EX-99.1 2 exhibit99-1.htm EXHIBIT 99.1 Endeavour Silver Corp.: Exhibit 99.1 - Filed by newsfilecorp.com

National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report:

Updated Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates for the

Guanaceví Project, Durango State, Mexico




Report Date: March 3, 2016
Effective Date: December 31, 2015

Prepared for:

301 – 700 West Pender Street
Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6C 1G8

Prepared by:

Hard Rock Consulting, LLC
7114 W. Jefferson Avenue Suite 308
Lakewood, CO 80235
HRC Project Number: 15-CSM-1001

Endorsed by QP(s):
Zachary J. Black, (HRC), SME-RM (No. 4156858RM)
J. J. Brown, P.G. (HRC), SME-RM (No. 4168244RM)
Jeff Choquette, P.E. (HRC), State of Montana (No. 12265)


IMPORTANT NOTICE

This report was prepared as a National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report for Endeavour Silver Corp. (“EDR”) by Hardrock Consulting, LLC (“HRC”). The quality of information, conclusions, and estimates contained herein is consistent with the scope of HRC’s services based on: i) information available at the time of preparation, ii) data supplied by outside sources, and iii) the assumptions, conditions, and qualifications set forth in this report. This report is intended for use by EDR subject to the terms and conditions of its contract with HRC, which permits EDR to file this report with Canadian Securities Regulatory Authorities pursuant to National Instrument 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects. Except for the purposes legislated under provincial securities law, any other use of this report by any third party is at that party’s sole risk.



Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Certificates of Author

CERTIFICATES OF QUALIFIED PERSONS

I, Zachary J. Black, SME-RM, do hereby certify that:

 

1.

I am currently employed as Principal Resource Geologist by:

   

 

 

         Hard Rock Consulting, LLC

 

         7114 W. Jefferson Ave., Ste. 308

 

         Lakewood, Colorado 80235 U.S.A.

   

 

2.

I am a graduate of the University of Nevada, Reno with a Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering, and have practiced my profession continuously since 2005.

   

 

 

3.

I am a registered member of the Society of Mining and Metallurgy and Exploration (No. 4156858RM)

   

 

4.

I have worked as a Geological Engineer/Resource Geologist for a total of ten years since my graduation from university; as an employee of a major mining company, a major engineering company, and as a consulting engineer with extensive experience in structurally controlled precious and base metal deposits.

   

 

5.

I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI 43- 101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43-101.

   

 

6.

I personally inspected the Guanaceví Project September 2nd through September 5th, 2015, and October 28th through October 31st, 2015.

   

 

7.

I am responsible for the preparation of the report titled “National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, Updated Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Project, Durango State, Mexico,” dated March 3rd, 2016, with an effective date of December, 31 2015, with specific responsibility for Sections 1.4 and 9 through 12 and 14 of this report.

   

 

 

8.

I have had no prior involvement with the property that is the subject of this Technical Report.

   

 

9.

As of the date of this certificate and as of the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information required to be disclosed to make the report not misleading.

   

 

 

10.

I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests in section 1.5 of NI 43-101.

   

 

11.

I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.

Dated this 3rd day of March, 2016.
“Signed” Zachary J. Black


Zachary J. Black, SME-RM                                                        
Printed name of Qualified Person


March 3, 2016 i


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Certificates of Author

CERTIFICATES OF QUALIFIED PERSONS

I, Jennifer J. Brown, P.G., do hereby certify that:

  1. I am currently employed as Principal Geologist by:
     
             Hard Rock Consulting, LLC
             7114 W. Jefferson Ave., Ste. 308
             Lakewood, Colorado 80235 U.S.A.
     
  2. I am a graduate of the University of Montana and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Geology in 1996.
     
  3. I am a:

  Licensed Professional Geologist in the State of Wyoming (PG-3719)
     
  Registered Professional Geologist in the State of Idaho (PGL-1414)
     
  Registered Member in good standing of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. (4168244RM)

4.

I have worked as a geologist for a total of 19 years since graduation from the University of Montana, as an employee of various engineering and consulting firms and the U.S.D.A. Forest Service. I have more than 10 collective years of experience directly related to mining and or economic and saleable minerals exploration and resource development, including geotechnical exploration, geologic analysis and interpretation, resource evaluation, and technical reporting.

   

 

5.

I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI 43- 101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43-101.

   

 

6.

I am responsible for the preparation of the report titled “National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, Updated Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Project, Durango State, Mexico,” dated March 3rd, 2016, with an effective date of December, 31 2015, with specific responsibility for Sections 2 through 8 of this report.

   

 

 

7.

I have had no prior involvement with the property that is the subject of this Technical Report.

   

 

8.

As of the date of this certificate and as of the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information required to be disclosed to make the report not misleading.

   

 

 

9.

I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests in section 1.5 of NI 43-101.

   

 

10.

I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and form.

Dated this 3rd day of March, 2016.
“Signed” Jennifer J. (J.J.) Brown


Jennifer J. (J.J.) Brown, SME-RM                                       
Printed name of Qualified Person


March 3, 2016 ii


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Certificates of Author

CERTIFICATES OF QUALIFIED PERSONS

I, Jeffery W. Choquette, P.E., do hereby certify that:

  1.

I am currently employed as Principal Engineer by:

       
 

Hard Rock Consulting, LLC

 

7114 W. Jefferson Ave., Ste. 308
Lakewood, Colorado 80235 U.S.A.

       
  I am a graduate of Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology and received a Bachelor of
       
 

Science degree in Mining Engineering in 1995.

       
  2.

I am a:


  Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Montana (No. 12265)
     
  QP Member in Mining and Ore Reserves in good standing of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America (No. 01425QP)

3.

I have nineteen years of domestic and international experience in project development, resource and reserve modeling, mine operations, mine engineering, project evaluation, and financial analysis. I have worked for mining and exploration companies for fifteen years and as a consulting engineer for three and a half years. I have been involved in industrial minerals, base metals and precious metal mining projects in the United States, Canada, Mexico and South America.

   

 

4.

I have read the definition of “qualified person” set out in National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”) and certify that by reason of my education, affiliation with a professional association (as defined in NI 43- 101) and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a “qualified person” for the purposes of NI 43-101.

   

 

 

5.

I personally inspected the Guanaceví Project September 2nd through September 5th, 2015.

   

 

6.

I am responsible for the preparation of the report titled “National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report, Updated Mineral Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Project, Durango State, Mexico,” dated March 3rd, 2016, with an effective date of December, 31 2015, with specific responsibility for Sections 1.5, 13, and 15 through 27 of this report.

   

 

 

7.

I have had no prior involvement with the property that is the subject of this Technical Report.

   

 

8.

As of the date of this certificate and as of the effective date of the Technical Report, to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, the Technical Report contains all scientific and technical information required to be disclosed to make the report not misleading.

   

 

 

9.

I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests in section 1.5 of NI 43-101.

   

 

10.

I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with that


Dated this 3rd day of March, 2016.

“Signed” Jeffery W. Choquette


Jeffery W. Choquette, P.E.                                                  
Printed name of Qualified Person



March 3, 2016 iii


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
     
  1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
  1.2 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND OWNERSHIP 1
  1.3 GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION 1
  1.4 STATUS OF EXPLORATION 2
  1.5 DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS 2
  1.6 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE 3
  1.7 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE 5
  1.8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6
         
2. INTRODUCTION 8
     
  2.1 ISSUER AND TERMS OF REFERENCE 8
  2.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 8
  2.3 QUALIFIED PERSONS AND PERSONAL INSPECTION 10
  2.4 UNITS OF MEASURE 10
         
3. RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS 11
     
4. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION 12
     
  4.1 PROJECT LOCATION 12
  4.2 MINERAL TENURE, AGREEMENTS AND ENCUMBRANCES 15
  4.3 PERMITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITIES 16
         
5. ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 17
     
  5.1 ACCESS AND CLIMATE 17
  5.2 LOCAL RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 17
  5.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY 18
  5.4 SURFACE RIGHTS 18
         
6. HISTORY 19
     
  6.1 HISTORICAL EXPLORATION 19
  6.2 HISTORICAL PRODUCTION 19
       
        6.2.1      Mining 19
        6.2.2      Production 20
         
  6.3 HISTORICAL MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES 21
       
7.      GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION 22
     
  7.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 22
       
        7.1.1 Guanaceví Formation 22
        7.1.2 Lower Volcanic Sequence 23
        7.1.3 Upper Volcanic Sequence 23
        7.1.4 Structural Setting 25
         
  7.2 PROJECT GEOLOGY 25
       
        7.2.1 Local Structure 26
        7.2.2 Alteration 27
         
  7.3 MINERALIZATION 27
       
        7.3.1 Santa Cruz Vein 27

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

              7.3.2 Footwall Veins 28
         
8. DEPOSIT TYPE 29
     
9. EXPLORATION 31
     
      9.1 EDR EXPLORATION PRIOR TO 2015 31
    9.2 2015 EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES 31
              9.2.1 Sampling Method and Approach 31
              9.2.2 2015 Local Field Exploration 32
              9.2.3 Regional Exploration 35
         
10. DRILLING 38
         
      10.1 DRILLING PROCEDURES 38
      10.2 EDR CORE LOGGING PROCEDURES 39
      10.3 EDR DRILLING PROGRAMS AND RESULTS 39
              10.3.1 2015 Surface Drilling Program 42
              10.3.2 2015 Underground Drilling Program 46
         
11. SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY 59
     
      11.1 METHODS 59
              11.1.1 Underground Sampling 59
              11.1.2 Exploration Sampling 59
      11.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS 60
              11.2.1 Underground Channel Samples 60
              11.2.2 Exploration Drilling 60
      11.3 QUALITY CONTROL / QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA/QC) PROGRAM 61
              11.3.1 Underground Channel Sample QA/QC 61
              11.3.2 Surface and Underground Exploration 67
     11.4 ADEQUACY OF DATA 75
         
12. DATA VERIFICATION 76
     
      12.1 DATABASE AUDIT 76
      12.2 MECHANICAL AUDIT 76
              12.2.1 Overlaps 77
              12.2.2 Table Depth Consistency 77
      12.3 CERTIFICATES 77
      12.4 ADEQUACY OF DATA 78
       
13. MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING 79
     
      13.1 METALLURGICAL TESTING 79
       
              13.1.1 Mineralogy 79
              13.1.2 Flotation 80
              13.1.3 Hot cyanide leach 80
              13.1.4 Leach tests of exploration samples (Milache) 80
      13.2 PROCESS PLANT 81
      13.3 COMMENTS ON SECTION 13 81
       
14. MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES 82
     
      14.1 DENSITY 82
      14.2 METHODOLOGY 82

March 3, 2016 v


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

      14.3 VERTICAL LONGITUDINAL PROJECTION 83
              14.3.1 Composite Calculations 86
              14.3.2 Area and Volume Calculations 86
              14.3.3 VLP Mineral Resource Classification 87
      14.4 3D BLOCK MODEL METHOD 87
              14.4.1 Geologic Model 87
              14.4.2 Block Model 91
              14.4.3 Compositing 93
              14.4.4 Capping 95
              14.4.5 Variography 97
              14.4.6 Estimation Parameters 100
              14.4.7 Model Validation 100
      14.5 GUANACEVÍ MINERAL RESOURCE STATEMENT 110
              14.5.1 VLP Mineral Resource Estimate 111
             14.5.2 3D Block Model Mineral Resource Estimate 111
              14.5.3 Guanaceví Mineral Resource Statement 114
         
15. MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES 116
     
      15.1 CALCULATION PARAMETERS 116
              15.1.1 Dilution 116
              15.1.2 Cutoff Grade 117
              15.1.3 Reconciliation of Mineral Reserves to Production 118
      15.2 MINERAL RESERVES 119
      15.3 RESERVE CLASSIFICATION 121
      15.4 FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE RESERVE CALCULATION 122
       
16. MINING METHODS 123
     
      16.1 MINING OPERATIONS 123
      16.2 GEOTECHNICAL FACTORS 123
      16.3 MINING METHOD 124
      16.4 MINE EQUIPMENT 125
      16.5 MINE PRODUCTION 125
       
17. RECOVERY METHODS 127
     
      17.1 PRODUCTION 127
      17.2 MINERAL PROCESSING 127
       
18. PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE 130
     
      18.1 MINE PUMPING, VENTILATION AND ELECTRICAL 130
      18.2 TAILINGS DAM 132
       
19. MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS 135
     
20. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT 137
     
      20.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY 137
      20.2 CLOSURE PLAN 137
      20.3 PERMITTING 138
      20.4 SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY IMPACT 139
       
21. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS 142

March 3, 2016 vi


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

      21.1 CAPITAL COSTS 142
      21.2 OPERATING COSTS 142
       
22. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 143
       
23. ADJACENT PROPERTIES 144
       
24. OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION 145
       
25. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS 146
       
    25.1 DECEMBER 31, 2015 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE 146
      25.2 DECEMBER 31, 2015 MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE 146
      25.3 CONCLUSIONS 147
       
26. RECOMMENDATIONS 149
       
      26.1 EXPLORATION PROGRAM 149
      26.2 SURFACE EXPLORATION PROGRAM 149
      26.3 UNDERGROUND EXPLORATION PROGRAM 149
      26.4 GEOLOGY, BLOCK MODELING, MINERAL RESOURCES AND RESERVES 149
       
27. REFERENCES 151

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 4-1   PROJECT LOCATION MAP 12
   
FIGURE 4-2   GUANACEVÍ MINES PROJECT, MINERAL CONCESSIONS MAP 13
   
FIGURE 7-1   REGIONAL GEOLOGY MAP FOR THE GUANACEVÍ MINING DISTRICT 24
   
FIGURE 7-2   GUANACEVÍ MINES PROJECT GEOLOGY MAP 26
   
FIGURE 8-1   ALTERATION AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTIONS WITHIN A LOW SULPHIDATION EPITHERMAL VEIN SYSTEM . 30
   
FIGURE 9-1   LOCAL EXPLORATION TARGETS MAP 32
   
FIGURE 9-2   SURFACE MAP OF THE GARIBALDI AREA 33
   
FIGURE 9-3   SURFACE MAP OF THE SANTA CRUZ WEST AREA. 34
   
FIGURE 9-4   SURFACE MAP OF THE LA GUIRNALDA AREA. 35
   
FIGURE 9-5   GOOGLE EARTH IMAGE SHOWING REGIONAL EXPLORATION TARGETS (GREEN) 36
   
FIGURE 10-1   2014 UNDERGROUND DRILLING, NORTH PORVENIR 40
   
FIGURE 10-2   2014 SURFACE DRILLING, SANTA CRUZ SOUTH 41
   
FIGURE 10-3   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING NE), SANTA CRUZ EAST 43
   
FIGURE 10-4   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING NE), PORVENIR COMEDOR 45
   
FIGURE 10-5   SURFACE MAP SHOWING COMPLETED DRILLHOLE S AT NORTH PORVENIR 48
   
FIGURE 10-6   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING NE), NORTH PORVENIR 50
   
FIGURE 10-7   SURFACE MAP SHOWING COMPLETED DRILLHOLES AT SANTA CRUZ 52
   
FIGURE 10-8   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING NE), SANTA CRUZ MINE 55
   
FIGURE 10-9   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING NE), SANTA CRUZ VEIN (PORVENIR 4) 57
   
FIGURE 10-10   LONGITUDINAL SECTION (LOOKING EAST), VETA NUEVA (PORVENIR 4) 58

March 3, 2016 vii


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

FIGURE 11-1   PRODUCTION SAMPLES BLANK ANALYSIS FOR SILVER 62
   
FIGURE 11-2   PRODUCTION SAMPLES BLANK ANALYSIS FOR GOLD 63
   
FIGURE 11-3   SILVER PULP DUPLICATES 64
   
FIGURE 11-4   GOLD PULP DUPLICATES 64
   
FIGURE 11-5   SILVER REJECT DUPLICATES 65
   
FIGURE 11-6   GOLD REJECT DUPLICATES 65
   
FIGURE 11-7   SILVER FIELD DUPLICATES 66
   
FIGURE 11-8   GOLD FIELD DUPLICATES 66
   
FIGURE 11-9   FLOW SHEET FOR CORE SAMPLING, SAMPLE PREP AND ANALYSIS 68
   
FIGURE 11-10   CONTROL CHART FOR GOLD ASSAY FROM THE BLANK SAMPLES INSERTED INTO THE SAMPLE STREAM. 69
   
FIGURE 11-11   CONTROL CHART FOR SILVER ASSAY FROM THE BLANK SAMPLES INSERTED INTO THE SAMPLE STREAM. 69
   
FIGURE 11-12   SCATTER PLOT FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLES OF GOLD 70
   
FIGURE 11-13   SCATTER PLOT FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLES OF SILVER 70
   
FIGURE 11-14  CONTROL CHART FOR GOLD ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-31 73
   
FIGURE 11-15   CONTROL CHART FOR SILVER ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-31 73
   
FIGURE 11-16   CONTROL CHART FOR GOLD ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-39 73
   
FIGURE 11-17   CONTROL CHART FOR SILVER ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-39 73
   
FIGURE 11-18   CONTROL CHART FOR GOLD ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-43 74
   
FIGURE 11-19   CONTROL CHART FOR SILVER ASSAYS FROM THE STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLE EDR-43 74
   
FIGURE 11-20   SCATTER PLOT OF CHECK ASSAYS FOR GOLD 75
   
FIGURE 11-21   SCATTER PLOT OF CHECK ASSAYS FOR SILVER 75
   
FIGURE 14-1   VLP SHOWING THE EPSILON - SOTO VEIN WITH INDICATED (BLUE), AND INFERRED (GREY) RESOURCE BLOCKS 85
   
FIGURE 14-2   CROSS SECTION DIAGRAM OF VLP METHOD 86
   
FIGURE 14-3   SANTA CRUZ VEIN – PRINCIPAL AREA (VIEWING THE SOUTHERN EXTENT OF THE MAIN SANTA CRUZ VEIN, A12 PRINCIPAL, A12 TRINCHE, A 13 TRINCHE, R1, R2, R2 (LOWER), R3, AND RINT) 87
   
FIGURE 14-4   SANTA CRUZ VEIN – PRINCIPAL AREA (VIEWING THE SOUTHERN EXTENT OF THE MAIN SANTA CRUZ VEIN, A12 PRINCIPAL, A12 TRINCHE, A 13 TRINCHE, R1, R2, R2 (LOWER), R3, AND RINT) 88
   
FIGURE 14-5   SANTA CRUZ VEIN – BAJO AREA (VIEWING THE SOUTHERN EXTENT OF THE MAIN SANTA CRUZ VEIN, BAJO, AND BAJO 2) 88
   
FIGURE 14-6   SANTA CRUZ VEIN – PORVENIR NORTE AREA (VIEWING THE NORTHERN EXTENT OF THE MAIN SANTA CRUZ VEIN, PORVENIR NORTE ZN, AND PORVENIR NORTE Z2) 89
   
FIGURE 14-7   SANTA CRUZ VEIN – PORVENIR NORTE AREA (VIEWING THE NORTHERN EXTENT OF THE MAIN SANTA CRUZ VEIN, PORVENIR NORTE ZN, AND PORVENIR NORTE Z2) 89
   
FIGURE 14-8   MILACHE VEIN AREA (VIEWING MILACHE AND MILACHE FW) 90
   
FIGURE 14-9   SANTA CRUZ SOUTH VEIN AREA (VIEWING SANTA CRUZ SOUTH, SANTA CRUZ SOUTH FW1, AND SANTA CRUZ SOUTH FW2) 90
   
FIGURE 14-10   LONG SECTION VIEW OF SANTA CRUZ VEIN WITH MINED OUT AREAS CLIPPED FROM MODELED VEIN. 91

March 3, 2016 viii


Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

FIGURE 14-11   SANTA CRUZ VEIN VARIOGRAM MODELS FOR SILVER (TOP) AND GOLD (BOTTOM)

98
   

FIGURE 14-12   SILVER SEARCH VOLUME AS DEFINED BY THE VARIOGRAM MODEL (FIGURE DISPLAYED IN 2D LOCAL COORDINATES)

99
   

FIGURE 14-13   LONG SECTION VIEW OF SANTA CRUZ VEIN BLOCK MODEL SHOWING THE ESTIMATED SILVER GRADES AND COMPOSITES

108
   

FIGURE 14-14   LONG SECTION VIEW OF SANTA CRUZ VEIN BLOCK MODEL SHOWING THE ESTIMATED GOLD GRADES AND COMPOSITES

109
   

FIGURE 15-1   SANTA CRUZ VEIN RESOURCE AND RESERVE SECTION

120
   

FIGURE 17-1   VIEW OF LEACH TANKS AND CCD CIRCUITS

127
   

FIGURE 18-1   PORTAL FOR THE PORVENIR 4 MINE

131
   

FIGURE 18-2   AERIAL VIEW OF THE PLANT AND TAILING FACILITIES OF THE GUANACEVÍ MINES PROJECT

133
   

FIGURE 18-3   AERIAL FILTRATION CIRCUIT BUILDING (LEFT); TWO DIEMME FILTER PRESSES (RIGHT)

133
   

FIGURE 18-4   VIEW OF THE NEW ROSARIO TAILINGS WATER POND WITH CAPACITY 10,000 M3 (ON THE LEFT); VIEW OF THE DRY STACK TAILINGS DAM FROM THE NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST (ON THE RIGHT)

134
   

FIGURE 18-5   VIEW TO WATER EXTRACTION WELLS (LEFT); AND TO THE SOUTH, WATER POND (RIGHT)

134

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE, EFFECTIVE DATE DECEMBER 31, 2015
   
TABLE 1-2   MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE
   
TABLE 4-1   GUANACEVÍ MINES CONCESSIONS CONTROLLED BY EDR 13
   
TABLE 4-2   SUMMARY OF ENDEAVOUR SILVER’S SURFACE ACCESS RIGHTS 15
   
TABLE 4-3   SUMMARY OF ENDEAVOUR SILVER’S ROYALTIES 16
   
TABLE 6-1   SUMMARY OF THE PRODUCTION FOR THE GUANACEVÍ PROPERTY (1991 TO 2003) 21
   
TABLE 7-1   GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN IN THE GUANACEVÍ MINING DISTRICT 24
   
TABLE 9-1   SUMMARY OF THE REGIONAL EXPLORATION CONDUCTED BY ENDEAVOUR ON EXTERNAL CONCESSIONS 37
   
TABLE 10-1   DRILLING SUMMARY FOR SANTA CRUZ VEIN STRUCTURE AT GUANACEVÍ MINES PROJECT (AS OF DECEMBER, 2015) 39
   
TABLE 10-2   2015 SURFACE DRILLING SUMMARY, SANTA CRUZ EAST 42
   
TABLE 10-3   2015 SURFACE DRILLING SUMMARY, PORVENIR COMEDOR 42
   
TABLE 10-4   2015 SURFACE DRILLING RESULTS, PORVENIR COMEDOR 44
   
TABLE 10-5   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING SUMMARY, NORTH PORVENIR 46
   
TABLE 10-6   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING SUMMARY, SANTA CRUZ MINE 47
   
TABLE 10-7   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING SUMMARY, VETA NUEVA VEIN (PORVENIR 4) 47
   
TABLE 10-8   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING SUMMARY, SANTA CRUZ VEIN (PORVENIR 4) 47
   
TABLE 10-9   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING RESULTS, DEEP NORTH PORVENIR 49
   
TABLE 10-10   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING RESULTS, SANTA CRUZ MINE 53
   
TABLE 10-11   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING RESULTS, VETA NUEVA (PORVENIR 4) 56
   
TABLE 10-12   2015 UNDERGROUND DRILLING RESULTS, SANTA CRUZ (PORVENIR 4) 56

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Guanaceví Project Table of Contents

TABLE 11-1   SUMMARY OF CONTROL SAMPLES USED FOR THE 2015 SURFACE & UNDERGROUND EXPLORATION PROGRAM 67
   
TABLE 11-2   REFERENCE STANDARDS USED FOR ENDEAVOUR SILVER’S DRILLING PROGRAMS 71
   
TABLE 11-3   BASIS FOR INTERPRETING STANDARD SAMPLE ASSAYS 71
   
TABLE 11-4   SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS OF REFERENCE STANDARDS 72
   
TABLE 12-1   DATABASE IMPORT SUMMARY 77
   
TABLE 13-1   SILVER AND GOLD DISTRIBUTION IN ORE AND LEACH RESIDUE SAMPLES 79
   
TABLE 13-2   SUMMARY OF MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ORE AND LEACH RESIDUE SAMPLES 80
   
TABLE 13-3   RESULTS OF BOTTLE ROLL TESTS ON MILACHE ORE SAMPLES 80
   
TABLE 14-1   STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF DENSITY DATA 82
   
TABLE 14-2   SUMMARY OF VEINS INCLUDED IN THE MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE 83
   
TABLE 14-3   GUANACEVÍ BLOCK MODEL PARAMETERS 92
   
TABLE 14-4   VEIN MODEL SAMPLE STATISTICS 93
   
TABLE 14-5   COMPOSITE TRUE THICKNESS STATISTICS BY VEIN 94
   
TABLE 14-6   COMPOSITE SILVER SUMMARY STATISTICS WITHIN VEINS 94
   
TABLE 14-7   COMPOSITE GOLD SUMMARY STATISTICS WITHIN VEINS 95
   
TABLE 14-8   SILVER AND GOLD VEIN CAPPED ASSAY VALUE 96
   
TABLE 14-9   CAPPED SILVER SUMMARY STATISTICS WITHIN VEINS 96
   
TABLE 14-10   CAPPED GOLD SUMMARY STATISTICS WITHIN VEINS 97
   
TABLE 14-11   SUMMARY OF SILVER AND GOLD VARIOGRAM PARAMETERS 99
   
TABLE 14-12   ESTIMATION PARAMETERS 100
   
TABLE 14-13   SILVER MODEL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL COMPARISON 101
   
TABLE 14-14   GOLD MODEL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL COMPARISON 104
   
TABLE 14-15   CUTOFF GRADE ASSUMPTIONS FOR GUANACEVÍ MINE 110
   
TABLE 14-16   POLYGONAL RESOURCE AT THE GUANACEVÍ EFFECTIVE DATE OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 111
   
TABLE 14-17   3D BLOCK MODEL RESOURCE AT THE GUANACEVÍ MINE, EFFECTIVE DATE OF DECEMBER 31, 2015 112
   
TABLE 14-18   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE, EFFECTIVE DATE DECEMBER 31, 2015 115
   
TABLE 15-1   MINERAL RESERVE BREAKEVEN CUTOFF FOR THE GUANACEVÍ PROPERTY 117
   
TABLE 15-2   MINE TO PLANT RECONCILIATION 118
   
TABLE 15-3   PROVEN AND PROBABLE MINERAL RESERVES, EFFECTIVE DATE DECEMBER 31, 2015 121
   
TABLE 16-1   2015 ACTUAL PRODUCTION 126
   
TABLE 18-1   STANDBY MINE GENERATORS 131
   
TABLE 18-2   MINE COMPRESSORS 132
   
TABLE 19-1   AVERAGE ANNUAL HIGH AND LOW LONDON PM FIX FOR GOLD AND SILVER FROM 2000 TO 2015 (PRICES EXPRESSED IN US$/OZ) 135
   
TABLE 19-2   CONTRACTS HELD BY THE GUANACEVÍ PROJECT 136
   
TABLE 20-1   RECLAMATION BUDGET 138
   
TABLE 20-2   SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND MINING PERMITS FOR THE GUANACEVÍ PROJECT 139
   
TABLE 20-3   NEIGHBORING COMMUNITY POPULATION 140
   
TABLE 21-1   CAPITAL COSTS FOR THE GUANACEVÍ MINE 142

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TABLE 21-2   OPERATING COSTS FOR THE GUANACEVÍ MINE 142
   
TABLE 25-1   MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE, EFFECTIVE DATE DECEMBER 31, 2015 146
   
TABLE 25-2   MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATE, EFFECTIVE DATE DECEMBER 31, 2015 147
   
TABLE 26-1   GUANACEVÍ 2016 PRIORITY EXPLORATION TARGETS 149

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project List of Acronyms

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AA Atomic Absorption
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
AES Atomic Emission Spectrometry
HRC Hardrock Consulting
EDR Endeavour Silver Corp.
NYSE New York Stock Exchange
FSE Frankfurt Stock Exchange
TSX Toronto Stock Exchange
CIM Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
CMC Compañia Minera del Cubo S.A. de C.V.
SRM Standard Reference Material
CL Control Limit
LL Lower Control Limit
UL Upper Control Limit
ID Inverse Distance
OK Ordinary Kriging
NN Nearest Neighbor
CV Coefficient Variation
MSO Mineable Shape Optimizer
CEMEFI Mexican Center for Philanthropy
ESR Socially Responsible Company
HP Horsepower

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Executive Summary

1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


1.1

Introduction

Hard Rock Consulting, LLC (“HRC”) was retained by Endeavour Silver Corp. (“EDR”) to complete an independent technical audit and to update the mineral resource and reserve estimates for the Guanaceví Project (the “Project”) located in Durango State, Mexico. This report presents the results of HRC’s efforts, and is intended to fulfill the Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects according to Canadian National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”). This report was prepared in accordance with the requirements and guidelines set forth in Companion Policy 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1 (June 2011), and the mineral resources and reserves presented herein are classified according to Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions and adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014. The mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates reported here are based on all available technical data and information as of December 31, 2015.

