10-K 1 a201610k-body.htm 10-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K

[X] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) |
| OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
[ ] | FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 |
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) |
| OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |

Commission file number 0-21220
ALAMO GROUP INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE | 74-1621248
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) | Identification Number)

1627 East Walnut, Seguin, Texas 78155
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
830-379-1480
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Name of each exchange
Common Stock, par value | on which registered
$.10 per share | New York Stock Exchange

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirement for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [ ] | Accelerated filer | [X]
Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Smaller reporting company | [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
The aggregate market value of the voting stock (which consists solely of shares of common stock) held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2016 (based upon the last reported sale price of $65.97 per share) was approximately $618,602,207 on such date.
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $.10 per share, outstanding as of
February 28, 2017 was 11,514,980 shares.
Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 have been incorporated by reference herein in response to Part III.

ALAMO GROUP INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I | Page
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 13
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 20
Item 2. | Properties | 21
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 22
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 22
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 22
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 25
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 33
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 34
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 34
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 34
Item 9B. | Other Information | 35
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 35
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 35
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 35
Item 13. | Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 36
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 36
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 37
| Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | 37
Item 16. | Summary | 37

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PART I
Item 1. Business
Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Alamo Group Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
General
The Company is a leader in the design and manufacture of high quality agricultural equipment and infrastructure maintenance equipment for governmental and industrial use. The Company’s products include tractor-mounted mowing and other vegetation maintenance equipment, street sweepers, excavators, vacuum trucks, snow removal equipment, pothole patchers, zero turn radius mowers, agricultural implements and related aftermarket parts. The Company emphasizes high quality, cost-effective products for its customers and strives to develop and market innovative products while constantly monitoring and seeking to contain its manufacturing and overhead costs. The Company has a long-standing strategy of supplementing its internal growth through acquisitions of businesses or product lines that currently complement, command, or have the potential to achieve a meaningful share of their niche markets. The Company has approximately 2,900 employees and operates a total of twenty-four plants in North America, Europe, Australia and Brazil. The Company sells its products primarily through a network of independent dealers and distributors to governmental end-users, related independent contractors, as well as to the agricultural and commercial turf markets. The primary markets for our products are North America and Western Europe.
The predecessor corporation to Alamo Group Inc. was incorporated in the State of Texas in 1969, as a successor to a business that began selling mowing equipment in 1955, and Alamo Group Inc. was reincorporated in the State of Delaware in 1987.
History
Since its founding in 1969, the Company has focused on satisfying customer needs through geographic market expansion, product development and refinement, and selected acquisitions. The Company’s first products were based on rotary cutting technology. Through acquisitions, the Company added flail cutting technology in 1983 and sickle-bar cutting technology in 1984. The Company added to its presence in the industrial and governmental vegetation markets with the acquisition of Tiger Corporation (“Tiger”) in late 1994.
The Company entered the agricultural mowing markets in 1986 with the acquisition of Rhino Products Inc. (“Rhino”), a leading manufacturer in this field. With this acquisition, the Company embarked on a strategy to increase the Rhino dealer distribution network during a period of industry contraction. The addition of M&W Gear Company (“M&W”) in early 1995 allowed the Company to enter into the manufacturing and distribution of tillage equipment, which complements the Rhino distribution network. M&W has been integrated into the agricultural marketing group.
In 1991, the Company began its international expansion with the acquisition of McConnel Ltd. (“McConnel”), a United Kingdom (“U.K.”) manufacturer of vegetation maintenance equipment, principally hydraulic boom-mounted hedge and grass cutters and related parts. Bomford-Turner Ltd. (“Bomford”), also a U.K. company, was acquired in 1993. Bomford is a manufacturer of heavy-duty, tractor-mounted grass and hedge mowing equipment. McConnel and Bomford sell their products to dealers and distributors through their respective sales forces.
In 1994, the Company acquired Signalisation Moderne Autoroutiere S.A. (“SMA”) located in Orleans, France. SMA manufactures and sells principally a line of heavy-duty, tractor-mounted grass and hedge mowing equipment and associated replacement parts primarily to departments of the French government. This acquisition, along with the acquisitions of Forges Gorce, a flail blade manufacturer in France, in 1996 and Rousseau Holdings S.A. (“Rousseau”), a leading French manufacturer of hedge and verge mowers, in 2004, when combined with McConnel and Bomford, has made the Company one of the largest manufacturers in the European market for the kind of equipment sold by the Company.
In 1995, the Company expanded its business in the agricultural market with the acquisition of Herschel Corporation (“Herschel”), a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket farm equipment replacement and wear parts.
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In 2000, the Company acquired Schwarze Industries, Inc. (“Schwarze”). Schwarze is a manufacturer of a broad range of street sweeping equipment which is sold to governmental agencies and contractors. The Company believes the Schwarze sweeper products fit the Company’s strategy of identifying product offerings with brand recognition in the industrial markets the Company serves. In 2004, the Company purchased the pothole patcher product line from Wildcat Manufacturing, Inc. The product line was merged into the Schwarze operation and is complementary to its current product offerings.
In 2000, the Company purchased the product line and associated assets of Twose of Tiverton Ltd. (“Twose”) a small regional manufacturer of power arm flail mowers and parts, as well as harrows and rollers in the U.K. They consolidated their operations into the existing facilities at McConnel and Bomford.
In 2000, the Company acquired Schulte Industries Ltd. and its related entities (“Schulte”). Schulte is a Canadian manufacturer of mechanical rotary mowers, snow blowers, and rock removal equipment. Schulte strengthened the Company’s Canadian presence in both marketing and manufacturing. It also expanded the Company’s range of large, heavy-duty rotary mowers.
In 2001, the Company acquired all of the assets of SMC Corporation (“SMC”). SMC manufactures front-end loaders and backhoes principally for Original Equipment Manufacturer (“OEM”) customers and its own SMC brand. This acquisition expanded the product range of our agricultural division and has since been consolidated into the Company's Gibson City, Illinois location.
In 2002, the Company purchased inventory, fixed assets and certain other assets of Valu-Bilt Tractor Parts (“Valu-Bilt”), a subsidiary of Quality Stores, Inc., located in Des Moines, Iowa. Valu-Bilt is a distributor of new, used and rebuilt tractor parts and other agricultural spare and wear parts sold directly to customers through its catalog and the internet and on a wholesale basis to dealers. Subsequent to the purchase, the operations of Valu-Bilt in Des Moines, Iowa, were consolidated into the Company’s Herschel facility in Indianola, Iowa.
In 2002, the Company purchased substantially all of the assets of Faucheux Industries S.A. (“Faucheux”), a French manufacturer of front-end loaders and attachments. The Company acquired Faucheux out of administration, a form of bankruptcy in France. This acquisition broadened the range of our agricultural implements offered in the French market. During 2016, the Company restructured and consolidated the Faucheux operations into the Company's facility near Lyon, France.
In 2005, the Company, through its European subsidiary Alamo Group (EUR) Ltd., acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of Spearhead Machinery Limited (“Spearhead”) and subsequently merged its manufacturing operations into Bomford’s facility. Spearhead manufactures a range of tractor-mounted vegetation maintenance equipment, including reach mowers, flail mowers and rotary cutters. This acquisition extended our product lines and market coverage in Europe.
In early 2006, the Company purchased substantially all of the assets of the Gradall excavator business (“Gradall”) of JLG Industries, Inc., including their manufacturing plant in New Philadelphia, Ohio. Gradall is a leading manufacturer of both wheeled and crawler telescopic excavators in North America. This acquisition enhanced our Industrial Division product offering sold to governmental buyers and related contractors for maintenance along right-of-ways.
In 2006, the Company purchased the vacuum truck and sweeper lines of Clean Earth Environmental Group, LLC and Clean Earth Kentucky, LLC (collectively referred to as “VacAll”). This included the product lines, inventory and certain other assets that relate to this business. The production of the vacuum truck and sweeper lines were moved to the Gradall facility in New Philadelphia, Ohio.
In 2006, the Company acquired 100% of the ownership interests in Nite-Hawk Sweepers LLC (“Nite-Hawk”), a manufacturer of truck mounted sweeping equipment primarily for the contract sweeping market, which expanded its presence in that market and complements our Schwarze sweeper line.
In 2007, the Company purchased Henke Manufacturing Corporation (“Henke”), a manufacturer of specialty snow removal attachments. Henke’s products are mounted on both heavy industrial equipment and medium to
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heavy-duty trucks. The primary end-users are governmental agencies, related contractors and other industrial users.
In 2008, the Company acquired Rivard Developpement S.A.S. (“Rivard”), a leading French manufacturer of vacuum trucks, high pressure cleaning systems and trenchers. The acquisition broadened the Company’s product offering to its customers in Europe and other markets we serve.
In 2009, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of Bush Hog, LLC (“Bush Hog”), a leading agricultural equipment manufacturer of rotary cutters, finishing mowers, zero turn radius mowers, front-end loaders, backhoes, landscape equipment and a variety of other implements. This acquisition, combined with the Company’s existing range of agricultural mowers, created one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural mowers in the world.
In 2011, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain specified liabilities of Tenco Group, Inc. ("Tenco") and its subsidiaries. Tenco is a Canadian-based manufacturer of snow removal equipment including snow blades, blowers, dump bodies, spreaders and associated parts and service. Tenco has operations in Quebec as well as New York and Vermont. The equipment is sold primarily through dealers to governmental end-users as well as contractors.
In 2013, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets and assumed certain specified liabilities of Superior Equipment Australia PTY LTD ("Superior"). Superior is a small Australian-based manufacturer of agricultural mowing equipment and other attachments, parts, and services. The equipment is sold through dealers primarily to agricultural end-users with some sold to governmental entities in Australia. The Superior operations have been combined into the Company's Fieldquip location.
On April 2, 2014, the Company acquired Kellands Agricultural Ltd. and its subsidiary Multidrive Tractors Ltd. ("Kellands"). Kellands is a U.K.-based manufacturer of self-propelled sprayers and a range of multi-purpose load-carrying tractor vehicles. This acquisition enhanced our manufacture and distribution of agricultural machinery in our European operations and allowed the Company to enter into the self-propelled sprayer market.
On April 7, 2014, the Company acquired Fieldquip Australia PTY LTD ("Fieldquip"), a manufacturer of rotary cutters as well as a distributor of various agricultural products. This acquisition allowed the Company to broaden its presence in both the manufacturing and distribution of agricultural machinery in Australia.
On May 13, 2014, the Company acquired all of the operating units of Specialized Industries LP. The purchase included the businesses of Super Products LLC ("Super Products"), Wausau-Everest LP ("Wausau" & "Everest") and Howard P. Fairfield LLC ("H.P. Fairfield") as well as several related entities ("Specialized"), including all brand names and related product names and trademarks. The primary reason for the Specialized acquisition was to broaden the Company's existing equipment lines. This acquisition increased our product offering and enhanced our market position both in vacuum trucks and snow removal equipment primarily in North America.
On March 10, 2015, the Company acquired Herder Implementos e Maquinas Agricolas Ltda. ("Herder"). Herder is a manufacturer of flail mowers and other agricultural implements which are sold direct and through dealers to the sugar cane, orchard and other agricultural markets as well as the roadside maintenance market. This acquisition allowed the Company to establish a presence in Brazil, one of the largest agricultural markets in the world.
Marketing and Marketing Strategy
The Company believes that within the U.S. it is a leading supplier to governmental markets, a leading supplier in the U.S. agricultural market, and one of the largest suppliers in the European market for its key niche product offerings. The Company’s products are sold through the Company’s various marketing organizations and extensive worldwide dealer and distributor networks under the Alamo Industrial®, Terrain King®, Tiger®, Gradall®, VacAll®, Schwarze®, NiteHawk®, Henke®, Tenco®, Super Products® , Wausau-Everest™, H.P. Fairfield™, Bush Hog®, Rhino®, Earthmaster®, RhinoAg™, Herschel®, Valu-Bilt®, CT Farm & Country™, Schulte®, Superior®, Fieldquip®, Herder®, McConnel®, Bomford®, Spearhead™, Twose™, Kellands®, SMA®, Forges Gorce™, Faucheux™, Rousseau™ and Rivard® trademarks (some with related designs) as well as other trademarks and trade names.
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Products and Distribution Channels
Industrial Division
Alamo Industrial equipment is principally sold through independent dealers to governmental end-users, related independent contractors and, to a lesser extent, utility and other dealers serving infrastructure maintenance operators and other applications in the U.S. and other countries. Governmental agencies and contractors that perform services for such agencies purchase primarily hydraulically-powered, tractor-mounted mowers, including boom-mounted mowers, other types of cutters and replacement parts for heavy-duty, intensive use applications, including maintenance around highway, airport, recreational and other public areas. A portion of Alamo Industrial’s sales includes tractors, which are not manufactured by Alamo Industrial.
Tiger equipment includes heavy duty, tractor- and truck-mounted mowing and vegetation maintenance equipment and replacement parts. Tiger sells to state, county and local governmental entities and related contractors, primarily through a network of independent dealers. Tiger’s dealer distribution network is independent of Alamo Industrial’s dealer distribution network. A portion of Tiger’s sales includes tractors, which are not manufactured by Tiger.
Schwarze equipment includes truck-mounted air, mechanical broom, and regenerative air sweepers, pothole patchers and replacement parts. Schwarze sells its products primarily to governmental agencies and independent contractors, either directly or through its independent dealer network. A portion of Schwarze’s sales includes truck chassis which are not manufactured by Schwarze. The Company believes that Schwarze complements Alamo Industrial because the dealer and/or end-user for both products in many cases are the same.
Nite-Hawk manufactures parking lot sweepers with unique and innovative hydraulic designs. By eliminating the auxiliary engine, Nite-Hawk sweepers have proven to be fuel-efficient, environmentally conscious, and cost-effective to operate. Nite-Hawk focuses mainly on and sells direct to parking lot contractors. A portion of Nite-Hawk’s sales includes truck chassis which are not manufactured by Nite-Hawk.
Gradall produces a range of excavators based on high-pressure hydraulic telescoping booms which are sold through dealers primarily to governmental agencies and related contractors, and to a lesser extent the mining industry, steel mills and other specialty applications in the U.S. and other countries. Many of these products are designed for excavation, grading, shaping and similar tasks involved in land clearing, road building or maintenance. These products are available mounted on various types of undercarriages: wheels for full-speed highway travel, wheels for on/off road use, and crawlers. A portion of Gradall’s sales includes truck chassis which are not manufactured by Gradall.
VacAll produces catch basin cleaners and roadway debris vacuum systems. These units are powerful and versatile with uses including, but not limited to, removal of wet and dry debris, spill elimination, and cleaning of sludge beds. VacAll also offers a line of sewer cleaners. Its products are primarily sold through dealers to industrial and commercial contractors as well as governmental agencies. A portion of VacAll’s sales includes truck chassis which are not manufactured by the Company.
Super Products produces truck-mounted vacuum trucks, combination sewer cleaners and hydro excavators. Its products are sold to municipalities, utilities and contractors through a nationwide distributor network. Super Products also operates a network of five rental stores that provide short and long-term rental contracts for its products. Rental customers are primarily contractors serving the petrochemical, petroleum production and refining industries. A portion of the sales of Super Products includes truck chassis which are not manufactured by the Company.
Wausau designs and manufactures a comprehensive range of snow removal and ice control products. Products include snowplows, snow blowers, brooms, deicers, brine sprayers and other related accessories and parts. Wausau sells its products through its established dealer network to both governmental and non-governmental end-users and sells directly to airports and fixed-base operators.
Everest designs and manufactures a range of snow removal and ice control products including snowplows, wing systems, spreader bodies and other related accessories and parts. Everest also manufactures custom-engineered underground construction forms for vehicular, water/sewage and hydro-electric tunnels.
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Henke designs and manufactures snow plows and heavy duty snow removal equipment, hitches and attachments for trucks, loaders and graders sold primarily through independent truck and industrial equipment dealers. Henke’s primary end-users are governmental agencies, related contractors and other industrial users.
Tenco designs and manufactures a heavy-duty line of snow removal equipment, including truck-mounted snow plows, snow blowers, dump bodies and spreaders. Its products are primarily sold through independent dealers. End-users are governmental agencies, contractors and other industrial users.
H.P. Fairfield is a full-service distributor of public works and runway maintenance products, parts and service, whose sales and service outlets are located in the northeastern part of the U.S. H.P. Fairfield’s offerings include custom municipal snow and ice removal equipment, a range of salt spreaders and truck bodies, street sweepers, a line of industrial rotary, flail and boom mowers, solid waste and recycling equipment, water and sewer maintenance equipment, municipal tractors and attachments, and asphalt maintenance patchers some of which are sourced from other Alamo Group companies. Certain of the products distributed and sold by H.P. Fairfield include Alamo Group products. H.P. Fairfield also provides truck up-fitting services as part of its business.
Agricultural Division
Bush Hog, Rhino and Earthmaster equipment is generally sold to farmers, ranchers and other end-users to clear brush, mow grass, maintain pastures and unused farmland, shred crops, till fields, and for haymaking and other applications. Bush Hog and Rhino equipment consists principally of a comprehensive line of tractor-powered equipment, including rotary mowers, finishing mowers, flail mowers, disc mowers, front-end loaders, backhoes, rotary tillers, posthole diggers, scraper blades and replacement parts. The equipment also includes a range of self-propelled zero turn radius mowers.
Herschel/Valu-Bilt aftermarket replacement parts are sold for many types of farm equipment and tractors and certain types of mowing and construction equipment. Herschel products include a wide range of cutting parts, plain and hard-faced replacement tillage tools, disc blades and fertilizer application components. Herschel replacement tools and parts are sold throughout the United States, Canada and Mexico to five major customer groups: farm equipment dealers; fleet stores; wholesale distributors; OEMs; and construction equipment dealers. Valu-Bilt complements the Herschel product lines while also expanding the Company’s offering of aftermarket agricultural parts and added catalog and internet sales direct to end-users.
Schulte equipment includes heavy-duty mechanical rotary mowers, snow blowers, rock removal equipment and related replacement parts. Schulte serves both the agricultural and governmental markets primarily in Canada and the U.S. It also sells some of the Company’s other product lines in their markets and some of its products through independent distributors throughout the world.
Fieldquip and Superior together broaden the Company's presence in Australia. Both companies sell a variety of agricultural equipment, specifically rotary mowers and tractor attachments. Fieldquip sells to customers ranging from large agricultural and commercial operators to small farm hobbyist and residential users. Superior's customers are generally agricultural dealers who service owners and operators in the turf, golf, park and airport industries and growers with orchards, vineyards and plantations in Australia and the South Pacific.
Herder gives the Company a presence in the Brazilian agricultural market. It is also our first step in establishing a position in the market and we believe allows us to pursue organic growth and further acquisitions in Brazil. Herder manufactures and distributes flail mowers and various other agricultural equipment, direct and through dealers. Its products are used in sugar cane, orchards and other agricultural markets.
European Division
McConnel equipment principally includes a broad line of hydraulic, boom-mounted hedge and grass cutters, as well as other tractor attachments and implements such as hydraulic backhoes, cultivators, subsoilers, buckets and other digger implements and related replacement parts. McConnel equipment is sold primarily in the U.K., Ireland and France and in other parts of Europe and, to a lesser extent, throughout the world, through independent dealers and distributors.
Bomford equipment includes hydraulic, boom-mounted hedge and hedgerow cutters, industrial grass mowers, agricultural seedbed preparation cultivators and related replacement parts. Bomford equipment is sold to
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governmental agencies, contractors and agricultural end-users in the U.K., Ireland and France and, to a lesser extent, other countries in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia. Bomford’s sales network is similar to that of McConnel in the U.K. Rhino sells some of Bomford’s product line in the U.S.
The addition of Spearhead expanded the Company’s product lines, particularly rotary cutters, and market coverage in Europe and increased utilization of our existing U.K. manufacturing facilities.
Kellands equipment includes a range of self-propelled sprayers and a variety of multi-drive load-carrying vehicles. These products are sold through an existing dealer network as well as various marketing groups within the European Division.
SMA equipment includes hydraulic, boom-mounted hedge and hedgerow cutters and related replacement parts. SMA’s principal customers are French local authorities. SMA’s product offerings include certain quick-attach boom mowers manufactured by the Company in the U.K. to expand its presence in agricultural dealerships. The Company consolidated its SMA operations located in Orleans, France, and production was relocated to its manufacturing facility near Lyon, France.
Forges Gorce manufactures cutting blades which are sold to some of the Company’s subsidiaries as well as to other customers.
Faucheux equipment includes front-end loaders, backhoes, attachments and related parts. In addition, Faucheux also markets certain agricultural related products from other company units and third party suppliers. During 2016, the Company restructured and consolidated the Faucheux business into the Company's manufacturing facility near Lyon, France.
Rousseau sells hydraulic and mechanical boom mowers, primarily in France, through its own sales force and dealer distribution network mainly to agricultural and governmental markets. These products have also been introduced into other markets outside of France.
Rivard manufactures vacuum trucks, high pressure cleaning systems and trenchers. Rivard’s equipment is sold primarily in France and certain other markets, mainly in Europe, Middle East and North Africa, and to governmental entities and related contractors. It also complements our product offerings in North America. The majority of Rivard's customers provide their own truck chassis.
Replacement Parts
The Company derives a significant portion of its revenues from sales of replacement parts for each of its wholegoods lines. Replacement parts represented approximately 18%, 18% and 20% of the Company’s total sales for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The majority of the decline in percentage sales of spare parts relates to the 2014 acquisition of the units of Specialized, which has a lower mix of parts as a percentage of sales. Proprietary replacement parts generally are more profitable and less cyclical than wholegoods.
Product Development
The Company’s ability to provide innovative responses to customer needs, to develop and manufacture new products, and to enhance existing product lines is important to its success. The Company continually conducts research and development activities in an effort to improve existing products and develop new products. As of December 31, 2016, the Company employed 160 people in its various engineering departments, 80 of whom are degreed engineers and the balance of whom are support staff. Amounts expended on research and development activities were approximately $8,847,000 in 2016, $8,590,000 in 2015 and $8,427,000 in 2014. As a percentage of sales, research and development was approximately 1.0% in 2016, 1.0% in 2015 and 1.0% in 2014, and is expected to continue at similar levels in 2017
Seasonality
The Company’s sales, for both product and replacement parts, are generally higher in the second and third quarters of the year, because a substantial number of the Company’s products are used for maintenance activities such as vegetation maintenance, highway right-of-way maintenance, construction, and street and parking lot sweeping. Usage of this equipment is typically lower in harsh weather. The Company utilizes an annual twelve-
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month sales forecast provided by the Company’s marketing departments which is updated quarterly in order to develop a production plan for its manufacturing facilities. In addition, many of the Company’s marketing departments attempt to equalize demand for products throughout the calendar year by offering seasonal sales programs which may provide additional incentives, including discounts and extended payment terms.
Competition
The Company’s products are sold in highly competitive markets throughout the world. The principal competitive factors are price, quality, availability, service and reputation. The Company competes with several large national and international companies that offer a broad range of equipment and replacement parts, as well as with numerous small, privately-held manufacturers and suppliers of a limited number of products, mainly on a regional basis. Some of the Company’s competitors are significantly larger than the Company and have substantially greater financial and other resources at their disposal. The Company believes that it is able to compete successfully in its markets by effectively managing its manufacturing costs, offering high quality products, developing and designing innovative products and, to some extent, avoiding direct competition with significantly larger potential competitors. There can be no assurance that the Company’s competitors will not substantially increase the resources devoted to the development and marketing of products competitive with the Company’s products or that new competitors with greater resources will not enter the Company’s markets.
Unfilled Orders
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had unfilled customer orders of $147,245,000 compared to $162,959,000 at December 31, 2015. Management expects that substantially all of the Company’s backlog as of December 31, 2016 will be shipped during fiscal year 2017. The amount of unfilled orders at a particular time is affected by a number of factors, including manufacturing and shipping schedules which, in most instances, are dependent on the Company’s seasonal sales programs and the requirements of its customers. Certain of the Company’s orders are subject to cancellation at any time before shipment; therefore, a comparison of unfilled orders from period to period is not necessarily meaningful and may not be indicative of future actual shipments. No single customer is responsible for 10% or more of the aggregate revenue of the Company.
Sources of Supply
The principal raw materials used by the Company include steel, other metal components, hydraulic hoses, paint and tires. During 2016, the raw materials needed by the Company were available from a variety of sources in adequate quantities and at prevailing market prices.
While the Company manufactures many of the parts for its products, a significant percentage of parts, including most drivelines, gearboxes, industrial engines, and hydraulic components, are purchased from outside suppliers which manufacture to the Company’s specifications. In addition, the Company, through its subsidiaries, purchases tractors and truck chassis as a number of the Company’s products are mounted and shipped with a tractor or truck chassis. Tractors and truck chassis are generally available, but some delays in receiving tractors or truck chassis can occur throughout the year. The Company sources its purchased goods from international and domestic suppliers. No one supplier is responsible for supplying more than 10% of the principal raw materials or purchased goods used by the Company.
Patents and Trademarks
The Company owns various U.S. and international patents and trademarks. While the Company considers its patents to be advantageous to its business, it is not dependent on any single patent or group of patents. The net book value of patents and trademarks was $26,642,000 and $27,590,000 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Environmental and Other Governmental Regulations
Like other manufacturers, the Company is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign laws and requirements, including those concerning air emissions, discharges into waterways, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials, as well as the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances at the Company’s facilities and off-
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site disposal locations, workplace safety and equal employment opportunities. These laws and regulations are constantly changing, and it is impossible to predict with accuracy the effect that changes to such laws and regulations may have on the Company in the future. Like other industrial concerns, the Company’s manufacturing operations entail the risk of noncompliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs or other liabilities as a result thereof.
The Company knows that its Indianola, Iowa property is contaminated with chromium which most likely resulted from chrome plating operations which were discontinued before the Company purchased the property. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have also been detected in water samples on the property, though the source is unknown at this time. The Company voluntarily worked with an environmental consultant and the state of Iowa with respect to these issues and believes it completed its remediation program in June 2006. The work was accomplished within the Company’s environmental liability reserve balance. We requested a “no further action” classification from the state. We received a conditional “no further action” letter in January of 2009. When we demonstrate stable or improving conditions below residential standards for a certain period of time by monitoring existing wells, we will request an unconditional “no further action” letter.
Certain assets of the Company contain asbestos that may have to be remediated over time. The Company believes that any subsequent change in the liability associated with the asbestos removal will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
The Company is subject to various other federal, state, and local laws affecting its business, as well as a variety of regulations relating to such matters as working conditions, equal employment opportunities, and product safety. A variety of state laws regulate the Company’s contractual relationships with its dealers, some of which impose restrictive standards on the relationship between the Company and its dealers, including events of default, grounds for termination, non-renewal of dealer contracts, and equipment repurchase requirements. The Company believes it is currently in material compliance with all such applicable laws and regulations.
Employees
As of December 31, 2016, the Company employed approximately 2,900 employees. In North America, the Company has collective bargaining agreements at the Gradall facility which cover 179 employees and will expire on March 12, 2017, and at the Tenco facility in Canada covering 81 employees which will expire on December 31, 2020. The Company’s European operations, McConnel, Bomford, Spearhead, AMS-UK, Kellands, SMA Faucheux, Forges Gorce, Rousseau and Rivard, also have various collective bargaining agreements covering 890 employees. The Company considers its employee relations to be satisfactory.
Financial Information about Segments
See Note 14 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
International Operations and Geographic Information
See Note 15 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Available Information
The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You may read and copy any document we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information on the operation of the Public Reference Room. The SEC maintains a website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy and information statements, and other information that issuers (including the Company) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website is www.sec.gov.
The Company’s website is www.alamo-group.com. The Company makes available free of charge through its website, via a link to the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The Company also makes
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available through its website, via a link to the SEC’s website, statements of beneficial ownership of the Company’s equity securities filed by its directors, officers, 10% or greater shareholders and others required to file under Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
The Company also makes available free of charge on its website its most recent annual report on Form 10-K, its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the current fiscal year, its most recent proxy statement and its most recent annual report to stockholders, although in some cases these documents are not available on our site as soon as they are available on the SEC’s site. You will need to have on your computer the Adobe Acrobat Reader® software to view the documents, which are in PDF format. In addition, the Company posts on its website its Charters for its Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee, as well as its Corporate Governance Policies and its Code of Conduct and Ethics for its directors, officers and employees. You can obtain a written copy of these documents, excluding exhibits, at no cost, by sending your request to the Corporate Secretary, Alamo Group Inc., 1627 E. Walnut Street, Seguin, Texas 78155, which is the principal corporate office of the Company. The telephone number is (830) 379-1480. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this report.
Forward-Looking Information
Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Part II of this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In addition, forward-looking statements may be made orally or in press releases, conferences, reports or otherwise, in the future by or on behalf of the Company.
Statements that are not historical are forward-looking. When used by us or on our behalf, the words "expect," “will,” “estimate,” “believe,” “intend,” "would," “could,” “should,” “anticipate,” “project,” “forecast,” “plan,” “may” and similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. These uncertainties include factors that affect all businesses operating in a global market, as well as matters specific to the Company and the markets we serve. Certain particular risks and uncertainties that continually face us include the following:

