |  |  | 5,705 |
Other |  | 4,922 |  |  | 952 |  |  | — |  |  | 682 |
Total |  | $ | 416,616 |  |  | $ | 339,465 |  |  | $ | 362,387 |  |  | $ | 347,580 |
The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:
|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Customer A |  | 16 | % |  | 17 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 10 | %
Customer B |  | 10 | % |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Customer C |  | ** |  |  | 12 | % |  | ** |  |  | 10 | %
The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable:
|  | As of December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Customer A |  | 18 | % |  | ** |  |  | 17 | % |  | 15 | %
Customer B |  | 13 | % |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Customer C |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | 12 | % |  | ** |
Customer D |  | ** |  |  | 30 | % |  | ** |  |  | ** |
Customer E |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | 16 | %
Customer F |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | 11 | %
Customer G |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | %
The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:
|  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Supplier A |  | 21 | % |  | 13 | % |  | 11 | % |  | 15 | %
Supplier B |  | ** |  |  | ** |  |  | 18 | % |  | 21 | %
** Less than 10% of the total Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of allowances for uncollectible receivables, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, plant and equipment for impairment, and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Reclassifications Certain amounts recorded in the prior-period consolidated financial statements presented have been reclassified to conform to the current-period financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments that mature within three months or less. Such investments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. The Company's revolving credit agreement currently includes a “lockbox” arrangement that receives all receipts and from which the Company can request increases in the revolver borrowings. See Note 7. Debt for additional information regarding the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense based on the grant date fair value on the award with the cost recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. See Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation for additional information. Research and Development Research and development (“R&D”) expenses are expensed when incurred. R&D expenses consist primarily of wages, materials, testing and consulting related to the development of new engines, parts and applications. These costs were $18.4 million, $17.1 million, $21.5 million and $17.4 million for 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be settled or realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent that it believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had a valuation allowance of $32.0 million and $26.8 million, respectively. There was no valuation allowance recorded in 2015 or 2014. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with accounting guidance, on the basis of a two-step process whereby (i) it determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and (ii) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return are recorded when such benefits meet a more-likely-than-not threshold. Otherwise, these tax benefits are recorded when a tax position has been effectively settled, which means that the appropriate taxing authority has completed its examination even though the statute of limitations remains open, or the statute of limitation has expired. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of income tax expense and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized. As of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company had an unrecognized tax benefit of $1.3 million, $1.2 million, $1.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively, for uncertain tax positions excluding interest and penalties. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act includes a number of changes to existing U.S. tax laws that impact the Company, most notably a reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 34 percent to 21 percent for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. The Tax Act also provides for the acceleration of depreciation for certain assets placed into service after September 27, 2017 as well as prospective changes beginning in 2018, including repeal of the domestic manufacturing deduction and additional limitations on executive compensation. The Company recognized the income tax effects of the Tax Act in its 2017 financial statements. The Company has analyzed the Tax Act, and remeasurement of U.S. deferred tax balances to reflect the new U.S. corporate income tax rate has been made. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers and not yet collected. Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount, which approximates net realizable value, and generally do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the existing accounts receivable and is established through a charge to “Selling, general and administrative expenses.” The allowance is primarily determined based on historical collection experience and reviews of customer creditworthiness. Trade accounts receivable and the allowance for doubtful accounts are reviewed on a regular basis. When necessary, an allowance for the full amount of specific accounts deemed uncollectable is recorded. Accounts receivable losses are deducted from the allowance and the account balance is written off when the customer receivable is deemed uncollectable. Recoveries of previously written off balances are recognized when received. An allowance associated with anticipated future sales returns is also included in the allowance for doubtful accounts. Insurance Recoveries The Company records insurance recoveries related to amounts recorded as estimated losses on events covered by the Company's insurance policies when management determines that the recovery is probable and the amount can be reasonably determined. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which approximates current replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions. Inventories consist of the following:
(in thousands) |  | As of December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Inventories |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Raw materials |  | $ | 71,732 |  |  | $ | 70,498 |  |  | $ | 102,912 |  |  | $ | 92,360 |
Work in process |  | 4,535 |  |  | 9,270 |  |  | 12,315 |  |  | 6,021 |
Finished goods |  | 16,684 |  |  | 30,862 |  |  | 52,136 |  |  | 11,904 |
Total Inventories |  | 92,951 |  |  | 110,630 |  |  | 167,363 |  |  | 110,285 |
Inventory allowance |  | (6,227 | ) |  | (10,082 | ) |  | (5,268 | ) |  | (4,035 | )
Inventories, net |  | $ | 86,724 |  |  | $ | 100,548 |  |  | $ | 162,095 |  |  | $ | 106,250 |
Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:
(in thousands) |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Inventory Allowance |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 10,082 |  |  | $ | 5,268 |  |  | $ | 4,035 |  |  | $ | 2,982 |
Charged to expense |  | 421 |  |  | 5,341 |  |  | 1,712 |  |  | 1,856 |
Write-offs |  | (4,276 | ) |  | (527 | ) |  | (479 | ) |  | (803 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 6,227 |  |  | $ | 10,082 |  |  | $ | 5,268 |  |  | $ | 4,035 |
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:
(in thousands) |  | As of December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Insurance proceeds receivable |  | $ | 10,563 |  |  | $ | 8,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Prepaid expenses |  | 3,710 |  |  | 4,072 |  |  | 2,578 |  |  | 4,840 |
Other |  | 86 |  |  | 1,072 |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 14,359 |  |  | $ | 13,644 |  |  | $ | 2,703 |  |  | $ | 4,840 |
Estimated insurance recoveries related to litigation reserves in “Other accrued liabilities” shown below are reflected as assets in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets when it is determined that the receipt of such amounts is probable, and the amount can be reasonably determined. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and presented net of accumulated depreciation and impairments. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Property, plant and equipment are evaluated periodically to determine if an adjustment to depreciable lives is warranted. Such evaluation is based principally on the expected utilization of the long-lived assets. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged directly to expense as incurred. Major renewals or replacements that substantially extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized and depreciated. Estimated useful lives by each type of asset category are as follows:
|  | Years
Buildings |  | Up to 39
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of (i) expected useful life of improvement or (ii) life of lease (including likely extension thereof)
Machinery and equipment |  | 1 to 10
Intangible Assets The Company’s intangible assets include backlog, customer relationships, developed technology, trade names and trademarks. Intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of time that approximates the pattern over which the Company expects to gain the estimated economic benefits, and such period generally ranges between three months and 15 years. The useful life of intangible assets is assessed and assigned based on the facts and circumstances specific to the acquisition. See additional information related to intangible assets in Note 5. Acquisitions. Impairment of Long-lived assets The Company assesses potential impairments to its long-lived assets or asset groups, excluding goodwill, which is separately tested for impairment, whenever events indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset or asset group with the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group, including cash flows from disposition. If the future net undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value, an impairment loss is calculated. An impairment loss is determined by the amount that the asset’s or asset group’s carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is generally measured by discounting estimated future cash flows. If an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted balance becomes the new cost basis and is depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life. The Company also periodically reassesses the useful lives of its long-lived assets due to advances and changes in technologies. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recognized impairment charges of $1.6 million, $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, related to the abandonment of certain fixed assets. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the amounts assigned to the net acquired assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, on an annual basis or more frequently, if events occur or circumstances change indicating potential impairment. The Company annually tests goodwill for impairment on October 1st. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., there is a likelihood of more than 50%) that the Company's fair value is less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors that the Company considers include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic and industry conditions, overall financial performance and other relevant entity-specific events. If the Company bypasses the qualitative assessment, or if the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company performs a two-step goodwill impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measures the amount of goodwill impairment it will recognize, if any. In the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test, the Company compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its related carrying value. The Company has had two reporting units since 2014: PSI and Professional Power Products, Inc. (“3PI”). If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, no further analysis is needed. If, however, the reporting unit's estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount, the Company proceeds to the second step and calculates the implied fair value of goodwill to determine whether any impairment is required. The Company calculates its estimated fair value using the income and market approaches when feasible, or an asset approach when neither the income nor the market approach has sufficient data. For the income approach, a discounted cash flow method, the Company uses internally developed discounted cash flow models that include the following assumptions, among others: projections of revenues, expenses and related cash flows based on assumed long-term growth rates and demand trends, expected future investments to grow new units, and estimated discount rates. The Company based these assumptions on its historical data and experience, third-party appraisals, industry projections, and micro and macro general economic condition projections and expectations. The market approach, also called the Guideline Public Company Approach, compares the value of an entity to similar publicly traded companies. The asset approach estimates the selling price the unit could achieve under assumed market conditions. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is unnecessary. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The second step compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Other Accrued Liabilities Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:
(in thousands) |  | As of December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Other Accrued Liabilities |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Warranty |  | $ | 12,628 |  |  | $ | 10,200 |  |  | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |
Litigation reserves * |  | 12,137 |  |  | 10,287 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |
Deferred revenue |  | 2,822 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | 3,564 |  |  | 4,602 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | 2,593 |  |  | 3,975 |  |  | 3,825 |  |  | 5,476 |
Professional services |  | 1,974 |  |  | 1,509 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 500 |
Income taxes payable |  | 375 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 2,973 |
Other |  | 5,833 |  |  | 4,587 |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 2,203 |
Total |  | $ | 38,362 |  |  | $ | 32,507 |  |  | $ | 17,846 |  |  | $ | 18,182 |
* | Litigation reserves primarily consist of accruals for the settlement of the Securities Litigation as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 as well as the tentative settlement of the Federal Derivative Litigation as of December 31, 2017. The Company concluded that insurance recovery was probable and recognized full recovery of the settlement amounts in “Prepaid expenses and other assets”. See Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.