1.2

Property Description and Ownership

The Guanaceví Project is located in the northwest portion of the Mexican state of Durango, approximately 3.6 km west of the town of Guanaceví and 260 km northwest of the capital city of Durango. The approximate geographic center of the Project is 105°58'20"W longitude and 25°54'47"N latitude. At present, the Project is comprised of 51 mineral concessions for a total property area of 4,171.5546 ha.

EDR controls the Guanaceví Project through its 100% owned Mexican subsidiary, Endeavour Gold Corporation S.A. de C.V. (Endeavour Gold). Endeavour Gold holds the project through its two 100% owned subsidiaries, Minera Plata Adelante S.A. de C.V. (Minera Plata Adelante) and Refinadora Plata Guanaceví S.A. de C.V. (Refinadora Plata Guanaceví).

1.3

Geology and Mineralization

The Guanaceví silver-gold district hosts classic, high-grade silver-gold, epithermal vein deposits characterized by low sulphidation mineralization and adularia-sericite alteration. The Guanaceví veins are typical of most other epithermal silver-gold vein deposits in Mexico in that they are primarily hosted in the Tertiary Lower Volcanic series of andesite flows, pyroclastics and epiclastics, overlain by the Upper Volcanic series of rhyolite pyroclastics and ignimbrites. Evidence is accumulating in the Guanaceví mining district that the mineralization is closely associated with a pulse of silicic eruptions that either signaled the end of Lower Volcanic Sequence magmatism or the onset of Upper Volcanic Sequence activity.

Mineralization at Guanaceví occurs in association with an epithermal low sulphidation, quartz-carbonate, fracture-filling vein hosted by a structure trending approximately N45°W, dipping 55° southwest. The Santa Cruz vein is the principal host of silver and gold mineralization at Guanaceví, and is located on the west side of the horst of the Guanaceví Formation. The mineralized vein is part of a major fault system that trends northwest and principally places the Guanaceví Formation in the footwall against andesite and/or rhyolite in the hanging wall. The fault and vein comprise a structural system referred to locally as the Santa Cruz vein structure or Santa Cruz vein fault. The Santa Cruz vein itself has been traced for 5 km along


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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Executive Summary

trend, and averages approximately 3.0 m in width. High-grade mineralization in the system is not continuous, but occurs in steeply northwest-raking shoots up to 200 m in strike length. A secondary mineralized vein is located sub-parallel and subjacent to the Santa Cruz vein, in the footwall, and while less continuous is economically significant in the Porvenir Dos and North Porvenir portions of the Project.

1.4

Status of Exploration

In 2015, EDR spent US $1,548,683 (including property holding costs) on exploration activities, including drilling, at the Guanaceví Project. Local field exploration activities in 2015 included geological mapping, sampling, and interpretation in the La Guirnalda, Santa Cruz West, and Garibaldi claim areas. Regional field exploration was conducted over several concessions peripheral to the Guanaceví Project, and included collection and analysis of a total of 1, 011 rock samples.

In 2015, EDR conducted a surface drilling program mainly focused on exploring the Santa Cruz vein in the shallow portion of the Porvenir Comedor area and the eastern portion of the Santa Cruz mine (Santa Cruz East). A total of 5,002.60 m were drilled in 17 holes. In 2015, underground drilling conducted at Guanaceví was focused on exploring the Santa Cruz Vein at depth in the North Porvenir and Santa Cruz mines. Underground drilling was also completed at the Porvenir 4 mine in order to test the Santa Cruz vein at depth and to test the secondary Veta Nueva vein, located in the footwall of the Santa Cruz vein. The underground drilling program included a total of 4,547 m drilled in 22 holes.

Since acquisition of the Guanaceví Project in 2004, through December 31, 2015, EDR has completed 690 diamond drill holes totaling 191,116 m and 22 reverse circulation drill holes totaling 2,977 m on the entire Guanaceví Mines Project. Of this total, approximately 147,718 m of diamond drilling in 504 holes have been completed on the Santa Cruz vein structure. Holes were drilled from both surface and underground drill stations, and 54,799 samples have been collected and submitted for assay.

1.5

Development and Operations

Conventional cut and fill mining or by long hole stope methods are employed at Guanaceví. Cut and fill stopes are generally 15m long and 5m high, and long hole stopes are 15m long and 20m high. Access to the stoping areas is provided by a series of primary and secondary ramps located in the footwall. The ramps have grades from minus 15% to plus 12%, with plus or minus 12% as standard. The cross-cuts are 4 m by 4 m for the primary ramps and 3.5 m by 3.5 m for the secondary ramps.

In the upper parts of the mine, stope access is by short (10m to 40m) cross-cuts from the ramp to the vein/stope. These cross-cuts are generally 3.5m by 3.5m in cross-section and are usually driven down at minus 18% to intersect with the stope. As the stope advances up-dip on the vein, the back is taken down the cross-cuts to maintain access until the cross-cut reaches a maximum inclination of 15%. In the lower parts of the mine (below the water table) stope access is by 90m long cross-cuts to the vein/stope. The cross-cuts are generally 3.0m by 3.5m in cross-section and are driven at plus 1% to intersect the stope (for water drainage). As the stope advances up-dip on the vein, the back is taken down in these cross-cuts to maintain access until the cross-cut reaches a maximum inclination of plus 15%.


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Mining in the stopes is done with jackleg drills. Back cuts are taken 2m to 2.5m high via vertical up-hole drilling or by breasting. The broken material is mucked out using scooptrams (2 yard or 3.5 yard depending on vein width). Waste fill from mine development is placed in the stope by the same scooptrams to within 2 m to 2.5 m of the back. When the vein is less than minimum mining width, the footwall is slashed to provide adequate width. This slashing is done during the fill cycle and the slashed material remains in the stope as fill.

In 2015, stope production in the deep Porvenir North mine concentrated on the 3134 levels. The 4122 ramp was also continued over to the 3123 level stopes (Upper North Porvenir). In the Central Porvenir mine development of the 4114 (+) ramp generated three new levels: 3145-2, 3146-2 and 3147-2. Stope production came from the 3147-2 and 3146-2 utilizing long hole stoping. In the Santa Cruz mine, the development of the main ramp to access the deepest levels is currently in progress. The ramp has reached the 3359 level’s north and south principal veins and 3160 level. Lateral ramps to the 3159-2 north and south extension are in progress and the 3160-2 ramp is advancing. During 2015 the 4118 (+) ramp was also advanced opening up the XC-7-2, XC-9-2, 3151 and upper levels. Other important developments in ore or on structure were completed on the far south 3356, 3357, 3358 and 3359 levels. Stope production came from the 3351, 3353, 3354, 3355, 3357, 3358 and 3359 by either long hole or cut and fill mining.

Development of the main ramp at Porvenir 4 continued to reach the 3358 main production zone. Development in ore was completed on the 3507, 3508 B (Bajo) levels. Stope production came from the 3504, 3506, 3507 and 3508 B (Bajo). Total mine reported production for 2015 was 431,431 tonnes at 295 g/t Ag and 0.62 g/t Au.

As of December 31, 2015, the Guanaceví mines project had a roster of 542 employees and an additional 128 contractors. The mine operates on two 10-hour shifts, 7 days a week, whereas the mill operates on a 24/7 schedule.

1.6

Mineral Resource Estimate

Resource geologist Zachary J. Black, SME-RM, of HRC is responsible for the mineral resource estimate presented in this report. Mr. Black is a Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101, and is independent of EDR. The mineral resources reported herein are classified as Measured, Indicated and Inferred according to CIM Definition Standards.

HRC estimated the mineral resource for the Guanaceví Project based on drillhole data constrained by geologic vein boundaries with an Inverse Distance Weighted (“ID”) algorithm. Datamine Studio RM® V1.0.73.0 (“Datamine”) software was used to complete the resource estimate in conjunction with Leapfrog Geo® V.3.0.0 (“Leapfrog”), which was used to produce the geologic model. The metals of interest at Guanaceví are gold and silver.

The Guanaceví mineral resource is comprised of 22 individual veins. The veins are further subdivided by area and modeling method. The mineral resources have been estimated using either a Vertical Longitudinal Projection (VLP) polygonal method (4 veins) or as 3-dimensional (“3D”) block model (18 veins).


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Guanaceví Project Executive Summary

The resources based on the 2D polygonal methods are estimated by using a fixed distance VLP from sample points. The VLPs are created by projecting vein geology and underground workings onto a vertical 2D long section. The 2D estimates were classified based on the distance to the nearest sample. Measured mineral resources are the area of the defined resource blocks within 10 meters of a sample. Indicated mineral resources are the area of the defined resource blocks within 20 meters of a sample. Inferred mineral resources are those blocks greater than 20 meters from a sample and have a value for estimated silver.

HRC constructed the 3D vein models using Leapfrog. Eighteen veins were modeled using a linear interpolation methodology and sample intervals. Cross-sections orthogonal to the strike of the vein were used to select intervals from drillholes representing the vein material. Level sections were used to select vein material from channel samples. Points representing the hanging wall and footwall contacts were extracted by the software to interpolate hanging wall and footwall surfaces. These surfaces were used to delineate each vein solid. The surfaces were evaluated in 3-dimensions to ensure that both the down dip and along strike continuity was maintained throughout the model. Veins were clipped against younger veins, topography, and the concession boundaries.

The mineral resource estimate includes all analytical data obtained as of December 31, 2015. Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, socio-economic, political, or other factors. Mineral resources are reported above a silver equivalent grade of 182 gpt, assuming a silver price of $17.60 per ounce. HRC used a cutoff grade to test for reasonable prospects for economic extraction.

The mineral resources for the Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015, are summarized in Table 1-1. The resources are exclusive of the mineral reserves.

Table 1-1 Mineral Resource Estimate, Effective Date December 31, 2015

Classification
Tonnes
Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 181,500 342 304 1,777,309 0.53 3,097
Indicated 2,313,100 331 277 20,564,771 0.78 58,127
Measured + Indicated 2,494,600 332 279 22,342,080 0.76 61,224
Inferred 1,150,600 358 308 11,390,368 0.72 26,551
Total 3,645,300 340 288 33,732,449 0.75 87,775

  1.

Measured, Indicated and Inferred resource cut-off grades were 182 g/t silver equivalent at Guanaceví.

  2.

Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resources estimated will be converted into mineral reserves.

  3.

Metallurgical recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  4.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver: gold ratio

  5.

Price assumptions are $17.60 per ounce for silver and $1,260 per ounce for gold for resource cutoff calculations.

  6.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.


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1.7

Mineral Reserve Estimate

Mr. Jeff Choquette, P.E., MMSA-QP, of HRC is responsible for the mineral reserve estimate presented in this report. Mr. Choquette is Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101 and is independent of EDR. The mineral reserve estimate for EDR’s Guanaceví Project has an effective date of December 31st, 2015. The mineral reserve estimate includes the Santa Cruz and Porvenir Norte areas of the mine and the ore stockpiles at the mill site. Stope designs for reporting the mineral reserves were created utilizing the updated resources and cutoff’s established for 2016. All of the stopes are within readily accessible areas of the active mining areas. Ore is processed in the on-site mill, leaching circuit and Merrill Crowe process capable of processing 1,300 tpd.

HRC utilized Datamine’s Mineable Shape Optimizer (“MSO”) program to generate the stopes for the reserve mine plan. The stopes were created based solely on Measured and Indicated resources above the calculated cutoff, which have demonstrated to be economically viable; therefore, Measured and Indicated mineral resources within the stopes have been converted to Proven and Probable mineral reserves as defined by CIM. Inferred mineral resources are classified as waste. Dilution is applied to Measured and Indicated resource blocks depending on the mining method chosen.

The mining breakeven cut-off grade, which includes internal stope dilution, was utilized in Datamine’s MSO to generate the stope designs for defining the reserves. The cut-off is stated as silver equivalent since the ratio between gold and silver is variable and both commodities are sold. The average cut-off grade used for the Guanaceví property is 200 g/t Ag equivalent. Silver equivalent grade is calculated as the silver grade + (gold grade * 70), taking into account gold and silver prices and expected mill recoveries.

Mineral reserves are derived from Measured and Indicated resources after applying the economic parameters as stated above, and utilizing Datamine’s MSO program to generate stope designs for the reserve mine plan. The Guanaceví Project mineral reserves are derived and classified according to the following criteria:

 

Proven mineral reserves are the economically mineable part of the Measured resource for which mining and processing / metallurgy information and other relevant factors demonstrate that economic extraction is feasible. For Guanaceví Project, this applies to blocks located within approximately 10m of existing development and for which EDR has a mine plan in place.

     
 

Probable mineral reserves are those Measured or Indicated mineral resource blocks which are considered economic and for which EDR has a mine plan in place. For the Guanaceví mine project, this is applicable to blocks located a maximum of 35m either vertically or horizontally from development with one exception in the main lower Santa Cruz vein the maximum distance to development was extended to 110m as this area is currently being developed.

The Proven and Probable mineral reserves for the Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015 are summarized in Table 1-2. The reserves are exclusive of the mineral resources reported in Section 14 of this report.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
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Table 1-2 Mineral Reserve Estimate

  Tonnes AgEq   Ag (oz) *   Au (oz) %
Classification (t x 1,000) g/t Ag g/t 1,000 Au g/t * 1,000 Dilution
Proven 107.4 290.1 254.0 877.2 0.52 1.78 29.9%
Probable 797.9 236.1 205.0 5,260.1 0.45 11.65 25.7%
Total Proven and Probable Reserves 905.3 242.5 210.8 6,137.3 0.46 13.43 26.2%

  1.

Reserve cut-off grades are based on a 200 g/t silver equivalent.

  2.

Metallurgical Recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  3.

Mining Recoveries of 95% were applied.

  4.

Minimum mining widths were 1.4 meters.

  5.

Dilution factors averaged 26.2%. Dilution factors are calculated based on internal stope dilution calculations and external dilution factors of 15% for cut and fill and 30% for long hole.

  6.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver:gold ratio.

  7.

Price assumptions are $16 per ounce for silver and $1,150 per ounce for gold.

  8.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.

  9.

Figures in table are rounded to reflect estimate precision; small differences generated by rounding are not material to estimates.


1.8

Conclusions and Recommendations

The QP considers the Guanaceví resource and reserve estimates presented here to conform with the requirements and guidelines set forth in Companion Policy 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1 (June 2011), and the mineral resources and reserves presented herein are classified according to Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions and adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014. These resources and reserves form the basis for EDR’s ongoing mining operations at the Guanaceví Mines Project.

The QP is unaware of any significant technical, legal, environmental or political considerations which would have an adverse effect on the extraction and processing of the resources and reserves located at the Guanaceví Mines Project. Mineral resources which have not been converted to mineral reserves, and do not demonstrate economic viability shall remain mineral resources. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resources estimated will be converted into mineral reserves.

The QP considers that the mineral concessions in the Guanaceví mining district controlled by EDR continue to be highly prospective both along strike and down dip of the existing mineralization.

EDR’s Guanaceví Mines Project has an extensive mining history with well-known silver and gold bearing vein systems. Ongoing exploration has continued to demonstrate the potential for the discovery of additional resources at the project and within the district surrounding the mine. Since EDR took control of the Guanaceví mines Property, new mining areas have enabled EDR to increase production by providing additional sources of mill feed. EDR’s operation management teams continue to search for improvements in efficiency, lowering costs and researching and applying low-cost mining techniques.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
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For 2016, EDR plans to develop a surface drilling program focused on the North part of the Pelayo vein, and also the South part of the Santa Cruz ore body. Also, underground drilling will be conducted with the objective to determine the extension to depth of the ore bodies at the Central-North Porvenir and Santa Cruz Mine areas; around 500 m of cross-cuts will be developed for these programs. Regional Exploration will continue to try to find possible targets with mineralized zones within 50 km, mainly towards the Northwest and South parts of the District, to potentially acquire properties for future growth. The 2016 surface exploration program is planned to include 3,600 m of core in approximately 15 diamond drill holes to test the Pelayo & Santa Cruz veins. Budgeted cost of the program is US $783,500. The budget cost for the underground program is US $897,000, the program includes 2,000 m of core to test the Santa Cruz vein at the deep Porvenir & Santa Cruz mines.

HRC recommends that the continuation of the conversion of all resources into reserves from 2D polygons to 3D block models be continued. During 2015 considerable progress has been completed on this process. Additional modeling efforts should be made to define the mineralized brecciated areas as they have been an import source of economic material encountered in the current operation, and could provide additional tonnage to support the mine plan.

Currently EDR utilizes the exploration drilling and chip and muck samples in their resource and reserve calculations. HRC recommends that future efforts focus on constructing block models for resource and reserve reporting utilizing only the exploration and underground drilling results. The chip and muck samples should be used to develop the production model. This will help in keeping data densities consistent in each modeling effort and allow another level into the reconciliation process to compare modeling results.

Although the reconciliations conducted by EDR show good comparisons on planned values versus actual values the reconciliation process should be improved to include the estimated tonnes and grade from the resource models. By comparing the LOM plan on a monthly basis to the plant production the actual physical location of the material mined may be different in the plan versus the actual area that was mined. Due to the many faces that are mined during a day this can only be completed on an average monthly basis to account for the blending of this material at the mill. The monthly surveyed as mined areas should be created and saved on a monthly basis for reporting the modeled tonnes for each month. The combination of the 3D block models and 2D and polygonal reserves makes this process difficult but considerable progress has been made during the last year to get all resources and reserves into 3D block models. The model predicted results versus actuals can then be used to determine if dilution factors need to be adjusted or perhaps the resource modeling parameters may require adjustment if there are large variances. On a yearly basis the mill production should be reconciled to the final concentrate shipments and resulting adjustment factors should be explained and reported.


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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Introduction

2.

INTRODUCTION


2.1

Issuer and Terms of Reference

Endeavour Silver Corp. (“EDR”) is a Canadian based mining and exploration company actively engaged in the exploration, development, and production of mineral properties in Mexico. EDR is headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia with management offices in Leon, Mexico, and is listed on the Toronto (TSX:EDR), New York (NYSE:EXK) and Frankfurt (FSE:EJD) stock exchanges. The company has three currently active mining properties in Mexico, the Guanaceví Property in northwest Durango State, and the Bolañitos and the El Cubo properties, both located in Guanajuato State. EDR has retained HRC to complete an independent technical audit and update of the mineral resource and reserve estimates for the Guanaceví Project (the “Project”) located within the Municipality of Guanaceví. This report presents the results of HRC’s efforts, and is intended to fulfill the Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects according toCanadian National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”).

This report was prepared in accordance with the requirements and guidelines set forth in NI 43-101 Companion Policy 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1 (June 2011), and the mineral resources and reserves presented herein are classified according to Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions and adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014. The mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates reported here are based on all available technical data and information as of December 31, 2015.

2.2

Sources of Information

A portion of the information and technical data for this study was obtained from the following previously filed NI 43-101 Technical Reports:

Munroe, M.J., (2015). NI 43-101 Technical Report, Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico.

Munroe, M.J., (2014). NI43-101 Technical Report, Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico.

HRC also relied in part on background information presented in the following unpublished technical reports prepared on behalf of EDR:

Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., and San Martin, A.J., (2013). NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 15, 2012.

Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., and San Martin, A.J., (2012). NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2011.


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Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., Leader, R.J. and Mukhopadhyay, D.K., (2011). NI 43-101 Technical Report Audit of the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2010.

Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., Leader, R.J. and Mukhopadhyay, D.K., (2010). NI 43-101 Technical Report Audit of the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2009.

Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., Leader, R.J. and Mukhopadhyay, D.K., (2009). NI 43-101 Technical Report Audit of the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2008.

Devlin, B.D., (2008). NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by B. Devlin, V.P. Exploration for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2007.

Lewis, W.J. Leader, R.J. and Mukhopadhyay, D.K., (2007). NI 43-101 Technical Report Audit of the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Micon International for Endeavour Silver, effective date December 31, 2006.

Olson, A. E., (2006). Technical Report, Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimate, Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Range Consulting for Endeavour Silver, effective date March 31, 2006.

Spring, V., (2005). A Technical Review of the North Porvenir Zone, Santa Cruz Mine, Guanaceví Mines Project in Durango State, Mexico: unpublished NI 43-101 technical report prepared by Watts, Griffis, McOuat for Endeavour Silver, effective date May 10, 2005.

The information contained in current report Sections 4 through 8 was largely presented in, and in some cases is excerpted directly from, the technical reports listed above. HRC has reviewed this material in detail, and finds the information contained herein to be factual and appropriate with regard to guidance provided by NI 43-101 and associated Form NI 43-101F1.

Additional information was requested from and provided by EDR. With respect to Sections 9 through 13 of this report, the authors have relied in part on historical information including exploration reports, technical papers, sample descriptions, assay results, computer data, maps and drill logs generated by previous operators and associated third party consultants. The authors cannot guarantee the quality, completeness, or accuracy of historical information, nor its preparation in accordance with NI 43-101 standards. Historical documents and data sources used during the preparation of this report are cited in the text, as appropriate, and are summarized in report Section 27.


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Guanaceví Project Introduction

2.3

Qualified Persons and Personal Inspection

This report is endorsed by the following Qualified Persons, as defined by NI 43-101: Mr. Zachary Black, Ms. J.J. Brown, P.G., and Mr. Jeff Choquette, P.E., all of HRC.

Mr. Black, SME-RM, has 10 years of experience working on structurally controlled gold and silver resources in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico and the southern United States. Mr. Black completed the mineral resource estimate for the Guanaceví Project and is specifically responsible for Sections 1.4, 9 through 12, and 14 of this report.

Ms. Brown, P.G., SME-RM, has 17 years of professional experience as a consulting geologist and has contributed to numerous mineral resource projects, including more than twenty gold, silver, and polymetallic resources throughout the southwestern United States and South America over the past five years. Ms. Brown is specifically responsible for report Sections 2 through 8.

Mr. Choquette, P.E., is a professional mining engineer with more than 18 years of domestic and international experience in mine operations, mine engineering, project evaluation and financial analysis. Mr. Choquette has been involved in industrial minerals, base metals and precious metal mining projects around the world, and is responsible for the current report Sections 1.5, 13, and 15 through 27.

As Qualified Persons and representatives of HRC, Mr. Black and Mr. Choquette conducted an on-site inspection of the Guanaceví property during September 2nd to September 5th, 2015. While on site, HRC reviewed EDR’s current operating procedures and associated drilling, logging, sampling, quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), grade control, and mine planning (short, medium, and long term) procedures. HRC also inspected the laboratories at the Bolañitos and Guanaceví mine properties, as well as each of the plants and the underground operations. Mr. Black visited the Guanaceví project again from October 28th through the 31st, 2015 to complete the mineral resource estimates with the onsite EDR personnel.

HRC met with the geology department to review the geologic understanding, sampling methods and types, modeling (resources, reserves, and grade control), prior to inspecting the procedures in the mine and office for collecting and handling the data. Once the geology department processes were understood, HRC discussed with the mine planning and survey department the process for short, medium, and long term mine planning. Reconciliation was discussed with both departments and the plant supervisors. The laboratories were toured and the procedures were reviewed with the laboratory managers.

2.4

Units of Measure

Unless otherwise stated, all measurements reported here are in U.S. Commercial Imperial units, and currencies are expressed in constant 2012 U.S. dollars.


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Guanaceví Project Reliance on Other Experts

3.

RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS

HRC has fully relied upon and disclaims responsibility for information provided by EDR regarding property ownership and mineral tenure for the Guanaceví Project. HRC has not reviewed the permitting requirements nor independently verified the permitting status or environmental liabilities associated with the Project, and also disclaims responsibility for that information, which is presented in current report Sections 4 and 20 and which is presented as provided by EDR.


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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Property Description and Location

4.

PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION


4.1

Project Location

The Guanaceví Project is located in the northwest portion of the Mexican state of Durango, approximately 3.6 km west of the town of Guanaceví and 260 km northwest of the capital city of Durango (Figure 4-1). The approximate geographic center of the Project is 105°58'20"W longitude and 25°54'47"N latitude.

Figure 4-1  Project Location Map

The Project is comprised of 51 mineral concessions for a total property area of 4,171.5546 ha (Figure 4-2). The mineral concessions vary in size and are not all contiguous. The annual 2016 concession tax for the Guanaceví Properties is estimated to be approximately 516,992 Mexican pesos (pesos), which is equal to about US $28,722 at an exchange rate of 18.00 pesos to US $1.00. Mineral concession information is summarized in Table 4-1.

The Guanaceví Project consists of the plant facility which was the Formento Minero plant just outside of the town of Guanaceví and 3 mines (Porvenir 4, North Porvenir and Santa Cruz), which all are on the Santa Cruz vein. The mines are approximately 5 km from the plant. The North Porvenir and the Santa Cruz mines are accessed using the same Portal while the Porvenir 4 mine is 2 km north of the Santa Cruz portal.