• | budget constraints and revenue shortfalls which could affect the purchases of our type of equipment by governmental customers and related contractors in both domestic and international markets;

• | market acceptance of new and existing products;

• | our ability to maintain good relations with our employees;

• | our ability to develop and manufacture new and existing products profitably;

• | the inability of our suppliers, creditors, public utility providers and financial and other service organizations to deliver or provide their products or services to us;

• | legal actions and litigation;

• | impairment in the carrying value of goodwill;

• | our ability to hire and retain quality employees; and

• | changes in the prices of agricultural commodities, which could affect our customers’ income

levels.
In addition, we are subject to risks and uncertainties facing the industry in general, including the following:

• | changes in business and political conditions and the economy in general in both domestic and international markets;

• | an increase in unfunded pension plan liability due to financial market deterioration;

• | price and availability of energy and critical raw materials, particularly steel and steel products;

• | increased competition;

• | repercussions from the pending exit by the U.K. from the European Union;

• | adverse weather conditions such as droughts, floods, snowstorms, etc., which can affect the buying patterns of our customers and end-users;

• | increased costs of complying with new regulations;

• | the potential effects on the buying habits of our customers due to animal disease outbreaks;

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• | adverse market conditions and credit constraints which could affect our customers and end-users, such as cutbacks on dealer stocking levels;

• | changes in market demand;

• | financial market changes including changes in interest rates and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates;

• | abnormal seasonal factors in our industry;

• | changes in domestic and foreign governmental policies and laws, including increased levels of government regulation and changes in agricultural policies;

• | government actions, including but not limited to budget levels, regulations and legislation, relating to the environment, commerce, infrastructure spending, health and safety;

• | risk of governmental defaults and resulting impact on the global economy and particularly financial institutions; and

• | the amount of farm subsidies and farm payments.

We wish to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement and to recognize that the statements are not predictions of actual future results. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements and from historical results, due to the risks and uncertainties described above and under “Risk Factors,” as well as others not now anticipated. The foregoing statements are not exclusive and further information concerning us and our businesses, including factors that could potentially materially affect our financial results, may emerge from time to time. It is not possible for management to predict all risk factors or to assess the impact of such risk factors on the Company’s businesses.
Executive Officers of the Company
Certain information is set forth below concerning the executive officers of the Company, each of whom has been elected to serve until the 2017 annual meeting of directors or until his successor is duly elected and qualified.

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Ronald A. Robinson |  | 64 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Dan E. Malone |  | 56 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Robert H. George |  | 70 |  | Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer
Richard J. Wehrle |  | 60 |  | Vice President and Corporate Controller
Edward T. Rizzuti |  | 47 |  | Vice President and General Counsel
Geoffrey Davies |  | 69 |  | Executive Vice President, Alamo Group Inc. and Managing Director, Alamo Group (EUR) Ltd., European Division
Richard H. Raborn |  | 51 |  | Executive Vice President, Alamo Group Inc. and Executive Vice President Alamo Group (USA) Inc., Agricultural Division
Jeffery A. Leonard |  | 57 |  | Executive Vice President, Alamo Group Inc. and Executive Vice President Alamo Group (USA) Inc., Industrial Division

Ronald A. Robinson was appointed President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company on July 7, 1999. Mr. Robinson had previously been President of Svedala Industries, Inc., the U.S. subsidiary of Svedala Industries AB of Malmo, Sweden, a leading manufacturer of equipment and systems for the worldwide construction, mineral processing and materials handling industries. Mr. Robinson joined Svedala in 1992 when it acquired Denver Equipment Company of which he was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.
Dan E. Malone was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer on January 15, 2007. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Malone held the position of Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Corporate Secretary at Igloo Products Corporation, a manufacturer of insulated consumer goods, from 2002 to January 2007.
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Mr. Malone was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The York Group, Inc. from 2000 to 2002, and held various financial positions from 1987 to 2000 with Cooper Industries, Inc. and its various subsidiaries.
Robert H. George joined the Company in May 1987 as Vice President and Secretary/Treasurer and has served the Company in various executive capacities since that time. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. George was Senior Vice President of Frost National Bank, a national bank association, from 1978 to 1987.
Richard J. Wehrle has been Vice President and Controller of the Company since May 2001. Prior to his appointment, Mr. Wehrle served in various accounting management capacities within the Company since 1988.
Edward T. Rizzuti was appointed Vice President and General Counsel of Alamo Group Inc. effective July 15, 2015. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Rizzuti previously served from 2010 to 2015 as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary for Erickson Incorporated, a publicly traded aircraft manufacturing and operating company based in Portland, Oregon.
Geoffrey Davies, OBE and PhD, has been Managing Director of Alamo Group (EUR) Ltd. since December 1993 and was appointed Vice President of the Company in February 2003. From 1988 to 1993, Dr. Davies served McConnel Ltd., a U.K. company acquired by Alamo Group in 1991, in various capacities including serving as its Marketing Director from February 1992 until December 1993.
Richard H. Raborn was appointed Executive Vice President of Alamo Group Inc. effective April 6, 2015. Mr. Raborn is also Executive Vice President of Alamo Group (USA) Inc. and is in charge of the Agricultural Division. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Raborn was Vice President and General Manager of the Powertrain Metal Division for Illinois Tool Works (ITW) from 2009 to 2015. ITW is one of the world's leading diversified manufacturers of specialized industrial equipment, consumables and related service business. Mr. Raborn replaced Richard D. Pummell who retired from the Company in May 2015.
Jeffery A. Leonard joined Alamo Group in September 2011 as Executive Vice President of Alamo Group Inc. and Executive Vice President of Alamo Group (USA) Inc., in charge of the Industrial Division. Mr. Leonard previously was Senior Vice President of Metso Minerals Industries Inc., a supplier of technology and services for mining, construction power generation, automation, recycling, and pulp and paper industries.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider each of the risks described below, together with all of the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before making an investment decision with respect to the Company’s securities. If any of the following risks develop into actual events, the Company’s business, financial condition or results from operations could be materially and adversely affected and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Risks related to our business
Deterioration of industry conditions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our business depends to a large extent upon the prospects for the mowing, right-of-way maintenance and agricultural markets in general. Future prospects of the industry depend largely on factors outside of our control. Any of those factors could adversely impact demand for our products, which could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. These factors include the following:

• | weakness in the worldwide economy;

• | the price and availability of raw materials, purchased components and energy;

• | budget constraints and revenue shortfalls for our governmental customers;

• | changes in domestic and foreign governmental policies and laws, including increased levels of governmental regulation;

• | the levels of interest rates;

• | the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the foreign currencies in countries where we sell our products but don’t have a manufacturing presence;

• | impact of tighter credit markets on the Company, its dealers and end-users;

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• | impairment in the carrying value of goodwill; and

• | increase in unfunded pension plan liability due to financial market deterioration.

In addition, our business is susceptible to a number of factors that specifically affect agricultural customer spending patterns, including the following:

• | animal disease outbreaks, epidemics and crop pests;

• | weather conditions, such as droughts, floods and snowstorms;

• | changes in farm incomes;

• | cattle and agricultural commodity prices;

• | changes in governmental agricultural policies worldwide;

• | the level of worldwide farm output and demand for farm products; and

• | limits on agricultural imports/exports.

A downturn in general economic conditions and outlook in the United States and around the world could adversely affect our net sales and earnings.
The strength and profitability of our business depends on the overall demand for our products and upon economic conditions and outlook, including but not limited to economic growth rates; consumer spending levels; financing availability, pricing and terms for our dealers and end-users; employment rates; interest rates; inflation; consumer confidence and general economic and political conditions and expectations in the United States and the other economies in which we conduct business. Slow or negative growth rates, inflationary/deflationary pressures, higher commodity costs and energy prices, reduced credit availability or unfavorable credit terms for our dealers and end-user customers, increased unemployment rates, and recessionary economic conditions and outlook could cause consumers to reduce spending, which may cause them to delay or forgo purchases of our products and could have an adverse effect on our net sales and earnings.
The potential withdrawal of the U.K. from the European Union (“Brexit”) and the perceptions as to the impact of the withdrawal may adversely affect business activity, political stability and economic conditions in the U.K., the European Union and elsewhere. The economic conditions and outlook could be further adversely affected by (i) the uncertainty concerning the timing and terms of the exit, (ii) new or modified trading arrangements between the U.K. and other countries and (iii) the risk that one or more other European Union countries could come under increasing pressure to leave the European Union. Any of these developments, or the perception that any of these developments are likely to occur, could negatively affect economic growth or business activity in the U.K., the European Union and elsewhere, and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We depend on governmental sales and a decrease in such sales could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
A substantial portion of our revenues is derived from sales to federal, state and local governmental entities and related contractors, both in the U.S. and in other countries in which we sell our products. These sales depend primarily on the levels of budgeted and appropriated expenditures for highway, airport, roadside and parks maintenance by various governmental entities and are affected by changes in local and national economic conditions.
Our dependence on, and the price and availability of, raw materials as well as purchased components may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to fluctuations in market prices for raw materials such as steel and energy. In addition, although most of the raw materials and purchased components we use are commercially available from a number of sources, we could experience disruptions in the availability of such materials. If we are unable to purchase materials we require or are unable to pass on price increases to our customers or otherwise reduce our cost of goods sold, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. In addition, higher energy costs could negatively affect spending by farmers, including their purchases of our products.
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Impairment in the carrying value of goodwill could negatively impact our consolidated results of operations and net worth.
The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using a discounted cash flow analysis. This analysis requires the Company to make significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows, discount rates and growth rates. The cash flows are estimated over a significant future period of time, which makes those estimates and assumptions subject to an even higher degree of uncertainty. The Company also utilizes market valuation models and other financial ratios, which require the Company to make certain assumptions and estimates regarding the applicability of those models to its assets and businesses. As of December 31, 2016, goodwill was $74,825,000, which represents 14% of total assets.
The Company recognized no goodwill impairment in 2016, 2015 or 2014. During the third quarter of 2015, the Company changed its annual goodwill and intangible assets impairment testing date from December 31 to October 1. During the 2016 impairment analysis review, we performed a sensitivity analysis for goodwill impairment with respect to each of our reporting units and determined that a hypothetical 15% decline in the fair value of each reporting unit as of October 1, 2016 would not result in an impairment of goodwill for any of the reporting units.
We are significantly dependent on information technology.
We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit, and store electronic and financial information, to manage a variety of business processes and activities, and to comply with regulatory, legal, and tax requirements. We also depend on our information technology infrastructure for digital marketing activities and for electronic communications among our locations, personnel, customers, and suppliers. These information technology systems (some of which are provided and maintained by third parties) may be susceptible to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to hardware failures, computer viruses, hacker attacks, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophic events or other factors. If our information technology systems suffer severe damage, disruption, or shutdown and our business continuity plans do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, we could experience business disruptions, transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, and the loss of customers and sales, causing our product sales, financial condition, and operating results to be adversely affected and the reporting of our financial results to be delayed.
In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information or other sensitive information of our customers and employees. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite the information security measures we have taken, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties, disruption of our operations and the services we provide to customers, damage to our reputation, and a loss of confidence in our products and services, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.
We operate in a highly competitive industry, and some of our competitors and potential competitors have greater resources than we do.
Our products are sold in highly competitive markets throughout the world. We compete with several large national and international companies that offer a broad range of equipment and replacement parts that compete with our products, as well as with numerous small, privately-held manufacturers and suppliers of a limited number of products mainly on a regional basis. Some of our competitors are significantly larger than we are and have substantially greater financial and other resources at their disposal. We believe that we are able to compete successfully in our markets by, to some extent, avoiding direct competition with significantly larger potential competitors. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not substantially increase the resources devoted to the development and marketing of products competitive with our products or that new competitors with greater resources will not enter our markets. Any failure to effectively compete could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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We operate and source internationally, which exposes us to the political, economic and other risks of doing business abroad.
We have operations in a number of countries outside of the United States and we source raw materials and components globally. Our international operations are subject to the risks normally associated with conducting business in foreign countries, including but not limited to the following:

• | limitations on ownership and on repatriation of earnings;

• | import and export restrictions, tariffs and quotas;

• | additional expenses relating to the difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations;

• | labor disputes and uncertain political and economic environments and the impact of foreign business cycles;

• | changes in laws or policies;

• | changes in any international trade agreements, such as any changes in European Union membership;

• | delays in obtaining or the inability to obtain necessary governmental permits;

• | potentially adverse consequences resulting from the applicability of foreign tax laws;

• | cultural differences;

• | increased expenses due to inflation;

• | weak economic conditions in foreign markets where our subsidiaries distribute their products;

• | changes in currency exchange rates;

• | disruptions in transportation and port authorities; and

• | regulations involving international freight shipments.