Warranty Costs The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are borne by the supplier; the Company’s warranties apply only to the modifications made to supplier base products. Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:
(in thousands) |  | For the Year Ended December 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Accrued Product Warranty |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | (Restated) |  | (Restated)
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 10,200 |  |  | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 1,274 |
Current year provision |  | 5,405 |  |  | 5,716 |  |  | 2,953 |  |  | 1,348 |
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 963 |  |  | 1,600 |
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties * |  | — |  |  | 1,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Payments made during the period |  | (2,977 | ) |  | (1,839 | ) |  | (1,915 | ) |  | (1,794 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 12,628 |  |  | $ | 10,200 |  |  | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |
* | Change in estimates for pre-existing warranties reflect changes in the Company’s estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior periods. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historic and expected trends. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available. In 2016, the Company recorded charges for adjustments for changes in estimates of $1.9 million ($1.2 million, net of tax), or $0.11 per diluted share.
Revenue Recognition As of December 31, 2017, the Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of title and risk of loss to the customer, typically when products are shipped, provided there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and management believes collectability is reasonably assured. Customer orders sometimes include multiple products that are delivered at different times. In these situations, revenue associated with the delivered components is recognized under the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605-25, Revenue Recognition Multiple-Element Arrangements, which considers whether products represent separate deliverables with stand-alone value. For discussion of the impact to revenue recognition resulting from the new revenue guidance, FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, effective January 1, 2018, see the Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted section below. The Company classifies shipping and handling charges billed to customers as revenue. Shipping and handling costs paid to others are classified as a component of cost of sales when incurred. The Company provides various sales incentives to its customers, including rebate opportunities and price incentives for attaining specified volumes during a particular quarter or year. The Company accrues for the expected amount of these sales incentives as a reduction of revenue at the time of the original sale and updates its accruals as needed based on the best estimate of the volume levels the customer will reach during the measurement period. Historically, the Company has often, late in a fiscal quarter, offered to certain customers various incentives, such as extended payment terms or discounts, primarily in an effort to increase customer's orders during the period and achieve sales target goals. The Company also from time to time offers incentives with respect to the launch of new products. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted In August 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This guidance specified cash flow statement classification of, among other things, debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, and distributions received from equity method investees. This guidance is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company had adopted this guidance and applied it retrospectively to all periods presented. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (Topic 718). The ASU simplifies several aspects of the accounting for stock-based compensation transactions, including accounting for income taxes, forfeitures and statutory withholding requirements, as well as classification in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The ASU was effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the new standard during the second quarter of 2016, with an effective date of January 1, 2016, which did not a have a significant impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Operations. Historically, these amounts were recorded as “Additional paid-in capital.” The Company also elected to apply the change prospectively to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As a result, on a prospective basis, share-based payments will be reported as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company elected to recognize forfeitures as they occur. Additional amendments to the accounting for income taxes and minimum statutory withholding requirements had no impact on the results of operations. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This guidance requires disclosures to compare carrying values to fair values of financial assets and liabilities, with some exceptions. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods in 2018 but was early adopted by the Company on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which required companies to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and noncurrent amounts. Although the standard is effective for the Company for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those annual periods, the Company chose early adoption as of the year ended December 31, 2015 and has prospectively classified all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent on its Consolidated Balance Sheet in accordance with the standard. Balances for 2014 were not required to be retrospectively adjusted. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (Topic 330), which simplifies the measurement of inventory by requiring inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this ASU had no impact on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Operations. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, to simplify the presentation of debt issuance costs. This new guidance required that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The standard was effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years, as permitted under the standard. The Company chose to early-adopt this guidance in 2015 and has therefore presented the debt issuance costs associated with the issuance of its Unsecured Senior Notes as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the liability as of December 31, 2015. See Note 7. Debt for additional information related to the Company’s Unsecured Senior Notes. In August 2014, the FASB Issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern; Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which requires management to annually evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubts about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. This guidance was effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016 and annual and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. See the discussion of going concern considerations above in this Note. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal Use Software, Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. This guidance requires the use of existing accounting guidance applicable to software developed for internal use to be applied to cloud computing service contracts' implementation costs. The costs capitalized would be amortized over the life of the agreement, including renewal option periods likely to be used. This guidance is effective for fiscal 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate that this guidance will have a material impact on its Consolidated Balance Sheet and Consolidated Statement of Operations. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which both reduces and expands selected disclosure requirements. The principal changes expected to impact the Company's disclosure are requirements to disclose the range and weighted average of each of the significant unobservable items and the way the weighted average of a range is calculated for items in the “table of significant unobservable inputs.” The guidance also requires disclosure of changes in unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income and removes requirements regarding, among other items, disclosure of the valuation process for Level 3 measurements. This guidance is effective for all fiscal years and for interim periods within those years, beginning in fiscal 2020. The Company does not anticipate this guidance will have a material impact on its Consolidated Balance Sheet and Consolidated Statement of Operations. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminated the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. The ASU is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The amendments in this ASU are to be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact of this guidance on its financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses-Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which applies primarily to the Company's accounts receivable impairment loss allowances. The guidance provides a revised model whereby the current expected credit losses are used to compute impairment of financial instruments. The new model requires evaluation of historical experience and various current and expected factors, which may affect the estimated amount of losses and requires determination of whether the affected financial instruments should be grouped in units of account. The Company does not expect any material impact on its Consolidated Statements of Operations when this guidance becomes effective in fiscal 2020. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which created ASC Topic 842, Leases and superseded the existing guidance in ASC 840, Leases. The core principle of ASU 2016-02 is that an entity should recognize on its balance sheets assets and liabilities arising from a lease. In accordance with that principle, ASU 2016-02 required that a lessee recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying leased asset for the lease term. The recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee will depend on the lease's classification as a finance or operating lease. This new accounting guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 under a modified retrospective approach, and early adoption is permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, which modified the transition guidance in ASU 2016-02 to provide preparers the option to adopt the ASU as of the effective date instead of adjusting prior periods under the modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on its financial statements. The Company is in the process of assessing its portfolio of leases and compiling a central repository of all active leases. It is also in the process of assessing the design of the future lease process and drafting a policy to address the new standard requirements. Key lease data elements are being evaluated. The Company has selected a software solution to track and account for leases under ASU 2016-02 and is in the process of implementing the solution. While the Company has not yet completed its evaluation of the impact the new lease accounting standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company expects to recognize material right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for its operating leases in the Consolidated Balance Sheet upon the effective date. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the existing revenue recognition requirements of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. This ASU provides a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A five-step model has been introduced for an entity to apply when recognizing revenue. The new guidance also includes enhanced disclosure requirements. The guidance permits two implementation approaches, one requiring retrospective application of the new standard with restatement of prior years and one requiring prospective application of the new standard with disclosure of results under old standards. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which postponed the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted on the original effective date of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach and will expand its consolidated financial statement disclosures in order to comply with the ASU. The Company is continuing to evaluate the impact of this guidance on its financial statements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the organization, consolidation and basis of presentation of financial statements disclosure, and significant accounting policies of the reporting entity. May be provided in more than one note to the financial statements, as long as users are provided with an understanding of (1) the significant judgments and assumptions made by an enterprise in determining whether it must consolidate a VIE and/or disclose information about its involvement with a VIE, (2) the nature of restrictions on a consolidated VIE's assets reported by an enterprise in its statement of financial position, including the carrying amounts of such assets, (3) the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with an enterprise's involvement with the VIE, and (4) how an enterprise's involvement with the VIE affects the enterprise's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Describes procedure if disclosures are provided in more than one note to the financial statements. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 205 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122149 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 810 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2197479 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 275 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2134479 + Details
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