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Guanaceví Project Property Description and Location

Figure 4-2  Guanaceví Mines Project, Mineral Concessions Map

Table 4-1 Guanaceví Mines Concessions Controlled by EDR


Concession Name

Title Number
Term of Mineral Concession
Hectares
2016 Annual Taxes (pesos)
From To 1st Half 2nd Half
Santa Cruz Dos 191773 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 113.5387 16,274 16,274
El Pelayo Y Anexas 193392 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 56.2519 8,063 8,063
Unif. Santa Cruz 186577 24/04/1990 23/04/1940 28.5896 4,098 4,098
San Guillermo 179601 11/12/1986 10/12/1936 5.0000 717 717
Unificacion Flora 189233 05/12/1990 04/12/1940 36.5506 5,239 5,239
San Marcos 185486 14/12/1989 13/12/1939 5.5469 795 795
San Vicente 187020 29/05/1990 28/05/1940 8.0000 1,147 1,147
Nuestra Senora 185412 14/12/1989 13/12/1939 5.6000 803 803
San Pedro Uno 191143 29/04/1991 28/04/1941 49.8437 7,144 7,144
El Porvenir Dos 161449 10/04/1975 09/04/2025 30.0000 4,300 4,300

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Guanaceví Project Property Description and Location

Table 4-1 (Cont.) Guanaceví Mines Concessions Controlled by EDR


Concession Name

Title Number
Term of Mineral Concession
Hectares
Term of Mineral Concession
From To 1st Half 2nd Half
La Sultana 162915 08/08/1978 07/08/2028 11.5889 1,661 1,661
El Milache 163509 10/10/1978 09/10/2028 42.8866 6,147 6,147
Veronica 167013 11/08/1980 10/08/1980 11.7648 1,686 1,686
El Desengaño 187018 29/05/1990 28/0540 19.4747 2,791 2,791
El Calvario 191733 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 1.3098 188 188
Elizabeth 180568 13/06/1987 12/06/1937 16.9973 2,436 2,436
El Rocio 227665 28/07/2006 27/07/1956 51.2334 7,343 7,343
La Brisa 3 236564 16/07/2010 15/07/1960 715.8666 29,157 29,157
La Gloria 238353 23/09/2011 22/09/1961 309.9369 6,276 6,276
La Brisa 4 240296 16/05/2012 15/05/1962 1584.4986 32,086 32,086
La Brisa 4, Fracc. 239873 29/02/2012 28/02/1962 51.8008 1,049 1,049
La Brisa 5 239874 29/02/2012 28/02/1962 214.6744 4,347 4,347
Ampl. Al Bajo Del Nvo. P. 184074 15/02/1989 14/02/1939 7.3062 1,047 1,047
La Mazatleca 186475 02/04/1990 01/04/1940 14.1797 2,032 2,032
La Guirnalda 187771 17/09/1990 16/09/1940 46.7611 6,702 6,702
La Guirnalda 2 219707 03/04/2003 02/04/1953 5.9915 859 859
San Pablo 216716 28/05/2002 27/05/1952 3.3972 487 487
Ana Maria 214167 18/08/2001 17/01/1951 3.2320 463 463
El Martir 215925 02/04/2002 01/04/1952 8.8675 1,271 1,271
Ampl. Del Soto 191987 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 3.9998 573 573
IDA 191659 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 4.9086 704 704
Epsilon 195079 25/08/1992 24/08/1942 7.0622 1,012 1,012
El Terremoto 193869 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 12.0000 1,720 1,720
Alajaa 183881 23/11/1988 22/11/1938 11.2050 1,606 1,606
Barradon 7 214162 18/08/2001 17/01/1951 37.1376 5,323 5,323
Santa Isabel 204725 25/04/1997 24/04/1947 84.0000 12,040 12,040
Noche Buena 167563 26/11/1980 25/11/1930 79.8962 11,452 11,452
El Porvenir 4 168105 13/02/1981 12/02/1931 30.0000 4,300 4,300
La Brisa 224158 19/04/2005 18/04/1955 25.5518 3,662 3,662
El Cambio 205475 17/09/1997 16/09/1947 11.9962 1,719 1,719
La Onza 211502 30/05/1991 29/05/1941 18.2376 2,614 2,614
San Nicolas 191543 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 4.4838 643 643
Ampl. de San Nicolas 191675 19/12/1991 18/12/1941 2.5934 372 372
Garibaldi 224396 04/05/2005 03/05/1955 165.4490 23,714 23,714
Santa Cruz Ocho 215911 19/03/2002 18/03/1952 165.6280 23,739 23,739
El Pelayo 219709 03/04/2003 02/04/1953 5.8881 844 844
El Aguaje De Arriba 170158 17/03/1982 16/03/1932 5.0000 717 717
A. El Aguaje De Arriba 170159 17/03/1982 16/03/1932 7.0000 1,003 1,003
La Plata 170156 17/03/1982 16/03/1932 2.0000 287 287
La Prieta 148479 29/10/1967 28/10/2017 7.0000 1,003 1,003
San Fernando 160545 23/08/1979 22/08/2029 19.8279 2,842 2,842
Totals       4,171.5546 258,496 258,496

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Guanaceví Project Property Description and Location

4.2

Mineral Tenure, Agreements and Encumbrances

EDR controls the Guanaceví Project through its 100% owned Mexican subsidiary, Endeavour Gold Corporation S.A. de C.V. (Endeavour Gold). Endeavour Gold holds the project through its three 100% owned subsidiaries, Minera Plata Adelante S.A. de C.V. (Minera Plata Adelante), Minera Santa Cruz SA de CV (Minera Santa Cruz) and Refinadora Plata Guanaceví S.A. de C.V. (Refinadora Plata Guanaceví).

EDR has executed a number of agreements with respect to the Guanaceví Project over the years. In May 2014, EDR acquired an option on the Garibaldi Property (165 ha), located approximately 2.5 km southeast of EDR’s active Porvenir silver/gold mine. The option agreement requires EDR to make a total of US $150,000 in cash payments over a 3-year period (US $50,000 per year). With the exception of the Garibaldi Agreement, which is currently in good standing, all other agreement obligations have been met.

EDR also maintains access agreements with various private ranch owners and two local ejidos (El Hacho and San Pedro) to ensure access for exploration and mining. Surface access agreements as of December 31, 2013 are summarized in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2 Summary of Endeavour Silver’s Surface Access Rights


Owner

Area Name

Validity

Term
Drill Pads
(Pesos)
ANNUAL
PAYMENT
(PESOS)
Comunidad De San Pedro San Pedro 4 Years 10/10/2012 - 2016 8,000 None
Ejido Arroyo Del Hacho Guanaceví 15 Years 27/11/2005 - 2020 None 10,000
Ejido La Soledad La Brisa 5 Years 26/06/2011 - 2016 6,000 None
Alfonso Flores Varela La Brisa 5 Years 15/06/2011 - 2016 7,000 None
Taurino Cisneros Haros La Brisa 5 Years 16/06/2011 - 2016 7,000 None
Rosa Elena Rivera Carrera (Laurencio Ayala) Santa Cruz Sur 3 Years 04/02/2014 - 2017 15,000 None

Royalties currently associated with the Guanaceví Project are summarized in Table 4-3


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Table 4-3 Summary of Endeavour Silver’s Royalties

Agreement NSR Concession Name Title Number Hectares








Minera Las Albricias














1%






Ampl. Al Bajo Del Nvo. P. 184074 7.3062
La Mazatleca 186475 14.1797
La Guirnalda 187771 46.7611
La Guirnalda 2 219707 5.9915
San Pablo 216716 3.3972
Ana María 214167 3.2320
El Martir 215925 8.8675
Ampl. Del Soto 191987 3.9998
Ida 191659 4.9086
Epsilon 195079 7.0622
El Terremoto 193869 12.0000
Alajaa 183881 11.2050
Barradon 7 214162 37.1376
Santa Isabel 204725 84.0000
Noche Buena 167563 79.8962




Minera Capela







3%



Santa Cruz Dos 191773 113.5387
El Pelayo y Anexas 193392 56.2519
Unif. Santa Cruz 186577 28.5896
San Guillermo 179601 5.0000
Unificación Flora 189233 36.5506
San Marcos 185486 5.5469
San Vicente 187020 8.0000
Nuestra Señora 185412 5.6000
San Pedro Uno 191143 49.8437
Ignacio Barraza 2% Garibaldi 224396 165.449

4.3

Permits and Environmental Liabilities

EDR holds all environmental and mine permits required to conduct planned exploration and mining operations on the Guanaceví Project, and reports that it is in compliance with all environmental monitoring requirements and applicable safety, hygiene and environmental standards. Environmental permitting and liabilities are discussed in greater detail in Section 20 of this report.

HRC knows of no existing or anticipated significant factors which might affect access, title, or the right or ability to perform work on the Guanaceví Project.


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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography

5.

ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY


5.1

Access and Climate

The Guanaceví Property is readily accessible from the city of Durango via paved roads. Primary access is provided by State Highway 45 north from Durango to the town of Canatlan, continuing on State Highway 23 through Santiago Papasquiaro and Tepehuanes to the town of Guanaceví. The total distance between Durango and the town of Guanaceví is approximately 260 km, which requires roughly 4.5 hours of drive time. Guanaceví has a small, unmaintained airport with a 1,000-m unpaved landing strip capable of handling light aircraft.

The Guanaceví Project is located just 3.6 km from the town of Guanaceví, which is economically dependent on regional mining and milling operations. The town of Guanaceví boasts a population of approximately 2,087 and all standard modern services. The town, mine and plant are connected to the national land-based telephone system that provides reliable national and international direct dial telephone communications, as well as stable internet connections and satellite television.

The local climate poses no limitations to the length of the operating season at the Guanaceví Project. The dry season runs from October through June, and the wet season from July to September. Total average annual rainfall varies from about 65 to 105 mm. Winter temperatures vary from a maximum of 15°C to a minimum of -14°C, while summer temperatures range from a minimum of 20°C to a maximum of 30°C. Freezing temperatures can occur overnight, but quickly warm to above freezing during daylight hours. Occasional snow does occur in the area but quickly melts on all but the most protected slopes.

5.2

Local Resources and Infrastructure

The city of Durango is the closest major population center to the Guanaceví Project, with a population of approximately 580,000. Durango is a mining, agricultural, commercial and tourist center with all of the associated municipal amenities, including an international airport with numerous regional flights to other major Mexican cities and the United States.

At each of the mine sites, the water required is supplied from the dewatering of the mines. Industrial water for the flotation and cyanide plant is recycled, and additional water (60,000 m3/y of fresh water) is obtained from a nearby underground mine. The tailings facility at the plant is set up to recycle all water back into the ore processing plant.

Electrical power from the Federal Power Authority (34 kV) supplies both the plant and mine. In 2011, EDR completed an upgrade of the power to the mine and mill sites by installing a second line into main power supply.

An upgrade to the tailings dam was completed in 2010, when dry stacking of the tailings began, and current capacity is sufficient for many years of production.


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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure and Physiography

Apart from offices, warehouses and other facilities, EDR also provides dormitories and limited housing facilities for employees working on a rotational schedule. Much of the labor work force lives in Guanaceví and nearby communities. The area has a rich tradition of mining and there is an ample supply of skilled personnel sufficient to man both the underground mining operations and the surface facilities.

5.3

Physiography

The town of Guanaceví is located on the altiplano at about 2,170 m elevation. Both the town and the Project lie east of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range among low, rounded mountains with relief of about 650 m from the valley bottoms (~2,100 m) to the mountain crests (~2,750 m). The mountains are predominately covered by scrub oak, pine trees and occasional cactus, with the pine trees more prevalent at the higher elevations. Wildlife in the area consists generally of deer, badgers, foxes, coyotes, squirrels, rabbits and mice.

5.4

Surface Rights

EDR has negotiated access and the right to use surface lands sufficient for many years of operation. Sufficient area exists at the property for all needed surface infrastructure related to the life-of-mine plan, including processing, maintenance, fuel storage, explosives storage and administrative offices. There exists sufficient capacity in existing tailing impoundments for tailings disposal.


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Guanaceví Project History

6.

HISTORY


6.1

Historical Exploration

The extent of historical exploration on the Guanaceví Project is relatively unknown. Prior to management by EDR, production was supported by three mines without the benefit of any systematic exploration drilling, geological mapping or mine planning. Documented historical exploration activities are summarized as follows:

During the 1920’s, Peñoles purchased several mines including the Santa Cruz mine, where from 1921 to 1924, the 330 m inclined shaft and several kilometers of underground workings on Levels 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 were developed that partially explored the vein ore shoots.

   

 

The Guanaceví Mining Company operated from the 1930’s until production ceased in 1942. In the 1970’s, the Comisión de Fomento Minero (Federal Mining Commission) (Fomento Minero), a Federal government agency charged with the responsibility of assisting the small scale Mexican mining industry, constructed a 400 t/d flotation plant, now the MG plant.

   

 

In the early 1960’s, Engineer Mejorado of Peñoles Mining Company recommended additional exploration to prove up the mineral resource estimate at the time. Engineer P. Sanchez Mejorado mapped and sampled the mine underground and recommended diamond drilling below Level 13. Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited (WGM) noted that the exploration works conducted by Peñoles consisted of channel sampling across the mineralized zone coupled with short, lateral, approximately 1-inch diameter diamond drillholes, and detailed surveying and geological mapping of the underground workings (WGM,2005). WGM (2005) further noted that the limited exploration by Peñoles was well conducted and blocked out several areas of potential resources, but also stated that more than half of the areas of potential resources, except for those below the water table (below Level 13), had been mined out.

   

 

In the early 1990’s, Fomento Minero started construction of a 600 t/d cyanide leach plant but construction ceased when it was only 30% complete due to the lack of funding.

     
 

In 1992, MG, a private company, purchased the Fomento Minero facilities and completed the construction of the leach plant. MG used the leach circuit to process the old tailings from the flotation plant. During 2002, total plant production included 170 t/d to 250 t/d coming from the three mines: Santa Cruz, Barradón and La Prieta mines, with approximately 700 to 800 t/d of additional feed purchased from other small scale operations.

   

 

Pan American Silver Corp. (Pan American) conducted an eight-month evaluation program in 2003 that consisted of an extensive, systematic, underground channel sampling and surveying program and included three diamond drillholes in the North Porvenir area.


6.2

Historical Production


  6.2.1

Mining

The Guanaceví mining district and the Guanaceví Mines Project area are riddled with mine openings and old workings which occur in a haphazard fashion near ground surface, representing the earliest efforts at extraction, and more systematic fashion at depth, which is indicative of later, better organized and

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project History

engineered mining. Associated with these openings and workings are a number of old ruins representing the remains of historic mine buildings and other structures.

The vast bulk of the material which has been extracted from underground operations through the tunnels, shafts and winzes is scattered over the hillsides in waste dumps and beneath the foundations of the ruins and modern buildings. Historically, individual veins or deposits had separate owners and, in the case of some of the larger veins or deposits, had several owners along the strike length which resulted in a surfeit of adits and shafts and very inefficient operations. The mines within the Guanaceví mining district have been developed primarily by using open stope/shrinkage and cut and fill underground mining methods.

Both the ground conditions, which vary from good to poor, and the deposit geometries tend to favor the higher cost, cut and fill mining method, with development waste used for backfill.

  6.2.2

Production

Mining in the Guanaceví district extends back to at least 1535 when the mines were first worked by the Spanish. During the late sixteenth century silver production accounted for 80% of all exports from Nueva España (New Spain), although, by the mid-seventeenth century silver production collapsed when mercury, necessary to the refining process, was diverted to the silver mines of Potosí in present day Bolivia. Collapse of the seventeenth century mining led to widespread bankruptcy among the miners and hacienda owners; however, in the latter half of the seventeenth century silver mining began to recover in Nueva España. By the start of the 18th century, Guanaceví had become an important mining center in the Nueva Vizcaya province. The peasant uprisings of 1810 to 1821 were disastrous to the Mexican mining industry with both the insurgents’ soldiers and royalist troops all but destroying the mining production in Mexico, and the Guanaceví mining district was not spared during this period.

The vast majority of production came prior to the 1910 Mexican Revolution with the Guanaceví mining district being known for its high silver grades. Previous reports noted that the official production records indicate that a total value of 500 million pesos, or approximately 500 million ounces of silver and silver equivalents, with a present day value of about US $3.25 billion, had been extracted from this mining district. This makes the Guanaceví district one of the top five silver mining districts in Mexico on the basis of past production, though production has been sporadic since the 1910 Revolution.

Historical production at the Guanaceví Mines Project for the years 1991 to 2003 is roughly estimated in Table 6-1.

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Guanaceví Project History

Table 6-1 Summary of the Production for the Guanaceví Property (1991 to 2003)

Year Tonnes Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
1991 (from July) 2,306 est. 470 est. 1.0 est
1992 10,128 340 est. 1.3 est.
1993 12,706 320 est. 0.8 est.
1994 18,256 190 est. 0.5 est.
1995 (until May) 5,774 280 est. 0.5 est.
1996 11,952 315 0.74
1997 13,379 409 0.87
1998 11,916 550 0.92
1999 6,466 528 0.84
2000 18,497 538 1.01
2001 13,150 510 1.09
2002 NA NA NA
2003 1,531 550 8,902

6.3

Historical Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates

Mineral resource and reserve estimates which were produced prior to EDR’s involvement with the Guanaceví Mines Project are not discussed in this report as they are historical in nature, were not completed according to modern reporting standards, and are not considered reliable or relevant to the present day Project.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Geological Setting and Mineralization

7.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND MINERALIZATION

The regional and local geology of the Guanaceví Project is described in detail in a number of existing internal and previously published technical reports. The following descriptions of geology and mineralization are excerpted and/or modified from Munroe (2014). HRC has reviewed the available geologic data and information, and finds the information presented here in reasonably accurate and suitable for use in this report.

7.1

Regional Geology

The rock types of the Guanaceví district can be divided into three principal stratigraphic groups based on stratigraphic studies by the Consejo de Recursos Minerales and observations of drill core during exploration programs carried out by EDR.

  7.1.1

Guanaceví Formation

The oldest unit in the district is the Guanaceví Formation, a polymictic basal conglomerate composed of angular to sub-angular fragments of quartz and metamorphic rocks set in a sandy to clayey matrix within sericitic and siliceous cement. It is assigned to the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous periods on the basis of biostratigraphic indicator fossils mentioned but not detailed in the Durango State Geological Reference Report (1993). At least 450 m of thickness has been reported in the Guanaceví area for this basal unit, the lower contact of which has not been observed. In most areas, the upper contact is structural on high-angle normal faults but, in the San Pedro area, the upper contact is abrupt from Guanaceví conglomerate rocks to fairly fresh, dark colored andesitic flows of the Lower Volcanic Sequence that appear conformable to the underlying Guanaceví Formation. The Jurassic assignment of the Guanaceví Formation has been in question, and at least two reports in the 1990’s considers it to be Tertiary (Durning and others, unpublished reports). A Tertiary age for the unit mitigates the idea of a transitional unit persisting through the Cretaceous; alternatively, it is possible that paraconformities in the package may be present but unreported to date.

Regional studies in Mexico demonstrate that Mesozoic rocks basal to the Tertiary section are strongly deformed with the development of sericitic alteration, shearing and microfolding in local shear zones and stronger deformation associated with overthrust nappe folds of Laramide age (late Cretaceous to end of the Paleocene). This type of strong deformation is not visible in the Guanaceví Formation, further raising questions about the validity of a Mesozoic assignment for this unit.

The Guanaceví Formation has been structurally defined as a horst, occupying the central portion of the northwest trending Guanaceví erosional window and flanked by sets of northwest striking normal faults that offset the Upper and Lower Volcanic Sequences down to the southwest and northeast on corresponding sides of the window. Mineralization within the horst is hosted by the conglomerate, both as dilatational high-angle fracture-filled structures and, in the San Pedro area, as manto-like replacement bodies below the upper contact of the conglomerate with overlying andesitic units of the Lower Volcanic Sequence.

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Guanaceví Project Geological Setting and Mineralization

  7.1.2

Lower Volcanic Sequence

Using an inherited stratigraphic framework for the area, andesitic rocks and associated sedimentary units are placed in a loosely-defined package of flows and volcaniclastic sediments correlated with Eocene volcanism throughout the Sierra Madre of Mexico. No radio isotope age determinations have been made on volcanic units of the Guanaceví district, and lithological correlations to the Lower Volcanic Sequence appear to be reasonable for the andesitic flows and associated volcaniclastic units.

It has been observed in the rocks that host the Porvenir and Santa Cruz mine workings that the andesite occurs as a pale green to nearly black volcanic flow ranging from aphyric to plagioclase-hornblende phyric. Plagioclase is the common phenocryst type with crystals ranging from 1 to 2 mm up to 10 mm. Hornblende phenocrysts are 1 mm to 4 mm in length. In porphyritic andesites, feldspar phenocryst abundance approaches 5%, and hornblende abundance is generally less than 3%.

The sequence of rock types in the Lower Volcanic Sequence, as presently understood, is a coarsening-upward series of volcaniclastic sediments capped by an andesite flow as described above. The sedimentary lithologies are siltstones overlain by sandstone with minor intercalations of conformable conglomerate beds. The siltstone-sandstone sequence becomes transitionally dominated by conglomeratic beds at the top of the volcaniclastic package. Overall thickness of the siltstone-sandstone beds is up to 120 m.

Conglomerate beds of the Lower Volcanic Sequence are from a few centimeters to 150 m thick at the top of the package, and differ from the conglomerates of the Guanaceví Formation in that Lower Volcanic Sequence clasts are mainly andesite of varying textural types.

  7.1.3

Upper Volcanic Sequence

The Upper Volcanic Sequence consists of rhyolite crystal-lapilli tuff units unconformably overlying the andesites which are generally structurally disrupted and altered by oxidation and silicification. The rhyolite is strongly argillically altered with silicification overprinting argillic alteration in the immediate hanging wall of quartz veins and other silicified structures. The rhyolite commonly contains rounded quartz ‘eyes’ up to 4 mm in diameter, and the matrix consists of adularia, kaolinite and quartz. Local concentrations of biotite crystals up to 2 mm are not uncommon. The rhyolite has variable textures from thin-bedded ash flows to coarse lapilli tuffs with lithic clasts of andesite or rhyolite up to 50 cm in diameter. These latter commonly exhibit alteration rims indicating high temperatures and fluids in the volcanic environment. The thickness of the rhyolite tuff assemblage has not been measured at this time, but appears to exceed 300 m.

Geochemically, the lower portion of the rhyolites has been demonstrated by rare earth element (REE) data, from a series of samples taken from East Santa Cruz drilling, to be magmatically linked to the underlying andesites. The similarity between REE patterns of the rhyolite crystal-lapilli tuff and the andesitic rock units in this data set suggests a common source for the two volcanic packages that is difficult to reconcile with the idea of many millions of years of volcanic quiescence (from Lower Volcanic to Upper Volcanic Sequences). This raises the possibility that regional correlations for Guanaceví rhyolite based on radio isotope age determinations may result in assignment of the rhyolite (of the Santa Cruz/Porvenir mine area) to the Lower Volcanic Sequence rather than the Upper. In the San Martin de Bolaños district of Jalisco and also in the Topia district of Durango State, uppermost volcanic lithologies of the Lower Volcanic Sequence

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are rhyolitic and directly associated with mineralization. This may be true for the Guanaceví mining district as well.

See Figure 7-1 for a map of the regional geology in the area surrounding the Guanaceví mining district. See Table 7-1 for a generalized stratigraphic column in the Guanaceví mining district.


Figure 7-1  Regional Geology Map for the Guanaceví Mining District

Table 7-1  Generalized Stratigraphic Column in the Guanaceví Mining District

Geological Age Stratigraphic Units and Lithologies Thickness (m)
Tertiary Oligocene Upper Volcanic Sequence  
Rhyolitic tuffs and ignimbrites
300
Eocene Lower Volcanic Sequence  
Andesite porphrytic flow  
Andesite conglomerate  
Volcanic sandstone/siltstone

<
70
<
150
< 120
Jurassic (?) (Late) ? Guanaceví Formation 450

Note: Table reproduced from the March, 2006 Technical Report by Range Consulting

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Guanaceví Project Geological Setting and Mineralization

  7.1.4

Structural Setting

Figure 7-1, shows major faults of the Guanaceví mining district on a simplified geologic map of the region. The map pattern constitutes an erosional window caused by crustal uplift apparently centered about 3 km west of Guanaceví. With some exceptions, fracture-filling vein mineralization is localized on the flanks of the uplift center, suggesting a genetic relationship between uplift and mineralization. The three principal trends of high-angle normal faults that characterize the region are as follows:

  The dominant structural trend in the region is northwest, with significant north-northeast faults in a likely conjugate relationship. This generation of structures hosts most of the mineralization in the district.
     
  Northeast faults postdate the mineralized structures.
     
  East-west faults appear last.

This pattern sequence would appear to indicate an early extension in a northeast-southwest direction, followed by a later extension in an east-northeast–west-southwest direction, followed by a northwest-southeast extension and finally ending with the latest extension in a north-south direction. This clockwise evolution of principal stress directions is similar to that of other regions in the American Cordillera, including the Sierra Madre of Mexico.

Timing of uplift of the Guanaceví window is constrained by the following considerations:

  Dilatational fractures flanking the uplift are dominantly northwest trending, with subordinate north and north-northeast components. Northeast and east-west fractures are not significant in controlling the uplift pattern. Thus, uplift is early in the structural evolution described above.
     
  The northeast-southwest extension in Mexico is generally associated with opening of the Gulf of California, and dated as Oligocene to Miocene.
     
  Uplift therefore may be coeval with the onset of silicic volcanism of the Upper Volcanics, which are considered Oligocene in age.

It is reasonable to conclude that uplift occurred at the onset of Upper Volcanic Sequence eruptions (Oligocene), northeast-southwest extension, and was coeval with mineralization. The cause of uplift, however, is left unexplained by these considerations. Alternative explanations include magmatic upwelling at depth, resurgent doming within a cryptic caldera, or tectonic transpression resulting from large-scale lateral displacement

7.2

Project Geology

The Santa Cruz mine property, which forms part of the main portion of the Guanaceví Mines Project, covers about a 3.0 km strike length of the Santa Cruz fault/vein system. The Santa Cruz vein is similar in many respects to other veins in the Guanaceví district, except that it is the only one to lie on the west side of the horst of Guanaceví Formation and associated facies, and it dips west instead of east. See Figure 7-2 for the Guanaceví Mines Project geology map.

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Figure 7-2  Guanaceví Mines Project Geology Map

In the Porvenir Dos area and the Deep Santa Cruz mine workings, a low angle rhyolite crystal-lapilli tuff and andesitic contact occurs high in the hanging wall of the Santa Cruz vein indicating a fault contact with Guanaceví Formation, which obviously cuts the contact.

  7.2.1

Local Structure

The Santa Cruz vein, the principal host of silver and gold mineralization, is located on the west side of the horst of the Guanaceví Formation. The mineralized vein is part of a major fault system that trends northwest and principally places the Guanaceví Formation in the footwall against andesite and/or rhyolite in the hanging wall. The vein/fault presents a preferred strike of N45°W with dips from 45° to 70° to the southwest. From La Prieta to Porvenir Dos, it extends a distance of 5 km and averages approximately 3 m in width.

The broader and higher-grade mineralized ore shoots tend to occur along flexures in the Santa Cruz vein structure, where sigmoidal loops are developed both along strike and down dip. The vein in Deep Santa Cruz for instance splays into two, three or four separate mineralized structures with the intervening wall rocks also often well mineralized, giving mining widths up to 20 m in some places. These sigmoidal loops tend to develop with some regularity along strike and all of the ore shoots at the Santa Cruz mine have

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about a 60° plunge to the northwest. A shallow northwest plunging striation, raking at 15°-30°, is noted on a number of fault planes within the Santa Cruz structure; these striations appear to be consistent with an observed sinistral movement seen on minor faults which produce small offsets of the Santa Cruz vein.

Particularly around the peripheral ore zones the vein is observed to develop imbricate structures, either as imbricate lenses shallowly oblique to the principal Santa Cruz trend or as vein segments offset by similarly trending minor faults. The trend of these structural features is generally slightly more westerly than the Santa Cruz vein/fault trend and steeper dipping. Veining is also often affected by north-south structures, which rarely seem to offset the main fault but do cause minor jogs in the vein; often the north-south structures are associated with manganese oxide concentrations and elevated silver grades.

  7.2.2

Alteration

The sedimentary and volcanic rocks are hydrothermally altered with propylitization (chlorite) the most widespread, up to 150 m from the veins, with narrower bands of potassic and argillic alteration (kaolinite and adularia) typically up to 25 m thick in the hanging wall and with silicification near the veins. Phyllic alteration, however, is absent in the Guanaceví district.

7.3

Mineralization

The principal mineralization within the Santa Cruz-Porvenir mines is an epithermal low-sulfidation, quartz-carbonate, fracture-filling vein hosted by a fault-structure that trends approximately N45°W and dips 55° southwest. The fault and vein comprise a structural system referred to locally as the Santa Cruz vein structure or Santa Cruz vein fault. The Santa Cruz vein structure has been traced for 5 km along the trend and averages about 3 m in width. Mineralization in the system is not continuous, but occurs in steeply northwest-raking shoots up to 200 m in strike length. A second vein, sub-parallel to the Santa Cruz vein but less continuous, is economically significant in the Porvenir Dos zone and in the northern portion of deep North Porvenir. It is referred to in both areas as the “Footwall vein”, although in Porvenir Dos, the term “Conglomerate vein” has also been employed.

  7.3.1

Santa Cruz Vein

The Santa Cruz vein is a silver-rich structure with lesser amounts of gold, lead and zinc. Mineralization has averaged 500 g/t silver and 1 g/t gold over 3 m true width. The minerals encountered are argentite-acanthite, limited gold, galena, sphalerite, pyrite and manganese oxides. Gangue minerals noted are barite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, calcite, fluorite and quartz. The mineralization down to Level 6 in the Santa Cruz mine is mainly oxidized, with a transition zone of oxides to sulfides occurring between Levels 6 to 8, although some sulfide ore was mined above Level 6.