Our international operations may also be adversely affected by laws and policies of the United States and the other countries in which we operate affecting foreign trade, investment, taxation and our ability to effectively source components and raw materials internationally. For example, any significant changes in U.S. trade policy, including the introduction of any new or expanded tariffs, could increase the cost of critical materials and supplies that we source internationally or negatively impact international sales of our products, which would have an adverse effect on our net sales and earnings.
In addition, political developments and governmental regulations and policies in the countries in which we operate directly affect the demand for our products. For example, decreases or delays in farm subsidies to our agricultural customers, or changes in environmental policies aimed at limiting mowing activities, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our acquisition strategy may not be successful, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We intend to grow internally and through the acquisition of businesses and assets that will complement our current businesses. To date, a material portion of our growth has come through acquisitions. We cannot be certain that we will be able to identify attractive acquisition targets, obtain financing for acquisitions on satisfactory terms or successfully acquire identified targets. Competition for acquisition opportunities may also increase our costs of making acquisitions or prevent us from making certain acquisitions. These and other acquisition-related factors may adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may be unable to complete or integrate existing or future acquisitions effectively, and businesses we have acquired, or may acquire in the future, may not perform as expected.
We may not be successful in integrating acquired businesses into our existing operations and achieving projected synergies. We could face many risks in integrating acquired businesses, including but not limited to the following:

• | we may incur substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial challenges in integrating acquired businesses, including integrating each company's accounting, information technology, human resource and other administrative systems to permit effective management;

• | we may be unable to achieve expected cost reductions, to take advantage of cross-selling opportunities, or to eliminate redundant operations, facilities and systems;

• | we may need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company;

• | acquisitions may divert our management’s attention from the operation of our existing businesses;

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• | we may not be able to retain key personnel of acquired businesses;

• | there may be cultural challenges associated with integrating management and employees from the acquired businesses into our organization; and

• | we may encounter unanticipated events, circumstances or legal liabilities.

Our integration of acquired businesses requires significant efforts from the management of each entity, including coordinating existing business plans and research and development efforts. Integrating operations may distract management’s attention from the day-to-day operation of the combined companies. Ultimately, our attempts to integrate the operations, technology and personnel of acquired businesses may not be successful. If we are unable to successfully integrate acquired businesses, our future results may be negatively impacted.
In addition, we may be adversely affected if businesses that we have acquired, or that we acquire in the future, do not perform as expected. An acquired business could perform below our expectations for a number of reasons, including legislative or regulatory changes that affect the areas in which the acquired business specializes, the loss of customers and dealers, general economic factors that directly affect the acquired business, and the cultural incompatibility of its management team. Any or all of these reasons could adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition.
The agricultural industry and the infrastructure maintenance industry are seasonal and are affected by the weather, and seasonal fluctuations may cause our results of operations and working capital to fluctuate from quarter to quarter.
In general, agricultural and governmental end-users typically purchase new equipment during the first and second calendar quarters. Other products such as street sweepers, excavators, snow removal equipment, front-end loaders and pothole patchers have different seasonal patterns, as do replacement parts in general. In attempting to achieve efficient utilization of manpower and facilities throughout the year, we estimate seasonal demand months in advance and manufacturing capacity is scheduled in anticipation of such demand. We utilize an annual plan with updated quarterly sales forecasts provided by our marketing divisions and order backlog in order to develop a production plan for our manufacturing facilities. In addition, many of our marketing departments attempt to equalize demand for their products throughout the calendar year by offering seasonal sales programs which may provide additional incentives, including discounts and extended payment terms, on equipment that is ordered during off-season periods. Because we spread our production and wholesale shipments throughout the year to take into account the factors described above, sales in any given period may not reflect the timing of dealer orders and retail demand.
Weather conditions and general economic conditions may affect the timing of purchases and actual industry conditions might differ from our forecasts. Consequently, sudden or significant declines in industry demand could adversely affect our working capital or results of operations.
If we do not retain key personnel and attract and retain other highly skilled employees, our business may suffer.
Our continued success will depend on, among other things, the efforts and skills of our executive officers, including our president and chief executive officer, and our ability to attract and retain additional highly qualified managerial, technical, manufacturing, and sales and marketing personnel. We do not maintain “key man” life insurance for any of our employees, and all of our senior management are employed at will. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and hire suitable replacements for any of our key employees. We believe the loss of a key executive officer or other key employee could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We may not be able to realize the potential or strategic benefits of the acquisitions we complete, or we may not be able to successfully address problems encountered in connection with acquisitions.
Acquisitions are an important part of our growth strategy. We have completed a number of acquisitions over the past several years. We expect to consider opportunities and make additional acquisitions in the future, but we may not find suitable acquisition targets or be able to consummate desired acquisitions due to among other things, unfavorable credit markets or other risks, which could harm our operating results. Acquisitions can be difficult, time-consuming, and pose a number of risks, including:
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• | potential negative impact on our earnings per share;

• | failure of acquired products to achieve projected sales;

• | problems in integrating the acquired products with our products;

• | potential downward pressure on operating margins due to lower operating margins of acquired businesses,

• | increased headcount costs and other expenses associated with adding and supporting new products;

• | difficulties in retaining and integrating key employees;

• | failure to realize expected synergies or cost savings;

• | disruption of ongoing business operations, including diversion of management’s attention and uncertainty for employees and customers, particularly during the post-acquisition integration process; and

• | potential negative impact on our relationships with customers, distributors and vendors.

If we do not manage these risks, the acquisitions that we complete may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations, or financial condition.
Increasingly stringent engine emission regulations could impact our ability to sell certain of our products into the market and appropriately price certain of our products, which could negatively affect our competitive position and financial results.
The products we manufacture or sell, particularly engines, are subject to increasingly stringent environmental emissions regulations. For instance, the EPA has adopted increasingly stringent engine emissions regulations, including Tier 4 emission requirements applicable to diesel engines in specified horsepower ranges that are used in some of our products. As of January 1, 2012, such requirements expanded to additional horsepower categories and, accordingly, apply to more of the products we sell. While we have developed and implemented plans to achieve full and timely compliance with these requirements, our ability to meet the Tier 4 requirements is subject to many variables, some of which are beyond our direct control. If we fail to meet the Tier 4 requirements and any other EPA emission standards that are currently in place or that may be introduced in the future, our ability to sell our products into the market may be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position and financial results.
We are subject on an ongoing basis to the risk of product liability claims and other litigation arising in the ordinary course of business.
Like other manufacturers, we are subject to various claims, including product liability claims, arising in the ordinary course of business, and we are a party to various legal proceedings that constitute routine litigation incidental to our business. We may be exposed to product liability claims in the event that the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury, property damage, or both. We cannot assure you that we will not experience any material product liability losses in the future or that we will not incur significant costs to defend the Company against such claims. While we currently have product liability insurance, we cannot assure you that our product liability insurance coverage will be adequate for any liabilities that may ultimately be incurred or that it will continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage or a requirement to participate in a product recall may have a materially adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to environmental, health and safety and employment laws and regulations and related compliance expenditures and liabilities.
Like other manufacturers, the Company is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign laws and requirements, including those concerning air emissions, discharges into waterways, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials, as well as the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances at the Company’s facilities and offsite disposal locations, workplace safety and equal employment opportunities. These laws and regulations are constantly changing, and it is impossible to predict with accuracy the effect that changes to such laws and regulations may have on the Company in the future. Like other industrial concerns, the Company’s manufacturing operations entail the risk of noncompliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs or other liabilities as a result thereof.
Certain properties of the Company contain asbestos that may have to be remediated over time and it could be additional expense to the Company.
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The Company is subject to various other federal, state, and local laws affecting its business, as well as a variety of regulations relating to such matters as working conditions, equal employment opportunities, and product safety. A variety of state laws regulate the Company’s contractual relationships with its dealers, some of which impose restrictive standards on the relationship between the Company and its dealers, including events of default, grounds for termination, non-renewal of dealer contracts, and equipment repurchase requirements.
If we are unable to comply with the terms of our credit arrangements, especially the financial covenants, our credit arrangements could be terminated.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with all of the terms of our credit arrangements, especially the financial covenants. Our ability to comply with such terms depends on the success of our business and our operating results. Various risks, uncertainties, and events beyond our control could affect our ability to comply with the terms of our credit arrangements. If we were out of compliance with any covenant required by our credit arrangements following any applicable cure periods, the banks could terminate their commitments unless we could negotiate a covenant waiver. The banks could condition such waiver on amendments to the terms of our credit arrangements that may be unfavorable to us, including, a potential increase to the interest rate we currently pay on outstanding debt under our credit arrangements could increase, which could adversely affect our operating results.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may adversely affect our financial results.
Our earnings are affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar as compared to foreign currencies, predominantly in European countries, Canada and Australia, as a result of the sale of our products in international markets. While we do enter into foreign exchange contracts to protect against such fluctuations to an extent (primarily in the U.K. market), we cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage these risks. Significant long-term fluctuations in relative currency values, such as a devaluation of the Euro against the U.S. dollar, could have an adverse effect on our future results of operations or financial condition.
Risks related to investing in our common stock
Because the price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, it may be difficult for you to resell our common stock when desired or at attractive prices.
The trading price of our common stock has and may continue to fluctuate. The closing prices of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange during 2016 ranged from $77.60 to $49.33 per share, and during 2015 from $64.34 to $44.30 per share. Our stock price may fluctuate in response to the risk factors set forth herein and to a number of events and factors, such as quarterly variations in operating and financial results, litigation, changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts, the operating and stock performance of other companies that investors may deem comparable to us, news reports relating to us or trends in our industry or general economic conditions. The stock price volatility and trading volume may make it difficult for you to resell your shares of our common stock when desired or at attractive prices.
You may experience dilution of your ownership interests due to the future issuance of additional shares of our common stock.
We may issue shares of our previously authorized and unissued securities which will result in the dilution of the ownership interests of our present stockholders. We are currently authorized to issue 20,000,000 shares of common stock. On December 31, 2016, 11,508,105 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding, and there were outstanding options and restricted stock awards totaling an additional 378,841 shares of our common stock. We also have additional shares available for grant under our 2015 Incentive Stock Option Plan and our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan. Additional stock option or other compensation plans or amendments to existing plans for employees and directors may be adopted. Issuance of these shares of common stock may dilute the ownership interests of our then existing stockholders. We may also issue additional shares of our common stock in connection with the hiring of personnel, future acquisitions, such as the 1,700,000 shares issued as consideration for the acquisition of Bush Hog in 2009, future private placements of our securities for capital raising purposes, or for other business purposes. This would further dilute the interests of our existing stockholders.
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There is no assurance that we will continue declaring dividends or have the available cash to make dividend payments.
On January 3, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company increased its quarterly dividend from $.09 per share to $.10 per share. Although we have paid a cash dividend in each quarter since becoming a public company in 1993, there can be no assurance that we will continue to declare dividends or that funds will continue to be available for this purpose in the future. The declaration and payment of dividends are restricted by the terms of our amended and restated revolving credit agreement, are subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors, are not cumulative, and will depend upon our profitability, financial condition, capital needs, future prospects, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.
Provisions of our corporate documents may have anti-takeover effects that could prevent a change in control.
Provisions of our charter, bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our stockholders. These provisions include prohibiting stockholders from calling stockholder meetings and prohibiting shareholder actions by written consent. Our Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws state that any amendment to certain provisions, including those provisions regarding limitations on action by written consent discussed above, be approved by the holders of at least two-thirds of our common stock. We are also afforded the protections of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which would prevent us from engaging in a business combination with a person who becomes a 15% or greater shareholder for a period of three years from the date such person acquired such status unless certain board or shareholder approvals were obtained.
Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial amount of our common stock may depress the price of the shares of our common stock.
Future sales, or the availability for sale in the public market, of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through future sales of equity securities. If we or our existing stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or if there is a perception that these sales may occur, the market price of our common stock could decline.
Certain stockholders own a significant amount of our common stock, and their interests may conflict with those of our other stockholders.
As of December 31, 2016, four investors - Henry Crown and Company, BlackRock, Inc., Dimensional Fund Advisors LP, and Victory Capital Management Inc. - beneficially owned approximately 39% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, the major stockholders combined could be able to significantly influence the direction of the Company, the election of our Board of Directors and the outcome of any other matter requiring stockholder approval, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, and together with other beneficially owned investors, to prevent or cause a change in control of the Company. Also, pursuant to contractual obligations, affiliates of Henry Crown and Company, were entitled to certain rights with respect to the registration of the common stock owned by them under the Securities Act. Pursuant to such registration rights, on March 12, 2012, we filed a registration statement related to the common stock owned by such entities and such registration statement was declared effective by the SEC. The interests of the major stockholders may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
The Company has no unresolved staff comments to report pursuant to Item 1B.
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Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2016, the Company utilized thirteen principal manufacturing plants located in the United States, six in Europe, three in Canada, one in Australia and one in Brazil. The facilities are listed below:

Facility | Square Footage |  | Principal Types of Products Manufactured And Assembled
Selma, Alabama* | 767,700 |  | Owned | Mechanical Rotary Mowers, Finishing Mowers, Zero Turn Radius Mowers, Backhoes, Front-End Loaders for Bush Hog
New Philadelphia, Ohio* | 430,000 |  | Owned | Telescopic Excavators for Gradall and Vacuum Trucks for VacAll
Gibson City, Illinois* | 275,000 |  | Owned | Mechanical Mowers, Blades, Post Hole Diggers, Deep Tillage Equipment, Front-End Loaders and Backhoes and other implements for Rhino, Bush Hog and OEM's
Seguin, Texas* | 230,000 |  | Owned | Hydraulic and Mechanical Rotary and Flail Mowers, Sickle-Bar Mowers, and Boom-Mounted Equipment for Alamo Industrial
Indianola, Iowa* | 200,000 |  | Owned | Distribution and Manufacturing of Aftermarket Farm Equipment Replacement and Wear Parts for Herschel/Valu-Bilt
Neuville, France* | 195,000 |  | Owned | Hydraulic and Mechanical Boom-Mounted Hedge and Grass Cutters for Rousseau and SMA
Ludlow, England* | 160,000 |  | Owned | Hydraulic Boom-Mounted Hedge and Grass Cutters and other Equipment for McConnel and Twose
Salford Priors, England* | 157,000 |  | Owned | Tractor-Mounted Power Arm Flails and other Equipment for Bomford and Twose and Spearhead
Chartres, France | 136,000 |  | Owned | Property held for sale
Huntsville, Alabama* | 136,000 |  | Owned | Air and Mechanical Sweeping Equipment for Schwarze
New Berlin, Wisconsin* | 120,000 |  | Owned | Municipal Snow Removal and Ice Control Equipment for Wausau
St. Valerien, Quebec, Canada* | 100,000 |  | Owned | Snow and Ice Removal Equipment for Tenco
Daumeray, France* | 100,000 |  | Leased | Vacuum Trucks, High Pressure Cleaning Systems and Trenchers for Rivard
Englefeld, Saskatchewan, Canada* | 85,000 |  | Owned | Mechanical Rotary Mowers, Snow Blowers, and Rock Removal Equipment for Schulte
Leavenworth, Kansas* | 70,000 |  | Owned | Snow Plows and Heavy-Duty Snow Removal Equipment for Henke
Sioux Falls, South Dakota* | 66,000 |  | Owned | Hydraulic and Mechanical Mowing Equipment for Tiger
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 62,000 |  | Leased | Hydro-Excavator trucks for Super Products
New Berlin, Wisconsin* | 55,000 |  | Owned | Truck-Mounted Vacuum Trucks for Super Products
Skowhegan, Maine | 47,000 |  | Owned | Distributor of Public Works and Runway Maintenance Products for H.P. Fairfield
New Berlin, Wisconsin* | 46,000 |  | Leased | Truck-Mounted Vacuum Trucks for Super Products
Kent, Washington* | 42,800 |  | Leased | Truck Mounted Sweeping Equipment for the contractor market branded Nite-Hawk
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin* | 38,000 |  | Owned | Municipal Snow Removal and Ice Control Equipment for Wausau
Ayer's Cliff, Quebec, Canada* | 35,000 |  | Owned | Municipal Snow Removal and Ice Control Equipment for Everest
Peschadoires, France* | 22,000 |  | Owned | Replacement Parts for Blades, Knives and Shackles for Forges Gorce
Oakey, Australia* | 18,000 |  | Leased | Agriculture Mowing Equipment and other Attachments for Fieldquip and Superior
Ipswich, Australia | 15,000 |  | Leased | Air and Mechanical Sweeping Equipment for Schwarze
Birdlip, England* | 14,000 |  | Leased | Self-propelled Sprayers and a variety of Multi-Drive Load Carrying Equipment for Kellands
Matao, Brazil* | 12,000 |  | Leased | Agriculture Mowing Equipment and other Attachments for Herder
Installation & Rental Facilities, Warehouses & Sales | 230,200 |  | Leased | Services Parts Distribution, Installation Facilities and Sales Office
Offices, Seguin, Texas | 15,200 |  | Owned | Corporate Office
Total | 3,879,900 |  | 0.8608211552 |

* Principal manufacturing plants
Approximately 86% of the manufacturing, warehouse and office space is owned. In November of 2016, the Company restructured and consolidated the Faucheux facility in Chartres, France into its Rousseau location and the Company listed the Chartres property for sale or lease. The Company considers each of these facilities to be well maintained, in good operating condition and adequate for its present level of operations.
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Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Like other manufacturers, the Company is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign laws and requirements, including those concerning air emissions, discharges into waterways, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials, as well as the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances at the Company’s facilities and off-site disposal locations, workplace safety and equal employment opportunities. These laws and regulations are constantly changing, and it is impossible to predict with accuracy the effect that changes to such laws and regulations may have on the Company in the future. Like other industrial concerns, the Company’s manufacturing operations entail the risk of noncompliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs or other liabilities as a result thereof.
The Company knows that its Indianola, Iowa property is contaminated with chromium which most likely resulted from chrome plating operations which were discontinued before the Company purchased the property. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have also been detected in water samples on the property, though the source is unknown at this time. The Company voluntarily worked with an environmental consultant and the state of Iowa with respect to these issues and believes it completed its remediation program in June 2006. The work was accomplished within the Company’s environmental liability reserve balance. We requested a “no further action” classification from the state. We received a conditional “no further action” letter in January of 2009. When we demonstrate stable or improving conditions below residential standards for a certain period of time by monitoring existing wells, we will request an unconditional “no further action” letter.
Alamo Group Inc. and Bush Hog, Inc. were added as defendants in 2013 to litigation by Deere & Company as plaintiff against Bush Hog, LLC (now Duroc, LLC) and Great Plains Manufacturing Incorporated, in which Deere alleged infringement of a mower-related patent. The jury concluded that not only did the defendants not infringe the patent, but that the patent was invalid as well. The Company expensed $2,100,000 in legal fees related to this lawsuit in 2013. Deere & Company appealed and requested a new trial. A hearing on the appeal was held on October 8, 2015. On May 26, 2016 the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court ruling and validating the jury’s finding that the defendants did not infringe the patent, and that the Deere & Company patent was invalid. This matter has been finally adjudicated and is no longer subject to further appeal by Deere & Company or any other parties.
Certain assets of the Company contain asbestos that may have to be remediated over time. The Company believes that any subsequent change in the liability associated with the asbestos removal will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
The Company is subject to various other federal, state, and local laws affecting its business, as well as a variety of regulations relating to such matters as working conditions, equal employment opportunities, and product safety. A variety of state laws regulate the Company’s contractual relationships with its dealers, some of which impose restrictive standards on the relationship between the Company and its dealers, including events of default, grounds for termination, non-renewal of dealer contracts, and equipment repurchase requirements. The Company believes it is currently in material compliance with all such applicable laws and regulations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol: ALG. On February 28, 2017, there were 11,514,980 shares of common stock outstanding, held by approximately 79 holders of record, but the total number of beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock exceeds this number. On February 28, 2017, the closing price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was $75.15 per share.
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The following table sets forth, for the period indicated, on a per share basis, the range of high and low sales prices for the Company’s common stock as quoted by the New York Stock Exchange. These price quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without adjustment for retail markups, markdowns or commissions, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

2016 |  | 2015
|  |  |  |  | Cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | Cash
|  | Sales Price | Dividends |  |  |  | Sales Price | Dividends
Quarter Ended |  | High |  | Low | Declared |  | Quarter Ended |  | High |  | Low | Declared
March 31, 2016 |  | $ | 61.82 |  |  | $ | 48.26 |  |  | $ | .09 |  |  |  | March 31, 2015 |  | $ | 63.39 |  |  | $ | 44.74 |  |  | $ | .08 |  |
June 30, 2016 |  | 66.01 |  |  | 52.82 |  |  | .09 |  |  |  | June 30, 2015 |  | 64.45 |  |  | 48.10 |  |  | .08 |  |
September 30, 2016 |  | 68.04 |  |  | 61.49 |  |  | .09 |  |  |  | September 30, 2015 |  | 55.12 |  |  | 44.48 |  |  | .08 |  |
December 31, 2016 |  | 78.91 |  |  | 59.55 |  |  | .09 |  |  |  | December 31, 2015 |  | 57.51 |  |  | 43.98 |  |  | .08 |  |

On January 3, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $.10 per share which was paid on January 27, 2017 to holders of record as of January 16, 2017. The Company expects to continue its policy of paying regular cash dividends, although there is no assurance as to future dividends as they depend on future earnings, capital requirements and financial condition. In addition, the payment of dividends is subject to restrictions under the Company’s bank revolving credit agreement. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further description of the bank revolving credit agreement.
Information relating to compensation plans under which equity securities of the Company are authorized for issuance is set forth in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Stock Price Performance Graph
The information contained in this Stock Performance Graph section shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act except to the extent that Alamo Group Inc. specifically incorporates it by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
The following graph and table set forth the cumulative total return to the Company's stockholders of our Common Stock during a five-year period ended December 31, 2016, as well as the performance of an overall stock market index (the S&P 600 Index) and the Company's selected peer group index (the Russell 2000 Index).
The Company believes a representative industry peer group of companies with a similar business segment profile does not exist. The SEC has indicated that companies may use a base other than industry or line of business for determining its peer group index, such as an index of companies with similar market capitalization. Accordingly, the Company has selected the Russell 2000 Index, a widely used small market capitalization index, to use as a representative peer group.

*$100 invested on 12/31/11 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.
Fiscal year ending December 31.
Copyright© 2017 Standard & Poor's, a division of S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Copyright© 2017 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved.

|  | 12/11 |  | 12/12 |  | 12/13 |  | 12/14 |  | 12/15 |  | 12/16
Alamo Group Inc. |  | 100.00 |  | 122.16 |  | 228.74 |  | 183.61 |  | 198.71 |  | 292.04
S&P 600 |  | 100.00 |  | 116.33 |  | 164.38 |  | 173.84 |  | 170.41 |  | 215.67
Russell 2000 |  | 100.00 |  | 116.35 |  | 161.52 |  | 169.43 |  | 161.95 |  | 196.45

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following selected financial data is derived from the consolidated financial statements of Alamo Group Inc. and its subsidiaries. The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included herein.

|  | Fiscal Year Ended December 31, (1)
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012
Operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 844,748 |  | $ | 879,577 |  | $ | 839,055 |  | $ | 682,090 |  | $ | 633,031 |
Income before income taxes | 62,189 |  | 66,867 |  | 60,605 |  | 51,388 |  | 43,446 |
Net income | 40,045 |  | 43,209 |  | 41,151 |  | 36,094 |  | 28,903 |
Percent of sales | 4.7 | % | 4.9 | % | 4.9 | % | 5.3 | % | 4.6 | %
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 3.50 |  | 3.81 |  | 3.47 |  | 3.00 |  | 2.43 |
Diluted | 3.46 |  | 3.76 |  | 3.42 |  | 2.96 |  | 2.40 |
Dividends per share | 0.36 |  | 0.32 |  | 0.28 |  | 0.28 |  | 0.24 |
Average common shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 11,434 |  | 11,349 |  | 11,875 |  | 12,050 |  | 11,899 |
Diluted | 11,565 |  | 11,482 |  | 12,039 |  | 12,212 |  | 12,058 |
Financial Position: |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 552,776 |  | $ | 603,503 |  | $ | 632,886 |  | $ | 438,476 |  | $ | 404,339 |
Short-term debt and current maturities | 73 |  | 77 |  | 551 |  | 420 |  | 588 |
Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 70,017 |  | 144,006 |  | 190,024 |  | 8 |  | 118 |
Stockholders’ equity | $ | 387,717 |  | $ | 360,469 |  | $ | 337,670 |  | $ | 350,465 |  | $ | 310,286 |

(1) Includes the results of operations of companies acquired from the closing dates of acquisitions.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, certain financial data:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended December 31,
Net sales (data in thousands): |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Industrial |  | $ | 484,088 |  |  | $ | 498,761 |  |  | $ | 436,018 |
Agricultural |  | 205,834 |  |  | 208,257 |  |  | 214,326 |
European |  | 154,826 |  |  | 172,559 |  |  | 188,711 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 844,748 |  |  | $ | 879,577 |  |  | $ | 839,055 |
Cost and profit margins, as percentages of net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales |  | 75.7 | % |  | 77.0 | % |  | 77.4 | %
Gross profit |  | 24.3 | % |  | 23.0 | % |  | 22.6 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 16.3 | % |  | 15.5 | % |  | 15.1 | %
Income from operations |  | 8.0 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 7.5 | %
Income before income taxes |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 7.2 | %
Net income |  | 4.7 | % |  | 4.9 | % |  | 4.9 | %

Results of Operations
Fiscal 2016 compared to Fiscal 2015
The Company’s net sales in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 (“2016”) were $844,748,000, a decrease of $34,829,000 or 4.0% compared to $879,577,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (“2015”). The Industrial Division was down 2.9% which was affected by soft market conditions mainly from lower sales of vacuum trucks specifically to non-governmental end users. Sales of excavators, sweepers, mowing equipment and to a lesser extent, snow removal products were up in 2016 compared to 2015. Agricultural Division sales were down 1.2% for 2016 due to a continued weak agricultural market compared to the same period in 2015. Sales in the European Division were down 10.3% as sales of products manufactured in the U.K. were negatively affected by soft market conditions and currency translation rates which the Company believed was due, in part, to the uncertainty created by the recent Brexit vote in the U.K.
Net Industrial sales were $484,088,000 in 2016 compared to $498,761,000 in 2015, a decrease of $14,673,000 or 2.9%. The decrease came from lower vacuum trucks sales to non-governmental end users. Increased sales from sweeper, excavator, mowing equipment and snow removal equipment product lines were not enough to offset the decline in sales of vacuum truck products.
Net Agricultural sales were $205,834,000 in 2016 compared to $208,257,000 in 2015, representing a decrease of $2,423,000 or 1.2%. The decrease in sales for 2016 compared to 2015 was from the continued softness in the overall agricultural market.
Net European sales decreased $17,733,000 or 10.3% to $154,826,000 in 2016 compared to $172,559,000 in 2015. The decrease in 2016 was primarily due to the negative effect on sales from changes in currency translation rates. The European Division continued to be faced with challenging market conditions in the U.K. Rivard vacuum equipment and the French agricultural products had increased sales in 2016 compared to 2015 from improvements in operational execution.
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Gross margins for 2016 were $205,099,000 (24.3% of net sales) compared to $202,448,000 (23.0% of net sales) in 2015, an increase of $2,651,000. Despite lower sales volume, the gross profit increase was due to continuous improvement in production efficiencies as well as lower material costs. Negatively affecting both the gross profit and margin percent during 2015 was $2,740,000 in higher cost of goods sold related to the initial step-up in fair value of inventory in the Specialized business divisions acquired in 2014.
Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) were $137,479,000 (16.3% of net sales) in 2016 compared to $135,920,000 (15.5% of net sales) in 2015. The increase in SG&A was primarily the result of a $2,889,000 in pension expense related to cumulative actuarial losses related to the closure of the Gradall Hourly Employees' Savings and Investment Plan that had been previously deferred in Other comprehensive income and Deferred taxes.
Interest expense for 2016 was $5,914,000 compared to $6,724,000 in 2015, a decrease of $810,000 or 12.0%.The decrease in 2016 came from the Company's reduction in borrowings which resulted in lower interest costs.
Other income (expense), net was income of $269,000 during 2016 compared to income of $6,874,000 in 2015. The income in 2016 was primarily the result of changes in exchange rates. The income in 2015 was primarily from the gain on the sale of excess land in the U.K. in the amount of $3,796,000 and changes in exchange rates.
Provision for income taxes was $22,144,000 (35.6% of income before income taxes) for 2016 compared to $23,658,000 (35.4% of income before income taxes) in 2015.
Net income for 2016 was $40,045,000 compared to $43,209,000 in 2015 due to the factors described above.
Fiscal 2015 compared to Fiscal 2014
The Company’s net sales in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 (“2015”) were $879,577,000, an increase of $40,522,000 or 4.8% compared to $839,055,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 (“2014”). The increase resulted primarily from a full year's effect on sales in 2015 from the Specialized business divisions and other acquisitions compared to a partial year in 2014. This netted an additional $62,944,000 of sales in 2015. In the Company's Industrial Division, sales of excavators, sweepers, and snow removal products were up in 2015 compared to 2014; however, sales of mowing equipment and vacuum trucks were down due to adverse weather conditions early in the year and soft markets in the non-governmental sector. Agricultural Division sales were down 2.8% for 2015 due to a weak agricultural market compared to 2014. Sales in the European Division were down 8.6% in U.S. dollars as sales of UK and European products were lower in 2015 as compared to 2014 primarily as a result of the impact of changes in currency translation rates.
Net Industrial sales were $498,761,000 in 2015 compared to $436,018,000 in 2014, an increase of $62,743,000 or 14.4%. The increase came primarily from the acquisition of the Specialized business divisions which netted additional sales of $57,887,000 in 2015. Also, favorably affecting sales were increases from sweeper, excavator, and snow removal equipment product lines. Negatively affecting sales were lower sales volumes of mowing equipment and vacuum trucks.
Net Agricultural sales were $208,257,000 in 2015 compared to $214,326,000 in 2014, representing a decrease of $6,069,000 or 2.8%. The decrease in sales for 2015 compared to 2014 was driven by lower commodity prices and reduced farm income that resulted in softer market conditions in the agricultural market. Also affecting this Division were the prolonged winter weather conditions during the first quarter of 2015. Sales from Herder which was acquired in March 2015, contributed $2,603,000 for 2015.
Net European sales decreased $16,152,000 or 8.6% to $172,559,000 in 2015 compared to $188,711,000 in 2014. The decrease in 2015 was primarily due to the negative effect on sales from changes in currency translation rates. The European Division continued to be faced with challenging market conditions particularly in France as agricultural markets were constrained by Europe's overall economic uncertainty.
Gross margins for 2015 were $202,448,000 (23.0% of net sales) compared to $189,228,000 (22.6% of net sales) in 2014, an increase of $13,220,000. The increase in margin dollars was mainly due to the full year effect
27

from the acquisitions of the Specialized business divisions, Kellands and Fieldquip in the amount of $14,012,000. Negatively affecting both the gross margin and margin percent during 2015 and 2014, respectively, were $2,740,000 and $2,578,000 in higher cost of goods sold related to the step-up in fair value of inventory in the Specialized business divisions.
Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) were $135,920,000 (15.5% of net sales) in 2015 compared to $126,564,000 (15.1% of net sales) in 2014. The increase of $9,356,000 in SG&A in 2015 was primarily from the acquisitions of the Specialized business divisions, Kellands and Fieldquip in the amount of $8,953,000 and $2,941,000 in costs related to the restructuring and consolidation of the Company's Faucheux operation in France. Included in the SG&A expenses for the Specialized business divisions were $3,113,000 in 2015 and $1,999,000 in 2014 of amortization of acquired intangible assets.
Interest expense for 2015 was $6,724,000 compared to $4,037,000 in 2014, an increase of $2,687,000 or 66.6%.The increase in 2015 came from increased borrowings due to the acquisition of the Specialized business divisions and to a lesser extent the repurchase of 849,690 shares of common stock which occurred late in the third quarter of 2014.
Other income (expense), net was income of $6,874,000 during 2015 compared to income of $1,767,000 in 2014. The income in 2015 was primarily from the gain on the sale of excess land in the U.K. in the amount of $3,796,000 and changes in exchange rates. In 2014 the gain was mainly the result of changes in exchange rates and governmental grants received in the U.K.
Provision for income taxes was $23,658,000 (35.4% of income before income taxes) for 2015 compared to $19,454,000 (32.1% of income before income taxes) in 2014. The increase in the effective income tax rate for 2015 compared to 2014 reflects the acquisition of the Specialized business divisions which are located in jurisdictions subject to tax rates above the Company's average.
Net income for 2015 was $43,209,000 compared to $41,151,000 in 2014 due to the factors described above.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
In addition to normal operating expenses, the Company has ongoing cash requirements which are necessary to conduct the Company’s business, including inventory purchases and capital expenditures. The Company’s inventory and accounts payable levels, particularly in its Agricultural Division, build in the first quarter and early spring and, to a lesser extent, in the fourth quarter in anticipation of the spring and fall selling seasons. Accounts receivable historically build in the first and fourth quarters of each year as a result of pre-season sales. These sales help balance the Company’s production during the first and fourth quarters. Some of the Company’s recent acquisitions which are not involved in vegetation maintenance have helped to soften this seasonality pattern.
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had working capital of $248,918,000, which represents a decrease of $28,944,000 from working capital of $277,862,000 as of December 31, 2015. The decrease in working capital was primarily from the reduction of cash, accounts receivable and inventory levels. Reduction in cash was in part due to repayments on the Company's revolving credit facility.
Capital expenditures were $9,711,000 for 2016, compared to $15,479,000 for 2015 which included the purchase of the land and buildings at the Company's Wausau facility in the amount of $4,745,000. The Company expects to fund capital expenditures from operating cash flows or through its revolving credit facility, described below.
The Company has $14,502,000 in cash and cash equivalents held by its foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016. The majority of these funds are at our French and Canadian facilities and would not be available for use in the United States without incurring U.S. federal and state tax consequences. The Company plans to use these funds for capital expenditures or acquisitions outside the United States.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $75,554,000 for 2016, compared to $52,560,000 for 2015. The increase of cash from operating activities came primarily from changes in accounts receivable and inventory levels in all three Divisions.
28

Net cash used in investing activities was $8,656,000 for 2016, compared to $14,698,000 for 2015. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to lower purchases of property, plant and equipment.
Net cash used by financing activities was $77,117,000 for 2016, compared to net cash used of $48,196,000 for 2015. The increase in cash used in financing activities was due to the reduction of outstanding indebtedness under the Company's revolving credit facility.
The Company maintains an unsecured revolving credit facility with certain lenders under its Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement ("Agreement"). The aggregate commitments from lenders under this Agreement are $250,000,000 and, subject to certain conditions, the Company has the option to request an increase in aggregate commitments of up to an additional $50,000,000. The Agreement requires us to maintain various financial covenants including a minimum earnings before interest and tax to interest expense ratio, a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum asset coverage ratio. The Agreement also contains various covenants relating to limitations on indebtedness, limitations on investments and acquisitions, limitations on sale of properties, and limitations on liens and capital expenditures. The Agreement also contains other customary covenants, representations and events of defaults. Effective December 20, 2016, the Company amended it's revolving credit facility to extend the termination date, reduce LIBOR interest margin and to modify certain financial and other covenants in order to meet the ongoing needs of the Company's business and to allow for greater flexibility in relation to future acquisitions. The expiration date of the revolving credit facility is December 20, 2021. As of December 31, 2016, $70,000,000 was outstanding under the Agreement. On December 31, 2016, $1,714,000 of the revolver capacity was committed to irrevocable standby letters of credit issued in the ordinary course of business as required by vendors' contracts resulting in $178,286,000 in available borrowings. As of December 31, 2016, the Company is in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement.
Management believes the revolving credit facility and the Company’s ability to internally generate funds from operations should be sufficient to meet the Company’s cash requirements for the foreseeable future. However, challenges affecting the banking industry and credit markets in general can potentially cause changes to credit availability, which creates a level of uncertainty.
Inflation
The Company believes that inflation generally has not had a material impact on its operations or liquidity. The Company is exposed to the risk that the price of energy, steel and other purchased components may increase and the Company may not be able to increase the price of its products correspondingly. If this occurs, the Company’s results of operations would be adversely impacted.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition,” and most industry-specific guidance. This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. This update is effective as of January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted as of January 1, 2017. This update could impact the timing and amounts of revenue recognized. We are evaluating the effects, if any, that adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and have not yet selected a transition approach to implement the standard.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory,” as part of its simplification initiative. ASU 2015-11 amends existing guidance for measuring inventories. This amendment will require the Company to measure inventories recorded using the first-in, first-out method at the lower of cost and net realizable value. This amendment does not change the methodology for measuring inventories recorded using the last-in, first-out method. This amendment will be effective prospectively for the Company on January 1, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the changes will not materially affect our financial position or results of our operations.
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In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases.” This update requires that a lessee recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. Similar to current guidance, the update continues to differentiate between finance leases and operating leases, however this distinction now primarily relates to differences in the manner of expense recognition over time and in the classification of lease payments in the statement of cash flows. The updated guidance leaves the accounting for leases by lessors largely unchanged from existing GAAP. Early application is permitted. Entities are required to use a modified retrospective adoption, with certain relief provisions, for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements when adopted. The guidance will become effective for us on January 1, 2019. The impacts that adoption of the ASU is expected to have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures are being evaluated. Additionally, we have not determined the effect of the ASU on our internal control over financial reporting or other changes in business practices and processes.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation,” to simplify the accounting and reporting for employee share-based payments. This amendment involves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including accounting for income taxes as it pertains to the timing of when excess tax benefits are recognized and to the recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the statements of income, forfeitures, minimum statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification of 8 excess tax benefits and employee taxes paid in the statement of cash flows. This amendment will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The amendments provide specific transition and disclosure guidance for each provision. The adoption of the changes will not materially affect our financial position or results of our operations.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses,” to improve information on credit losses for financial instruments. The ASU replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses. The ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted beginning in fiscal years beginning after December 18, 2018. The Company has not yet evaluated the effect the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments,” to address diversity in practice on certain specific cash flow issues. The ASU is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption to have an effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
There are currently no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are currently likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition.
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Contractual and Other Obligations
The following table shows the Company’s approximate obligations and commitments to make future payments under contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016:

|  | Payment due by period
(in thousands) |  |  |  | Less than |  | 1-3 |  | 3-5 |  | More than
Contractual Obligations |  | Total |  | 1 Year |  | Years |  | Years |  | 5 Years
Long-term debt obligations |  | $ | 70,090 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest obligations |  | 9,286 |  |  | 1,871 |  |  | 3,738 |  |  | 3,677 |  |  | — |
Operating lease obligations |  | 7,584 |  |  | 3,130 |  |  | 3,351 |  |  | 1,067 |  |  | 36 |
Purchase obligations |  | 89,355 |  |  | 89,355 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 176,315 |  |  | $ | 94,429 |  |  | $ | 7,106 |  |  | $ | 74,744 |  |  | $ | 36 |

Definitions:

(A) | Long-term debt obligation means a principal payment obligation under long-term borrowings.

(B) | Interest obligation represents interest due on long-term debt and capital lease obligations. Interest on long-term debt assumes all floating rates of interest remain the same as those in effect at December 31, 2016.

(C) | Operating lease obligation means a payment obligation under a lease classified as an operating lease.

(D) | Purchase obligation means an agreement to purchase goods or services that is enforceable and legally binding on the registrant that specifies all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transactions.