Mineralization exhibits evidence of episodic hydrothermal events which generated finely banded textures. The higher grade mineralization in the district is commonly associated with multiple phases of banding and brecciation. The first phase, deposition of white quartz, white calcite and pyrite in stockwork structures, often exhibits horse-tail structures bifurcating both in the horizontal and vertical sense to form imbricate pods. The second phase deposited semi translucent quartz with argentite, scarce gold, and oxides of manganese (2%) and rare lead and zinc sulfide (4%), the latter particularly in the lower part of the

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Guanaceví Project Geological Setting and Mineralization

hydrothermal system. The second phase was accompanied by the deposition of barite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, fluorite and calcite.

This second phase comprises multiple pulses of mineralization expressed in the vein structures as bands of massive, banded or brecciated quartz. Massive and massive-to-banded quartz are commonly associated with carbonate which is predominantly manganoan calcite and calcitic rhodochrosite. Rhodonite is much less abundant than carbonates but is not uncommon.

According to results obtained through diamond drilling, the lead and zinc mineralization occurs more commonly in the vein below the water table which, in the Santa Cruz mine, is just below the 13 Level.

  7.3.2

Footwall Veins

In the Porvenir Dos area and in the deeper portion of North Porvenir, a footwall-hosted vein lies in the footwall of the Santa Cruz vein structure. In both areas, this footwall vein is either within Guanaceví Formation footwall rocks or is at the structural contact between the Guanaceví Formation and the Lower Volcanic Sequence andesite. It is banded to brecciated quartz plus carbonate and contains local scatterings (<1%) of sulfides (pyrite>sphalerite> galena>chalcopyrite) and rare pods (<50 cm) of sulfides. It appears likely from drill sections that these footwall vein occurrences are splays of the main Santa Cruz vein structure and are largely sympathetic to it. At the north end of North Porvenir, the footwall vein attains a true width of over 7 m with silver grades of approximately 400 g/t in some areas. In Porvenir Dos, the footwall vein is narrower than the Santa Cruz vein and is overall a lower-grade vein, although one high grade intercept (uncapped) has been recorded in drillhole PD 36-3, at 2,548 g/t silver over 1.25 m.

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Guanaceví Project Deposit Types

8.

DEPOSIT TYPES

The type of mineral deposit which is the target of exploration and mining activity at the Guanaceví Project is described in detail in a number of existing internal and previously published technical reports. The following description of the mineral deposit type is excerpted and/or modified from Munroe (2014).

The Guanaceví silver-gold district comprises classic, high-grade silver-gold, epithermal vein deposits, characterized by low sulphidation mineralization and adularia-sericite alteration. The Guanaceví veins are typical of most other epithermal silver-gold vein deposits in Mexico in that they are primarily hosted in the Tertiary Lower Volcanic series of andesite flows, pyroclastics and epiclastics, overlain by the Upper Volcanic series of rhyolite pyroclastics and ignimbrites. Evidence is accumulating in the Guanaceví mining district that the mineralization is closely associated with a pulse of silicic eruptions that either signaled the end of Lower Volcanic Sequence magmatism or the onset of Upper Volcanic Sequence activity.

Low sulphidation epithermal veins in Mexico typically have a well-defined, sub-horizontal ore horizon about 300 m to 500 m in vertical extent where the bonanza grade ore shoots have been deposited due to boiling of the hydrothermal fluids. Neither the top nor the bottom of the Santa Cruz ore horizon has yet been found but, given that high-grade mineralization occurs over a 400 m vertical extent from the top of the Garibaldi shaft (south of the Santa Cruz mine) to below Level 13 in Santa Cruz, it is likely that erosion has not removed a significant extent of the ore horizon.

Low sulphidation deposits are formed by the circulation of hydrothermal solutions that are near neutral in pH, resulting in very little acidic alteration with the host rock units. The characteristic alteration assemblages include illite, sericite and adularia that are typically hosted by either the veins themselves or in the vein wall rocks. The hydrothermal fluid can travel either along discrete fractures where it may create vein deposits or it can travel through permeable lithology such as a poorly welded ignimbrite flow, where it may deposit its load of precious metals in a disseminated deposit. In general terms, this style of mineralization is found at some distance from the heat source. Figure 8-1 illustrates the spatial distribution of the alteration and veining found in a hypothetical low sulphidation hydrothermal system.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Deposit Types


Figure 8-1 Alteration and Mineral Distributions within a Low Sulphidation Epithermal Vein System

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Exploration

9.

EXPLORATION


9.1

EDR Exploration Prior to 2015

Exploration activities conducted by EDR in recent years prior to 2015 are summarized in the following paragraphs, and are discussed in greater detail in the technical reports prepared by Munroe (2014, 2015).

During 2013, surface geological mapping and sampling was conducted by EDR at Guanaceví focused, from north to south, on San Pedro (El Cambio-PP), Milache, El Rocio and Santa Cruz South. Regionally, a total of 17 exploration targets were defined in a radius of approximately 70 km around the Guanaceví Project.

During 2014, exploration field activities were conducted by EDR at Guanaceví mainly in the Rocio-Pelayo, Porvenir 4, El Aguaje Mine and Santa Cruz South areas. These activities were undertaken with the objective to define targets of interest with possible potential of mineralization in order to develop possible drilling programs. A total of 655 samples were collected and submitted for assays.

9.2

2015 Exploration Activities

In 2015, EDR spent US $1,548,683 (including property holding costs) on exploration activities, including drilling, at the Guanaceví Project.

  9.2.1

Sampling Method and Approach

In order to establish exploration drill hole targets, EDR has collected surface outcrop, underground channel, surface channel samples, and conducted numerous surface geologic mapping campaigns.

  9.2.1.1

Surface Channel Samples

Chip channel samples are marked by a line at each end of the channel and are collected across zones of mineralization, alteration, and structure by taking continuous (approximately 10 cm width) chips from a geologically defined traverse. The sample is chipped from the face with a mallet and chisel and captured by a large canvas. The canvas is cleaned after each sample has been taken and a lithologic description is recorded. The samples range from 1 to 2 meters long, depending on degree of mineralization and weigh approximately 3 to 6 kilograms. Their location is recorded by a hand-held GPS unit.

  9.2.1.2

Rock Chip Samples

As with the channel samples, single point rock chip samples are collected from an area of 1 to 2 meters in diameter. Multiple chips are collected from different points in the sampling area with a resulting weight from 1 to 3 kilograms. The chips are bagged and the same protocol is applied as with the channel samples. The location is recorded with a hand held GPS unit.

  9.2.1.3

Soil Chip Samples

The soil sample method is primarily utilized in areas with a higher degree of weathering. Where appropriate, soil samples were taken from just below the organic horizon in pits dug by hand with shovels; in other areas, soil samples constituted fine-grained material collected from weathered slopes. Soil samples constituted approximately 400 g to 600 g of material with as much organic matter removed as possible by

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screening or hand-picking. Soil sampling typically occurred on lines or grids with one sample taken every 50 m to 100 m. The grids or lines are oriented perpendicular to the structure being tested. Samples and sample location were described by the geologist / sampling technician and location recorded by handheld GPS.

  9.2.2

2015 Local Field Exploration

Local field exploration activities in 2015 included geological mapping, sampling, and interpretation in the La Guirnalda, Santa Cruz West, and Garibaldi claim areas (Figure 9-1).

Figure 9-1  Local Exploration Targets Map

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  9.2.2.1

Garibaldi

A total of 79 rock samples were collected during structural reconnaissance and sampling in the Garibaldi claim area (Figure 9-2), but no significant analytical results were returned.

Figure 9-2  Surface Map of the Garibaldi area.

  9.2.2.2

Santa Cruz West

Detailed geological mapping and sampling was undertaken at the Santa Cruz West area, located at the boundary limit between Santa Cruz Ocho (EDR) and Alondra (Frisco) claims (Figure 9-3). A total of 132 rock samples were collected and submitted for analysis, but no significant results returned.

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Figure 9-3  Surface Map of the Santa Cruz West area.

  9.2.2.3

La Guirnalda

Structural reconnaissance and sampling was conducted on the La Guirnalda claim in the San Pedro area (Figure 9-4). A total of 33 rock samples were collected and sent for analysis, but no significant analytical results were returned.

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Guanaceví Project Exploration

Figure 9-4  Surface Map of the La Guirnalda area.

  9.2.3

Regional Exploration

Regional field exploration was conducted over several concessions peripheral to the Guanaceví Project (Figure 9-5), and included collection and analysis of a total of 1,011 rock samples. Regional exploration is summarized in Table 9-1.

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Guanaceví Project Exploration


Figure 9-5  Google Earth Image showing Regional Exploration Targets (green)

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Guanaceví Project Exploration

Table 9-1 Summary of the Regional Exploration conducted by Endeavour on external Concessions.

Project Owner Location No. of
Samples
Taken
Concession Title
Barradon
Cesar Loera
Vicinity of the Guanaceví Town
815
Barradon 5 164007
Cristina 178162
Los García 179357
2da Ampliación de Barradon Cinco 203485
La Estrella 172685
Animas Chicas 185877
Barradon 9 215044
Barradon 8 214534
Ampl. del Santo Niño
Gilberto Flores
4 km East of the Porvenir-Santa
Cruz Mines area
117
Ampl. del Santo Niño
214761
La Aventura
Jesus Manuel
Ramos Díaz,
Rodrigo Ayala
Arzola & José
Guadalupe
Ayala Arzola
38 km at NE of the Guanaceví
town
54
La Aventura
236416
San Juan
Roberto
Velazquez
NW of San Pedro
25
San Juan 226391
San Juan 2 234668

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Guanaceví Project Drilling

10.

DRILLING

Diamond drilling at the Guanaceví Project is conducted under two general modes of operation: one by the exploration staff (surface exploration drilling) and the other by the mine staff (production and underground exploration drilling). Production drilling is predominantly concerned with definition and extension of the known mineralized zones in order to guide development and mining. Exploration drilling is conducted further from the active mining area with the goal of expanding the resource base. Drilling results from both programs were used in the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimates presented in this report. To date, all drilling completed at the mine has been diamond core.

10.1

Drilling Procedures

Surface drillholes are generally oriented to intersect the veins as close to perpendicular as possible. The drillholes are typically drilled from the hanging wall, perpendicular to, and passing through the target structure into the footwall, and no drilling is designed for intercepts with angles less than about 30° to the target. Drillholes extend an average of 50 m beyond the target zone.

Underground drillholes are typically drilled from the hanging wall, and are ideally drilled perpendicular to structures, but oblique intersection is required in some instances due to limitations of the drill station. Underground positive angled holes (up holes) are generally drilled from the footwall using the same criteria. All holes are designed to pass through the target and into the hanging or footwalls. Both surface and underground drillholes are typically HQ to NQ in size.

On the drill site, the drill set-up is surveyed for azimuth, inclination and collar coordinates, with the drilling subject to daily scrutiny and coordination by EDR geologists. Since 2010, surface holes are surveyed using a Reflex multi-shot down-hole survey instrument normally at 50 m intervals from the bottom of the hole back up to the collar. At underground drill stations, azimuth orientation lines are surveyed in prior to drilling. Inclination of underground holes is collected using the Reflex EX-Shot® survey device prior to starting drilling.

The survey data obtained from the drillholes are transferred to databases in Vulcan® and AutoCAD®, and are corrected for local magnetic declination, as necessary. Information for each drillhole is stored in separate folders.

Drill core is collected daily and is transported to the core logging facility under EDR supervision. The core storage facilities at Guanaceví are well protected by high level security fences, and are under 24-hour surveillance by security personnel to minimize any possibility of tampering with the dill cores.

When assay results are received from the laboratory, they are merged into an Excel® spreadsheet for importation and interpretation in AutoCAD® software. The starting and ending point of each vein and/or vein/vein breccia intercept is determined from a combination of geology notes in the logs and assay results. Using approximate vein and drillhole orientation information a horizontal width is calculated for the intercept to be used as part of a Vertical Longitudinal Projection (“VLP”).

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Guanaceví Project Drilling

The center point of the intercept, horizontal width, and gold and silver assay values are plotted on VLPs of each vein. These are used to guide further drilling, interpret mineralization shoots, and as the basis of polygonal resource estimation.

10.2

EDR Core Logging Procedures

As the core is received at the core facility, geotechnical data is logged manually on paper sheets and entered into Excel®. The core is then manually logged for geological data and marked for sampling. Geological data and sample information are entered directly into Excel® spreadsheets.

10.3

EDR Drilling Programs and Results

Since acquisition of the Guanaceví Project in 2004, through December 31, 2015, EDR has completed 690 diamond drillholes totaling 191,116 m and 22 reverse circulation drillholes totaling 2,977 m on the entire Guanaceví Mines Project (Table 10-1). Of this total, approximately 147,718 m of diamond drilling in 504 holes have been completed on the Santa Cruz vein structure. Holes were drilled from both surface and underground drill stations, and more than 54,799 samples have been collected and submitted for assay.

Table 10-1 Drilling Summary for Santa Cruz Vein Structure at Guanaceví Mines Project (as of December, 2015)

Project Diamond
Drillholes
Meters
North Porvenir 233 65,414
Porvenir Dos 24 5,062
Porvenir 4 38 10,100
La Prieta 12 2,627
Santa Cruz 96 22,067
Alex Breccia 27 8,614
Milache 51 24,931
Santa Cruz South 23 8,902
Total 504 147,718

EDR’s drilling exploration programs through 2014 are well described in previous technical reports (Munroe 2013, 2014, 2015; Lewis 2009, 2010, 2011). To provide continuity, a brief description of the 2014 exploration program is provided in the following paragraphs.

In 2014, underground and surface drilling conducted at Guanaceví focused on exploring the Santa Cruz vein on the North Porvenir (between the Porvenir and Santa Cruz Mines, below ramp 4115) and Santa Cruz South areas. The underground drilling program included a total of 3,422.75 m in 21 holes (Figure 10-1), and the surface drilling program included a total of 8,901.90 m in 23 holes (Figure 10-2).

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Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-1 2014 Underground Drilling, North Porvenir

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-2 2014 Surface Drilling, Santa Cruz South

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

  10.3.1

2015 Surface Drilling Program

In 2015, EDR conducted a surface drilling program mainly focused on exploring the Santa Cruz vein in the shallow portion of the Porvenir Comedor area and the eastern portion of the Santa Cruz mine (Santa Cruz East). A total of 5,002.60 m were drilled in 17 holes, including the extension of an existing drillhole which was previously drilled in 2005. Surface diamond drilling was conducted by Layne de Mexico S.A. de C.V. (Layne), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the USA-base Layne Christensen Company (Layne Christensen). Neither Layne nor Layne Christensen holds an interest in EDR, and both are independent of the company. Drillholes completed in the Santa Cruz East area in 2015 are summarized in Table 10-2, and drillholes completed at Porvenir Comedor are summarized in Table 10-3.

Table 10-2 2015 Surface Drilling Summary, Santa Cruz East

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total Depth
(m)
Start Date Finish Date
SC15.5S-1 20 º 73 HQ 500.55 11/4/2015 24/04/2015
SC17S-1A 49 º -78 º HQ 11.8 24/04/2015 25/04/2015
SC17S-1B 49 º -78 º HQ 28.1 25/04/2015 27/04/2015
SC17S-1 49 º 78 HQ 480.05 27/04/2015 7/5/2015
SC17.5S-1 85 º 79 HQ 501.55 8/5/2015 19/05/2015
*ESCI-3 60 º 66 º HQ 100.15 2/4/2015 26/05/2015
      Total 1,622.2    

*Drillhole ECSI-3 is the extension of an existing (2005) drillhole

Table 10-3 2015 Surface Drilling Summary, Porvenir Comedor

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total Depth
(m)
Start Date Finish Date
NP5S-1 45 º 45 HQ 287.70 27/05/2015 02/06/2015
NP5S-2 45 º 69 HQ 321.85 02/06/2015 08/06/2015
NP5S-3 45 º 58 HQ 300.35 08/06/2015 14/06/2015
NP4S-1 26 º 45 HQ 280.50 14/06/2015 19/06/2015
NP4S-2 23 º 60 HQ 295.20 19/06/2015 24/06/2015
NP6S-1 63 º 45 HQ 291.05 24/06/2015 29/06/2015
NP6S-2 69 º 57 HQ 301.85 29/06/2015 04/07/2015
NP6S-3 74 º 67 HQ 332.50 04/07/2015 10/07/2015
NP4S-3 15 º 69 HQ 331.00 10/07/2015 15/07/2015
NP3S-1 359 º 62 HQ 321.80 16/07/2015 21/07/2015
NP7S-1 90 º 59 HQ 316.60 21/07/2015 31/07/2015
      Total 3,380.40    

Drilling in Santa Cruz East encountered a significant intercept in a single hole, SC17S-1, of 281 g/t silver and 0.4 g/t gold over 1.5 m of true width of the Santa Cruz vein. A longitudinal section showing drilling intersections of the Santa Cruz vein in the Santa Cruz East area is presented as Figure 10-3.

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Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-3 Longitudinal Section (looking NE), Santa Cruz East

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

In the Porvenir Comedor area, 8 of the 11 drillholes encountered semi-oxidized mineralization in intersections of the Santa Cruz vein. Significant analytical results for the Porvenir Comedor area are summarized in Table 10-4. A longitudinal section showing drilling intersections of the Santa Cruz vein in the Porvenir Comedor area is presented as Figure 10-4.

Table 10-4 2015 Surface Drilling Results, Porvenir Comedor

Drillhole
ID
Structure Mineralized Interval Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
NP3S-1
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
285.75 289.20 3.45 2.8 136 0.5
287.05 288.80 1.75 1.4 202 0.6
288.15 288.80 0.65 0.5 295 0.7
NP4S-1
SCV Proj1
Santa Cruz Vein
Fault
231.90 233.20 1.30 1.3 1 <0.005
233.20 234.65 1.45 1.4 5 0.02
235.05 236.00 0.95 0.9 0.2 <0.005
NP4S-2
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
249.50 251.75 2.25 2.1 65 0.4
249.50 250.55 1.05 1.0 77 0.4
250.00 250.55 0.55 0.5 77 0.4
NP4S-3
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
264.10 266.10 2.00 1.7 36 0.3
264.70 266.10 1.40 1.2 42 0.4
265.50 266.10 0.60 0.5 55 0.7
NP5S-1
Santa Cruz Vein
Including
227.70 229.25 1.55 1.5 166 0.2
227.70 228.25 0.55 0.5 203 0.2
NP5S-2
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
261.90 269.40 7.50 6.1 130 0.4
266.85 269.40 2.55 2.1 208 0.4
266.85 267.40 0.55 0.5 319 0.9
NP5S-3
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
239.30 246.20 6.90 6.4 97 0.3
243.60 245.50 1.90 1.8 210 0.8
243.60 244.05 0.45 0.4 601 2.6
NP6S-1
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
235.85 239.90 4.05 3.9 46 0.3
236.80 238.35 1.55 1.5 67 0.3
237.35 237.75 0.40 0.4 76 0.5
NP6S-2
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
250.25 256.55 6.30 5.6 57 0.2
255.35 256.55 1.20 1.1 80 0.2
256.00 256.55 0.55 0.5 90 0.3
NP6S-3
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
271.00 275.10 4.10 3.4 94 0.1
271.00 273.60 2.60 2.2 113 0.1
271.70 272.45 0.75 0.6 169 <0.05
NP7S-1
Santa Cruz Vein
Including
280.35 281.70 1.35 1.1 67 0.1
281.20 281.70 0.50 0.4 158 0.3

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-4 Longitudinal Section (looking NE), Porvenir Comedor

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

  10.3.2

2015 Underground Drilling Program

In 2015, underground drilling conducted at Guanaceví was focused on exploring the Santa Cruz Vein at depth in the North Porvenir and Santa Cruz mines. Underground drilling was also completed at the Porvenir 4 mine in order to test the Santa Cruz vein at depth and to test the secondary Veta Nueva vein, located in the footwall of the Santa Cruz vein. The underground drilling program included a total of 4,547 m drilled in 22 holes. Underground drillholes completed in 2015 are summarized according to area in Tables 10-5 through 10-8.

Table 10-5 2015 Underground Drilling Summary, North Porvenir

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total
Depth (m)
Start Date Finish Date
UNP4-7A 10 º 70 HQ 12 8/5/2015 9/5/2015
UNP4-7 10 º 70 HQ 228 9/5/2015 14/05/2015
UNP4-8 59 º -74 º HQ 133.5 15/05/2015 26/05/2015
UNP4-9 59 º 74 HQ 235 26/05/2015 2/6/2015
UNP4-10 99 º 69 HQ 235.5 2/6/2015 9/6/2015
UNP9-1 234 º 72 HQ 352.5 10/6/2015 18/06/2015
UNP9-2 315 º 80 HQ 367.5 18/06/2015 26/06/2016
UNP9-3 332 º 58 HQ 345 26/06/2015 2/7/2015
      Total 1909    

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
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Table 10-6 2015 Underground Drilling Summary, Santa Cruz Mine

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total
Depth
(m)
Start Date Finish Date
UG-01 55 º -73 º HQ 222.00 28/10/2015 05/11/2015
UG-02 114 º -56 º HQ 219.00 05/11/2015 11/11/2015
UG-03 147 º 40 HQ 264.00 12-nov-15 /
25-nov-15
18-nov-15 /
27-nov-15
UG-04 177 º 81 HQ 270.00 18/11/2015 25/11/2015
UG-05 146 º -60 º HQ 241.50 27/11/2015 03/12/2015
UG-06 40 º -86 º HQ 226.50 05/12/2015 10/12/2015
UG-07 288 º -75 º HQ 271.50 10/12/2015 17/12/2015
      Total 1,714.50    

Table 10-7 2015 Underground Drilling Summary, Veta Nueva Vein (Porvenir 4)

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total
Depth
(m)
Start Date Finish Date
P4VN-1 69 º 42 HQ 102.00 14/04/2014 15/04/2015
P4VN-2 123 º 0 º HQ 141.00 16/04/2014 18/04/2015
PNVN-3 32 º 28 HQ 111.00 20/04/2015 21/04/2015
P4VN-4 125 º 36 HQ 102.00 22/04/2015 23/04/2015
P4VN-5 90 º (+)24 HQ 183.00 24/04/2015 28/04/2015
      Total 639.00    

Table 10-8 2015 Underground Drilling Summary, Santa Cruz Vein (Porvenir 4)

Hole Azimuth Dip Diameter Total
Depth
(m)
Start Date Finish Date
UPC-1 219 º 31 HQ 124.50 29/04/2015 01/05/2015
UPC-2 188 º 24 HQ 160.00 02/05/2015 07/05/2015
      Total 284.50    

  10.3.2.1 

North Porvenir

Drilling at the North Porvenir mine targeted two areas, the ‘central’ portion of the mine below ramp 4115, and the ‘deep’ (below Level 3148) portion of the mine. A surface map showing drilling locations at North Porvenir is presented as Figure 10-5.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-5 Surface Map showing completed drillhole s at North Porvenir

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Drilling in the central portion of the mine encountered a significant intercept in a single hole, UNP4-7, of 95 g/t silver and 0.2 g/t gold over 1.0 m of true width. In the deep portion of the mine, significant intercepts were encountered in two holes, UNP9-1 and UNP9-3. Analytical results for drilling in the deep portion Porvenir North are summarized in Table 10-9. A longitudinal section showing drilling intersections of the Santa Cruz vein at North Porvenir is presented as Figure 10-6.

Table 10-9 2015 Underground Drilling Results, Deep North Porvenir

Drillhole
ID
Structure Mineralized Interval Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
UNP9-1



SCV (Hw)
SCV (Hw) Composite
Including
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
Vein (Fw)
Vein (Fw) Composite
Including
288.45 290.00 1.55 1.0 156 0.32
287.65 289.35 1.70 1.0 134 0.27
288.45 289.35 0.90 0.6 238 0.45
304.00 306.90 2.90 1.6 1,007 1.73
303.35 306.15 2.80 1.6 1,113 1.86
304.00 304.50 0.50 0.3 4,680 6.76
318.00 319.70 1.70 0.9 454 0.93
315.45 319.70 4.25 2.4 373 0.47
318.00 318.85 0.85 0.4 655 1.44

UNP9-2
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
277.95 279.25 1.30 0.8 92 0.17
277.95 279.85 1.90 1.1 66 0.12
278.65 279.25 0.60 0.4 189 0.33
UNP9-3



SCV (Hw)
SCV (Hw) Composite
Including
Breccia
Breccia Composite
Including
Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
273.30 274.00 0.70 0.5 1,640 7.02
273.30 275.15 1.85 1.2 717 3.06
273.30 274.00 0.70 0.5 1,640 7.02
282.10 287.00 4.90 3.1 37 0.13
282.10 284.15 2.05 1.3 53 0.21
282.85 283.50 0.65 0.4 63 0.16
293.90 295.50 1.60 0.6 1,778 1.44
287.80 299.75 11.95 4.6 351 0.41
293.90 294.50 0.60 0.2 2,960 1.80

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-6 Longitudinal Section (looking NE), North Porvenir

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

  10.3.2.2 

Santa Cruz

Underground drilling at the Santa Cruz mine was carried out near the Santa Cruz shaft and in the West of the Robbins area. A surface map showing underground drilling completed at the Santa Cruz mine in 2015 is presented as Figure 10-7, and analytical results are summarized in Table 10-10. A longitudinal section showing drilling intersections of the Santa Cruz vein in at the Santa Cruz mine is presented as Figure 10-8.