Critical Accounting Estimates
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Critical Accounting Policies
An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the financial statements. Management believes the following critical accounting policies reflect its more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. For further information on the critical accounting policies, see Note 1 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Business Combinations
Business acquisitions are accounted for by the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on the fair value at the time of the acquisition. Any excess purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. We believe the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on reasonable assumptions; however, these assumptions may be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur.
Tangible assets are typically valued using a replacement or reproduction cost approach, considering factors such as current prices of the same or similar equipment, the age of the equipment, and economic obsolescence. In making other assumptions on valuation and useful lives, we considered the unique nature of the acquisition and we
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utilized a third-party valuation firm to assist us in the valuation of the acquired intangibles and the resulting allocation of purchase price for the acquisition.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where it is aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, the Company records a specific reserve to reduce the amounts recorded to what it believes will be collected.
The Company evaluates all receivables that are over 60 days old and will reserve specifically on a 90-day basis. The Company has a secured or insured interest on most of its wholegoods that each customer purchases. This allows the Company, in times of a difficult economy when the customer is unable to pay or has filed for bankruptcy, to repossess its inventory. This also allows Alamo Group, in certain instances, to maintain only a reserve over its cost, which usually represents the margin on the original sales price.
The allowance for doubtful accounts balance was $2,501,000 on December 31, 2016, and $3,484,000 on December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily in the Company's U.S. operations.
Sales Discounts
On December 31, 2016, the Company had $13,488,000 in reserves for sales discounts compared to $15,094,000 on December 31, 2015 on product shipped to our customers under various promotional programs. The Company reviews the reserve quarterly based on analysis made on each program outstanding at the time.
The Company bases its reserves on historical data relating to discounts taken by the customer under each program. Historically, between 85% and 95% of the Company’s customers who qualify for each program actually take the discount that is available.
Inventories – Obsolete and Slow Moving
The Company had a reserve of $7,262,000 on December 31, 2016 and $9,675,000 on December 31, 2015 to cover obsolete and slow moving inventory. The decrease in the reserve was mainly from the Company's Industrial Division. The obsolete and slow moving inventory policy states that the reserve is to be calculated as follows: 1) no inventory usage over a three-year period is deemed obsolete and reserved at 100 percent; and 2) slow moving inventory with little usage requires a 100 percent reserve on items that have a quantity greater than a three-year supply. There are exceptions to the obsolete and slow moving classifications if approved by an officer of the Company, based on specific identification of an item or items that are deemed to be either included or excluded from this classification. In cases where there is no historical data, management makes a judgment based on a specific review of the inventory in question to determine what reserves, if any, are appropriate. New products or parts are generally excluded from the reserve policy until a three-year history has been established.
The reserve is reviewed and, if necessary, adjustments are made on a quarterly basis. The Company relies on historical information when available to support its reserve. The Company does not adjust the reserve balance until the inventory is liquidated.
Warranty
The Company’s warranty policy is generally to provide its customers warranty for up to one year on all wholegood divisions and 90 days on parts, though some components can have warranty for longer terms.
Warranty reserve, as a percentage of sales, is generally calculated by looking at the current twelve months’ expenses and prorating that amount based on twelve months’ sales with a ninety-day to six-month lag period. The Company’s historical experience is that an end-user takes approximately 90 days to six months from the receipt of the division to file a warranty claim. A warranty reserve is established for each different marketing group. Reserve balances are evaluated on a quarterly basis and adjustments made when required.
The current liability warranty reserve balance was $5,262,000 on December 31, 2016 and $5,566,000 on December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily in the Company's U.S. operations.
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Goodwill & Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. Definite-lived intangible assets are also tested for impairment at the reporting unit level whenever events or circumstances make it likely that an impairment may have occurred. Reporting units are operating segments or components of operating segments for which discrete financial information is available. To evaluate goodwill, the fair value of each reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. Where the carrying value is greater than the fair value, the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit to all the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit with any remainder being allocated to goodwill. The implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill is then compared to the carrying value of that goodwill to determine whether an impairment loss exists. Any impairment loss is recognized in earnings.
We typically measure the fair value of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow analysis (income approach) based on assumptions that market participants would apply. Because the business is assumed to continue in perpetuity, the discounted cash flows include a terminal value. Cash flows to perpetuity are forecasted based on projected revenue growth and our planned business strategies in future periods. Examples of planned strategies would include a plant or line expansion at an existing facility; a reduction of working capital at a specific location; and price increases or cost reductions within a reporting unit. The discount rate is based on a reporting unit’s targeted weighted-average cost of capital, which is not necessarily the same as our weighted-average cost of capital.
We perform our annual quantitative test for goodwill impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. Based on the quantitative testing performed during 2016, 2015 and 2014, we determined that none of the goodwill associated with our reporting units were impaired in any of those years. These reporting units would be most likely affected by changes in the Company’s assumptions and estimates. The calculation of fair value could increase or decrease depending on changes in the inputs and assumptions used, such as changes in the reporting unit’s future growth rates, discount rates, etc.
Impairment exists for definite-lived intangible assets when the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable through non-discounted future cash flows and its carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value as typically determined under the income approach. In addition, an intangible asset's expected useful life can increase estimation risk, as longer-lived assets necessarily require longer-term cash flow forecasts. In connection with an impairment evaluation, we also reassess the remaining useful life of the intangible asset and modify it, as appropriate.
Impairment exists for indefinite-lived intangible assets that consist of trademarks when the carrying amount of an asset is in excess of its fair value as determined using the royalty relief method.
These assumptions and projections underlying the fair value estimates are subject to change and are impacted by our ability to achieve our forecasts and by economic conditions that may impact future results and result in projections not being attained. A change in any of these estimates and assumptions could produce a different fair value, which could have a material impact on our results of operations. Each year we re-evaluate the assumptions used to reflect changes in the business environment.
See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding goodwill.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The Company is exposed to various financial market risks. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The Company does not enter into derivative or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign Currency Risk
International Sales
A portion of the Company’s operations consists of manufacturing and sales activities in international jurisdictions. The Company manufactures its products primarily in the United States, the U.K., France, Canada, Brazil and Australia. The Company sells its products primarily within the markets where the products are produced,
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but certain of the Company’s sales from its U.K. and Canadian operations are denominated in other currencies. As a result, the Company’s financials, specifically the value of its foreign assets, could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the U.K. and Canada or weak economic conditions in the other markets in which the subsidiaries of the Company distribute their products.
To mitigate the short-term effect of changes in currency exchange rates on the Company’s functional currency-based sales, the Company’s U.K. and Canadian subsidiaries regularly enter into foreign exchange contracts for over 90% of their future net foreign currency cash receipts over a period of six months. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had a notional amount of $1,384,000 in outstanding forward exchange contracts related to accounts receivable. A 15% fluctuation in exchange rates for these currencies would change the fair value by approximately $208,000. However, since these contracts offset foreign currency denominated transactions, any change in the fair value of the contracts should be offset by changes in the underlying value of the transaction.
Exposure to Exchange Rates
The Company’s earnings are affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar as compared to foreign currencies, predominantly in European countries and Canada and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Brazil, as a result of the sale of its products in international markets. Foreign currency forward exchange contracts in the U.K. are used to offset the earnings effects of such fluctuations. On December 31, 2016, the result of a uniform 10% strengthening in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies in which the Company’s sales are denominated would have been a decrease in gross profit of $5,755,000. Comparatively, on December 31, 2015, the result of a uniform 10% strengthening in the value of the dollar relative to the currencies in which the Company’s sales are denominated would have been a decrease in gross profit of approximately $5,424,000. This calculation assumes that each exchange rate would change in the same direction relative to the U.S. dollar. In addition to the direct effects of changes in exchange rates, which are a changed dollar value of the resulting sales, changes in exchange rates may also affect the volume of sales or the foreign currency sales price as competitors’ products become more or less attractive. The Company’s sensitivity analysis of the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates does not factor in a potential change in sales levels or local currency prices. The translation adjustment during 2016 was a loss of $13,156,000. On December 31, 2016, the British pound closed at 0.8100 relative to the U.S. dollar, and the Euro closed at 0.9506 relative to the U.S. dollar. By comparison, on December 31, 2015, the British pound closed at 0.6786 relative to the U.S. dollar, and the Euro closed at 0.9207 relative to the U.S. dollar. No assurance can be given as to future valuation of the British pound or Euro or how further movements in those or other currencies could affect future earnings or the financial position of the Company.
Interest Rate Risk
The majority of the Company’s long-term debt bears interest at variable rates. Accordingly, the Company’s net income is affected by changes in interest rates. Assuming the average level of borrowings at variable rates and a two hundred basis point change in the 2016 average interest rate under these borrowings, the Company’s 2016 interest expense would have changed by approximately $3,033,000. In the event of an adverse change in interest rates, management could take actions to mitigate its exposure. Further, this analysis does not consider the effects of the change in the level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. However, challenges affecting the banking industry and credit markets in general can potentially cause changes to credit availability and cost of borrowing, which creates a level of uncertainty.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements and supplementary data described in Item 15 of this report and included on pages 47 through 78 of this report are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. An evaluation was carried out, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), and Vice President and Corporate Controller
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(Principal Accounting Officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon the evaluation, the President & Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer), and Vice President & Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the end of the period covered by this report.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Management’s report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is included on page 44 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm has audited and issued a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting which is included on page 45 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined by paragraph (d) of Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act) during the fourth fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
There are incorporated in this Item 10, by reference, those portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which appear therein under the captions “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors,” “Nominees for Election to the Board of Directors,” “Information Concerning Directors,” “Meetings and Committees of the Board,” “The Audit Committee,” “The Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” See also the information under the caption “Executive Officers of the Company” in Part I of this Report.
The Board of Directors has delegated certain responsibilities to three Committees of the Board. The Committees are the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee. The Board of Directors has also adopted Corporate Governance guidelines and a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for all employees, including the Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer and those individuals performing similar functions.
The Committee Charters, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and Corporate Governance Guidelines may be found on the Company’s website (www.alamo-group.com) under the “Our Commitment” tab and are also available in printed form at no charge by sending a request to the Corporate Secretary, Alamo Group Inc., 1627 E. Walnut Street, Seguin, Texas 78155, which is the principal executive office of the Company. The telephone number is 830-379-1480. The Company will post any amendments to the Code of Conduct and Ethics, and any waivers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of either the SEC or the New York Stock Exchange, on the Company’s website.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
There are incorporated in this Item 11, by reference, those portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which appear therein under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “The Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” "Compensation Committee Report” and “Director Compensation during 2016.”
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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
There is incorporated in this Item 12, by reference, that portion of the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which appears under the caption “Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock.”
Information on Alamo Group Inc.’s Equity Compensation Plans
The following table provides information on the shares that are available under the Company’s stock compensation plans and, in the case of plans where stock options may be granted, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of those stock options. The Company currently does not have an Equity Compensation Plan not approved by the Stockholders.
The numbers in the table are as of December 31, 2016, the last day of Alamo Group Inc.’s 2016 fiscal year.

|  | A |  | B |  | C
Equity Compensation Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  | Number of Securities that remain available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column A)
Plans approved by stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |
First Amended and Restated 1999 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan |  | 28,400 |  | $16.28 |  | —
2005 Incentive Stock Option Plan |  | 174,820 |  | $32.94 |  | —
2009 Equity Incentive Plan |  | 129,621 |  | $45.54 |  | 207,608
2015 Incentive Stock Option Plan |  | 46,000 |  | $54.32 |  | 353,450
Plans not approved by stockholders |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total |  | 378,841 |  |  |  | 561,058

Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions and Director Independence
Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions is set forth under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated by reference herein. There were no such reportable relationships or related party transactions in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
Information regarding director independence is set forth under the caption “Information Concerning Directors” in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information regarding principal accountant fees and services is set forth under the caption “Proposal 4 – Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditors” in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and such information is incorporated by reference herein.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
Financial Statements

|  | Page
| Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 42
| Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP) | 43
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 45
| Consolidated Statements of Income | 46
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 47
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 48
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 49
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 50

Financial Statement Schedules
All schedules for which a provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are omitted because they are not required or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
Item 16. Summary
None.
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Exhibits
Exhibits – The following exhibits are incorporated by reference to the filing indicated or are included following the index to Exhibits.
INDEX TO EXHIBITS

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
|  |  |  | From the Following
Exhibits |  | Exhibit Title |  | Documents
2.1 |  | — | Membership Interests and Partnership Interests Purchase Agreement by and between Alamo Group (USA) Inc., as Purchaser, and Specialized Industries LP, as Seller Dated as of February 24, 2014 |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, February 28, 2014
2.2 |  | — | First Amendment to Membership Interests and Partnership Interest Purchase Agreement by and between Alamo Group (USA) Inc., as Purchaser, and Specialized Industries LP, as Seller Dated as March 3, 2014. |  | Filed as Exhibit 2.02 to Form 10-Q, May 8, 2014
2.3 |  | — | Second Amendment to Membership Interests and Partnership Interest Purchase Agreement by and between Alamo Group (USA) Inc., as Purchaser, and Specialized Industries LP, as Seller Dated as March 3, 2014. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, April 17, 2014
2.4 |  | — | Third Amendment to Membership Interests and Partnership Interest Purchase Agreement by and between Alamo Group (USA) Inc., as Purchaser, and Specialized Industries LP, as Seller Dated as May 9, 2014. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, May 14, 2014
3.1 |  | — | Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, of Alamo Group Inc. |  | Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form S-1, February 5, 1993
3.2 |  | — | By-Laws of Alamo Group Inc. as amended |  | Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K, May 10, 2016
10.1 |  | — | Form of indemnification agreements with Directors of Alamo Group Inc. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10-Q, May 15, 1997
10.2 |  | — | Form of indemnification agreements with certain executive officers of Alamo Group Inc. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q, May 15, 1997
*10.3 |  | — | Incentive Compensation Plan, adopted on December 9, 1997 |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Form 10-K, March 31, 1998
*10.4 |  | — | 401(k) Restoration Plan for Highly Compensated Employees, adopted on December 9, 1997 |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.15 to Form 10-K, March 31, 1998
*10.5 |  | — | Amended and Restated 1994 Incentive Stock Option Plan adopted by the Board of Directors on July 7, 1999 |  | Filed as Exhibit B to Schedule 14A, July 30, 1999
*10.6 |  | — | First Amended and Restated 1999 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors on February 13, 2001 |  | Filed as Exhibit B to Schedule 14A, May 3, 2001
*10.7 |  | — | 2005 Incentive Stock Option Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors on May 4, 2005 |  | Filed as Appendix E to Schedule 14A, May 4, 2005
*10.8 |  | — | 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors on May 7, 2009 |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
10.9 |  |  | Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated August 25, 2004, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank and Guaranty Bank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K, August 25, 2004

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10.10 |  | — | Third Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated February 3, 2006 between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., Chase Manhattan Bank, and Guaranty Bank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K, February 8, 2006
10.11 |  | — | Fourth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated March 30, 2006, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank and Guaranty Bank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, April 5, 2006
10.12 |  | — | Fifth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated May 7, 2007, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, Guaranty Bank and Rabobank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.13 to Form 10 Q, May 7, 2007
10.13 |  | — | Sixth Amendment of and Waiver under Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated October 14, 2008, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., JPMorgan Chase Bank, Guaranty Bank and Rabobank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.12 to Form 10K, March 10, 2009
10.14 |  | — | Seventh Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated November 5, 2009, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., BBVA Compass Bank, and Rabobank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 10 Q, November 9, 2009
10.15 |  | — | Eighth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated March 28, 2011, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., BBVA Compass Bank, and Rabobank |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8K, March 28, 2011
10.16 |  | — | Ninth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated May 14, 2014, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., BBVA Compass Bank, Rabobank, and Amegy Bank. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8K, May 14, 2014
10.17 |  | — | Tenth Amendment of the Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated December 20, 2016, between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., BBVA Compass Bank, Rabobank, and Amegy Bank. |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8K, December 22, 2016
*10.18 |  | — | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
*10.19 |  | — | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
*10.20 |  | — | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
*10.21 |  | — | Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the First Amended and Restated 1999 Nonqualified Stock Option Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
*10.22 |  | — | Form of Stock Option Agreement under the 2005 Stock Option Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Form 8-K, May 13, 2009
10.23 |  | — | Investor Rights Agreement, dated October 22, 2009, between Alamo Group Inc. and Bush Hog, LLC |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.25 to Form 10-K, March 12, 2011
*10.24 |  | — | Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, January 18, 2011
*10.25 |  | — | Amended Incentive Compensation Plan |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, March 11, 2011
*10.26 |  | — | Executive Incentive Plan |  | Filed as Appendix A to Schedule 14A, May 3, 2013

39

10.27 |  | — | Share Repurchase Agreement |  | Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K, September 25, 2014
*10.28 |  |  | 2015 Incentive Stock Option Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors on May 7, 2015 |  | Filed as Appendix A to Schedule 14A, May 7, 2015
21.1 |  | — | Subsidiaries of the Registrant |  | Filed Herewith
23.1 |  | — | Consent of KPMG LLP |  | Filed Herewith
31.1 |  | — | Certification by Ronald A. Robinson under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
31.2 |  | — | Certification by Dan E. Malone under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
31.3 |  | — | Certification by Richard J. Wehrle under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
32.1 |  | — | Certification by Ronald A. Robinson under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
32.2 |  | — | Certification by Dan E. Malone under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
32.3 |  | — | Certification by Richard J. Wehrle under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | Filed Herewith
101.INS |  | — | XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.SCH |  | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.CAL |  | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.LAB |  | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.PRE |  | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith
101.DEF |  | — | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | Filed Herewith

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Compensatory Plan
40

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | ALAMO GROUP INC.
Date: | March 7, 2017 |
|  | /s/ Ronald A. Robinson
|  | Ronald A. Robinson
|  | President & Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in their capacities and on 7 th day of March, 2017.

Signature |  | Title |
/s/GARY L. MARTIN Gary L. Martin |  |  | Chairman of the Board & Director |
/s/RONALD A. ROBINSON Ronald A. Robinson |  |  | President, Chief Executive Officer & Director (Principal Executive Officer) |
/s/DAN E. MALONE Dan E. Malone |  |  | Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |
/s/RICHARD J. WEHRLE Richard J. Wehrle |  |  | Vice President & Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) |
/s/RODERICK R. BATY Roderick R. Baty |  |  | Director |
/s/ROBERT P. BAUER Robert P. Bauer |  |  | Director |
/s/ERIC P. ETCHART Eric P. Etchart |  |  | Director |
/s/DAVID W. GRZELAK David W. Grzelak |  |  | Director |
/s/TRACY C. JOKINEN Tracy C. Jokinen |  |  | Director |

41

Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 using the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, the Company’s management concludes that, as of December 31, 2016, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective based on these criteria.
KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.

Date: | March 7, 2017 | /s/Ronald A. Robinson
|  | President & Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
|  | /s/Dan E. Malone
|  | Executive Vice President &
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
|  | /s/Richard J. Wehrle
|  | Vice President & Corporate Controller
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

42

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Alamo Group Inc:
We have audited Alamo Group Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Alamo Group Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the PCAOB). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Alamo Group Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO .
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the consolidated balance sheets of Alamo Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 7, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

|  | /s/KPMG LLP
Houston, Texas |  |
March 7, 2017 |  |

43

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Alamo Group Inc:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Alamo Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the PCAOB). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Alamo Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, Alamo Group Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 7, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

|  | /s/KPMG LLP
Houston, Texas |  |
March 7, 2017 |  |

44

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 16,793 |  |  | $ | 26,922 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 170,329 |  |  | 178,305 |
Inventories |  | 135,760 |  |  | 150,758 |
Prepaid expenses |  | 4,725 |  |  | 5,410 |
Income tax receivable |  | 11 |  |  | 1,491 |
Total current assets |  | 327,618 |  |  | 362,886 |
Rental equipment, net |  | 30,970 |  |  | 37,564 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 180,041 |  |  | 178,044 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  | (113,412 | ) |  | (107,094 | )
|  | 66,629 |  |  | 70,950 |
Goodwill |  | 74,825 |  |  | 75,509 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 50,038 |  |  | 52,950 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 619 |  |  | 1,475 |
Other assets |  | 2,077 |  |  | 2,169 |
Total assets |  | $ | 552,776 |  |  | $ | 603,503 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  | $ | 43,136 |  |  | $ | 45,486 |
Income taxes payable |  | 2,333 |  |  | 1,320 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 33,158 |  |  | 38,141 |
Current maturities of long-term debt and capital lease obligations |  | 73 |  |  | 77 |
Total current liabilities |  | 78,700 |  |  | 85,024 |
Long-term debt and capital lease obligation, net of current maturities |  | 70,017 |  |  | 144,006 |
Accrued pension liabilities |  | 2,929 |  |  | 4,499 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 6,969 |  |  | 5,782 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 6,444 |  |  | 3,723 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $.10 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; 11,462,484 and 11,392,236 issued at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively |  | 1,146 |  |  | 1,139 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 99,765 |  |  | 96,778 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 42,600 shares at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 |  | (426 | ) |  | (426 | )
Retained earnings |  | 334,988 |  |  | 299,057 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (47,756 | ) |  | (36,079 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 387,717 |  |  | 360,469 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 552,776 |  |  | $ | 603,503 |

See accompanying notes.
45

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial |  | $ | 484,088 |  |  | $ | 498,761 |  |  | $ | 436,018 |
Agricultural |  | 205,834 |  |  | 208,257 |  |  | 214,326 |
European |  | 154,826 |  |  | 172,559 |  |  | 188,711 |
Total net sales |  | 844,748 |  |  | 879,577 |  |  | 839,055 |
Cost of sales |  | 639,649 |  |  | 677,129 |  |  | 649,827 |
Gross profit |  | 205,099 |  |  | 202,448 |  |  | 189,228 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 137,479 |  |  | 135,920 |  |  | 126,564 |
Income from operations |  | 67,620 |  |  | 66,528 |  |  | 62,664 |
Interest expense |  | (5,914 | ) |  | (6,724 | ) |  | (4,037 | )
Interest income |  | 214 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 211 |
Other income |  | 269 |  |  | 6,874 |  |  | 1,767 |
Income before income taxes |  | 62,189 |  |  | 66,867 |  |  | 60,605 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 22,144 |  |  | 23,658 |  |  | 19,454 |
Net income |  | $ | 40,045 |  |  | $ | 43,209 |  |  | $ | 41,151 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 3.50 |  |  | $ | 3.81 |  |  | $ | 3.47 |
Diluted |  | $ | 3.46 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |  |  | $ | 3.42 |
Average common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 11,434 |  |  | 11,349 |  |  | 11,875 |
Diluted |  | 11,565 |  |  | 11,482 |  |  | 12,039 |