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-7 Surface Map showing completed Drillholes at Santa Cruz

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Table 10-10 2015 Underground Drilling Results, Santa Cruz Mine

Drillhole
ID
Structure Mineralized Interval            Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
UG-01 Hw SCV
Santa Cruz SCV1
SCV1 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV2
SCV2 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV3
Including
65.20 65.70 0.50 0.4 9 0.02
82.10 87.25 5.15 4.1 15 0.05
85.80 87.25 1.45 1.1 28 0.08
86.70 87.25 0.55 0.4 43 0.14
99.25 103.50 4.25 2.7 142 0.16
100.85 102.95 2.10 1.3 245 0.26
102.50 102.70 0.20 0.1 799 0.77
140.75 142.70 1.95 1.6 148 0.28
142.50 142.70 0.20 0.2 460 0.14
UG-02
Hw SCV
Hw SCV Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV1
SCV1 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV2
SCV2 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV3
SCV3 Composite
Including
64.15 65.60 1.45 1.1 86 0.11
64.15 65.60 1.45 1.1 86 0.11
65.20 65.60 0.40 0.3 148 0.17
82.70 89.00 6.30 4.8 34 0.14
82.70 84.00 1.30 1.0 78 0.18
82.70 83.00 0.30 0.2 125 0.20
94.30 94.50 0.20 0.1 102 0.23
92.85 94.50 1.65 1.2 95 0.19
94.30 94.50 0.20 0.1 102 0.23
155.60 156.50 0.90 0.8 12 0.02
156.00 157.50 1.50 1.3 19 0.04
157.05 157.50 0.45 0.4 25 <0.05
UG-03

Hw SCV
Hw SCV Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV1
SCV1 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV2
SCV2 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV3
SCV3 Composite
Including
81.65 82.30 0.65 0.3 26 <0.05
80.55 82.30 1.75 1.0 18 0.04
80.55 80.85 0.30 0.2 28 <0.05
116.15 119.90 3.75 1.8 45 0.10
116.50 119.10 2.60 1.2 51 0.12
117.95 118.50 0.55 0.3 68 0.21
197.60 199.00 1.40 0.4 3 0.02
196.20 200.05 3.85 1.0 4 0.02
196.90 197.60 0.70 0.2 7 0.05
224.90 226.70 1.80 0.9 4 0.03
225.40 227.15 1.75 1.0 14 0.04
226.70 227.15 0.45 0.3 32 <0.05

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
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Table 10-10 (Cont.) 2015 Underground Drilling Results, Santa Cruz Mine

Drillhole
ID

Structure
Mineralized Interval Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
UG-04 Hw SCV
Hw SCV Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV1
SCV1 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV2
SCV2 Composite
74.30 76.80 2.50 1.9 59 0.07
75.00 76.40 1.40 1.1 97 0.09
75.00 75.75 0.75 0.6 162 0.13
127.35 128.75 1.40 0.8 11 0.04
126.20 127.90 1.70 1.0 11 0.05
127.35 127.90 0.55 0.3 13 0.06
170.85 173.40 2.55 1.2 234 0.36
170.85 172.95 2.10 1.0 269 0.39
Including
Santa Cruz SCV3
SCV3 Composite
Including
171.50 172.05 0.55 0.3 644 0.61
198.35 199.05 0.70 0.4 31 0.10
198.35 200.15 1.80 1.1 35 0.10
199.05 200.15 1.10 0.7 38 0.10
UG-05 Hw SCV
Hw SCV Composite
Including
Santa Cruz Vein
SCV1
SCV1 Composite
Including
Santa Cruz SCV2
Including
Stockworks (SCV2 Proj)
Santa Cruz SCV3 Proj
SCV3 Composite
Including
82.15 83.25 1.10 0.8 83 0.11
82.15 84.35 2.20 1.7 43 0.06
82.15 82.70 0.55 0.4 148 0.17
112.50 117.65 5.15 3.2 111 0.14
111.75 114.80 3.05 1.9 224 0.25
114.10 114.55 0.45 0.3 521 0.20
131.20 133.15 1.95 1.0 162 0.15
131.85 132.45 0.60 0.3 320 0.21
138.05 139.40 1.35 0.6 15 0.04
191.90 192.95 1.05 0.7 3 0.07
191.40 192.95 1.55 1.1 3 0.05
191.90 192.25 0.35 0.2 4 0.02
UG-06 Santa Cruz Vein
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
Veinlet
171.30 172.80 1.50 0.9 1,245 1.55
172.00 173.85 1.85 1.1 1,061 1.35
172.25 172.50 0.25 0.1 3,300 5.03
176.60 177.00 0.40 0.3 35 0.13
UG-07 Santa Cruz Vein
Including
Fw Vein
Including
212.50 214.50 2.00 1.0 1,661 3.11
212.50 212.90 0.40 0.2 6,340 11.90
215.20 217.50 2.30 1.2 68 0.17
215.65 216.00 0.35 0.2 91 0.21

March 3, 2016 54



Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-8 Longitudinal Section (looking NE), Santa Cruz Mine

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

  10.3.2.3 

Porvenir 4

The results of underground drilling targeting the Santa Cruz and Veta Nueva veins of the Porvenir 4 mine are largely inconclusive, with significant intercepts encountered in just two holes, UPC-2 (Santa Cruz) and P4VN-4 (Veta Nueva). Analytical results for underground drilling carried out at Porvenir 4 in 2015 are summarized in Tables 10-11 and 10-12, and longitudinal sections showing drilling intersections of the Santa Cruz and Veta Nueva veins are presented as Figures 10-9 and 10-10, respectively.

Table 10-11 2015 Underground Drilling Results, Veta Nueva (Porvenir 4)


Drillhole ID

Structure
Mineralized Interval            Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
P4VN-1
Veta Nueva
Veta Nueva Composite
Including
58.55 59.15 0.60 0.6 18 0.03
57.50 59.15 1.65 1.6 153 0.51
57.50 58.55 1.05 1.0 231 0.78
P4VN-2
Veta Nueva
Including
114.05 116.45 2.40 1.5 3 0.01
115.50 116.00 0.50 0.3 4 0.01
P4VN-3
Veta Nueva
Veta Nueva Composite
Including
81.90 83.15 1.25 0.8 53 0.04
81.40 83.15 1.75 1.1 47 0.05
81.90 82.25 0.35 0.2 168 0.10
P4VN-4
Veta Nueva Projection
Veta Nueva Composite
Including
58.30 58.75 0.45 0.4 103 0.21
58.30 59.60 1.30 1.1 43 0.08
58.30 58.75 0.45 0.4 103 0.21
P4VN-5 Veta Nueva 150.90 151.65 0.75 0.5 37 0.11

Table 10-12 2015 Underground Drilling Results, Santa Cruz (Porvenir 4)


Drillhole ID

Structure
Mineralized Interval            Assay Results
From (m) To (m) Core Length
(m)
True Width
(m)
Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t)
UPC-1
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
100.95 102.00 1.05 0.5 2 0.01
100.20 102.95 2.75 1.2 1 0.01
100.95 101.45 0.50 0.2 3 0.01
UPC-2
Fw SCV
Fw SCV Composite
Including
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz Composite
Including
90.30 94.50 4.20 1.9 54 0.22
88.85 92.55 3.70 1.7 112 0.26
91.95 92.55 0.60 0.3 175 0.56
115.50 116.40 0.90 0.3 8 0.02
113.90 117.05 3.15 1.2 7 0.03
113.90 114.45 0.55 0.2 10 0.07

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-9 Longitudinal Section (looking NE), Santa Cruz vein (Porvenir 4)

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Drilling

Figure 10-10 Longitudinal Section (looking East), Veta Nueva (Porvenir 4)

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Endeavour Silver Corp. NI 43-101 Technical Report
Guanaceví Project Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security

11.

SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY

The sample data relied upon during completion of the mineral resource and reserve estimates presented in this report are from diamond drill core and underground chip channel samples.

11.1

Methods


  11.1.1

Underground Sampling

Sampling intervals range from about 0.3m to 2.5m, with most in the 0.5m to 1.5m range. EDR’s geologists use geological criteria to select sample intervals. Quartz vein material is separated from hanging wall and footwall horizons, and internal vein samples are broken out by texture type. Three principal types of vein textures are recognized: (a) massive, (b) banded and (c) brecciated. As much as possible, vein samples are selected to represent mineralization episodes.

Mine samples are collected principally for grade control purposes but are also used to build up a channel sample database for resource estimation purposes. Samples are collected from sills and in stopes. Sill samples are taken from the development face on a blast-by-blast basis. All sampling starts from the footwall and proceeds towards the hanging wall, with sample limits based on geological contacts. In stopes, and in sills if time permits, samples are taken from the back and footwall side-wall. In general, footwall waste samples are not taken systematically, although at least one footwall sample is normally taken in a sampling session, depending on wherever the footwall is veined or sulfide rich. If the vein is present in the footwall side-wall, it is sampled. Side-wall channel samples are measured vertically, whilst back samples are measured horizontally. Channel sampling is generally at 2.5 m intervals but can be increased to 5 m intervals in areas where the geology and grade distribution are well known. Samples are taken using a hammer and chisel; if the back is too high, a scaling bar is also used to chip the sample off.

Sample locations underground are measured from a known reference point, usually an identified control point installed by EDR surveyors. All grade control samples are bagged in heavy duty polyurethane bags with a commercially prepared sample ticket inserted in the bag, and the sample number marked on the bag exterior with marker pen. All sample information is noted in a field notebook and later transferred to daily information sheets in the office. Basic sample information is also noted on sample ticket slips which are stored in the mine geology department office.

  11.1.2

Exploration Sampling

EDR’s exploration staff are responsible for regional and mine exploration within the Guanaceví mining district, including the management, monitoring, surveying, and logging of surface and underground diamond drilling.

Regardless of which program the core comes from, the process is the same. Core from diamond drilling is placed in boxes which are sealed shut at the drill site. EDR personnel transport the core to the core facility. Sample handling at the core facility follows a standard general procedure, during which depth markers are checked and confirmed; the outside of the boxes are labeled with interval information; core is washed and photographed; and the recovery and modified rock quality designation (RQD) are logged for each drillhole.

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Guanaceví Project Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security

All of EDR’s surface and underground exploration drillholes are processed at the exploration core facility.

A cutting line is drawn on the core with a colored pencil, and sample tags are stapled in the boxes or denoted by writing the sample number with a felt tip pen.

11.2

Sample Preparation and Analysis


  11.2.1

Underground Channel Samples

Mine production sampling including plant feed samples and doré, are sent to EDR’s in-house Metalurgica Guanaceví (MG) assay laboratory. The MG laboratory is ISO certified and is set up in a single facility at the Guanaceví mine with separate enclosed sections for sample preparation, fire assay with gravimetric finish, and atomic absorption facilities. The facilities are located within the Guanaceví plant compound and operate 24 hours per day.

Grade control channel samples, which are used for stope based reserve estimates, are prepared and analyzed at the in-house laboratory. The sample preparation procedure for samples is as follows: Samples are received and checked in by laboratory staff; moist samples are dried for 2 to 4 hours; otherwise samples are crushed to -½ inch in a primary jaw crusher; samples are split using a 1 inch or ½ inch Jones splitter; 100 to 150 g of sample is retained for pulverizing and is put in a metal tray, along with a pulp envelope; remaining coarse rejects are returned to their original bag along with the sample ticket and stored; the 150 g crushed sample is then dried at a temperature of 100° C. The dried sample is pulverized in a ring pulverizer to -80 mesh; the pulverized sample is stored in a numbered envelope. The procedures for the mine channel sample preparation have been the same since 2008.

  11.2.2

Exploration Drilling

All exploration drill core is transported under supervision of the EDR’s geologist to the secure core storage facility at the Santa Cruz mine site. Sampling procedures typically begin with splitting by either a wheel-driven manual splitting device or an electric diamond-bladed core saw. The wheel-driven manual splitting device is generally used only when the core is badly broken-up and cannot be effectively cut by the diamond-bladed core saw. One half of the core is replaced in the original core box with depth markers, and the other half is bagged with sample tickets and recorded in the sample record. Once samples are bagged, they are transported to an outside laboratory.

All of EDR’s exploration samples of rock and drill core were bagged and tagged at the Guanaceví warehouse and shipped to the ALS preparation facility in Chihuahua, Mexico. After preparation, the samples were shipped to the ALS laboratory in Vancouver, Canada, for analysis. An initial series of samples are sent to the MG Laboratory to screen the samples for ore grades and allow for a faster turnaround of assays and selection of drill sites. The ALS Chemex assays are used as the final grade for resource estimation.

Upon arrival at the ALS preparation facility, all of the samples are logged into the laboratory’s tracking system (LOG-22). Then the entire sample is weighed, dried if necessary, and fine crushed to better than 70% passing 2 mm (-10 mesh). The sample is then split through a riffle splitter and a 250 g split is then taken and pulverized to 85% passing 75 microns (-200 mesh).

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Guanaceví Project Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security

EDR uses a two phase analysis process of the samples to reduce.

  11.2.2.1 

First phase

Gold is fire assayed followed by an atomic adsorption (AA) analysis. A 30 g nominal pulp sample weight is used. The detection range for the gold assay is 0.005 to 10 ppm.

The analytical procedure for Silver and multi-elements is through an aqua regia digestion followed by inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The detection range for the silver assay is 0.2 ppm to 100 ppm.

  11.2.2.2 

Second Phase

The assays for evaluation of higher-grade silver (+/- gold) mineralization were also optimized for accuracy and precision at higher concentrations. All EDR samples originally assaying >20 ppm silver are then re-assayed using a fire assay followed by a gravimetric finish. A 30 g nominal pulp sample weight is used. The detection ranges are 0.05 to 1,000 ppm for the gold assay and 5 to 3,500 ppm for the silver assay.

As an economical tool for first pass exploration geochemistry, the pulps are sometimes subjected to aqua regia digestion and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) multi-element analysis. The data reported from an aqua regia leach are considered to represent the leachable portion of the particular analyte. These analytical methods are optimized for low detection limits. Over-limits (>10,000 ppm) determined for lead and zinc by ICP are re-analyzed using atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). The analytical procedure is an aqua regia digestion followed by an ICP-AES finish. The detection ranges are 0.001% to 20% for lead and 0.001% to 30% for zinc.

ALS is an independent, ISO-certified, analytical laboratory company which services the mining industry around the world. ALS employs a rigorous quality control system in its laboratory methodology as well as a system of analytical blanks, standards and duplicates. Details of its accreditation, analytical procedures and QA/QC program can be found at http://www.alsglobal.com/.

11.3

Quality Control / Quality Assurance (QA/QC) program

In order to monitor the sampling, preparation and assaying process EDR has established a QA/QC program, in an effort to control or minimize possible errors, including the use of duplicate, blanks, standards and cross checks.

The QA/QC protocol for production samples involves repeat assays on pulp and reject assays, along with in-house prepared blanks and control samples. No commercially available standards were used in 2015. EDR creates standards in-house using selected pulp rejects which are prepared by a third party laboratory. Roughly 3% to 5% of production grade control sample are submitted for re-assay.

  11.3.1

Underground Channel Sample QA/QC


  11.3.1.1 

Blank Performance

In August 2009, the geology department began collecting and sending blanks along with production samples. This practice has continued through to the end of 2015. Currently, blanks are inserted at a

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Guanaceví Project Sample Preparation, Analyses and Security

frequency of approximately 1 sample per day. Blanks are collected as run-of-mine material from waste headings such as the development ramps. These samples are usually of sufficiently low silver grade to be useful in detecting laboratory errors such as sample swaps and contamination, however, there is always the possibility that the samples will contain anomalous values. Blanks are submitted blind, that is, they are inserted into the sample stream using the same sample sequence and identifiers as any other sample collected.

Results of the blank assays are shown in Figures 11-1 and 11-2. Approximately 2.5% of the 550 samples sent for assay in 2014 returned silver grades greater than 20 times the detection for silver and 4.5% were between 5 and 20 times the detection limit for silver. Sample values less than 25 g/t (5x detection) are considered acceptable.

Figure 11-1 Production Samples Blank Analysis for Silver

Gold values were slightly better with only 1.5% of the 358 samples sent for assay returning gold grades greater than 20 times the detection, and 3.3% between 5 and 20 times the detection limit for gold. Sample values less than 0.15 g/t (5x detection) are considered acceptable.

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Figure 11-2 Production Samples Blank Analysis for Gold

  11.3.1.2

Precision Demonstrated by Duplicate Results

Maximum-minimum scatter plots for duplicate samples are shown in Figure 11-3 through Figure 11-8. In general, results of the duplicate re-assays indicate a good correlation for silver and moderate to poor correlation for gold. Acceptable failure rate for pulp duplicates is 10%. Silver pulps show a 11% failure rate while gold shows a 23% failure rate.

Acceptable failure rate for reject duplicates is 20%. Silver rejects show a 28% failure rate while gold shows a 24% failure rate.

Finally, failure rate for mine duplicates is 30%. Silver duplicates show a 46% failure rate while gold shows a 28% failure rate.

Silver pairs with a mean value of 10x the detection limit were excluded. Gold pairs with a mean value of 15x the detection limit were excluded. The higher failure rate may be caused by low precision near the origin. Eliminating pairs that are close to detection will reduce the failure rate. Overall the results are acceptable but could be improved

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Figure 11-3 Silver Pulp Duplicates

Figure 11-4 Gold Pulp Duplicates

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Figure 11-5 Silver Reject Duplicates

Figure 11-6 Gold Reject Duplicates

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Figure 11-7 Silver Field Duplicates

Figure 11-8 Gold Field Duplicates

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  11.3.1.3 

Mine Standard Reference Material

No mine standards are used.

  11.3.1.4 

Accuracy Demonstrated by Check Assays

Check assaying is performed to check the precision and accuracy of the primary laboratory, and to identify errors due to sample handling. Check assaying consists of sending pulps and rejects to a secondary lab for analysis and comparison against the primary lab.

No check assays were sent to secondary labs for analysis in 2014.

  11.3.2

Surface and Underground Exploration

During 2015, drilling was supported by a QA/QC program to monitor the integrity of all assay results. Each batch of 20 samples included one blank, one duplicate and one standard. Check assaying is also conducted at a frequency of approximately 5%. Discrepancies and inconsistencies in the blank and duplicate data are resolved by re-assaying either the pulp or reject or both.

A total of 3,826 samples, including control samples, were submitted during EDR’s surface & underground drilling programs at Guanaceví in 2015, as shown in Table 11-1.

A total of 194 pulps were also submitted for check assaying.

EDR’s sampling process, including handling of samples, preparation and analysis, is shown in the quality control flow sheet, Figure 11-9.

Table 11-1 Summary of Control Samples Used for the 2015 Surface & Underground Exploration Program

Samples No. of Samples Percentage (%)
Standards 172 4.5%
Duplicates 177 4.6%
Blanks 192 5.0%
Normal 3285 85.9%
Total 3,826 100%
Check Assays 194 5.1%

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Figure 11-9 Flow Sheet for Core Sampling, Sample Prep and Analysis

  11.3.2.1

Surface and Underground Exploration Blank Performance

Blank samples were inserted to monitor possible contamination during the preparation process and analysis of the samples in the laboratory. The blank material used was commercial bentonite purchased for EDR’s drilling programs on the Guanaceví mines project. The bentonite used was Enviroplug Coarse (1/4”). Blank samples are inserted randomly into the sample batch and given unique sample numbers in sequence with the other samples before being shipped to the laboratory.

Blank samples were inserted at an average rate of approximately 1 for each 20 original samples. Only a limited number of blank samples returned assay values above the detection limits for gold and silver. Blank samples were also assayed for copper, lead and zinc but little or no contamination was observed for these metals.

Based on the results obtained from the blank samples, for gold no samples were outside the recommended value; for silver only three samples returned outside the upper limit (DH49760, DH50032 & DH50983), out of them only the last one is associated to a mineralized zone, but the value (4.8 g/t Ag) is not significant comparing the contiguous samples in the hole, which is why it is considered that the assay results for the drilling programs are for the most part free of any significant contamination Guanaceví mine(Figures 11-10 and 11-11).

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Figure 11-10 Control Chart for Gold Assay from the Blank Samples Inserted into the Sample Stream.

Figure 11-11 Control Chart for Silver Assay from the Blank Samples Inserted into the Sample Stream.

  11.3.2.2

Precision Demonstrated by Duplicate Results

Duplicate samples were used to monitor (a) potential mixing up of samples and (b) variability of the data as a result of laboratory error or the lack of homogeneity of the samples.

Duplicate core samples were prepared by EDR personnel at the core storage facility at the Guanaceví mines project. Preparation first involved randomly selecting a sample interval for duplicate sampling purposes. The duplicates were then collected at the time of initial sampling. This required first splitting the core in half and then crushing and dividing the half-split into two portions which were sent to the laboratory separately. The duplicate samples were ticketed with the consecutive number following the original sample. One duplicate sample was collected for each batch of 20 samples.

Discrepancies and inconsistencies in the duplicate sample data are resolved by re-assaying either the pulp or reject or both.

For the duplicate samples, graphical analysis shows moderate correlation coefficient for both gold (0.60) and silver (0.73) . Scatter diagrams for core duplicate samples are shown in Figure 11-12 and 11-13.

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Figure 11-12 Scatter Plot for Duplicate Samples of Gold


Figure 11-13 Scatter Plot for Duplicate Samples of Silver

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  11.3.2.3 

Surface Exploration Standard Reference Material

EDR uses commercial reference standards to monitor the accuracy of the laboratories. Standard reference material (SRM) has been purchased from CDN Resource Laboratories Ltd. Each reference standard was prepared by the vendor at its own laboratories and shipped directly to EDR, along with a certificate of analysis for each standard purchased.

In 15, standard reference control samples were submitted at an average frequency of 1 for each batch of 20 samples. Reference standards were ticketed with pre-assigned numbers in order to avoid inadvertently using numbers that were being used during logging.

Three different standards were submitted and analyzed for gold and silver. The reference standards used during EDR’s drilling programs are described in Table 11-2.

For the process to establish the control limits of the SRM, in 2013 EDR modify the protocols, until 2012 the used value was the recommended for the SRM (Certificate), and the control limits were defined as a function of the standard deviation resulting from the round robin (the assays of a SRM at various laboratories). This has to do with precision, not with accuracy, which is the control that is wanted with the use of this material (“Simon, M.A. 2011”), therefore the mean of the ALS assays results is used once a standard has been analyzed 25 or more times by ALS. The SRM results are used for standards that have not been analyzed 25 times by ALS.

For graphical analysis, results for the standards were scrutinized relative to the mean or control limit (CL), and a lower control limit (LL) and an upper control limit (UL), as shown in Table 11-3.

Table 11-2 Reference Standards Used for Endeavour Silver’s Drilling Programs

Reference
Standard
Reference Number Reference Source Reference Standard Assays
(Certificate)
Reference Standard Assays
(Calculated)
Gold (g/t) Silver (g/t) Gold (g/t) Silver (g/t)
EDR-31 CDN-FCM-6 Cdn Resource Lab 2.15 157 2.18 151
EDR-39 CDN-ME-1305 Cdn Resource Lab 1.92 231 1.93 226
EDR-43 CDN-ME-1307 Cdn Resource Lab 1.02 54 NA NA

NA - Not applicable

Table 11-3 Basis for Interpreting Standard Sample Assays

Limit Value
UL Plus 2 standard deviations from the mean
CL Recommended or calculated value (mean) of standard reference material)
LL Minus 2 standard deviations from the mean

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EDR’s general rules for a batch failure are as follows:

  A reported value for a standard greater than 3 standard deviations from the mean is a failure.
     
Two consecutive values of a standard greater than 2 standard deviations from the mean is a failure.
     
  A blank value over the acceptable limit is a failure.
     
  Results are reported to EDR’s Qualified Person every month.

Results of each standard are reviewed separately. Table 11-4 summarizes the analysis of the behavior of these materials and the taken actions.

With the exception of the cases mentioned in Table 11-4, most values for gold and silver were found to be within the control limits, and the results are considered satisfactory. The mean of the ALS assays agrees well with the mean value of the standard. Examples of control charts generated by EDR are shown in Figures 11-14 through 11-19 for the standard reference materials.

Table 11-4 Summary of analysis of Reference Standards.

Reference
Standard
Element Observations Comments
EDR-31 Au 2 Flyers: DH50626 (2.52 ppm Au) & DH52049 (1.79 ppm Au); values between 2 and 3 standard deviations; not consecutive. Within the protocols
Ag No flyers Within the protocols
EDR-39
Au No flyers Within the protocols
Ag 2 Flyers: DH49711 (206 ppm Ag) & DH52467 (206 ppm Ag) with values >3 standard deviations; only DH49711 in mineralized zone. Batch in process of
reassays
1 Flyer: DH52996 (213 ppm Ag) with value between 2 and 3 standard deviations; not consecutive. Within the protocols
EDR-43 Au 1 Flyer: DH52806 (1.15 ppm Au); value between 2 and 3 standard deviations; not consecutive Within the protocols
2 Flyers; DH53136 (0.92 pp Au) & DH53176 (0.93 ppm Au); values between 2 and 3 standard deviations, not mineralized zone; other reference material in between. Within the protocols
Ag 2 Flyers: DH52796 (58.1 ppm Ag) & DH53096 (58.2 ppm Ag); values between 2 and 3 standard deviations, not consecutive. Within the protocols

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Figure 11-14 Control Chart for Gold Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-31


Figure 11-15 Control Chart for Silver Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-31


Figure 11-16 Control Chart for Gold Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-39


Figure 11-17 Control Chart for Silver Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-39

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Figure 11-18 Control Chart for Gold Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-43

Figure 11-19 Control Chart for Silver Assays from the Standard Reference Sample EDR-43

  11.3.2.4 

Surface and Underground Accuracy Demonstrated by Check Assays

To evaluate the accuracy of the primary laboratory, EDR periodically conducts check analyses. Random pulps are selected from original core samples and send to a second laboratory to verify the original assay and monitor any possible deviation due to sample handling and laboratory procedures. EDR uses the BSI-Inspectorate laboratory in Durango, Mexico, for check analyses.

Correlation coefficients are high (>0.98) for both silver and gold, showing a high level of agreement between the original ALS assay and the BSI-Inspectorate check assay. Figure 11-20 and Figure 11-21 show the correlation between the values of Gold and Silver.

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Figure 11-20 Scatter plot of Check Assays for Gold

Figure 11-21 Scatter plot of Check Assays for Silver

11.4

Adequacy of Data

HRC concludes that the exploration and production sample preparation, security and analytical procedures are correct and adequate for the purpose of this technical report. The sample methods and density are appropriate and the samples are of sufficient quality to comprise a representative, unbiased database.

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12.

DATA VERIFICATION

The mineral resource estimate presented in report Section 14 is based on the following information provided to HRC by EDR with an effective date of December 31, 2015:

 

Discussions with EDR personnel;

   

 

 

Personal investigation of the Guanaceví Project office;

   

 

A surface exploration and underground drilling database (base_datos_2014) received as csv files;

   

 

 

Production channel sample database (canales) received as csv files on October 23, 2015

   

 

Modeled solids for veins Santa Cruz, A12 Principal, A12 Trinche, A13 Trinche, R1, R2, Rint, and Bajo by EDR;

   

 

The most recent Technical Report “NI43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project Durango State Mexico” dated February 25, 2015 and authored by Michael J. Munroe., RM-SME;

   

 

Polygonal 2-dimensional long sections for veins Epsilon Soto, La Blanca, Mi Niña, and San Joaquin with resource and reserve calculations.


12.1

Database Audit

The surface drilling, underground drilling, and underground channel samples were combined into a single database for mineral resource estimation. HRC conducted a thorough audit of the current EDR exploration and operation sample databases. The following tasks were completed as part of the audit:

  Performed a mechanical audit of the database;
     
  Validated the geologic information compared to the paper logs;
     
Validated the assay values contained in the exploration database with assay certificates from the EDR Guanaceví mine laboratory; and
     
Validated the assay values contained in the 2D polygonal long sections by comparing with select, relevant historical assays and the original drawings.

HRC limited the audit to the rock-type, assay, drillhole collar, and survey data contained in the exploration database.

12.2

Mechanical Audit

A mechanical audit of the combined database was completed using Leapfrog Geo® software. The database was checked for overlaps, gaps, duplicate channel samples total drillhole length inconsistencies, nonnumeric assay values, and negative numbers. The following list of drillhole s were missing information:

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  No Assay Data
    o Surface Drilling   
    •   PS-589-01
    •   PS-656-02
    •   SC1-1
    •   TDH-19

A total of 335 surface drillholes, 188 underground drillholes, and 3,778 underground channel samples were imported into Leapfrog for validation. Data with missing information were not used in the estimation of mineral resources.

  12.2.1

Overlaps

Overlaps identified in the audit were corrected with EDR personnel.

Gaps, Non-numeric Assay Values, and Negative Numbers

The software reported missing intervals for silver and gold. Below detection limit samples are reported as a non-positive value of 0. All of the non-positive numbers (<0) were assumed to be non-sampled intervals and were omitted from the dataset. No non-numeric assays were encountered in the audit. Table 12-1 below summarizes the number of intervals imported, the number of missing intervals, the number of non-positive values and the number of valid assays for each element.

Table 12-1 Database Import Summary

Element Missing Non-Positive
Values
Assay Values
Ag (g/t) 2,272 461 46,623
Au (g/t) 2,272 1,195 46,594

  12.2.2

Table Depth Consistency

The survey, assay, and geology tables maximum sample depth was checked as compared to the maximum depth reported in the collar table for each drillhole. No intervals exceeded the reported drillhole depths.

12.3

Certificates

HRC received original assay certificates in excel format for the samples collected in 2015 in the current database. A random manual check of 10% of the database against the original certificates was conducted. The error rate within the database is considered to be less than 1% based on the number of samples spot checked.

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12.4

Adequacy of Data

HRC has reviewed EDR’s check assay programs and believes the programs provide adequate confidence in the data. Samples that are associated with failures and the samples associated with erroneous blank samples are infrequent and are reviewed prior to inclusion in the production database.

All drill cores and cuttings from EDR’s drilling have been photographed. Drill logs have been digitally entered into exploration database organized and maintained in Vulcan. The split core and cutting trays have been securely stored and are available for further checks.

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13.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING


13.1

Metallurgical Testing


  13.1.1

Mineralogy

Several ore and cyanide leach residues were analyzed at the University of San Luis Potosi in 2012:

  Mill feed combined ore
     
  Porvenir North ore and cyanide leach residue
     
  Porvenir 2 ore and cyanide leach residue

The most abundant silver mineral was Argentite (Ag2S). The less frequent minerals were Stromeyerite, not specified Sulfosalts, native silver and gold in various sizes and occluded in quartz or Mn-oxides. The size of silver and gold mineral grains varies from less than 1 micrometer (native gold and silver) up to 120 micrometers (Argentite) (Table 13-1). Metal sulfides were found (Pyrite, Sphalerite, Galena, and Arsenopyrite) (Table 13-2).