See accompanying notes.
46

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

|  |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net income |  | $ | 40,045 |  |  | $ | 43,209 |  |  | $ | 41,151 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (13,156 | ) |  | (20,112 | ) |  | (16,331 | )
| Net gain (loss) on pension and other post-retirement benefits |  | 2,369 |  |  | 544 |  |  | (4,938 | )
|  | Other comprehensive (loss) before income tax (benefit) expense |  | (10,787 | ) |  | (19,568 | ) |  | (21,269 | )
|  | Income tax (expense) benefit related to items of other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (890 | ) |  | (152 | ) |  | 1,872 |
|  | Other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (11,677 | ) |  | $ | (19,720 | ) |  | $ | (19,397 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 28,368 |  |  | $ | 23,489 |  |  | $ | 21,754 |

See accompanying notes.
47

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Total Stock- holders’ Equity
(in thousands) | Shares | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2013 | 12,071 |  | $ | 1,211 |  | $ | 91,439 |  | $ | (426 | ) | $ | 255,203 |  | $ | 3,038 |  | $ | 350,465 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 41,151 |  | — |  | 41,151 |
Translation adjustment | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (16,331 | ) | (16,331 | )
Net actuarial loss arising during period net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,066 | ) | (3,066 | )
Tax effect of exercised non-qualified stock options | — |  | — |  | 94 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 94 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 1,986 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,986 |
Exercise of stock options | 43 |  | 4 |  | 899 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 903 |
Repurchased shares | — |  | — |  | — |  | (34,204 | ) | — |  | — |  | (34,204 | )
Retirement of shares | (850 | ) | (85 | ) | (569 | ) | 34,204 |  | (33,550 | ) | — |  | — |
Dividends paid ($.28 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,328 | ) | — |  | (3,328 | )
Balance at December 31, 2014 | 11,264 |  | $ | 1,130 |  | $ | 93,849 |  | $ | (426 | ) | $ | 259,476 |  | $ | (16,359 | ) | $ | 337,670 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 43,209 |  | — |  | 43,209 |
Translation adjustment | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20,112 | ) | (20,112 | )
Net actuarial gain arising during period net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 392 |  | 392 |
Tax effect of exercised non-qualified stock options | — |  | — |  | (142 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (142 | )
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 1,057 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,057 |
Exercise of stock options | 86 |  | 9 |  | 2,014 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,023 |
Dividends paid ($.32 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,628 | ) | — |  | (3,628 | )
Balance at December 31, 2015 | 11,350 |  | $ | 1,139 |  | $ | 96,778 |  | $ | (426 | ) | $ | 299,057 |  | $ | (36,079 | ) | $ | 360,469 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 40,045 |  | — |  | 40,045 |
Translation adjustment | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (13,156 | ) | (13,156 | )
Net actuarial gain arising during period net of taxes | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,479 |  | 1,479 |
Tax effect of exercised non-qualified stock options | — |  | — |  | 230 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 230 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | 1,414 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,414 |
Exercise of stock options | 70 |  | 7 |  | 1,362 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,369 |
Repurchased shares | — |  | — |  | (19 | ) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (19 | )
Dividends paid ($.36 per share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4,114 | ) | — |  | (4,114 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | 11,420 |  | $ | 1,146 |  | $ | 99,765 |  | $ | (426 | ) | $ | 334,988 |  | $ | (47,756 | ) | $ | 387,717 |

See accompanying notes.
48

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 40,045 |  |  | $ | 43,209 |  |  | $ | 41,151 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts | 482 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 469 |
Depreciation | 17,696 |  |  | 18,988 |  |  | 10,645 |
Amortization of intangibles | 3,104 |  |  | 3,113 |  |  | 2,005 |
Amortization of debt issuance | 213 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 183 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 1,414 |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 1,986 |
Excess tax (benefit) expense from stock-based payment arrangements | (230 | ) |  | 142 |  |  | (94 | )
Provision for deferred income tax expense (benefit) | 2,620 |  |  | 2,804 |  |  | (108 | )
Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment | (345 | ) |  | (4,046 | ) |  | (911 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 3,876 |  |  | (9,657 | ) |  | (12,596 | )
Inventories | 12,340 |  |  | 9,759 |  |  | (10,993 | )
Rental equipment | 315 |  |  | (11,699 | ) |  | (5,184 | )
Prepaid expenses and other | (5,634 | ) |  | (3,521 | ) |  | 6,661 |
Trade accounts payable and accrued liabilities | (5,382 | ) |  | (1,708 | ) |  | 1,202 |
Income taxes payable | 2,908 |  |  | 3,700 |  |  | (3,075 | )
Other assets and liabilities, net | 2,132 |  |  | (760 | ) |  | (1,131 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 75,554 |  |  | 52,560 |  |  | 30,210 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (188 | ) |  | (3,465 | ) |  | (196,467 | )
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (9,711 | ) |  | (15,479 | ) |  | (9,806 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 1,293 |  |  | 4,246 |  |  | 1,442 |
Purchase of patents | (50 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (8,656 | ) |  | (14,698 | ) |  | (204,831 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings on bank revolving credit facility | 79,000 |  |  | 79,000 |  |  | 273,000 |
Repayment on bank revolving credit facility | (153,000 | ) |  | (125,000 | ) |  | (83,000 | )
Principal payments on long-term debt and capital leases | (38 | ) |  | (449 | ) |  | (682 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 767 |
Debt issuance cost | (593 | ) |  | — |  |  | (818 | )
Dividends paid | (4,114 | ) |  | (3,628 | ) |  | (3,328 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 1,369 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | 903 |
Treasury stock repurchased | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34,204 | )
Common stock repurchased | (19 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Excess tax expense (benefit) from stock-based payment arrangements | 230 |  |  | (142 | ) |  | 94 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (77,117 | ) |  | (48,196 | ) |  | 152,732 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 90 |  |  | (2,277 | ) |  | (2,538 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (10,129 | ) |  | (12,611 | ) |  | (24,427 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | 26,922 |  |  | 39,533 |  |  | 63,960 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year | $ | 16,793 |  |  | $ | 26,922 |  |  | $ | 39,533 |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 5,796 |  |  | $ | 6,936 |  |  | $ | 3,320 |
Income taxes | $ | 16,637 |  |  | $ | 18,709 |  |  | $ | 22,243 |

See accompanying notes.
49

Alamo Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Description of the Business and Segments
The Company manufactures, distributes and services high quality tractor-mounted mowing and other vegetation maintenance equipment, street sweepers, excavators, vacuum trucks, snow removal equipment, pothole patchers, zero turn radius mowers, agricultural implements and related aftermarket parts and services.
The Company manages its business through three principal reporting segments: Industrial, Agricultural and European, which are discussed in Note 14.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Alamo Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Alamo Group”), all of which are wholly owned. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amount of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Judgments related to asset impairment and certain reserves are particularly subject to change. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, reserve for sales discounts, estimated realizable value on obsolete and slow-moving inventory, warranty reserve, estimates related to pension accounting; estimates related to fair value for purposes of assessing goodwill, long-lived assets and intangible assets for impairment; estimates related to income taxes; and estimates related to contingencies.
Foreign Currency
The Company translates the assets and liabilities of foreign-owned subsidiaries at rates in effect at the end of the year. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the reporting period. Translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The Company enters into foreign currency forward contracts to limit its exposure to certain foreign currency transactions. The Company does not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. On December 31, 2016, the Company had a notional amount of $1,384,000 in outstanding forward exchange contracts related to sales.
Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there was no restricted cash.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. The credit risk is limited because of the large numbers and types of customers and their geographic dispersion.
Inventories
Inventories of U.S. operating subsidiaries are stated at the lower of cost (last-in, first-out method) (“LIFO”) or market, and the Company’s international subsidiaries’ inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) (“FIFO”) or market. Inventory costs include those costs directly attributable to products, including raw materials, labor and overhead.
50

Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant, and equipment are stated on the basis of cost. Major renewals and betterments are charged to the property accounts while replacements, maintenance and repairs, which do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets, are expensed to the current period. Depreciation is provided at amounts calculated to amortize the cost of the assets over their estimated useful economic lives using the straight-line method.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, rental equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares non-discounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on a non-discounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is instead tested for impairment at least annually, or whenever events or circumstances change between the annual impairment tests that make it likely that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate or a decision to sell all or a portion of a reporting unit. The Company performs its annual test for goodwill impairment related to its reporting units on October 1 of each fiscal year. The Company performs a quantitative test for goodwill impairment by comparing the carrying amount of each reporting unit to its estimated fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, there is a potential impairment in goodwill. Any impairment in goodwill is measured by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation and comparing the notional goodwill from the fair value allocation to the carrying value of the goodwill.
See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding goodwill.
Intangible Assets
The Company has intangible assets with both definite and indefinite useful lives. The definite-lived assets are trade names and trademarks, customer and dealer relationships, and patents and drawings that are subject to amortization with useful lives ranging from 12 years to 25 years. Impairment of definite-lived assets is discussed as part of the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets paragraph above.
The indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization consist of trade names. The Company tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis at year-end, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset could be below its carrying amount. The impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, determined using the relief from royalty method, with its carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for the carrying amount in excess of its fair value.
See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding intangible assets.
Pensions
The Company records annual amounts relating to its pension and post-retirement plans based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. The Company reviews its assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to do so. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods using the corridor method. The
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Company believes that the assumptions utilized in recording its obligations under its plans are reasonable based on its experience and market conditions.
The net periodic costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the
post-retirement benefits.
On April 6, 2016 the Company notified all participants in the Gradall Company Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan of our decision to terminate the plan. Participants in the plan did not lose any benefits and were given a choice between obtaining continued annuity benefits that match the benefits offered under the plan or receiving an immediate one-time lump sum payment in total settlement of benefits. The Company made a final contribution of $622,000 and met all legal requirements to effectuate a proper termination of the plan before December 31, 2016. The Company expensed $2,889,000 of accumulated pension actuarial losses relating to the closure of the Gradall Hourly Employees' Savings and Investment Plan that had been previously deferred in Other comprehensive income and deferred taxes.
Related Party Transactions
There were no reportable relationships or related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when each of the following four criteria are met: 1) a contract or sales arrangement exists; 2) products have been shipped per agreed terms and title has been transferred or services have been rendered; 3) the prices of the products or services are fixed or determinable; and 4) collectability is reasonably assured. Pre-season sales orders are solicited in the fall in advance of the dealer’s sales season in the spring and summer. Pre-season sales orders are shipped beginning in the fall and continuing through the spring and represent an opportunity for the Company’s factories to level their production/shipping volumes through the winter months. These pre-season shipments carry descending discounts in conjunction with delayed payment terms of up to eleven months from the dealer’s requested delivery date. Revenue from sales is recorded net of a provision for discounts that are anticipated to be earned and deducted at time of payment by the customer. These approximated discounts are estimated using an average of historical discounts taken and are adjusted as program terms are changed. The reserves for discounts are reviewed and adjusted quarterly. The Company enters into operating lease agreements with customers related to the rental of certain equipment. The rental income is recognized ratably over the term of the leases. Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.
Rental Equipment
The Company enters into operating lease agreements with customers related to the rental of certain equipment. In accounting for these leases, the cost of the equipment purchased or manufactured by the Company is recorded as an asset, and is depreciated over its estimated useful life. Accumulated depreciation relating to the rental equipment was $10,430,000 and $8,322,000 on December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Shipping and Handling Costs
The Company’s policy is to include shipping and handling costs in costs of goods sold.
Advertising
We charge advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising and marketing expense related to operations for fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014 was approximately $7,742,000, $7,670,000 and $7,368,000, respectively. Advertising and marketing expenses are included in Selling, General and Administrative expenses (“SG&A”).
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Research and Development
Product development and engineering costs charged to SG&A amounted to $8,847,000, $8,590,000, and $8,427,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
Commitments, Contingencies and Legal Costs
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company's policy is to accrue for legal costs expected to be incurred in connection with loss contingencies.
Federal Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and are measured by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to the future years in which deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, available tax carry backs and tax planning strategies in making this assessment other than those which we have reserved. Based upon projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.
We do not provide for a U.S. income tax liability on undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, which reflect full provision for non-U.S. income taxes, are currently indefinitely reinvested in non-U.S. operations.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company has granted options to purchase its common stock to certain employees and directors of the Company and its affiliates under various stock option plans at no less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. These options are granted for a term not exceeding ten years and are forfeited in the event the employee or director terminates his or her employment or relationship with the Company or one of its affiliates other than by retirement or death. These options generally vest over five years. All option plans contain anti-dilutive provisions that permit an adjustment of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock represented by each option for any change in capitalization. Excess tax benefits or awards that are recognized in equity related to stock option exercises are reflected as cash flows from financing activities in the statement of cash flows.
The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation method with the following assumptions noted:

1. | The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life of the option at the time of the grant.

2. | The dividend yield is calculated as the ratio of dividends paid per share of common stock to the stock price on the date of the grant.

3. | The expected volatility factors are based on the historical movement of the Company’s common stock price over the expected life of the option.

4. | The expected life is the average length of time in which officers, other employees, and non-employee directors are expected to exercise their options, and which are primarily based on historical experience.

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The Company calculated the fair value for options with the following weighted-average assumptions for 2016, 2015, and 2014:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.54 | % |  | 2.00 | % |  | 2.24 | %
Dividend yield |  | 0.6 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Volatility factors |  | 48.5 | % |  | 48.8 | % |  | 48.2 | %
Weighted-average expected life |  | 8.0 years |  |  | 8.0 years |  |  | 8.0 years |

Earnings per Common Share (“EPS”)
Basic EPS is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. The treasury stock method is used to compute diluted EPS which gives effect to the potential dilution of earnings that could have occurred if additional shares were issued for awards granted under the Company’s incentive stock option plans. The treasury stock method assumes proceeds obtained upon exercise of awards granted under the incentive stock option plans are used to purchase outstanding common stock at the average market price during the period.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. There is a three-tier fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In fair value, measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:
Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.
Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.
When measuring fair value, the Company maximizes use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs.
Fair value measurements are classified to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.
The carrying values of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these items. The carrying value of our debt approximates the fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, as the floating rates on our outstanding balances approximate current market rates. This conclusion was made based on Level 2 inputs. Other than the investments held by the retirement benefit plans, as described in Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company does not have any other significant financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
Fair value measurements are also used in connection with nonrecurring valuations performed in connection with impairment assessments and acquisition accounting. In completing the analysis of the fair values of certain assets acquired as part of business acquisitions, discounted cash flow models were used, which were principally based upon internal assumptions. In valuing certain of the acquired intangible assets, we used an excess earnings methodology, which is a form of a discounted cash flow analysis.
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All of our nonrecurring valuations use significant unobservable inputs and therefore fall under Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
2. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the reconciliation from basic to diluted average common shares and the calculations of net income per common share. Net income for basic and diluted calculations does not differ.

(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net income | $ | 40,045 |  |  | $ | 43,209 |  |  | $ | 41,151 |
Average common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (weighted-average outstanding shares) | 11,434 |  |  | 11,349 |  |  | 11,875 |
Dilutive potential common shares from stock options | 131 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 164 |
Diluted (weighted-average outstanding shares) | 11,565 |  |  | 11,482 |  |  | 12,039 |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 3.50 |  |  | $ | 3.81 |  |  | $ | 3.47 |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 3.46 |  |  | $ | 3.76 |  |  | $ | 3.42 |

Stock options totaling 21,491 shares in 2016, 61,690 shares in 2015, and 37,261 shares in 2014 were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculation because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.
3. VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Valuation and qualifying accounts included the following:

(in thousands) | Balance Beginning of Year |  | Net Charged to Costs and Expenses |  | Translations, Reclassifications and Acquisitions |  | Net Write-Offs or Discounts Taken |  | Balance End of Year
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 3,484 |  |  | $ | 482 |  |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  |  | $ | (1,566 | ) |  | $ | 2,501 |
Reserve for sales discounts | 15,094 |  |  | 77,126 |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (78,623 | ) |  | 13,488 |
Reserve for inventory obsolescence | 9,675 |  |  | 2,041 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | (4,749 | ) |  | 7,262 |
Reserve for warranty | 5,566 |  |  | 7,867 |  |  |  | (49 | ) |  |  | (8,122 | ) |  | 5,262 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 2,853 |  |  | $ | 965 |  |  |  | $ | (185 | ) |  |  | $ | (149 | ) |  | $ | 3,484 |
Reserve for sales discounts | 15,999 |  |  | 78,304 |  |  |  | (145 | ) |  |  | (79,064 | ) |  | 15,094 |
Reserve for inventory obsolescence | 7,601 |  |  | 5,209 |  |  |  | (454 | ) |  |  | (2,681 | ) |  | 9,675 |
Reserve for warranty | 5,913 |  |  | 7,732 |  |  |  | (325 | ) |  |  | (7,754 | ) |  | 5,566 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 2,738 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  |  | $ | (153 | ) |  |  | $ | (201 | ) |  | $ | 2,853 |
Reserve for sales discounts | 16,724 |  |  | 79,877 |  |  |  | (98 | ) |  |  | (80,504 | ) |  | 15,999 |
Reserve for inventory obsolescence | 8,596 |  |  | 2,938 |  |  |  | (297 | ) |  |  | (3,636 | ) |  | 7,601 |
Reserve for warranty | 4,994 |  |  | 7,467 |  |  |  | 843 |  |  |  | (7,391 | ) |  | 5,913 |

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where it is aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, the Company records a specific reserve to reduce the amounts recorded to what it believes will be collected.
The Company evaluates all receivables that are over 60 days old and will reserve specifically on a 90-day basis. The Company has a secured or insured interest on most of its wholegoods that each customer purchases. This allows the Company, in times of a difficult economy when the customer is unable to pay or has filed for bankruptcy, to repossess its inventory. This also allows Alamo Group, in certain instances, to maintain only a reserve over its cost, which usually represents the margin on the original sales price.
The allowance for doubtful accounts balance was $2,501,000 on December 31, 2016, and $3,484,000 on December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily from the Company's U.S. operations.
Sales Discounts
On December 31, 2016, the Company had $13,488,000 in reserves for sales discounts compared to $15,094,000 on December 31, 2015 on product shipped to our customers under various promotional programs. The decrease was due primarily to lower sales volume of the Company’s agricultural products during the 2015 preseason, which runs during the third and fourth quarters of each year with orders shipped through the second quarter of 2016. The Company reviews the reserve quarterly based on analysis made on each program outstanding at the time.
The Company bases its reserves on historical data relating to discounts taken by the customer under each program. Historically, between 90% and 95% of the Company’s customers who qualify for each program actually take the discount that is available.
Inventories – Obsolete and Slow Moving
The Company had a reserve of $7,262,000 on December 31, 2016 and $9,675,000 on December 31, 2015 to cover obsolete and slow moving inventory. The decrease in the reserve was mainly from the Company's Industrial Division. The obsolete and slow moving inventory policy states that the reserve is to be calculated as follows: 1) no inventory usage over a three-year period is deemed obsolete and reserved at 100 percent; and 2) slow moving inventory with little usage requires a 100 percent reserve on items that have a quantity greater than a three-year supply. There are exceptions to the obsolete and slow moving classifications if approved by an officer of the Company, based on specific identification of an item or items that are deemed to be either included or excluded from this classification. In cases where there is no historical data, management makes a judgment based on a specific review of the inventory in question to determine what reserves, if any, are appropriate. New products or parts are generally excluded from the reserve policy until a three-year history has been established.
Warranty
The Company’s warranty policy is generally to provide its customers warranty for up to one year on all wholegood units and 90 days on parts, though some components can have warranty for longer terms.
Warranty reserve, as a percentage of sales, is generally calculated by looking at the current twelve months’ expenses and prorating that amount based on twelve months’ sales with a ninety-day to six-month lag period. The Company’s historical experience is that an end-user takes approximately 90 days to six months from the receipt of the unit to file a warranty claim. A warranty reserve is established for each different marketing group. Reserve balances are evaluated on a quarterly basis and adjustments made when required.
The current liability warranty reserve balance was $5,262,000 on December 31, 2016 and $5,566,000 on December 31, 2015 and are included in Note 8. The decrease was primarily in the Company's U.S. operations.
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4. INVENTORIES
Inventories valued at LIFO represented 49% and 45% of total inventory for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The excess of current costs over LIFO-valued inventories was $8,123,000 and $8,712,000 on December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Inventories consisted of the following on a cost basis, net of reserves:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Finished goods and parts |  | $ | 116,667 |  |  | $ | 129,995 |
Work in process |  | 9,431 |  |  | 9,561 |
Raw materials |  | 9,662 |  |  | 11,202 |
|  | $ | 135,760 |  |  | $ | 150,758 |

5. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Useful Lives
Land |  | $ | 9,063 |  |  | $ | 9,478 |  |  |
Buildings and improvements |  | 75,610 |  |  | 73,828 |  |  | 5-20 yrs.
Machinery and equipment |  | 71,028 |  |  | 70,791 |  |  | 3-10 yrs.
Office furniture and equipment |  | 7,165 |  |  | 7,128 |  |  | 3-7 yrs.
Computer software |  | 11,889 |  |  | 11,298 |  |  | 3-7 yrs.
Transportation equipment |  | 5,286 |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | 3 yrs.
|  | 180,041 |  |  | 178,044 |  |  |
Accumulated depreciation |  | (113,412 | ) |  | (107,094 | ) |  |
|  | $ | 66,629 |  |  | $ | 70,950 |  |  |