Table 13-1 Silver and Gold Distribution in Ore and Leach Residue Samples

Mill feed ore Porvenir 2 ore Porvenir 2 Leach
Residue
Porvenir 4 ore Porvenir 4 Leach
Residue
Ag 295 gpt Au 1.6 gpt Au 0.30 gpt Au 2.1 gpt Au 0.6 gpt
Au 2.1 gpt Ag 261 gpt Ag 132 gpt Ag 234 gpt Ag 53 gpt
100% of silver as Argentite Ag2S from which 80% is liberated, size from 9 to 20 μm, and 20% is locked in quartz. 96% of silver as Argentite Ag2S from which 85% is liberated, size from 35 to 120 μm, and 15% is associated with Stromeyerite, Galena and Pyrite as particles with size <3μm; 4% of silver as Stromeyerite (Ag,Cu)2S and associated with Argentite. 100% of silver as native silver in particles smaller than <1μm. Argentite (Ag2S) grains smaller than 10 μm and locked in Mn,Ca- oxides. Stromeyerite, (Ag,Cu)2S, particles smaller than 10 μm and locked in Mn,Ca- oxides; Ag-sulfosalts grains smaller than 10 μm and locked in Mn,Ca-oxides. Argentite Ag2S particles smaller than 5 μm; As native gold in particles smaller than 1μm.

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Table 13-2 Summary of Mineralogical Analysis of Ore and Leach Residue Samples

Mineral Mill feed ore Porvenir 2
Ore
Porvenir 2
Leach residue
Porvenir 4
Ore
Porvenir 4
Leach residue
Ag-minerals 0.035 0.03 0.01 0.037  
Sphalerite 0.27 0.08 0.08    
Arsenopyrite   0.019      
Galena 0.1 0.028      
Pb-minerals     0.03    
Pyrite 0.88 2.88 1.34 1.2 1.18
Fe-oxides 1.1   1    
Mn-oxides 1.2   1 2.5  
Mn-minerals   1.2      
Quartz 57.5 90 90 80.5 83
K-Feldspar 37.2 5      
Ca,Fe-silicates       14 14
Kaolinite     6.04    
Barite     0.5    
Others 1.66 0.76   1.8 1.82

  13.1.2

Flotation

Flotation of Santa Cruz ore recovered 75% of silver and 82% of gold obtaining a saleable concentrate with silver grade 11 kg/t. However, the flotation recovery is lower than by cyanide leaching and in addition the concentrate sale costs are considerably higher than Dore selling costs. Both lower recovery and higher sale costs make flotation less economic option than cyanide leach.

  13.1.3

Hot cyanide leach

Hot cyanide leach tests showed faster leaching rate. An economic evaluation suggests that it is not economic at this time.

  13.1.4

Leach tests of exploration samples (Milache)

Bottle roll tests conducted on the Milache vein resulted in relatively high metal recoveries as presented in Table 13-3.

Table 13-3 Results of Bottle Roll Tests on Milache Ore Samples


Sample
Head grade Recovery
Au g/t Ag g/t % Au % Ag
MCHT-01 1.53 434 98.0% 92.4%
MCHT-02 0.89 375 96.5% 90.8%
MCHT-03 0.9 292 98.9% 92.1%
MCHT-04 2.52 1105 98.7% 96.3%

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13.2

Process Plant

The current process plant is discussed in Section 17.2.

13.3

Comments on Section 13

The Guanaceví mine has a long history of successful operation and processing and has plans to continue. The QP is of the opinion that the level of metallurgical testing is appropriate for the duration of the life of the mine plan and is unaware of any processing factors or deleterious elements that could impact the potential economic extraction of metal from the Guanaceví mines ore.

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14.

MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES

Zachary J. Black, SME-RM, a Resource Geologist with HRC is responsible for the estimation of the mineral resource herein. Mr. Black is a qualified person as defined by NI 43-101 and is independent of EDR. HRC estimated the mineral resource for the Guanaceví mine Project from drillhole data, constrained by geologic vein boundaries with an Inverse Distance Weighted (“ID”) algorithm. Datamine Studio RM® V1.0.73.0 (“Datamine”) software was used for the resource estimate in combination with Leapfrog Geo® V.3.0.0 (“Leapfrog”) for the geologic model. The metals of interest at Guanaceví are gold and silver.

The Mineral Resources contained within this Technical Report have been classified under the categories of Measured, Indicated and Inferred in accordance with standards as defined by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) “CIM Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves”, prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions and adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014. Classification of the resources reflects the relative confidence of the grade estimates.

14.1

Density

HRC applied a density of 2.55 t/ m3 to convert volume into tonnage. The density is taken directly from the “NI43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project Durango State Mexico” dated February 25, 2015 and authored by Michael J. Munroe. EDR has completed 179 bulk sample density measurements (Table 14-1). A specific gravity value of 2.55 based on past production data was used for converting volumes to tonnes for the December 2015 resources. This value is within the acceptable range based on the results to date.

Table 14-1 Statistical Summary of Density Data

Statistics Porvenir North Porvenir Dos Porvenir 4 Santa Cruz
Number of Data 134 35 4 6
Mean 2.53 2.5 2.59 2.51
Median 2.52 2.49 2.59 2.52
Standard Deviation 0.088 0.124 0.023 0.07
Sample Variance 0.008 0.015 0.001 0.005
C.V. 0.035 0.049 0.009 0.028
IQR 2.47 - 2.57 2.46 - 2.54 2.58 - 2.61 2.45 - 2.56
Minimum 2.26 2.29 2.56 2.43
Maximum 2.94 3 2.61 2.6
Range 0.68 0.72 0.05 0.17

14.2 Methodology

The Guanaceví mineral resource is comprised of 22 individual veins. The veins are further subdivided into areas and modeling method. The mineral resources have been estimated using either a Vertical Longitudinal Projection (VLP) polygonal method (4 veins) or as 3-dimensional (“3D”) block model (18 veins). The 3D models have been split into 5 areas based on the vein location within the deposit. Table 14-2 summarizes the vein by the modeling method and area.

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Table 14-2 Summary of Veins included in the Mineral Resource Estimate

 Principal Area  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Santa Cruz 140 55 230
A12 Principal 140 55 230
A12 Trinche 145 50 55
A13 Trinche 150 55 60
R1 140 60 230
R2 140 60 230
R2 (Lower) 140 60 230
R3 140 60 230
Rint 155 40 245
  Bajo Area  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Bajo 135 55 225
Bajo 2 130 50 220
 Porvenir Norte  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Porvenir Norte Z2 140 55 230
Porvenir Norte ZN 140 55 230
  Milache  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Milache FW 140 60 230
Milache 140 60 230
 Santa Cruz South  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Santa Cruz South 135 70 225
Santa Cruz South FW1 135 70 225
Santa Cruz South FW2 135 70 225
  2D Veins  
Vein Strike° Dip° Dip Direction°
Epsilon Soto

Soto - 57 -
HW Soto - 45 -
FW Soto - 65 -
Epsilon - 85 -
Manto - 15 -
La Blanca - 71 -
Mi Niña - 70 -
San Joaquin - 45 -

14.3

Vertical Longitudinal Projection

The resources based on the 2D polygonal methods are estimated by using a fixed distance Vertical Longitudinal Projection (VLP) from sample points. The VLPs are created by projecting vein geology and

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underground workings onto a vertical 2D long section. Figure 14-1 displays the VLP for the Epsilon - Soto veins. Resource blocks are constructed on the VLP based on the sample locations in the plane of the projection. EDR geologists review the data for sample trends and delineate areas with similar characteristics along the sample lines. The areas are then grouped based on mining requirements and the average grades and thicknesses of the samples are tabulated for each block. Resource volumes are calculated from the delineated area and the horizontal thickness of the vein, as recorded in the sample database. The volume and density are used to determine the overall resource tonnage for each area, and the grades are reported as a length weighted average of the samples inside each resource block.

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Figure 14-1 VLP Showing the Epsilon - Soto Vein with Indicated (blue), and Inferred (grey) Resource Blocks

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  14.3.1

Composite Calculations

Composites for 2D estimates are calculated from drillhole intercepts and trench samples. The samples are grouped into a uniform composite length by using a length weighted average to determine the grade. A single or multiple composites are then used to determine the average grade of a resource block.

  14.3.2

Area and Volume Calculations

HRC confirmed the areas reported in EDR resource sheets loading AutoCAD® long VLP’s provided by EDR into ArcGIS® software, and tracing the perimeter of the resource blocks and measuring the area with the built in measuring tool. The dip of the vein and true thickness are known variables. Volume is calculated by multiplying the area of the resource block by the horizontal thickness. The horizontal thickness is used for volume calculations to compensate for the reduction in area when translating the vein to a VLP (Figure 14-2).


Figure 14-2 Cross Section Diagram of VLP Method

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  14.3.3

VLP Mineral Resource Classification

The 2D estimates were classified based on the distance to the nearest sample. Measured mineral resources are the area of the defined resource blocks within 10 meters of a sample. Indicated mineral resources are the area of the defined resource blocks within 20 meters of a sample. Inferred mineral resources are those blocks greater than 20 meters from a sample and have a value for estimated silver.

14.4

3D Block Model Method


  14.4.1

Geologic Model

HRC constructed the vein models using Leapfrog. Eighteen veins were modeled using a linear interpolation methodology and sample intervals. Cross-sections orthogonal to the strike of the vein were used to select intervals from drillholes representing the vein material. Level sections were used to select vein material from channel samples. Points representing the hanging wall and footwall contacts were extracted by the software to interpolate hanging wall and footwall surfaces. These surfaces were used to delineate each vein solid. The surfaces were evaluated in 3-dimensions to ensure that both the down dip and along strike continuity was maintained throughout the model. Veins were clipped against younger veins, topography, and the concession boundaries. Figures 14-3 through 14-9 are orthogonal view of the modeled veins subdivided into 6 areas.

Figure 14-3 Santa Cruz Vein Principal Area (Viewing the Southern Extent of the Main Santa Cruz Vein, A12 Principal, A12
Trinche, A 13 Trinche, R1, R2, R2 (lower), R3, and Rint)

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Figure 14-4 Santa Cruz Vein Principal Area (Viewing the Southern Extent of the Main Santa Cruz Vein, A12 Principal, A12
Trinche, A 13 Trinche, R1, R2, R2 (lower), R3, and Rint)

Figure 14-5 Santa Cruz Vein Bajo Area (Viewing the Southern Extent of the Main Santa Cruz Vein, Bajo, and Bajo 2)

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Figure 14-6 Santa Cruz Vein Porvenir Norte Area (Viewing the Northern Extent of the Main Santa Cruz Vein, Porvenir Norte
ZN, and Porvenir Norte Z2)

Figure 14-7 Santa Cruz Vein Porvenir Norte Area (Viewing the Northern Extent of the Main Santa Cruz Vein, Porvenir Norte
ZN, and Porvenir Norte Z2)

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Figure 14-8 Milache Vein Area (Viewing Milache and Milache FW)

Figure 14-9 Santa Cruz South Vein Area (Viewing Santa Cruz South, Santa Cruz South FW1, and Santa Cruz South FW2)

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Areas of historical production were removed from the solids using long sections provided by EDR (Figure 14-10).

Figure 14-10 Long Section view of Santa Cruz Vein with Mined Out Areas Clipped from Modeled Vein

  14.4.2

Block Model

The 3D geologic solids were converted to block models using Datamine. Four block model prototypes were created for each structural regime. The model prototypes are rotated along strike and down dip and encompass the entire vein. A block size of 3m x 3m was determined to be an appropriate size along strike and down dip. The blocks for thickness were sub-blocked to the vein thickness. A summary of the block model parameters is shown in Table 14-3. The volume, tonnage, and average statistics for sample length, silver, and gold are presented in Table 14-4.

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Table 14-3 Guanaceví Block Model Parameters

Model
Prototype
Vein Origin Rotation Block Size
Number of
Blocks
Maximum Extent
X Y Z Z Y X X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z
scm A12 Principal 401,000









2,865,550









1,780









-38









-38









0









250









3









3









1









867









310









401,250









2,868,151









2,710









Bajo
Bajo 2
Porvenir Norte Z2
Porvenir Norte ZN
R1
R2
R2 (Lower)
R3
Rint
Santa Cruz
scmt A12 Trinche 401,110
2,866,120
2,040 -23 43 0 50 3 3 1 124 50 401,160 2,866,492 2,190
A13 Trinche
scs Santa Cruz South 401,840 2,864,550 1,880 45 0 18 10 100 10 45 1 55 402,290 2,864,650 2,430
Santa Cruz South FW1
Santa Cruz South FW2
mch Milache FW 397,483.5938 2,869,919.75 1,779.2003 48 0 28 10 50 10 138 1 81 398863.5938 2869969.75 2589.2003
Milache

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Table 14-4 Vein Model Sample Statistics

Vein Volume Tonnage Average
(m3) (tonne) Interval
Length
Length (%) Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)
A12 Principal 87,975 219,939 1,773 1.10% 257 0.41
A12 Trinche 28,140 70,350 353 0.22% 210 0.46
A13 Trinche 17,058 42,645 344 0.21% 130 0.43
Bajo 40,289 100,721 429 0.27% 148 0.29
Bajo 2 78,576 196,440 1,124 0.70% 150 0.32
Milache FW 60,018 150,045 18 0.01% 150 0.38
Milache 964,602 2,411,505 135 0.08% 254 0.74
Porvenir Norte Z2 950,124 2,375,310 249 0.15% 215 0.43
Porvenir Norte ZN 561,306 1,403,266 107 0.07% 325 0.64
R1 14,968 37,419 313 0.19% 239 0.34
R2 5,702 14,255 61 0.04% 162 0.45
R2 (Lower) 11,402 28,505 132 0.08% 116 0.21
R3 10,609 26,522 129 0.08% 107 0.23
Rint 4,945 12,361 26 0.02% 287 0.52
Santa Cruz South 366,660 916,650 131 0.08% 240 0.73
Santa Cruz South FW1 172,518 431,296 73 0.04% 289 0.95
Santa Cruz South FW2 35,975 89,937 27 0.02% 290 0.34
Santa Cruz 3,410,625 8,526,562 7,942 4.91% 212 0.39

  14.4.3

Compositing

The assays intervals used to define the hanging wall and footwall intercepts within each vein were composited into a single intercept and the true thickness was calculated using the vein dip and dip direction. Descriptive statistics for the vein true thickness composites are presented in Table 14-5. Composite summary statistics for silver and gold are presented in Tables 14-6 and 14-7 respectively.

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Table 14-5 Composite True Thickness Statistics by Vein

Vein Dip° Dip
Direction°
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev
(m) (m) (m)
A12 Principal 55 230 0.25 4.0 1.49 0.82
A12 Trinche 50 55 0.10 3.3 0.95 0.56
A13 Trinche 55 60 0.10 3.2 1.33 0.79
Bajo 55 225 0.25 4.3 1.50 0.82
Bajo 2 48 39 0.25 5.3 1.72 1.04
Milache FW 60 230 0.10 3.3 1.36 0.66
Milache 60 230 0.10 7.6 1.56 1.29
Porvenir Norte Z2 55 230 0.25 7.3 1.71 1.33
Porvenir Norte ZN 55 230 0.25 11.5 1.85 1.19
R1 60 230 0.25 3.8 1.22 0.78
R2 60 230 0.25 2.8 0.94 0.61
R2 (Lower) 60 230 0.25 4.0 1.60 1.03
R3 60 230 0.25 2.9 1.36 0.72
Rint 40 245 0.25 2.9 1.43 0.74
Santa Cruz South 70 225 0.20 12.0 3.88 2.68
Santa Cruz South FW1 70 225 0.20 9.4 2.27 1.99
Santa Cruz South FW2 70 225 0.20 10.8 2.88 2.29
Santa Cruz 86 19 0.25 10.9 2.02 1.36

Table 14-6 Composite Silver Summary Statistics within Veins

Vein Count Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
A12 Principal 640 0 3,370 259 270 1.04
A12 Trinche 170 10 1,836 202 270 1.33
A13 Trinche 132 12 487 132 83 0.63
Bajo 125 14 967 143 188 1.32
Bajo 2 286 10 2,692 125 216 1.73
Milache FW 5 19 324 132 132 1.00
Milache 51 0 836 179 232 1.30
Porvenir Norte Z2 54 4 579 163 131 0.80
Porvenir Norte ZN 26 5 4,377 394 829 2.11
R1 129 14 2,974 231 293 1.27
R2 30 9 530 169 139 0.82
R2 (Lower) 45 8 808 119 158 1.33
R3 57 4 709 108 120 1.12
Rint 10 79 525 279 145 0.52
Santa Cruz South 38 30 1,077 240 239 1.00
Santa Cruz South FW1 38 11 554 198 166 0.84
Santa Cruz South FW2 12 65 604 316 192 0.61
Santa Cruz 2,368 2 3,895 210 302 1.44

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Table 14-7 Composite Gold Summary Statistics within Veins

Vein
Count Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
A12 Principal 639 0.00 6.47 0.41 0.50 1.22
A12 Trinche 170 0.01 6.89 0.44 0.77 1.73
A13 Trinche 132 0.03 1.70 0.44 0.30 0.69
Bajo 125 0.01 2.30 0.28 0.38 1.32
Bajo 2 286 0.01 6.39 0.25 0.49 1.94
Milache FW 5 0.04 0.79 0.36 0.32 0.90
Milache 51 0.01 2.33 0.49 0.64 1.29
Porvenir Norte Z2 54 0.01 1.50 0.31 0.30 0.96
Porvenir Norte ZN 26 0.02 14.90 1.01 2.84 2.82
R1 129 0.02 3.14 0.33 0.41 1.25
R2 30 0.03 6.53 0.43 1.15 2.65
R2 (Lower) 45 0.03 1.22 0.22 0.28 1.27
R3 57 0.00 1.73 0.23 0.29 1.27
Rint 10 0.17 1.03 0.50 0.28 0.56
Santa Cruz South 38 0.11 1.88 0.62 0.50 0.80
Santa Cruz South FW1 38 0.05 2.22 0.65 0.60 0.93
Santa Cruz South FW2 12 0.11 0.83 0.44 0.27 0.62
Santa Cruz 2,366 0.00 10.17 0.38 0.57 1.51

  14.4.4

Capping

Grade capping is the practice for replacing any statistical outliers with a maximum value from the assumed sampled distribution. This is done statistically to better understand the true mean of the sample population. The estimation of highly skewed grade distribution can be sensitive to the presence of even a few extreme values.

HRC utilized cumulative frequency plots, and sample statistics to determine appropriate capping values for silver and gold in each vein. The final dataset for grade estimate in the block model consists of composites capped as presented in Table 14-8. Descriptive statistics for the capped silver and gold composites are presented in Tables 14-9 and 14-10, respectively.

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Table 14-8 Silver and Gold Vein Capped Assay Value

Vein Silver Cap (g/t) Gold Cap (g/t)
A12 Principal 1,550 3.15
A12 Trinche 750 3.00
A13 Trinche 300 1.20
Bajo 600 1.30
Bajo 2 750 2.00
Milache FW 600 1.50
Milache 600 1.50
Porvenir Norte Z2 500 1.00
Porvenir Norte ZN 1,000 1.50
R1 700 1.60
R2 500 0.60
R2 (Lower) 500 1.00
R3 300 1.00
Rint 500 1.00
Santa Cruz South 500 1.50
Santa Cruz South FW1 500 1.50
Santa Cruz South FW2 500 1.50
Santa Cruz 1,800 9.00

Table 14-9 Capped Silver Summary Statistics within Veins

Vein Count Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev.
COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
A12 Principal 640 0 1,550 255 239 0.93
A12 Trinche 170 10 750 181 168 0.93
A13 Trinche 132 12 300 129 73 0.57
Bajo 125 14 600 132 151 1.14
Bajo 2 286 10 750 114 129 1.13
Milache FW 5 19 324 132 132 1.00
Milache 51 0 600 169 210 1.24
Porvenir Norte Z2 54 4 500 161 126 0.78
Porvenir Norte ZN 26 5 1,000 264 272 1.03
R1 129 14 700 212 165 0.78
R2 30 9 500 168 136 0.81
R2 (Lower) 45 8 500 112 132 1.18
R3 57 4 300 96 77 0.80
Rint 10 79 500 275 138 0.50
Santa Cruz South 38 30 500 208 147 0.71
Santa Cruz South FW1 38 11 500 194 157 0.81
Santa Cruz South FW2 12 65 500 290 155 0.53
Santa Cruz 2,368 2 1,800 206 272 1.32

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Table 14-10 Capped Gold Summary Statistics within Veins

Vein
Count Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
A12 Principal 639 0.00 3.15 0.40 0.45 1.11
A12 Trinche 170 0.01 3.00 0.40 0.49 1.22
A13 Trinche 132 0.03 1.20 0.43 0.28 0.66
Bajo 125 0.01 1.30 0.26 0.28 1.08
Bajo 2 286 0.01 2.00 0.23 0.28 1.23
Milache FW 5 0.04 0.79 0.36 0.32 0.90
Milache 51 0.01 1.50 0.44 0.52 1.17
Porvenir Norte Z2 54 0.01 1.00 0.30 0.26 0.88
Porvenir Norte ZN 26 0.02 1.50 0.45 0.50 1.13
R1 129 0.02 1.60 0.31 0.32 1.01
R2 30 0.03 0.60 0.23 0.17 0.76
R2 (Lower) 45 0.03 1.00 0.22 0.27 1.23
R3 57 0.00 1.00 0.22 0.23 1.08
Rint 10 0.17 1.00 0.50 0.27 0.55
Santa Cruz South 38 0.11 1.50 0.60 0.45 0.75
Santa Cruz South FW1 38 0.05 1.50 0.59 0.45 0.78
Santa Cruz South FW2 12 0.11 0.83 0.44 0.27 0.62
Santa Cruz 2,366 0.00 9.00 0.38 0.56 1.49

  14.4.5

Variography

A variography analysis was completed to establish the continuity of silver and gold within the modeled veins. Variography establishes the appropriate contribution that any specific composite should have when estimating a block volume value within a model. This is performed by comparing the orientation and distance used in the estimation to the variability of other samples of similar relative direction and distance.

Variography was analyzed using Snowden Supervisor Version 8.4. The continuity is established by analyzing variogram contour fans, in the horizontal, across-strike, and dip planes to determine the direction of maximum continuity within each plane. The subsequent variograms defining the maximum continuity along the strike of the vein were modeled with a spherical variogram. Silver and gold variograms were modeled (Figure 14-11) for the Santa Cruz vein. Table 14-11 summarizes the variogram parameters used for the analysis for silver and gold. The search volume defined by the variogram models was used for all of the veins estimated. The search ellipse defining the direction of maximum continuity is oriented along the strike of the vein with a steeply dipping plunge to the north of 80-degrees (Figure 14-12).

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Figure 14-11 Santa Cruz Vein Variogram Models for Silver (top) and Gold (bottom)

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Figure 14-12 Silver Search Volume as Defined by the Variogram Model (Figure displayed in 2D local coordinates)

Table 14-11 Summary of Silver and Gold Variogram Parameters

Silver Gold
Nugget (C0) C1 C2 Nugget (C0) C1 C2
0.450 0.250 0.300 0.520 0.200 0.280
  Distance1 Distance2   Distance1 Distance2
Rotated Dip 14 88 Z 19 72
Rotated Strike 16 38 X 27 72

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  14.4.6

Estimation Parameters

Comparisons were made with ordinary kriging (“OK”) and inverse distance-squared (“ID”) methods. The ID method was selected for reporting due to better fit with drillhole data throughout the model. The search ellipse parameters used for estimation are shown in Table 14-12.

Silver and gold grades were estimated in each vein by using a single search ellipse. The size, direction, and anisotropy of the search ellipse depended on the variography, number of composites, the number of mine levels sampled, and the practitioner’s experience with similar resource estimates.

A true thickness composite length weighted ID to the power of 2.5 was used to estimate grade for all veins. Estimation parameters for the x rotated direction and y rotated direction are presented in Table 14-12.

Table 14-12 Estimation Parameters

   Ellipse ID X Axis Y Axis
Number of Composites
Min 2 2
Max 24 24
Search Ellipsoid Rotation*
Primary 180 90
Secondary -75 90
Tertiary 90 -100
Search Ellipsoid Distance
Primary 132 132
Secondary 57 57
Tertiary 20 20
*Rotations based on local coordinates

  14.4.7

Model Validation

The Guanaceví models were validated by the following methods:

Comparison of the global descriptive statistics from the Inverse Distance Weighting (“ID”), Ordinary Krige (“OK”), Nearest Neighbor (“NN”), and composite data, and
     
  Inspection of the ID block model on long section in comparison to the composite grades.

  14.4.7.1

Comparison with Ordinary Krige and Nearest Neighbor Models

The OK and NN models were run to serve as comparison with the estimated results from the ID method. Descriptive statistics for the ID method along with those for the OK, NN, and drillhole composites for gold and silver are shown in Tables 14-13 and 14-14, respectively.

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Table 14-13 Silver Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

A12 Principal Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 640 0 1550 255 239 0.93
ID2.5 42756 18 1286 225 114 0.50
OK 42756 42 786 210 101 0.48
NN 42756 0 1550 187 212 1.13
A12 Trinche Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 170 10 750 181 168 0.93
ID2.5 19896 31 688 208 128 0.62
OK 19896 31 382 177 64 0.36
NN 19896 10 750 148 158 1.07
A13 Trinche Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 132 12 300 129 73 0.57
ID2.5 9021 46 203 124 36 0.29
OK 9021 46 193 125 33 0.26
NN 9021 12 300 118 70 0.60
Bajo Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 125 14 600 132 151 1.14
 ID2.5 2971 25 581 168 138 0.82
OK 2971 42 498 177 108 0.61
NN 2971 14 600 198 207 1.05
Bajo 2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 286 10 750 114 129 1.13
 ID2.5 33150 12 708 188 150 0.80
OK 33150 23 485 158 101 0.64
NN 33150 10 750 145 181 1.25
Milache FW Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 5 19 324 132 132 1.00
ID2.5 290 19 322 130 102 0.78
OK 290 22 294 125 72 0.57
NN 290 19 324 116 127 1.09

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Table 14-13 (Cont.) Silver Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

Milache Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 51 0 600 169 210 1.24
ID2.5 2760 1 593 158 160 1.01
OK 2760 2 495 150 134 0.89
NN 2760 0 600 144 194 1.35
Porvenir Norte Z2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 54 4 500 161 126 0.78
ID2.5 153634 7 499 140 109 0.78
OK 153634 7 438 135 95 0.70
NN 153634 4 500 134 126 0.94
Porvenir Norte ZN Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 26 5 1000 264 272 1.03
ID2.5 84849 7 983 199 189 0.95
OK 84849 10 957 197 185 0.94
NN 84849 5 1000 194 233 1.20
R1 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 129 14 700 212 165 0.78
ID2.5 6084 26 568 204 73 0.36
OK 6084 70 433 193 69 0.36
NN 6084 19 700 185 159 0.86
R2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 30 9 500 168 136 0.81
ID2.5 4007 24 488 193 89 0.46
OK 4007 85 355 184 51 0.28
NN 4007 9 500 193 152 0.79
R2 (Lower) Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 45 8 500 112 132 1.18
ID2.5 787 12 362 108 56 0.52
OK 787 23 263 146 61 0.42
NN 787 8 500 160 153 0.95

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Table 14-13 (Cont.) Silver Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

R3 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 57 4 300 96 77 0.80
ID2.5 7717 17 270 90 42 0.46
OK 7717 35 200 92 32 0.35
NN 7717 4 300 85 82 0.97
Rint Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 10 79 500 275 138 0.50
ID2.5 384 126 500 342 113 0.33
OK 384 185 419 313 59 0.19
NN 384 79 500 351 152 0.43
Santa Cruz South Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 38 30 500 208 147 0.71
ID2.5 840 30 500 219 120 0.55
OK 840 30 500 209 94 0.45
NN 840 30 500 222 160 0.72
Santa Cruz South FW1 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 38 11 500 194 157 0.81
ID2.5 715 11 460 206 132 0.64
OK 715 11 430 183 120 0.66
NN 715 11 500 180 158 0.88
Santa Cruz South FW2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 12 65 500 290 155 0.53
ID2.5 123 130 500 268 70 0.26
OK 123 194 500 286 43 0.15
NN 123 65 500 320 146 0.46
Santa Cruz Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 2368 2 1800 206 272 1.32
ID2.5 943014 4 1777 169 175 1.03
OK 943014 6 1428 166 143 0.86
NN 943014 2 1800 163 245 1.51

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Table 14-14 Gold Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

A12 Principal Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 639 0.00 3.15 0.40 0.45 1.11
ID2.5 42756 0.05 2.85 0.44 0.37 0.85
OK 42756 0.07 1.62 0.38 0.28 0.73
NN 42756 0.00 3.15 0.38 0.62 1.61
A12 Trinche Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 170 0.01 3.00 0.40 0.49 1.22
ID2.5 19896 0.04 2.72 0.54 0.52 0.96
OK 19896 0.04 1.57 0.43 0.27 0.61
NN 19896 0.01 3.00 0.35 0.48 1.39
A13 Trinche Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 132 0.03 1.20 0.43 0.28 0.66
ID2.5 9021 0.15 0.65 0.42 0.11 0.26
OK 9021 0.15 0.62 0.42 0.10 0.24
NN 9021 0.03 1.20 0.40 0.26 0.65
Bajo Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 125 0.01 1.30 0.26 0.28 1.08
ID2.5 2971 0.04 1.27 0.32 0.24 0.76
OK 2971 0.11 0.89 0.33 0.18 0.55
NN 2971 0.01 1.30 0.35 0.35 1.01
Bajo 2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 286 0.01 2.00 0.23 0.28 1.23
ID2.5 33150 0.02 1.82 0.36 0.34 0.95
OK 33150 0.05 1.07 0.30 0.21 0.70
NN 33150 0.01 2.00 0.26 0.35 1.35
Milache FW Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 5 0.04 0.79 0.36 0.32 0.90
ID2.5 290 0.04 0.77 0.35 0.25 0.72
OK 290 0.05 0.75 0.34 0.20 0.60
NN 290 0.04 0.79 0.32 0.31 0.97

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Table 14-14 (Cont.) Gold Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

Milache Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 51 0.01 1.50 0.44 0.52 1.17
ID2.5 2760 0.01 1.49 0.43 0.43 1.00
OK 2760 0.01 1.24 0.39 0.35 0.88
NN 2760 0.01 1.50 0.39 0.49 1.27
Porvenir Norte Z2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 54 0.01 1.00 0.30 0.26 0.88
ID2.5 153634 0.02 1.00 0.26 0.22 0.87
OK 153634 0.03 0.78 0.24 0.19 0.77
NN 153634 0.01 1.00 0.24 0.27 1.09
Porvenir Norte ZN Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 26 0.02 1.50 0.45 0.50 1.13
ID2.5 84849 0.02 1.50 0.36 0.36 1.00
OK 84849 0.04 1.50 0.34 0.33 0.95
NN 84849 0.02 1.50 0.35 0.45 1.28
R1 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 129 0.02 1.60 0.31 0.32 1.01
ID2.5 6084 0.04 0.98 0.28 0.14 0.51
OK 6084 0.11 0.70 0.27 0.13 0.47
NN 6084 0.02 1.60 0.27 0.31 1.16
R2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 30 0.03 0.60 0.23 0.17 0.76
ID2.5 4007 0.04 0.57 0.24 0.09 0.35
OK 4007 0.15 0.38 0.24 0.04 0.18
NN 4007 0.03 0.60 0.24 0.17 0.70
R2 (Lower) Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 45 0.03 1.00 0.22 0.27 1.23
ID2.5 787 0.04 0.66 0.22 0.09 0.44
OK 787 0.07 0.44 0.28 0.10 0.36
NN 787 0.03 1.00 0.36 0.36 0.99

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Table 14-14 (Cont.) Gold Model Descriptive Statistical Comparison

R3 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 57 0.00 1.00 0.22 0.23 1.08
ID2.5 7717 0.02 0.81 0.21 0.10 0.51
OK 7717 0.06 0.39 0.20 0.07 0.36
NN 7717 0.00 1.00 0.18 0.23 1.29
Rint Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 10 0.17 1.00 0.50 0.27 0.55
ID2.5 384 0.20 1.00 0.64 0.25 0.39
OK 384 0.33 0.80 0.58 0.12 0.22
NN 384 0.17 1.00 0.66 0.33 0.50
Santa Cruz South Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 38 0.11 1.50 0.60 0.45 0.75
ID2.5 840 0.12 1.50 0.64 0.35 0.54
OK 840 0.12 1.50 0.59 0.27 0.46
NN 840 0.11 1.50 0.60 0.47 0.79
Santa Cruz South FW1 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 38 0.05 1.50 0.59 0.45 0.78
ID2.5 715 0.05 1.36 0.60 0.33 0.55
OK 715 0.05 0.91 0.51 0.22 0.43
NN 715 0.05 1.50 0.47 0.41 0.87
Santa Cruz South FW2 Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 12 0.11 0.83 0.44 0.27 0.62
ID2.5 123 0.21 0.83 0.37 0.13 0.34
OK 123 0.31 0.83 0.43 0.07 0.16
NN 123 0.11 0.83 0.51 0.26 0.51
Santa Cruz Model Samples Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Dev. COV
(n) (g/t) (g/t) (g/t)
Composite 2366 0.00 9.00 0.38 0.56 1.49
ID2.5 943014 0.00 5.50 0.38 0.44 1.14
OK 943014 0.01 3.29 0.37 0.32 0.86
NN 943014 0.00 7.98 0.38 0.66 1.76

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The overall similarities of the statistical comparisons between the composites and models represent an appropriate amount of smoothing to account for the narrow vein mining method with minimum dilution. The ID, OK, and NN models generally show similar means to the composites. The ID model has similar variance to the composites based on the Coefficient of Variation (“CV”). This is based on the stopes having similar statistics to the composites in operations; however, this will need to be continually examined as additional data is made available.

  14.4.7.2 

Sectional Inspection

A visual comparison of block grades with drillhole and channel composites was made in long section. The block models follow the grade trends in the data with higher variability in the areas of denser sampling and additional smoothing of the estimate as the distance from data increases. Figures 14-13 and 14-14 display silver and gold long sections, respectively. Each long section is zoomed to a scale for viewing of the Santa Cruz vein as estimated with the composites overlaying the block grades.

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Figure 14-13 Long Section view of Santa Cruz Vein Block Model showing the Estimated Silver Grades and Composites

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Figure 14-14 Long Section view of Santa Cruz Vein Block Model showing the Estimated Gold Grades and Composites

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  14.4.7.3 

Mineral Resource Classification

HRC used the kriging efficiency, distance from samples, and the number of samples to classify the mineral resources into measured, indicated, inferred. Measured mineral resources are those blocks with at least 20 composites, a kriging efficiency of at least 75%, and a distance no greater than 10 meters. Indicated mineral resources are those blocks at least 40 meters from a sample. Inferred mineral resources are those blocks greater than 40 meters from a sample and have a value for estimated silver.

14.5

Guanaceví Mineral Resource Statement

The mineral resource estimate includes all analytical data obtained as of December 31, 2015. Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and may be materially affected by environmental, permitting, legal, socio-economic, political, or other factors.

Mineral resources are reported above a silver equivalent grade of 182 gpt, assuming a silver price of $17.60 per ounce. HRC used a cutoff grade to test for reasonable prospects for economic extraction. Baseline assumptions for breakeven cutoff grade are based on Table 14-15:

Table 14-15 Cutoff Grade Assumptions for Guanaceví Mine

Ag $/oz $17.60
Au $/oz $1,265.00
Concentrate Recovery Ag 84%
Concentrate Recovery Au 86%
Payable Ag 99%
Payable Au 99%
Mining Cost $/t $40.04
Process Cost $/t $28.64
G&A Cost $/t $12.94
SRF Costs $/t $3.38
Transport Cost $/t $0.00
NSR Ag $/g $0.47
NSR Au $/g $34.72
AgEq: Au $74.23
Mine Cutoff $ $85.00
Mill Cutoff $ $44.96
Mine Cutoff AgEq g/t 182
Mill Cutoff AgEq g/t 96

*SRF: Smelting, Refining, Freight, Incidentals (Royalty, Toll,…)

Based on these assumptions, HRC considers that reporting resources at a 182 g/t cutoff constitutes reasonable prospects for economic extraction based on the current mining method and demonstrated recoveries.

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  14.5.1

VLP Mineral Resource Estimate

The VLP mineral resource presented in Table 14-16 is exclusive of the mineral reserves.

Table 14-16 Polygonal Resource at the Guanaceví, Effective Date of December 31, 2015

Epsilon - Soto Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated 107,000 277 246 845,712 0.45 1,531
Measured + Indicated 107,000 277 246 845,712 0.45 1,531
Inferred 216,000 520 456 3,168,458 0.91 6,305
La Blanca - Mi Niña Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated 64,000 310 267 549,610 0.61 1,247
Measured + Indicated 64,000 310 267 549,610 0.61 1,247
Inferred 3,000 186 162 15,630 0.34 33
San Joaquin Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated - - - -  - -
Measured + Indicated - - - -  - -
Inferred 51,000 188 184 301,703 0.05 82
TOTAL Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated 171,000 289 254 1,395,322 0.51 2,778
Measured + Indicated 171,000 289 254 1,395,322 0.51 2,778
Inferred 270,000 453 402 3,485,790 0.74 6,420

  14.5.2

3D Block Model Mineral Resource Estimate

The VLP mineral resource presented in Table 14-17 is exclusive of the mineral reserves.

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Table 14-17 3D Block Model Resource at the Guanaceví Mine, Effective Date of December 31, 2015

A12 Principal Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 49,308 352 312 495,094 0.57 902
Indicated 55,893 317 273 491,125 0.63 1,124
Measured + Indicated 105,202 334 292 986,219 0.60 2,026
Inferred 4,831 274 238 36,999 0.52 80
A12 Trinche Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent  Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 3,418 267 230 25,278 0.53 58
Indicated 17,232 269 231 128,015 0.55 303
Measured + Indicated 20,650 269 231 153,293 0.54 361
Inferred 22 219 194 138 0.35 0
A13 Trinche Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent  Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 1,188 206 170 6,479 0.51 20
             
 Indicated 5,796 199 163 30,404 0.51 95
Measured + Indicated 6,984 200 164 36,882 0.51 115
Inferred 501 202 166 2,670 0.52 8
Bajo Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 10,938 423 375 131,922 0.68 239
 Indicated 16,085 388 344 177,916 0.62 322
Measured + Indicated 27,023 402 357 309,838 0.65 561
Inferred 1,520 406 359 17,553 0.67 33
Bajo 2 Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 6,173 304 270 53,532 0.48 96
 Indicated 22,265 364 319 228,405 0.64 459
Measured + Indicated 28,439 351 308 281,937 0.61 555
Inferred 21,429 389 341 234,909 0.69 477
Milache FW Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 0 0 0 0 0.00 0
 Indicated 40,800 297 253 332,221 0.62 816
Measured + Indicated 40,800 297 253 332,221 0.62 816
Inferred 8,976 251 212 61,320 0.54 157
Milache Classification Tonnes (metric) Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
(g/t) (g/t) (oz) (g/t) (oz)
Measured 5,946 274 251 47,966 0.33 62
 Indicated 463,871 404 342 5,094,005 0.90 13,391
Measured + Indicated 469,816 403 340 5,141,971 0.89 13,453
Inferred 84,686 317 259 705,448 0.82 2,240

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Table 14-17 (Cont.) 3D Block Model Resource at the Guanaceví Mine, Effective Date of December 31, 2015

Porvenir Norte Z2 Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated 58,062 255 224 418,251 0.44 813
 Measured + Indicated 58,062 255 224 418,251 0.44 813
Inferred 25,300 298 262 213,310 0.51 414
Porvenir Norte ZN Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
Indicated 10,130 306 273 88,928 0.48 155
 Measured + Indicated 10,130 306 273 88,928 0.48 155
Inferred 26,722 344 295 253,493 0.69 596
R1 Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 5,946 274 250.915 47,966 0.33 62
 Indicated 4,178 260 236 31,650 0.34 46
Measured + Indicated 10,124 268 245 79,616 0.33 108
Inferred - - - -  - -
R2 Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 2,519 289 267.538 21,668 0.31 25
 Indicated 3,168 253 234 23,790 0.28 29
Measured + Indicated 5,687 269 249 45,458 0.30 54
Inferred - - - -  - -
R2 (Lower) Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 1,793 261 233 13,435 0.40 23
Indicated 2,708 201 180 15,633 0.31 27
Measured + Indicated 4,501 225 201 29,068 0.34 50
Inferred 69 186 166 368 0.28 1
R3 Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 1,037 222 188 6,271 0.48 16
 Indicated 313 201 176 1,772 0.36 4
Measured + Indicated 1,350 217 185 8,044 0.45 20
Inferred - - - -  - -
Rint Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - -  - -
 Indicated 5,562 383 339 60,620 0.63 113
Measured + Indicated 5,562 383 339 60,620 0.63 113
Inferred - - - -  - -

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Table 14-17 (Cont.) 3D Block Model Resource at the Guanaceví Mine, Effective Date of December 31, 2015

Santa Cruz South Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - - - -
Indicated 524,918 280 227 3,834,019 0.75 12,661
Measured + Indicated 524,918 280 227 3,834,019 0.75 12,661
Inferred 177,990 323 268 1,533,311 0.78 4,474
Santa Cruz South FW1  Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - - - -
Indicated 285,830 383 321 2,948,953 0.89 8,154
Measured + Indicated 285,830 383 321 2,948,953 0.89 8,154
Inferred 40,749 414 373 489,100 0.59 768
Santa Cruz South FW2 Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured - - - - - -
Indicated 76,220 280 258 631,411 0.32 782
Measured + Indicated 76,220 280 258 631,411 0.32 782
Inferred 9,206 334 304 89,872 0.44 129
Santa Cruz Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 93,315 346 309 927,697 0.53 1,594
 Indicated 549,076 326 262 4,632,330 0.91 16,054
Measured + Indicated 642,391 329 269 5,560,027 0.85 17,648
Inferred 478,618 326 277 4,266,087 0.70 10,754
TOTAL Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 181,580 342 304 1,777,309 0.53 3,097
 Indicated 2,142,107 335 278 19,169,450 0.80 55,349
Measured + Indicated 2,323,687 335 280 20,946,758 0.78 58,446
Inferred 880,618 329 279 7,904,578 0.71 20,131
Total 3,204,306 333 280 28,851,336 0.76 78,578

  14.5.3

Guanaceví Mineral Resource Statement

The mineral resources for the Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015, are summarized in Table 14-18. The resources are exclusive of the mineral reserves.

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Table 14-18 Mineral Resource Estimate, Effective Date December 31, 2015

Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 181,500 342 304 1,777,309 0.53 3,097
Indicated 2,313,100 331 277 20,564,771 0.78 58,127
Measured + Indicated 2,494,600 332 279 22,342,080 0.76 61,224
Inferred 1,150,600 358 308 11,390,368 0.72 26,551
Total 3,645,300 340 288 33,732,449 0.75 87,775

  1.

Measured, Indicated and Inferred resource cut-off grades were 182 g/t silver equivalent at Guanaceví.

  2.

Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resources estimated will be converted into mineral reserves.

  3.

Metallurgical recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  4.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver: gold ratio

  5.

Price assumptions are $17.60 per ounce for silver and $1,260 per ounce for gold for resource cutoff calculations.

  6.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.


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15.

MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES

Mr. Jeff Choquette, P.E., MMSA QP Member, of HRC is responsible for the mineral reserve estimate presented here. Mr. Choquette is Qualified Person as defined by NI 43-101 and is independent of EDR. The mineral reserve calculation was completed in accordance with NI 43-101, Mexico and has an effective date of December 31st, 2015. HRC completed the mineral reserve estimate based on the Santa Cruz and Porvenir Norte areas of the mine and the ore stockpiles at the mill site. Stope designs for reporting the reserves were created utilizing the updated resources and cutoff’s established for 2016. All of the stopes are within readily accessible areas of the active mining areas. Ore is processed in the on-site mill, leaching circuit and Merrill Crowe process capable of processing 1,300 tpd.

15.1

CALCULATION PARAMETERS

HRC utilized Datamine’s Mineable Shape Optimizer (“MSO”) program to generate the stopes for the reserve mine plan. The parameters used to create the stopes are listed below;

  Cutoff Grade: 200 g/t AgEq
     
  Minimum Mining Width: 1.4 m.
     
  Cut and Fill Stope Size: 15m W x 5m H
     
  Long Hole Stope Size: 15m W x 20m H
     
  External Dilution Cut and Fill: 15%
     
  External Dilution Long Hole: 30%
     
  Silver Equivalent: 70:1 silver to gold
     
  Gold Price: US $1,150/oz.
     
  Silver Price: US $16/oz.
     
  Gold Recovery: 86.2%
     
  Silver Recovery: 83.5%

The stopes were only created with the updated Measured and Indicated mineral resources above the calculated cutoff and have demonstrated to be economically viable, therefore Measured and Indicated mineral resources within the stopes have been converted to Proven and Probable mineral reserves as defined by NI 43-101. All Inferred material has been classified as waste.

EDR also has ore grade stockpiles from current and past mining areas which are classified as part of the overall mineral reserve. These stockpiles are used frequently to balance the feed into the plant.

  15.1.1

Dilution

Dilution is applied to Measured and Indicated resource blocks depending on the mining method chosen. For blocks to be exploited using conventional cut and fill methods, external dilution was applied in the amount of 15% at a grade of zero. For blocks to be exploited using long hole methods, external dilution was applied in the amount of 30% at a grade of zero. Internal dilution is also applied based on any blocks that fall inside the stope shape but are below cutoff. A mining recovery is also applied to converted resources and

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is estimated at 95%. The overall result of these factors resulted in and overall dilution factor of 26.2% for Guanaceví.

There is no supporting documentation to support these dilutions or mining recovery estimates. HRC recommends that individual dilution and recovery studies be performed on various veins and types of reserve blocks to refine the global estimates used for dilution and mining recovery.

The global dilution and mining recovery factors at Guanaceví have varied over time depending on company philosophy and experience in reconciling estimated mine production with mill sampling. Dilution and mining recoveries are functions of many factors including workmanship, design, vein width, mining method, extraction, and transport. Currently, there is limited information upon which to measure actual dilution and recovery in the stopes, and transport system. The majority of stoping is now done using long hole methods. Without a cavity measuring survey instrument, measuring dilution in these types of stopes is problematic.

  15.1.2

Cutoff Grade

The mining breakeven cut-off grade was utilized in Datamine’s MSO program to generate the stope designs for defining the reserves. The actual production cost data from the third quarter of 2015, reserve price assumptions, and mill recoveries are used to calculate the reserve breakeven cut-off grade. The parameters used for the calculation are presented in Table 15-1.

The cut-off is stated as silver equivalent since the ratio between gold and silver is variable and both commodities are sold. The average cut-off grade used for the Guanaceví Property is 200 g/t Ag equivalent. Silver equivalent grade is calculated as the silver grade + (gold grade * 70), taking into account gold and silver prices and expected mill recoveries.

Table 15-1 Mineral Reserve Breakeven Cutoff for the Guanaceví Property

Guanaceví Reserve Cutoff
Ag $/oz $16.00
Au $/oz $1,150.00
Recovery Ag 0.835
Recovery Au 0.862
Smelter Payable Ag 0.99
Smelter Payable Au 0.99
Mining Cost $/t $40.04
Process Cost $/t $28.64
G&A Cost $/t $12.94
SRF Costs $/t $3.38
NSR Ag $/g $0.43
NSR Au $/g $31.56
Mine Cutoff $/t $85.00
Mine Cutoff AgEq g/t      200

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  15.1.3

Reconciliation of Mineral Reserves to Production

Production monitoring and reconciliation of mineral reserves are the ultimate activities by which the mineral reserve estimate can continuously be calibrated and refined. The only valid confirmation of both the mineral resource and mineral reserve estimate is through appropriate production monitoring and reconciliation of the estimates with mine and mill production. Proper reconciliation is required to validate the mineral reserve estimates and allows a check on the effectiveness of both estimation and operating procedures. Reconciliations identify anomalies which may prompt changes to the mine/processing operating practices and/or to the estimation procedure.

The geology staff at Guanaceví prepare reconciliations of the Life of Mine plan (LOM) to actual production from sampling on a monthly basis.

The reconciliation compares the LOM with geology estimates from chip sampling and plant estimates based on head grade sampling. Reconciliation estimates a positive variance on tonnes for both geology and LOM as compared to the plant reported tonnes for 2015 (Table 15-2). Estimated tonnage was 14% lower for geology and 25% lower for the plant than specified in the LOM. Silver equivalent grades were 10% higher for geology and 15% higher for the plant than specified in the LOM. The differences in less tonnage and higher grades than the LOM can be attributed to the silver prices declining during the year and thus mining higher grade zones to compensate.

Table 15-2 Mine to Plant Reconciliation

  LOM_2015 Geology Short Term Plant
Ore Mined 508,241 434,931 380,169
Grade Au 0.43 0.57 0.56
Grade Ag 254 273 288
Grade AgEq 285 313 327
Ounces Au 7,047 7,915 6,814
Ounces Ag 4,155,641 3,821,699 3,523,748
Ounces AgEq 4,648,974 4,375,756 4,000,774

Although the reconciliations conducted by EDR show fair comparisons on planned values versus actual values the reconciliation process should be improved to include the estimated tonnes and grade from the resource models. By comparing the LOM plan on a monthly basis to the plant production the actual physical location of the material mined may be different in the plan versus the actual area that was mined. Due to the many faces that are mined during a day this can only be completed on an averaged monthly basis due to blending of these areas into the mill. The monthly surveyed as mined areas should be created and saved on a monthly basis for reporting the modeled tonnes for each month. The combination of the 3D block models and 2D and polygonal reserves makes this process difficult, but considerable progress has been made during the last year to get all resources and reserves into 3D block models. The model predicted results versus actuals can then be used to determine if dilution factors need to be adjusted or perhaps the resource modeling parameters may require adjustment if there are large variances.

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15.2

Mineral Reserves

Mineral reserves are derived from Measured and Indicated resources after applying the economic parameters as stated previously, and utilizing Datamine’s MSO program to generate stope designs for the reserve mine plan. The Guanaceví Project mineral reserves have been derived and classified according to the following criteria:

Proven mineral reserves are the economically mineable part of the Measured resource for which mining and processing / metallurgy information and other relevant factors demonstrate that economic extraction is feasible. For Guanaceví Project, this applies to blocks located within approximately 10m of existing development and for which EDR has a mine plan in place.

     

Probable mineral reserves are those Measured or Indicated mineral resource blocks which are considered economic and for which EDR has a mine plan in place. For the Guanaceví mine project, this is applicable to blocks located a maximum of 35m either vertically or horizontally from development with one exception in the main lower Santa Cruz vein the maximum distance to development was extended to 110m as this area is currently being developed.

Figure 15-1 shows reserve blocks depicted on a portion of a typical longitudinal section. Proven reserve blocks are shown in red, Probable reserve blocks are shown in green. The mine planners have determined that extraction of the blocks is feasible given grade, tonnes, costs, and access requirement.

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Figure 15-1 Santa Cruz Vein Resource and Reserve Section

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15.3

Reserve Classification

The Proven and Probable mineral reserves for the Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015 are summarized in Table 15-3. The mineral reserves are exclusive of the mineral resources reported in Section 14 of this report.

Table 15-3 Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves, Effective Date December 31, 2015

Classification Calc. Method Vein Tonnes  AgEq   Ag (oz) *   Au (oz) %
 (t x 1,000) g/t Ag g/t 1,000 Au g/t * 1,000 Dilution
Proven 3D Model Bajo 0.9 218.6 203.4 6.0 0.22 0.01 55.4%
    R1 0.4 216.5 202.3 2.4 0.20 0.00 16.2%
    A12 Trinche 2.3 233.1 203.2 15.0 0.43 0.03 42.9%
    Santa Cruz Vein 87.9 269.1 237.1 670.0 0.46 1.29 34.6%
    A12 Principal 1.1 261.0 230.5 7.8 0.44 0.01 15.5%
  3D Model Total   92.5 267.5 235.7 701.1 0.45 1.35 34.7%
  Stockpile Stockpile 14.9 431.0 368.0 176.1 0.90 0.43 0.0%
  Stockpile Total   14.9 431.0 368.0 176.1 0.90 0.43 0.0%
Proven Total     107.4 290.1 254.0 877.2 0.52 1.78 29.9%
Probable 3D Model R1 1.1 185.2 172.0 6.1 0.19 0.01 30.2%
    A12 Trinche 13.0 257.0 212.6 88.6 0.63 0.26 35.7%
    A13 Trinche 1.3 187.6 153.8 6.4 0.48 0.02 21.5%
    Santa Cruz Vein 682.7 231.4 199.6 4,381.0 0.45 9.96 25.5%
    Porvenir Norte Z2 52.3 252.1 227.5 382.5 0.40 0.67 20.1%
    Porvernir Norte ZN 39.0 282.5 260.5 326.5 0.47 0.59 31.4%
    A12 Principal 0.3 312.2 276.6 2.6 0.51 0.00 28.3%
    Rint 8.3 282.7 249.4 66.5 0.48 0.13 31.8%
  3D Model 797.9 236.1 205.0 5,260.1 0.45 11.65 25.7%
  Total
Probable Total   797.9 236.1 205.0 5,260.1 0.45 11.65 25.7%
Total Proven and Probable Reserves 905.3 242.5 210.8 6,137.3 0.46 13.43 26.2%

  1.

Reserve cut-off grades are based on a 200 g/t silver equivalent.

  2.

Metallurgical Recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  3.

Mining Recoveries of 95% were applied.

  4.

Minimum mining widths were 1.4 meters.

  5.

Dilution factors averaged 26.2%. Dilution factors are calculated based on internal stope dilution calculations and external dilution factors of 15% for cut and fill and 30% for long hole.

  6.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver:gold ratio.

  7.

Price assumptions are $16 per ounce for silver and $1,150 per ounce for gold.

  8.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.

  9.

Figures in table are rounded to reflect estimate precision; small differences generated by rounding are not material to estimates.


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15.4

Factors that may affect the Reserve Calculation

The Guanaceví operation is an operating mine with a relatively long history of production. The mine staff possess considerable experience and knowledge with regard to the nature of the orebodies in and around the Guanaceví Property. Mine planning and operations need to continue to assure that the rate of waste development is sufficient to maintain the production rates included in the mine plan.

It is unlikely that there will be a major change in ore metallurgy during the life of the current reserves, as nearly all of the ore to be mined will come from veins with historic, recent, or current production.

The process of mineral reserve estimation includes technical information which requires subsequent calculations or estimates to derive sub-totals, totals and weighted averages. Such calculations or estimations inherently involve a degree of rounding and consequently introduce a margin of error. The QP does not consider these errors to be material to the reserve estimate.

Areas of uncertainty that may materially impact the Mineral Reserves presented in this report include the following:

  Mining assumptions,
     
  Dilution assumptions,
     
  Exchange rates,
     
  Changes in taxation or royalties,
     
  Variations in commodity price,
     
  Metallurgical recovery, and
     
  Processing assumptions.

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16.

MINING METHODS

   
16.1

Mining Operations

Since January 1, 2007, EDR has been in control of the day-to-day mining operations at the Guanaceví Project. EDR assumed control of the mining operations from a local mining contractor in order to allow for more flexibility in operations and to continue optimizing the costs.

As of December 31, 2015, the Guanaceví mines project had a roster of 542 employees and an additional 128 contractors. The mine operates on two 10-hour shifts, 7 days a week, whereas the mill operates on a 24/7 schedule. The miners are skilled and experienced in vein mining and are currently unionized. There is an incentive system in place rewarding personnel for good attendance, safety and production. Technical services and overall supervision are provided by EDR staff. The mine employs geology, planning and surveying personnel and has detailed production plans and schedules. All mining activities are being conducted under the direct supervision and guidance of the mine manager.