Property, plant and equipment on December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 include capital leases in the amount of zero and $182,000, respectively, which are included in the listings above. Accumulated depreciation relating to the capital leases on December 31, 2016 and 2015 was zero and $92,000, respectively. Amortization related to capital leases is included in depreciation expense. The decrease in capital leases in 2016 was because previously disclosed capital leases ended. The Company did not enter into any new capital leases.
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6. GOODWILL
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the twelve months ended December 31, 2014, 2015, and 2016 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  |
Balance at December 31, 2013 | $ | 32,073 |
Translation adjustment | (2,217 | )
Goodwill acquired | 45,835 |
Balance at December 31, 2014 | $ | 75,691 |
Translation adjustment | (3,181 | )
Goodwill acquired | $ | 2,999 |
Balance at December 31, 2015 | $ | 75,509 |
Translation adjustment | (684 | )
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 74,825 |

7. DEFINITE- AND INDEFINITE-LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following is a summary of both the Company's definite- and indefinite-lived intangible assets net of the accumulated amortization:

(in thousands) | Estimated Useful Lives | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015
Definite: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names and trademarks | 25 years |  | $ | 21,914 |  |  |  | $ | 21,878 |  |
Customer and dealer relationships | 14 years |  | 28,822 |  |  |  | 28,715 |  |
Patents and drawings | 12 years |  | 1,954 |  |  |  | 1,893 |  |
Total at cost |  |  | 52,690 |  |  |  | 52,486 |  |
Less accumulated amortization |  |  | (8,152 | ) |  |  | (5,036 | ) |
Total net |  |  | 44,538 |  |  |  | 47,450 |  |
Indefinite: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names and trademarks |  |  | 5,500 |  |  |  | 5,500 |  |
Total Intangible Assets |  |  | $ | 50,038 |  |  |  | $ | 52,950 |  |

The Company's net carrying value at December 31, 2016 of intangible assets with definite useful lives consists of trade names and trademarks at $19,608,000, customer and dealer relationships at $23,396,000 and patents and drawings at $1,534,000. As of December 31, 2016, the related accumulated amortization balance for the definite- lived assets were $2,306,000 for trade names and trademarks, $5,426,000 for customer and dealer relationships, and $420,000 for Patents and drawings. The Company estimates amortization expense to be $3,104,000 for each of the next five years.
Indefinite-lived trade names and trademarks consisted of the Gradall trade name with a carrying value of $3,600,000 and the Bush Hog trade name with a carrying value of $1,900,000.
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8. ACCRUED LIABILITIES
Accrued liabilities consist of the following balances:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Salaries, wages and bonuses |  | $ | 19,368 |  |  | $ | 19,270 |
Warranty |  | 5,262 |  |  | 5,566 |
State taxes |  | 2,284 |  |  | 2,180 |
Other |  | 6,244 |  |  | 11,125 |
|  | $ | 33,158 |  |  | $ | 38,141 |

9. LONG-TERM DEBT
The components of long-term debt are as follows:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Bank revolving credit facility |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 144,000 |
Capital lease obligations |  | — |  |  | 23 |
Other notes payable |  | 90 |  |  | 60 |
Total debt |  | 70,090 |  |  | 144,083 |
Less current maturities |  | 73 |  |  | 77 |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 70,017 |  |  | $ | 144,006 |

Effective December 20, 2016, the Company amended it's revolving credit facility to extend the termination date, reduce LIBOR interest margin and to modify certain financial and other covenants in order to meet the ongoing needs of the Company's business and to allow for greater flexibility in relation to future acquisitions.
The Company maintains an unsecured revolving credit facility with certain lenders under its Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement ("Agreement"). The aggregate commitments from lenders under this Agreement are $250,000,000 and, subject to certain conditions, the Company has the option to request an increase in aggregate commitments of up to an additional $50,000,000. The Agreement requires us to maintain various financial covenants including a minimum earnings before interest and tax to interest expense ratio, a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum asset coverage ratio. The Agreement also contains various covenants relating to limitations on indebtedness, limitations on investments and acquisitions, limitations on sale of properties, and limitations on liens and capital expenditures. The Agreement also contains other customary covenants, representations and events of defaults. The expiration date of the revolving credit facility is December 20, 2021. As of December 31, 2016, $70,000,000 was outstanding under the Agreement. On December 31, 2016, $1,714,000 of the revolver capacity was committed to irrevocable standby letters of credit issued in the ordinary course of business as required by vendors' contracts resulting in $178,286,000 in available borrowings.
The aggregate maturities of long-term debt, as of December 31, 2016, are as follows: $73,000 in 2017; $17,000 in 2018; zero in 2019 and 2020; and $70,000,000 thereafter.
The fair value of the Company’s debt is based on secondary market indicators. Since the Company’s debt is not quoted, estimates are based on each obligation’s characteristics, including remaining maturities, interest rate, credit rating, collateral, amortization schedule and liquidity. The carrying value of our debt approximates the fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, as the floating rates on our outstanding balances approximate current market rates. This conclusion was made based on Level 2 inputs.
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10. INCOME TAXES
The jurisdictional components of income before taxes consist of the following:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Income before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 44,446 |  |  | $ | 52,313 |  |  | $ | 43,345 |
Foreign |  | 17,743 |  |  | 14,554 |  |  | 17,260 |
|  | $ | 62,189 |  |  | $ | 66,867 |  |  | $ | 60,605 |

The components of income tax expense (benefit) consist of the following:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 11,958 |  |  | $ | 13,293 |  |  | $ | 13,495 |
Foreign |  | 5,491 |  |  | 4,614 |  |  | 3,382 |
State |  | 2,075 |  |  | 2,947 |  |  | 2,685 |
|  | 19,524 |  |  | 20,854 |  |  | 19,562 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | 1,580 |  |  | 3,481 |  |  | (600 | )
Foreign |  | 934 |  |  | (718 | ) |  | 540 |
State |  | 106 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (48 | )
|  | 2,620 |  |  | 2,804 |  |  | (108 | )
Total income taxes |  | $ | 22,144 |  |  | $ | 23,658 |  |  | $ | 19,454 |

The difference between income tax expense (benefit) for financial statement purposes and the amount of income tax expense computed by applying the domestic statutory income tax rate of 35% to income before income taxes consists of the following:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Domestic statutory rate at 35% |  | $ | 21,766 |  |  | $ | 23,403 |  |  | $ | 21,212 |
Increase (reduction) from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jurisdictional rate differences |  | (1,936 | ) |  | (2,192 | ) |  | (2,119 | )
Valuation allowance |  | 1,731 |  |  | 797 |  |  | 353 |
Stock based compensation |  | 275 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 199 |
U.S. state taxes |  | 1,295 |  |  | 1,942 |  |  | 1,649 |
Domestic production deduction |  | (618 | ) |  | (518 | ) |  | (1,321 | )
R&D credit |  | (329 | ) |  | (475 | ) |  | (614 | )
Other, net |  | (40 | ) |  | 444 |  |  | 95 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 22,144 |  |  | $ | 23,658 |  |  | $ | 19,454 |
Effective tax rate |  | 36 | % |  | 35 | % |  | 32 | %

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Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. The components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities consist of the following:

|  | December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |  |
Inventory basis difference |  | $ | 1,568 |  |  | $ | 2,241 |
Accounts receivable reserve |  | 231 |  |  | 529 |
Depreciation |  | — |  |  | 110 |
Stock based compensation |  | 937 |  |  | 968 |
Pension liability |  | 3,947 |  |  | 2,481 |
Employee benefit accrual |  | 1,481 |  |  | 2,038 |
Product liability and warranty reserves |  | 1,600 |  |  | 1,517 |
Expenses not currently deductible for tax purposes |  | 28 |  |  | 60 |
Foreign net operating loss |  | 3,513 |  |  | 2,726 |
State net operating loss |  | 102 |  |  | 49 |
Other |  | 94 |  |  | 194 |
Total deferred income tax assets |  | $ | 13,501 |  |  | $ | 12,913 |
Less: Valuation allowance |  | (3,382 | ) |  | (1,651 | )
Net deferred income tax assets |  | $ | 10,119 |  |  | $ | 11,262 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventory basis differences |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (310 | )
Depreciation |  | (5,289 | ) |  | (4,624 | )
Intangible assets |  | (10,046 | ) |  | (7,934 | )
Deferred revenue |  | — |  |  | — |
Expenses not currently deductible for tax purposes |  | (593 | ) |  | (642 | )
Total deferred income tax liabilities |  | $ | (15,944 | ) |  | $ | (13,510 | )
Net deferred income taxes |  | $ | (5,825 | ) |  | $ | (2,248 | )

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had foreign deferred tax assets consisting of foreign net operating losses and other tax benefits available to reduce future taxable income in a foreign jurisdiction. These foreign jurisdictions’ net operating loss carryforwards are in the approximate amount of $10,200,000 with an unlimited carryforward period, and $900,000 with a carryforward expiring in 2035. The Company also has U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards in the amount of $2,600,000 which will expire between 2017 and 2028.
The company recorded a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 due to uncertainties related to the ability to utilize some of the deferred income tax assets, primarily consisting of certain U.S. state NOLs and income tax credits, and international NOLs, before they expire. The valuation allowance is based on estimates of taxable income in the various jurisdictions in which we operate and the period over which deferred income tax assets will be recoverable. The realization of net deferred income tax assets recorded as of December 31, 2016 is primarily dependent upon the ability to generate future taxable income in certain U.S. states and international jurisdictions.
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Deferred income taxes have not been provided on the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and the respective tax bases of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, based on the determination that such differences are essentially permanent in duration in that the earnings of the subsidiaries are expected to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. As of December 31, 2016, the cumulative undistributed earnings of these subsidiaries approximated $173,844,000. If these earnings were not considered indefinitely reinvested, deferred income taxes would have been recorded after the consideration of foreign tax credits. At this time, it is not practicable to estimate the amount of additional income taxes that might be payable on those earnings, if distributed.
Unrecognized tax benefits in the amount of $235,000 and $301,000 for 2016 and 2015, respectively, are included in other non-current liabilities on the balance sheet. The unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would favorably impact our effective tax rate in a future period. We do not expect our unrecognized tax benefits disclosed above to change significantly over the next 12 months.

|  | December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Balance as of beginning of year |  | $ | 301,000 |  |  | $ | 388,000 |
Additions for tax positions related to the current year |  | 51,000 |  |  | 63,000 |
Additions for tax positions related to prior years |  | — |  |  | — |
Reduction due to lapse of statute of limitations |  | (117,000 | ) |  | (150,000 | )
Balance as of end of year |  | $ | 235,000 |  |  | $ | 301,000 |

The Company adopted the policy to include interest and penalty expense related to income taxes as interest and other expense, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, no interest or penalties has been accrued. The Company’s open tax years for its federal and state income tax returns are for the tax years ended 2012 through 2016. The Company’s open tax years for its foreign income tax returns are for the tax years ended 2012 through 2016.
On March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, "Compensation-Stock Compensation," to simplify the accounting and reporting for employee share-based payments. Currently excess gains on exercises of stock are not expensed as additional expense, but are typically adjusted through the Additional Paid In Capital account. The amendment requires, the expensing of excess gains when they occur. This may result in some fluctuations in our quarterly tax rates. We are adopting beginning in 2017 and the change will be reflected on our consolidated financial statements beginning in fiscal year 2017.
11. COMMON STOCK
On September 24, 2014, the Company was authorized by its Board of Directors to enter into a Share Repurchase Agreement with Capital Southwest Corporation and Capital Southwest Venture Corporation (“Capital Southwest”). Pursuant to the Repurchase Agreement, the Company repurchased 849,690 shares of the Company’s common stock owned by Capital Southwest at a purchase price of $40.255 per share . The closing price of the Company’s common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on September 24, 2014 was $41.50 per share. The Company financed the repurchase through borrowings under its revolving credit facility. The Company completed the transaction on September 25, 2014 and subsequently retired all 849,690 shares. In November 2014, the Company successfully completed a public offering of our shares on behalf of Capital Southwest Corporation.
On January 3, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.10 per share which was paid on January 27, 2017 to holders of record as of January 16, 2017.
12. STOCK OPTIONS
Incentive Options
On May 7, 2015, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2015 Incentive Stock Option Plan (“2015 ISO Plan”) and the Company reserved 400,000 shares of common stock for options to be issued under the 2015 ISO Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, options to purchase 21,000 and 29,500, respectively, shares were granted under this plan. Each option becomes vested and exercisable for up to 20
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% of the total optioned shares one year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year.
On May 3, 2005, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2005 Incentive Stock Option Plan (“2005 ISO Plan”) and the Company reserved 500,000 shares of common stock for options to be issued under the 2005 ISO Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2014, options to purchase 48,250 shares were granted under this plan. Each option becomes vested and exercisable for up to 20% of the total optioned shares one year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year. No further option grants can be made under this plan as of 2015.
Following is a summary of activity in the Incentive Stock Option Plans for the periods indicated:

| 2016 | 2015 | 2014
| Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price*
Options outstanding at beginning of year | 254,195 |  | $ | 34.64 |  | 301,800 |  | $ | 30.73 |  | 292,350 |  | $ | 26.68 |
Granted | 21,000 |  | 54.87 |  | 29,500 |  | 53.95 |  | 48,250 |  | 52.67 |
Exercised | (43,775 | ) | 26.59 |  | (75,355 | ) | 26.11 |  | (27,700 | ) | 24.33 |
Canceled | (10,600 | ) | 50.68 |  | (1,750 | ) | 53.61 |  | (11,100 | ) | 35.42 |
Options outstanding at end of year | 220,820 |  | 37.39 |  | 254,195 |  | 34.64 |  | 301,800 |  | 30.73 |
Options exercisable at end of year | 136,220 |  | $ | 29.66 |  | 143,345 |  | $ | 25.69 |  | 172,450 |  | $ | 22.30 |
Options available for grant at end of year | 353,450 |  |  |  | 370,750 |  |  |  | 28,950 |  |  |

*Weighted Averages
Options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2016 were as follows:

Qualified Stock Options | Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
| Shares |  | Remaining Contractual Life (yrs)* | Exercise Price* |  | Shares | Exercise Price*
Range of Exercise Price |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$11.45 - $22.55 | 44,320 |  | 2.03 | $ | 15.08 |  |  | 44,320 |  | $ | 15.08 |
$24.69 - $42.70 | 96,350 |  | 5.30 | $ | 34.07 |  |  | 73,750 |  | $ | 32.64 |
$49.44 - $54.87 | 80,150 |  | 8.21 | $ | 53.72 |  |  | 18,150 |  | $ | 53.17 |
Total | 220,820 |  |  |  |  |  | 136,220 |  |  |

*Weighted Averages
The weighted-average grant-date fair values of options granted during 2016, 2015, and 2014 were $27.48, $27.63 and $27.23, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, there was $1,302,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a period of five years.
Non-Qualified Options
On May 3, 2001, the stockholders of the Company approved the First Amended and Restated 1999 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan ("FAR 1999 NQSO Plan") to add non-employee directors as eligible persons to receive grants of stock options. The Company reserved 400,000 shares of common stock for options to be issued under this plan. Options become vested and exercisable for up to 20% of the total optioned shares one year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year. No further option grants can be made under this plan as of 2009.
On May 7, 2009, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and the Company reserved 400,000 shares of common stock for this plan. Options become vested and exercisable for up to 20% of
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the total optioned shares one year following the grant of the option and for an additional 20% of the total optioned shares after each succeeding year until the option is fully exercisable at the end of the fifth year.
Following is a summary of activity in the Non-Qualified Stock Option Plans for the periods indicated:

| 2016 | 2015 | 2014
| Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price*
Options outstanding at beginning of year | 127,300 |  | $ | 32.05 |  | 132,100 |  | $ | 31.30 |  | 114,700 |  | $ | 24.87 |
Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 29,000 |  | 53.51 |
Exercised | (14,900 | ) | 13.73 |  | (4,800 | ) | 11.45 |  | (11,600 | ) | 23.29 |
Canceled | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Options outstanding at end of year | 112,400 |  | 34.48 |  | 127,300 |  | 32.05 |  | 132,100 |  | 31.30 |
Options exercisable at end of year | 85,000 |  | $ | 29.61 |  | 83,100 |  | $ | 24.54 |  | 71,100 |  | $ | 19.85 |
Options available for grant at end of year | 207,608 |  |  |  | 232,522 |  |  |  | 258,526 |  |  |

*Weighted Averages
Options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2016 were as follows:

Non-Qualified Stock Options | Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
| Shares |  | Remaining Contractual Life (yrs)* | Exercise Price* |  | Shares |  |  | Exercise Price*
Range of Exercise Price |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$11.45 - $22.55 | 18,400 |  | 2.36 | $ | 11.45 |  |  | 18,400 |  |  | $ | 11.45 |
$24.69 - $42.70 | 65,000 |  | 4.51 | 32.50 |  |  | 55,000 |  |  | 30.65 |
$49.44 - $54.87 | 29,000 |  | 7.37 | $ | 53.51 |  |  | 11,600 |  |  | $ | 53.51 |
Total | 112,400 |  |  |  |  |  | 85,000 |  |  |  |

*Weighted Averages
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during 2014 were $27.72. There were no options granted in 2015 or 2016. As of December 31, 2016, there was $53,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a period of five years.
During 2016, 2015, and 2014, 14,900, 4,800, and 11,600 non-qualified options were exercised, respectively, $205,000, $55,000, and $270,000 of cash receipts were received, respectively, and tax deductions of $657,000, $187,000, and $262,000 were realized, respectively, for the tax deductions from option exercises.
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Restricted Stock Awards
Following is a summary of activity in the Restricted Stock Awards for the periods indicated:

| 2016 | 2015 | 2014
| Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price* | Shares | Exercise Price*
Options outstanding at beginning of year | 32,616 |  | $ | 53.31 |  | 12,043 |  | $ | 44.10 |  | 10,724 |  | $ | 32.49 |
Granted | 27,440 |  | 55.17 |  | 26,004 |  | 54.14 |  | 6,000 |  | 53.51 |
Exercised | (11,909 | ) | 52.67 |  | (5,431 | ) | 36.85 |  | (4,681 | ) | 29.56 |
Canceled | (2,526 | ) | 53.57 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Options outstanding at end of year | 45,621 |  | 54.58 |  | 32,616 |  | 53.31 |  | 12,043 |  | 44.10 |

*Weighted Averages
Restricted stock awards vest 25% after one year following the award date and for an additional 25% of total awarded shares each succeeding year until fully vested. The weighted-average remaining contractual life in years for 2016, 2015, and 2014 was 2.89, 3.11 and 2.39, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, there was $1,959,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a period of four years.
13. RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
Defined Benefit Plans
In connection with the February 3, 2006 purchase of all the net assets of the Gradall excavator business, the Company assumed sponsorship of two Gradall non-contributory defined benefit pension plans, both of which are frozen with respect to both future benefit accruals and future new entrants.
The Gradall Company Employees’ Retirement Plan covers approximately 245 former employees and 78 current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were not covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before December 31, 2004. An amendment ceasing future benefit accruals for certain participants was effective December 31, 2004. A second amendment discontinued all future benefit accruals for all participants effective April 24, 2006.
The Gradall Company Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan covered former employees and current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before April 6, 1997. An amendment ceasing all future benefit accruals was effective April 6, 1997.
On April 6, 2016, the Company notified all participants in the Gradall Company Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan of our decision to terminate the plan. Participants in the plan did not lose any benefits but were given a choice between obtaining certain continued annuity benefits that match the benefits offered under the plan or receiving an immediate one-time lump sum payment in total settlement of benefits. The Company made a final contribution of $622,000 and met all legal requirements to effectuate a proper termination of the plan before December 31, 2016. The Company expensed $2,889,000 related to accumulative pension actuarial losses relating to the closure of the Gradall Hourly Employees' Savings and Investment Plan that had been previously deferred in Other comprehensive income and deferred taxes.
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The following tables set forth the change in plan assets, change in projected benefit obligation, rate assumptions and components of net periodic benefit cost as of December 31 with respect to these plans. The measurement dates of the assets and liabilities of both plans were December 31 of the respective years presented.

| Year Ended December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan | Employees’ Retirement Plan |  | Total
Change in projected benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 9,649 |  |  |  | $ | 20,561 |  |  |  | $ | 30,210 |
Service cost |  | 8 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 12 |
Interest cost |  | 401 |  |  |  | 886 |  |  |  | 1,287 |
Liability actuarial (gain) loss |  | (148 | ) |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 56 |
Benefits paid |  | (575 | ) |  |  | (868 | ) |  |  | (1,443 | )
Settlements |  | (9,335 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,335 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | — |  |  |  | 20,787 |  |  |  | 20,787 |
Change in fair value of plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 16,692 |  |  |  | 25,711 |
Return on plan assets |  | 119 |  |  |  | 1,284 |  |  |  | 1,403 |
Employer contributions |  | 772 |  |  |  | 750 |  |  |  | 1,522 |
Benefits paid |  | (575 | ) |  |  | (868 | ) |  |  | (1,443 | )
Settlements |  | (9,335 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,335 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | — |  |  |  | 17,858 |  |  |  | 17,858 |
Underfunded status – December 31, 2016 |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | (2,929 | ) |  |  | $ | (2,929 | )

| Year Ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands) | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan | Employees’ Retirement Plan |  | Total
Change in projected benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 10,456 |  |  |  | $ | 21,595 |  |  |  | $ | 32,051 |
Service cost |  | 9 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 13 |
Interest cost |  | 405 |  |  |  | 868 |  |  |  | 1,273 |
Liability actuarial (gain) |  | (574 | ) |  |  | (1,125 | ) |  |  | (1,699 | )
Benefits paid |  | (647 | ) |  |  | (781 | ) |  |  | (1,428 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | 9,649 |  |  |  | 20,561 |  |  |  | 30,210 |
Change in fair value of plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | 9,223 |  |  |  | 17,114 |  |  |  | 26,337 |
Return on plan assets |  | (149 | ) |  |  | (273 | ) |  |  | (422 | )
Employer contributions |  | 592 |  |  |  | 632 |  |  |  | 1,224 |
Benefits paid |  | (647 | ) |  |  | (781 | ) |  |  | (1,428 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | 9,019 |  |  |  | 16,692 |  |  |  | 25,711 |
Underfunded status – December 31, 2015 |  | $ | (630 | ) |  |  | $ | (3,869 | ) |  |  | $ | (4,499 | )

The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligations) of defined benefit postretirement plans as an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheet and recognizes changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur. The Company measures the funded status of a plan as of the date of the year-end consolidated balance sheet.
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The underfunded status of the plans of $2,929,000 and $4,499,000 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, is recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as long-term accrued pension liability because plan assets are less than the value of benefit obligations expected to be paid.
The accumulated benefit obligation for our pension plans represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of a certain date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels.
In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:

|  | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan |  | Employees’ Retirement Plan
|  | 2016 | 2015 |  | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate |  | N/A | 4.30% |  | 4.10% | 4.40%
Composite rate of compensation increase |  | N/A | N/A |  | N/A | N/A

Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:

|  | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan |  | Employees’ Retirement Plan
|  | 2016 | 2015 |  | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate |  | 4.30% | 4.00% |  | 4.40% | 4.10%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets |  | 7.25% | 7.25% |  | 7.25% | 7.25%
Composite rate of compensation increase |  | N/A | N/A |  | N/A | N/A

The Company employs a building block approach in determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equities and fixed income are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established via a building block approach with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonability and appropriateness.
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The following tables present the components of net periodic benefit cost (gains are denoted with parentheses and losses are not):

| Year Ended December 31, 2016
(in thousands) | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan | Employees’ Retirement Plan |  | Total
Service cost |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ | 12 |
Interest cost |  | 401 |  |  |  | 886 |  |  |  | 1,287 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (648 | ) |  |  | (1,196 | ) |  |  | (1,844 | )
Amortization of net loss |  | 284 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 724 |
Recognition of Settlement |  | 2,889 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,889 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 2,934 |  |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  |  | $ | 3,068 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands) | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan | Employees’ Retirement Plan |  | Total
Service cost |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ | 13 |
Interest cost |  | 405 |  |  |  | 868 |  |  |  | 1,273 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (661 | ) |  |  | (1,229 | ) |  |  | (1,890 | )
Amortization of net loss |  | 248 |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 649 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  | $ | 45 |

The Company estimates that $433,000 of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit costs during 2017.
The Company employs a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed income investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks, as well as growth, value, and small and large capitalizations. Other assets such as real estate, private equity, and hedge funds are used judiciously to enhance long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. Derivatives may be used to gain market exposure in an efficient and timely manner; however, derivatives may not be used to leverage the portfolio beyond the market value of the underlying investments. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies. Our current asset allocations are consistent with our targeted allocations.
The pension plans' weighted-average asset allocations as a percentage of plan assets at December 31 are as follows:

|  | Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan |  | Employees’ Retirement Plan
|  | 2016 | 2015 |  | 2016 | 2015
Equity securities |  | —% | 55% |  | 54% | 55%
Debt securities |  | —% | 37% |  | 38% | 37%
Short-term investments |  | —% | 3% |  | 3% | 3%
Other |  | —% | 5% |  | 5% | 5%
Total |  | —% | 100% |  | 100% | 100%

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The following table presents the hierarchy levels for our postretirement benefit plan investments as of December 31 as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements:

(in thousands) | December 31, 2016 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Mid Cap |  | $ | 680 |  |  |  | $ | 680 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |
| Large Cap |  | 3,553 |  |  |  | 3,553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| International |  | 2,010 |  |  |  | 2,010 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common/Collective: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Liability Driven Solution |  | 2,522 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,522 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo BlackRock International Equity |  | 727 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 727 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Core Bond |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/Causeway |  | 741 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 741 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Growth Index Fund |  | 1,009 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,009 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Value Index Fund |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Multi-Manager Small Cap |  | 1,189 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,189 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Russell 2000 Index Fund |  | 560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo S&P Mid Cap Index Fund |  | 630 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/MFS Value CIT F |  | 501 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price I Large-Cap Growth Managed CIT |  | 505 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 505 |  |  |  | — |
| T. Rowe Price Equity Income |  | 504 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | — |
Cash & Short-term Investments |  | 467 |  |  |  | 467 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 17,858 |  |  |  | $ | 6,710 |  |  |  | $ | 11,148 |  |  |  | $ | — |

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(in thousands) | December 31, 2015 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Mutual Funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Mid Cap |  | $ | 1,623 |  |  |  | $ | 1,623 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |
| Large Cap |  | 4,411 |  |  |  | 4,411 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| International |  | 2,915 |  |  |  | 2,915 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common/Collective: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Liability Driven Solution |  | 3,543 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,543 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo International Equity Index Fund |  | 1,080 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,080 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Core Bond |  | 1,774 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,774 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/Causeway |  | 1,112 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,112 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Large Cap Growth Index Fund |  | 1,429 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,429 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Large Cap Value Index Fund |  | 1,415 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,415 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Multi-Manager Small Cap |  | 1,707 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,707 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo Russell 2000 Index Fund |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo S&P Mid Cap Index Fund |  | 942 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 942 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/MFS Value CIT F |  | 736 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 736 |  |  |  | — |
| Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price I Large-Cap Growth Managed CIT |  | 749 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | — |
| T. Rowe Price Equity Income |  | 738 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 738 |  |  |  | — |
Cash & Short-term Investments |  | 737 |  |  |  | 737 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
| Total |  | $ | 25,711 |  |  |  | $ | 9,686 |  |  |  | $ | 16,025 |  |  |  | $ | — |

Our interests in the common collective trust investments are managed by one custodian. Consistent with our investment policy, the custodian has invested the assets across a widely diversified portfolio of U.S. and international equity and fixed income securities. Fair values of each security within the collective trust as of December 31, 2016 were obtained from the custodian and are based on quoted market prices of individual investments; however, since the fund itself does not have a quoted market price, these assets are considered Level 2.
The common collective funds noted in the above table have estimated fair value using the net asset value per share of investments. Investments can be redeemed immediately at the current net asset value per share based on the fair value of the underlying assets. Redemption frequency is daily. The categories contain investments in equity securities of smaller growing companies, medium-sized U.S. companies, large value-oriented and growth-oriented companies, and foreign companies traded on international markets.
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Expected benefit payments are estimated using the same assumptions used in determining our benefit obligation as of December 31, 2016. The following table illustrates the estimated pension benefit payments that are projected to be paid:

(in thousands) | Employees’ Retirement Plan
2017 |  | $ | 1,033 |  |
2018 |  | 1,130 |  |
2019 |  | 1,149 |  |
2020 |  | 1,192 |  |
2021 |  | 1,249 |  |
Years 2022 through 2026 |  | 6,473 |  |

Supplemental Retirement Plan
The Board of Directors of the Company adopted the Alamo Group Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), effective as of January 3, 2011. The SERP will benefit certain key management or other highly compensated employees of the Company and/or certain subsidiaries who are selected by the Compensation Committee and approved by the Board to participate.
The SERP is intended to provide a benefit from the Company upon retirement, death or disability, or a change in control of the Company. Accordingly, the SERP obligates the Company to pay to a participant a Retirement Benefit (as defined in the SERP) upon the occurrence of certain payment events to the extent a participant has a vested right thereto. A participant’s right to his or her Retirement Benefit becomes vested in the Company’s contributions upon 10 years of Credited Service (as defined in the SERP) or a change in control of the Company. The Retirement Benefit is based on 20% of the final three-year average salary of each participant on or after his or her normal retirement age (65 years of age). In the event of the participant’s death or a change in control, the participant’s vested retirement benefit will be paid in a lump sum to the participant or his or her estate, as applicable, within 90 days after the participant’s death or a change in control, as applicable. In the event the participant is entitled to a benefit from the SERP due to disability, retirement or other termination of employment, the benefit will be paid in monthly installments over a period of fifteen years.
The Company records amounts relating to the SERP based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, rate of compensation increases, retirement dates and life expectancies. The net periodic costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the SERP benefits.
In May of 2015, the Board amended the SERP to allow the Board to modify the retirement benefit percentage either higher or lower than 20%. In May of 2016, the Board added additional highly compensated employees to the plan. As of December 31, 2016, the current retirement benefit (as defined in the plan) for the participants ranges from 10% to 20%.
The change in the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, is shown below, in thousands:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Benefit obligation at January 1, |  | $ | 3,962 |  |  | $ | 3,732 |
Service cost |  | 176 |  |  | 121 |
Interest cost |  | 175 |  |  | 137 |
Liability actuarial loss (gain) |  | 183 |  |  | (24 | )
Benefits Paid |  | (67 | ) |  | (4 | )
Plan amendments |  | 958 |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at December 31, |  | $ | 5,387 |  |  | $ | 3,962 |

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The components of net periodic pension expense were as follows, in thousands:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Service cost |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 121 |
Interest cost |  | 175 |  |  | 137 |
Amortization of prior service cost |  | 364 |  |  | 342 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 715 |  |  | $ | 600 |

The Company estimates that $406,000 of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit costs during 2017.
In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:

|  | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate |  | 3.85% | 4.05%
Composite rate of compensation increase |  | 3.00% | 3.00%

Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:

|  | 2016 | 2015
Discount rate |  | 4.05% | 3.70%
Composite rate of compensation increase |  | 3.00% | 3.00%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets |  | N/A | N/A

Future estimated benefits expected to be paid from the plan over the next ten years as follows in thousands:

2017 | $ | 174 |
2018 | 287 |
2019 | 290 |
2020 | 310 |
2021 | 312 |
Years 2022 through 2026 | 2,114 |

Defined Contribution Plans
The Company has two defined contribution plans, The Gradall Salaried Employees’ Savings and Investment Plan (“Salary Plan”) and The International Association of Machinist and Aerospace Workers Retirement Plan (“IAM Plan”). The Company contributed $435,000 and $414,000 to the IAM Plan for the plan years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company converted the Salary Plan into its 401(k) retirement and savings plan and put the Hourly Plan into a separate 401(k) retirement and savings plan.
The Company provides a defined contribution 401(k) retirement and savings plan for eligible U.S. employees. Company matching contributions are based on a percentage of employee contributions. Company contributions to the plan during 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $1,900,000, $1,871,000, and $1,466,000, respectively.
Three of the Company’s international subsidiaries also participate in a defined contribution and savings plan covering eligible employees. The Company’s international subsidiaries contribute between 3% and 10% of the participant’s salary up to a specific limit. Total contributions made to the above plans were $735,000, $864,000, and $806,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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14. SEGMENT REPORTING
The Company has three reportable segments: Industrial, Agricultural and European. The Company’s sales are principally within the United States, United Kingdom, France, Canada and Australia. The Company sells its products primarily through a network of independent dealers and distributors to governmental end-users, related independent contractors, as well as to the agricultural and commercial turf markets.
The Company has included a summary of the financial information by reporting segment. The following table presents the revenues and income from operations by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014:

| December 31,
(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net Revenue |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 484,088 |  |  | $ | 498,761 |  |  | $ | 436,018 |
Agricultural | 205,834 |  |  | 208,257 |  |  | 214,326 |
European | 154,826 |  |  | 172,559 |  |  | 188,711 |
Consolidated | $ | 844,748 |  |  | $ | 879,577 |  |  | $ | 839,055 |
Income from Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 35,984 |  |  | $ | 42,194 |  |  | $ | 39,377 |
Agricultural | 20,720 |  |  | 17,295 |  |  | 11,714 |
European | 10,916 |  |  | 7,039 |  |  | 11,573 |
Consolidated | $ | 67,620 |  |  | $ | 66,528 |  |  | $ | 62,664 |

The following table presents the goodwill and total identifiable assets by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:

(in thousands) | December 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Goodwill |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 56,447 |  |  | $ | 56,293 |
Agricultural | 3,489 |  |  | 2,984 |
European | 14,889 |  |  | 16,232 |
Consolidated | $ | 74,825 |  |  | $ | 75,509 |
Total Identifiable Assets |  |  |
Industrial | $ | 339,064 |  |  | $ | 370,642 |
Agricultural | 111,120 |  |  | 110,489 |
European | 102,592 |  |  | 122,372 |
Consolidated | $ | 552,776 |  |  | $ | 603,503 |

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15. INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Following is selected financial information on the Company’s international operations which include Europe, Canada and Australia:

| December 31,
(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net sales | $ | 232,291 |  |  | $ | 243,108 |  |  | $ | 260,874 |
Income from operations | 18,544 |  |  | 9,682 |  |  | 15,840 |
Income before income taxes | 18,720 |  |  | 15,840 |  |  | 17,315 |
Identifiable assets | 167,990 |  |  | 194,839 |  |  | 219,036 |

Following is other selected geographic financial information on the Company’s operations:

| December 31,
(in thousands) | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Geographic net sales: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 615,028 |  |  | $ | 635,923 |  |  | $ | 571,817 |
United Kingdom | 45,184 |  |  | 59,621 |  |  | 58,976 |
France | 79,070 |  |  | 80,762 |  |  | 93,699 |
Canada | 48,357 |  |  | 44,388 |  |  | 54,087 |
Australia | 13,580 |  |  | 13,801 |  |  | 13,702 |
Other | 43,529 |  |  | 45,082 |  |  | 46,774 |
Total net sales | $ | 844,748 |  |  | $ | 879,577 |  |  | $ | 839,055 |
Geographic location of long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 166,707 |  |  | $ | 174,811 |  |  | $ | 168,404 |
United Kingdom | 16,254 |  |  | 20,338 |  |  | 20,840 |
France | 16,772 |  |  | 18,755 |  |  | 21,728 |
Canada | 19,435 |  |  | 21,466 |  |  | 23,354 |
Australia | 1,401 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 1,358 |
Brazil | 3,621 |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | — |
Total long-lived assets | $ | 224,190 |  |  | $ | 239,301 |  |  | $ | 235,684 |

Net sales are attributed to countries based on the location of customers.
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16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Leases
The Company leases office space and equipment under various operating leases, which generally are expected to be renewed or replaced by other leases. In 2016, all previously disclosed capital leases ended. The Company did not enter into any new capital leases. As of December 31, 2016, future minimum lease payments under these non-cancelable leases are:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Leases
2017 |  | $ | 3,130 |
2018 |  | 2,110 |
2019 |  | 1,241 |
2020 |  | 734 |
2021 |  | 333 |
Thereafter |  | 36 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 7,584 |

Rental expense for operating leases was $4,060,000 for 2016, $4,295,000 for 2015, and $3,666,000 for 2014.
Purchase obligations of $89,355,000 represent an estimate of goods and services to be purchased under outstanding purchase orders not reflected on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2016. New purchase obligations should be received and paid for during the current fiscal year.
Other
Like other manufacturers, the Company is subject to a broad range of federal, state, local and foreign laws and requirements, including those concerning air emissions, discharges into waterways, and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous substances and waste materials, as well as the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances at the Company’s facilities and off-site disposal locations, workplace safety and equal employment opportunities. These laws and regulations are constantly changing, and it is impossible to predict with accuracy the effect that changes to such laws and regulations may have on the Company in the future. Like other industrial concerns, the Company’s manufacturing operations entail the risk of noncompliance, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not incur material costs or other liabilities as a result thereof.
The Company knows that its Indianola, Iowa property is contaminated with chromium which most likely resulted from chrome plating operations which were discontinued before the Company purchased the property. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have also been detected in water samples on the property, though the source is unknown at this time. The Company voluntarily worked with an environmental consultant and the state of Iowa with respect to these issues and believes it completed its remediation program in June 2006. The work was accomplished within the Company’s environmental liability reserve balance. We requested a “no further action” classification from the state. We received a conditional “no further action” letter in January of 2009. When we demonstrate stable or improving conditions below residential standards for a certain period of time by monitoring existing wells, we will request an unconditional “no further action” letter.
Alamo Group Inc. and Bush Hog, Inc. were added as defendants in 2013 to litigation by Deere & Company as plaintiff against Bush Hog, LLC (now Duroc, LLC) and Great Plains Manufacturing Incorporated, in which Deere alleged infringement of a mower-related patent. The jury concluded that not only did the defendants not infringe the patent, but that the patent was invalid as well. The Company expensed $2,100,000 in legal fees related to this lawsuit in 2013. Deere & Company appealed and requested a new trial. A hearing on the appeal was held on October 8, 2015. On May 26, 2016 the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court ruling and validating the jury’s finding that the defendants did not infringe the patent, and that the Deere & Company patent was invalid. This matter has been finally adjudicated and is no longer subject to further appeal by Deere & Company or any other parties.
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Certain assets of the Company contain asbestos that may have to be remediated over time. The Company believes that any subsequent change in the liability associated with the asbestos removal will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
The Company is subject to various other federal, state, and local laws affecting its business, as well as a variety of regulations relating to such matters as working conditions, equal employment opportunities, and product safety. A variety of state laws regulate the Company’s contractual relationships with its dealers, some of which impose restrictive standards on the relationship between the Company and its dealers, including events of default, grounds for termination, non-renewal of dealer contracts, and equipment repurchase requirements. The Company believes it is currently in material compliance with all such applicable laws and regulations.
17. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (Unaudited)
Summarized quarterly financial data for 2016 and 2015 are presented below. Seasonal influences affect the Company’s sales and profits, with peak business occurring in May through August.
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| 2016 |  | 2015
| First | Second | Third | Fourth |  | First | Second | Third | Fourth
Sales | $ | 210,971 |  | $ | 211,489 |  | $ | 216,766 |  | $ | 205,522 |  |  | $ | 207,798 |  | $ | 215,734 |  | $ | 231,614 |  | $ | 224,431 |
Gross profit | 50,277 |  | 52,178 |  | 54,711 |  | 47,933 |  |  | 45,537 |  | 50,665 |  | 57,509 |  | 48,737 |
Net income | 8,659 |  | 10,562 |  | 13,236 |  | 7,588 |  |  | 7,359 |  | 9,710 |  | 14,756 |  | 11,384 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | 0.75 |  | $ | 0.92 |  | $ | 1.14 |  | $ | 0.65 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  | $ | 0.84 |  | $ | 1.28 |  | $ | 0.99 |
Average shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | 11,507 |  | 11,550 |  | 11,595 |  | 11,608 |  |  | 11,436 |  | 11,498 |  | 11,496 |  | 11,500 |
Dividends per share | $ | 0.09 |  | $ | 0.09 |  | $ | 0.09 |  | $ | 0.09 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  | $ | 0.08 |  | $ | 0.08 |  | $ | 0.08 |
Market price of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
High | $ | 61.82 |  | $ | 66.01 |  | $ | 68.04 |  | $ | 78.91 |  |  | $ | 63.39 |  | $ | 64.45 |  | $ | 55.12 |  | $ | 57.51 |
Low | $ | 48.26 |  | $ | 52.82 |  | $ | 61.49 |  | $ | 59.55 |  |  | $ | 44.74 |  | $ | 48.10 |  | $ | 44.48 |  | $ | 43.98 |

The sum of quarterly earnings per share may not equal total year earnings per share due to rounding of earnings per share amounts, and differences in weighted-average shares and equivalent shares outstanding for each of the periods presented.
18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On February 8, 2017, the Company announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire substantially all of the assets of Old Dominion Brush Company, Inc. (ODB). ODB manufactures and sells replacement brooms for street sweepers and leaf vacuum units primarily sold to municipalities, contractors and commercial landscape markets. The purchase is expected to close in the near future and is subject to pre-closing requirements.
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