16.2

Geotechnical Factors

The Porvenir mine is a high grade silver-gold, epithermal vein deposit, characterized by low sulphidation geochemistry and adularia-sericite alteration. The Santa Cruz vein is the host of the silver and gold mineralization. It is oriented northwest and occurs principally within the Guanaceví Formation, with a preferred strike of N45°W and dips of between 50° and 55° to the southwest.

The footwall is an unaltered andesite that has rock quality determinations (RQD) ranging from 80 to 100. This is competent ground that only occasionally requires additional support such as 6-foot spilt-set bolts or shotcrete.

The vein is a classic quartz vein that varies from 1 to 5m wide, with an average width of approximately 3m. The footwall contact is defined by a clear change of rock type from vein material to unaltered andesite. The hanging wall contact is typically defined by a clear structural boundary between the vein and the hanging wall rocks, with the contact usually defined as the Santa Cruz fault, a normal fault characterized by striations and fault gouge. The gouge material is typically white clay that can range from 5mm up to 2m in thickness. The vein is generally self-supporting over the entire width and requires no mechanical supports. When vein widths increase beyond 5m, some local support in the form of split-set bolts and welded wire mesh may be required. In some areas post-mineral movement of the fault has caused some fracturing along the vein.

In the Porvenir Deep zone, mineralization is hosted both in the vein and in altered and weakly to moderately oxidized wall rocks. The vein and argillic altered andesitic hosts to mineralization are moderately fractured with RQDs ranging from <20% locally to typically 50 to 80%. Mine workings in the lower levels have openings up to 12m in width without experiencing serious ground problems, but requiring ground support. Typically, the wider mineralized zones are not close to the hanging wall fault and are less prone to the hanging wall instability issues seen in some other parts of the mine.

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The footwall to the Porvenir Deep zone in its central part consists of oxidized and argillic altered andesite with a number of faults, the latter generally requiring support in the form of split sets. The immediate footwall zone is moderately competent but, from about 10 m to 40 m from the vein, systematic ground support is required, consisting of both split sets and wire mesh. One major fault zone requires more extensive support in the form of timber or steel sets due to water lubrication of the clay-filled fault plane.

The hanging wall is an andesite with adularia-sericite alteration which varies locally from very weak to very strong, depending on the amount of argillic phases. In the zones of intense argillic hanging wall alteration, ground support such as 1.8 m Split set bolts and welded mesh support straps are required on a 1.5 m by 1.5 m spacing to maintain stability. Occasionally, a thin cap of vein material is left on the hanging wall to prevent weathering of the clay and assist with stability.

16.3

Mining Method

Conventional cut and fill mining or by long hole stope methods are employed at Guanaceví. Cut and fill stopes are generally 15m long and 5m high, and long hole stopes are 15m long and 20m high. Access to the stoping areas is provided by a series of primary and secondary ramps located in the footwall. The ramps have grades from minus 15% to plus 12%, with plus or minus 12% as standard. The cross-cuts are 4 m by 4 m for the primary ramps and 3.5 m by 3.5 m for the secondary ramps.

In the upper parts of the mine, stope access is by short (10m to 40m) cross-cuts from the ramp to the vein/stope. These cross-cuts are generally 3.5m by 3.5m in cross-section and are usually driven down at minus 18% to intersect with the stope. As the stope advances up-dip on the vein, the back is taken down in these cross-cuts to maintain access until the cross-cut reaches a maximum inclination of 15%.

In the lower parts of the mine (below the water table) stope access is by 90m long cross-cuts to the vein/stope. The cross-cuts are generally 3.0m by 3.5m in cross-section and are driven at plus 1% to intersect the stope (for water drainage). As the stope advances up-dip on the vein, the back is taken down in the cross-cuts to maintain access until the cross-cut reaches a maximum inclination of plus 15%.

Mining in the stopes is done with jackleg drills. Back cuts are taken 2m to 2.5m high via vertical up-hole drilling or by breasting. The broken material is mucked out using scooptrams (2 yard or 3.5 yard depending on vein width). Waste fill from mine development is placed in the stope by the same scooptrams to within 2 m to 2.5 m of the back. When the vein is less than minimum mining width, the footwall is slashed to provide adequate width. This slashing is done during the fill cycle and the slashed material remains in the stope as fill.

In 2013 there was a move to using long hole methods in the narrower parts of the mine. The long hole method increases production heights from typically 1.8m to up to 15m and at a reduced cost. Dilution and hanging wall failure is controlled using cemented 11m long fortifying cable bolts.

Mining dilution has been estimated by EDR as variable with a minimum of 0.4m of over break dilution and a minimum operational width of 2.2m. Additional dilution is derived from the footwall especially in sill development, from occasional hanging wall failure and from re-mucking of floor fill. In general, dilution is

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estimated at being between 15% and 32%, while unrecoverable ore is estimated at approximately 5%. The dilution material in almost all cases is mineralized.

Sill development that have high-grade ore in the floor are candidates for installing a concrete pillar. The sill is filled with one meter of cemented rock fill when stoping begins which allows for recovery of the sill pillar. The cemented rock fill consists of development waste mixed with 5% by weight ordinary Portland cement which is placed over a 5mm steel welded mesh on the sill floor. The cemented rock fill is mixed in a muck bay adjacent to the stope by the same scooptrams that place it into the stope. The cemented rock fill is placed into the sill starting at the entrance so that the scooptram is driving on top of the fresh fill to provide compaction. This method works well and is common in Mexico.

16.4

Mine Equipment

Ore and waste transportation is by scooptram and truck haulage. Ore and waste haulage is performed using two TORO EJC 522 15 tonne underground trucks which are complemented with four nine tonne capacity diesel highway trucks rented from local contractors. For stope and development mucking, EDR has six 2-yard scooptrams and eight 3.5 -yard scooptrams. Three single boom jumbo drills and jacklegs are used for development headings and conventional cut and fill stope drilling is by jackleg and long hole stopes using one pneumatic long hole machine (Stope Mate). A scissor lift truck is used for services including bolting, and installing piping and ventilation. Complete maintenance and service facilities for the underground mobile equipment are located near the mine portal and two underground shops one in Porvenir North and the other in Santa Cruz.

16.5

Mine Production

In 2015, stope production in the deep Porvenir North mine concentrated on the 3134 levels. The 4122 ramp was also continued over to the 3123 level stopes (Upper North Porvenir)

In the Central Porvenir mine development of the 4114 (+) ramp generated three new levels: 3145-2, 3146-2 and 3147-2. Stope production came from the 3147-2 and 3146-2 utilizing long hole stoping.

In the Santa Cruz mine, the development of the main ramp to access the deepest levels is currently in progress. The ramp has reached the 3359 level’s north and south principal veins and 3160 level. Lateral ramps to the 3159-2 north and south extension are in progress and the 3160-2 ramp is advancing. During 2015 the 4118 (+) ramp was also advanced opening up the XC-7-2, XC-9-2, 3151 and upper levels. Other important developments in ore or on structure were completed on the far south 3356, 3357, 3358 and 3359 levels. Stope production came from the 3351, 3353, 3354, 3355, 3357, 3358 and 3359 by either long hole or cut and fill mining.

Development of the main ramp at Porvenir 4 continued to reach the 3358 main production zone. Development in ore was completed on the 3507, 3508 B (Bajo) levels. Stope production came from the 3504, 3506, 3507 and 3508 B (Bajo).

Total mine reported production for 2015 was 431,431 tonnes at 295 g/t Ag and 0.62 g/t Au as shown in Table 16-1 below.

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Table 16-1 2015 Actual Production

Tonnes Ag gpt Au gpt Ag Oz Au oz
431,431 295 0.62 3,440,748 7,390

The remaining reserve life-of-mine plan is based on a nominal production rate of 1,300 tonnes per day of ore mined from underground. This plan is also based on $16/oz silver and $1150/oz gold, and additional parameters as shown in Table 15-1. Utilizing nominal production rates, the remaining reserves show an expected mine life of 1.9 years. Total development planned for 2016 is 11,296 meters with 9,153 of those meters in waste development and 2,143 meters in ore. Total Life of mine development planned is 15,517 meters with 11,404 of those meters in waste development and 4,113 meters in ore.

As stated previously in section 15.1.1 dilution is applied to Measured and Indicated resource blocks depending on the mining method chosen. For blocks to be exploited using conventional cut and fill methods, external dilution was applied in the amount of 15% at a grade of zero. For blocks to be exploited using long hole methods, external dilution was applied in the amount of 30% at a grade of zero. Internal dilution is also applied based on any blocks that fall inside the stope shape but are below cutoff. A mining recovery is also applied to converted resources and is estimated at 95%. The overall result of these factors resulted in an overall dilution factor of 26.2% for Guanaceví.

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17.

RECOVERY METHODS

The beneficiation plant at Guanaceví utilizes a standard process of dynamic leaching and Merrill Crowe process capable of processing 1,300 tons of ore daily.

17.1

Production

For the year ending December 31, 2015, silver production was 3,440,748 oz and gold production was 7,390 oz. Plant throughput for 2015 was 431,431 tonnes at an average grade of 295 g/t silver and 0.62 g/t gold. Mill recoveries averaged 84.1% for silver and 85.9% for gold during 2015.

In 2015, the Guanaceví mill processed ore from the Porvenir mine (North Porvenir and El Porvenir), Porvenir 4 and the Santa Cruz mine. In 2014, grinding had an average capacity of just under 1,200 t/d.

17.2

Mineral Processing

The mill was originally built in 1970 by the Mexican government and was designed to custom mill ores from various mines in the district. Figure 17-1 is a partial view of the mill.


Figure 17-1 View of Leach Tanks and CCD Circuits

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The Guanaceví processing plant consists of the following circuits:

 

Crushing: ore bins, conventional crushing with a 30"x42" jaw crusher, 24”x36” jaw crusher, a 4-foot secondary cone and 3-foot tertiary cone crushers, a 5’x10’ vibrating screen (-½” to - 5/8”).

     

Grinding: 5 ball mills, a 10.5’x12’ Hardinge, two 7’x7.5’ Denver, a 5’x 6’ Fimsa ball mill and an Allis-Chalmers 5’x4’.

     

Cyanidation and counter-current decantation (CCD) circuit: 16 leach tanks in two series (12 tanks of 20’x20’ and 4 tanks of 30’x30’).

     
 

Merrill-Crowe circuit with 2 leaf clarifiers and one de-aeration tower.

     
 

Refinery: two gas fired furnaces.

     

Filtration: two filter presses, each with 131 plates of size 2,000x2,000 mm. Figure 18-3 is a view of the filter presses in operation.

     
 

Filters for dry tailings, and

     
 

Final disposal of dry tails.

The primary crushing circuit consist of the following process. Trucks loaded with ore from the mine arrive at the plant and are first weighed at the truck scale to keep track of the ore tonnage entering the plant. The trucks then dump the ore into the feed hopper of the primary crusher. The primary crusher is a jaw crusher with a capacity to process 400 tons per hour and crushes the material to 4". The ore is stacked by a conveyor stacker in the patio area of the primary crusher. Material is then transported by truck to the coarse ore bins at the front end of the tertiary crushing stage.

The tertiary crushing circuit consist of the following process. Material from the coarse ore bins is fed by apron feeder to the conveyor belts carrying the mineral to a screen for classification by size. The fine ore, -1/2", is fed directly to the fine ore bins. The mineral that does not pass the screen size is sent to the tertiary crushers. During 2015 the area was remodeled to increase production capacity. The upgrades include:

 

Symons 4’ crusher. Receives the larger mineral 4" or less.

     

Telsmith 4’ crusher. Receives material larger than 4". This also has the option of receiving a little finer product, 1½" or finer.

     

 

Telsmith 3’ crusher. Receives smaller fragments, 1" to ½".

     

 

New FL Smith 20' x 6’ screen.

The tertiary crushing circuit is a closed circuit meaning that the ore will be returned to the crushers as many times as necessary until it is reduced to a size of -1/2". The final crushed material is stored in the fine ore bins to await further processing.

Material from the fine ore bins (material -1/2") is transported to the mills through conveyors. Sodium cyanide in solution is added to begin the extraction kinetics of the silver and gold particles. Inside the ball

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mills the direct impact from the steel balls and the abrasive grinding of the steel balls on the ore combined with the action of the cyanide solution begin to leach the silver and gold from the ore.

Pulp leaving the mills has a 70-75% solid density, this pulp is sent to one or more hydrocyclones where centrifugal forces separate the fine particles from the coarser material. During 2015 a new hydrocyclone battery tower was constructed inside the mill area. The pulp containing fine particles is then sent to the primary thickener. This pulp has an average size of 60% passing 200 mesh, equivalent to 70 microns. The thick pulp or low flow from the hydrocyclones is returned back to the mill to be processed again. This process is also a closed circuit, meaning that all ore must pass the desired particle size to exit the milling process. Fine solids passing 200 mesh are sent to the primary thickener tank where flocculating agents are added. The solids settle in the bottom of the tank where the pulp has a density of about 50%. These solids are pumped to the leach tanks. The clarified solution or overflow is sent to Merrill Crowe area. The leach process uses 16 lined agitator tanks in 3 circuits. Circuits #1 and #2 consist of 6 inline tanks. Each tank has a capacity of 178 m3. The #3 circuit consists of 4 tanks with capacity of 600 m3. Oxygen is injected into the first tank in each circuit to increase the kinetic reaction. Air is injected into the rest of the tanks in each circuit. The solution from the leaching tanks is processed in a counter-current decantation circuit through five thickeners. The pregnant solution goes to the Merrill-Crowe plant for clarification and precipitation of the silver and gold. The retention time in the leaching plant is about 72 hours.

The tailings filtration circuit was commissioned in May 2012 and is producing dry stackable tailings with moisture from 14% to 18%. The circuit consists of 2 filter presses supplied by DIEMME and each filter has 132 plates of size 2,000 x 2,000 mm. The filtration circuit is operated continuously with shutdowns only for maintenance.

In 2009, hydrated lime was switched to quicklime to reduce the consumption and reduce flocculent and diatomaceous earth consumptions in the pregnant solution clarification stages. There was not much improvement and flocculent and diatomaceous earth consumption did not decrease significantly.

In the refinery, two gas furnaces smelt the precipitate to produce Doré bars, which typically averages 92% silver and are shipped for final refining at the Peñoles Met-Mex facility in Torreón. The refined gold and silver is sold through Auramet in London, England.

The assay laboratory utilizes wet assaying, fire assaying and atomic absorption methods. The laboratory does all of the assaying required for mill processing, as well as assaying mine and exploration samples. Duplicates and blanks are run on a regular basis, as well as check assays at outside laboratories. Procedural and operational aspects have been discussed in Section 11 of this report. The assay lab has fulfilled the ISO 9001 standard and has received recertification in October 2015. A program for audits and certificate renewal is in place.

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18.

PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE

EDR has all of the necessary mine and mill infrastructure to operate the Guanaceví mines efficiently and operates within all the regulatory standards imposed on the project by the various government agencies. Figure 18-1 is view of the portal of the Porvenir 4 mine on the Guanaceví Project.

18.1

Mine Pumping, Ventilation and Electrical

At shallower depths in the Porvenir mine, drainage and pumping was minimal as very little ground water was encountered. Water was also brought in from the surface for drilling and dust control. As mining proceeded to depth, a second pump station was built at the bottom of the second ventilation borehole to handle water produced from below the water table; the mine is currently pumping to surface between 1,500 and 2,000 gallons per minute, utilizing two pump stations. A third pump station is located in the Santa Cruz area and is pumping 2,000 to 2,500 gallons per minute to surface.

Principal mine ventilation is provided by one 500 HP exhaust fan, located on surface at the top of a 292m long by 2.4m diameter borehole. Two exhaust fans of 100 HP are located 400 m away on a second ventilation borehole, 292m long and 2.4m diameter. Fresh air is drawn down the principal ramp and Santa Cruz area, through the workings and exhausted out to the surface through the boreholes. This circuit is moving approximately 210,000 cfm of air. A third ventilation borehole, 285m long and 2.4m diameter, is located to the south in the Santa Cruz mine. Secondary ventilation is by conventional axial-vane mine fans that are from 24 to 36 inches in diameter and range in size from 25 HP to 50 HP. These fans blow fresh air into the workings through ventilation ducting.

Electrical power for the mine is distributed by a series of substations connected to the public power grid, with additional underground transformers added as required. Backup substations are also available.

Electric power arrives at the mine site via 34.5 kV overhead transmission lines and is reduced by a 2,000 kVA transformer to 13.2 kV and distributed to the Santa Cruz mine surface, the Porvenir mine (ramp 4114), surface compressor station and secondary pump station transformers. The power is taken underground at the Porvenir mine at 13.2 kV via the ventilation borehole to the principal underground transformer. Power is then distributed to portable underground mine transformers, where it is reduced further to 480 V. The Porvenir mine also has 2,000 kW diesel generators capable of maintaining pumping, secondary ventilation and a compressor in case of any power outage. There is a 350 kW diesel generator in Porvenir 4 and a 950 kW diesel generator in Robbins 1 (Table 18-1).

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Figure 18-1 Portal for the Porvenir 4 Mine

Table 18-1 Standby Mine Generators

Equipment Type Capacity Location
Generator 1 Caterpillar 3508 950 kW Porvenir North (Robbins 1)
Generator 2 Caterpillar 3516 2,500 kW Porvenir North (Robbins 2)
Generator 3 Caterpillar 3516 2,500 kW Porvenir North (Robbins 2)
Generator 4 Caterpillar 3406 350 kW Porvenir 4
Generator 5 Kholer 2000 Reozm 2,000 kW Porvenir North (Robbins 2)

Compressed air is provided by eight electric compressors installed on the surface. Compressed air is brought into the mine by a six-inch diameter pipe that passes down the principal ventilation borehole and then branches up and down the ramps in four-inch diameter airlines, reducing two inch airlines that enter the individual working faces (Table 18-2).

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Table 18-2 Mine Compressors

Equipment Type Capacity Location
Compressor 1 IR SSR-EP150 670 CFM Porvenir North (Robbins 1)
Compressor 2 IR IRN200HCC 900 CFM Porvenir North (Robbins 1)
Compressor 3 Twistair Joy (Denver) D25 1,200 CFM Porvenir North (Robbins 1)
Compressor 4 IR SSR 1500 LAAM55 1,500 CFM Porvenir 2
Compressor 5 IR SSR 650R-AA15 670 CFM Porvenir 4
Compressor 6 Atlas Copco GA807 670 CFM Porvenir 2
Compressor 7 IR SSR 1500 LAAM55 1,500 CFM Porvenir North (Robbins 1)
Compressor 8 SSR-EPE 300 1,363 CFM Porvenir 4

Complete maintenance and service facilities for the underground mobile equipment are located near the Porvenir North mine portal.

18.2

Tailings Dam

The new tailings dam currently in use (Figure 18-2) was constructed using the centerline method and is completely lined. The process water is recycled back to the mill.

In 2010, a new access road around the tailings pond was completed. Construction began in 2011 on the installation of two filter presses with a capacity of 1,350 tonnes each of dry tailings (Figure 18-3). Dry stacking of tailings allows the life of the tailings pond to be increased.

A new storm water pond with a capacity 10,000 m3 was built on the top of the old Rosario tailings dam, located to the South of the cyanide leach plant (Figure 18-2 and 18-4). Figure 18-5 shows the south water pond and water extraction wells which are recycled as process water.

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Figure 18-2 Aerial View of the Plant and Tailing Facilities of the Guanaceví Mines Project


Figure 18-3 Aerial Filtration Circuit Building (left); Two Diemme Filter Presses (right)

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Figure 18-4 View of the new Rosario Tailings Water Pond with Capacity 10,000 m3 (on the left); View of the Dry Stack Tailings Dam from the Northwest to Southeast (on the right)


Figure 18-5 View to Water Extraction Wells (left); and to the South, Water Pond (right)

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19.

MARKET STUDIES AND CONTRACTS

EDR has neither a hedging nor forward selling contract for any of its products. As of the issue date of this report, the company has not conducted any market studies, as gold and silver are commodities widely traded in the world markets. Due to the size of the bullion market, which in 2014 saw a demand for silver of 1.07 billion ounces, EDR's activities will not influence silver prices (it produced 7.2 million ounces, or less than 1% of world demand).

EDR produces doré silver-gold bars which it then ships for further refining. The doré produced by EDR's Guanaceví mine is further refined by third parties before being sold as bullion (99.99% pure silver). To a large extent, silver bullion is sold at the spot price.

Table 19-1 summarizes the high and low average annual London PM gold and silver price per ounce from 2000 to 2015.

Table 19-1 Average Annual High and Low London PM Fix for Gold and Silver from 2000 to 2015 (prices expressed in US$/oz)

Year Gold Price (US$/oz) Silver Price (US$/oz)
High Low Average High Low Average
2000 312.70 263.80 279.12 5.45 4.57 4.95
2001 293.25 255.95 271.04 4.82 4.07 4.37
2002 349.30 277.75 309.67 5.10 4.24 4.60
2003 416.25 319.90 363.32 5.97 4.37 4.88
2004 454.20 375.00 409.16 8.29 5.50 6.66
2005 536.50 411.10 444.45 9.23 6.39 7.31
2006 725.00 524.75 603.46 14.94 8.83 11.55
2007 841.10 608.40 695.39 15.82 11.67 13.38
2008 1,011.25 712.50 871.96 20.92 8.88 14.99
2009 1,212.50 810.00 972.35 19.18 10.51 14.67
2010 1,421.00 1,058.00 1,224.53 30.70 15.14 20.19
2011 1,895.00 1,319.00 1,571.52 48.70 26.16 35.12
2012 1,791.75 1,540.00 1,668.98 37.23 26.67 31.15
2013 1,693.75 1,192.00 1,411.23 32.23 18.61 23.79
2014 1,385.00 1,142.00 1,266.40 22.05 15.28 19.08
2015 1,295.75 1,049.40 1,160.06 18.23 13.71 15.68

Over the period from 2000 to 2015, world silver and gold prices have increased significantly. This had a favorable impact on revenue from production of most of the world’s silver mines, including the Guanaceví Project. Beginning 2011 there has been a consistent reduction in the silver and gold prices, which has caused increased stress for mining companies around the world.

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EDR has no contracts or agreements for mining, smelting, refining, transportation, handling or sales, that are outside normal or generally accepted practices within the mining industry. EDR has a policy of not hedging or forward selling any of its products.

The doré produced by the Guanaceví mill typically averages 93.5% silver. The doré is shipped for final refining at the Peñoles Met-Mex facility in Torreón. The refined gold and silver is sold through Auramet in London, England.

In addition to its own workforce, EDR has a number of contract mining companies working on its mine sites such as Porvenir 4 and Santa Cruz. Table 19-2 is a summary of the main contracts that EDR has in place at the Guanaceví Mines Project.

Table 19-2 Contracts Held by the Guanaceví Project

Contract Description Contracting Organization Date-Expiry/ Renewal
Improvement to Crushing Circuits 2 & 3 A Lopez, Civil; TEPSA, Electrical Project Completion
Improvement to Crushing Circuits 2 & 3 A Lopez, Civil; H Silva, Mechanical Project Completion
Mining Contractor Martha Patricia Carmona Espinoza 16-Mar-16
Surface haulage Roberto Arzola Castro, Marisol Vazquez Rivera, Alejandro
Alberto Cazares Arzola, Silvia Margarita Alanis Mariscal, Juan
Armando Flores Barraza y Jose Evaristo Rivera Macho
29-Dec-18
Haulage underground to surface Roberto Arzola Castro, Marisol Vazquez Rivera, Alejandro
Alberto Cazares Arzola, Silvia Margarita Alanis Mariscal, Juan
Armando Flores Barraza y Jose Evaristo Rivera Macho
29-Aug-18
Haulage surface plant area Noel Olivas Barraza, Jose Gabriel Velazquez Martinez, Jose
Evaristo Rivera Macho, Edgar Ruben Velazquez Cisneros y Luis
Antonio Rivera Nuñez
29-Nov-18
Equipment Contracting Arrendamiento de Maquinaria, S.A. de C.V. 30-Sep-16
Road Watering Marisol Vazquez Rivera Gutierrez 30-Sep-16
Waste Material Removal Carmina Manuela Ayala Arzola 30-Sep-16

The Guanaceví Mining Unit maintains a collective bargaining agreement with the National Mining Workers Union. This agreement is for an indefinite term and has a yearly general salaries revision each April.

Third party contractors have been engaged to carry out civil engineering works in the Guanaceví Mining Unit. As of 2015 some have been engaged for works to be carried out in the mid – long term range, but most are engaged for works in the short-term range. They are hired on a case by case basis.

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20.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING AND SOCIAL OR COMMUNITY IMPACT


20.1

Environmental and Sustainability

Guanaceví operates under the policy of zero industrial discharges into the environment. Surface water in the tailings disposal facilities are pumped back into the process. Running water in the intermittent streams within the property is tested for mineral elements and contaminants. Some water pumped from the underground workings is discharged in the water storage reservoir at the surface.

The following aspects are treated with special care by the company as they represent potential risks to the operation. To reduce the possibility of an incident regarding any of these issues, Guanaceví has established strict procedures of operation and monitoring in accordance with accepted standards.

The tailing dams require strict environmental and operation control because the proximity to the Guanaceví community represents a risk.

     

 

Testing for water pollutants into rivers near the tailings dams.

     

 

Testing of discharge sewage pollutants.

     

 

Water recovery in tailings dams is to be returned to the plant for processing.

     

Testing of the combustion gases from laboratory's chimneys and foundry, and lead exposure for lab workers.


20.2

Closure Plan

The Guanaceví closure budget includes funds for covering the tailings ponds and securing and cleaning up the other surface and underground mine facilities (Table 20-1).

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Table 20-1 Reclamation Budget

Facilities Item US$
Underground Mines Surface Roads 36,000
Santa Cruz Area 98,000
North & El Porvenir 108,000
La Prieta 5,000
Porvenir Dos 47,000
Porvenir 4 52,000
La Peleya 2,000
Stockpile/Colonia 67,000
          Sub-Total 415,000
Milling and Cyanidation Plant Plant Site 76,000
Crushing Area 94,000
Milling Area 74,000
Cyanidation Area 160,000
Precip/Foundry Area 139,000
Related Facilities 239,000
          Sub-Total 782,000
Tailings Dams NW Area 205,000
East Area 26,000
South Area 32,000
          Sub-Total 263,000
Administrative Personnel 323,000
          Sub-Total 323,000
Support Services Post Closure Costs 308,000
          Sub-Total 308,000
          Grand Total 2,091,000

20.3

Permitting

EDR holds all necessary environmental and mine permits to conduct planned exploration, development and mining operations on the Guanaceví Project.

Tailing ponds were constructed at Guanaceví before environmental legislation was approved in 1998 (La Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambiente), as a result Guanaceví was not required to apply for permits for these facilities. For pre-existing facilities, a mining company must get an update permit whenever there is a change in the processes, capacities, or facilities. Permits are issued by the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (Semarnat) – Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources. An annual operation card must be presented to Semarnat at the end of each year.

Table 20-2 lists the existing permits governing the mining and milling operations.

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Table 20-2 Summary of Environmental and Mining Permits for the Guanaceví Project

Permit Type Permit Issuing Agency Date-Expiry/ Renewal
LAU - Project Unique Environmental License LAU-10/021-2007 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
LAU - Project Unique Environmental License Modification SG/130.1/000419 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(MIA) Enlargement of the actual Tailings Dam & rerouting of access road to the Guanaceví mining unit SG/130.2.1.1/000640 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(CUS) Enlargement of the actual Tailings Dam & rerouting of access road to the Guanaceví mining unit SG/130.2.2/000647 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(MIA) installation of a substation and electric transmission line SG/130.2.1.1/001318/11 SEMARNAT Valid until 2025
(CUS) installation of a substation and electric transmission line SG/130.2.2/001234/11 SEMARNAT Valid until 2025
(MIA) Ore Surge Pile station and access through the local neighborhood SG/130.2.1.1/001647/10 SEMARNAT Valid until 2025
(CUS) Ore Surge Pile station and access through the local neighborhood SG/130.2.2/0000625/11 SEMARNAT Valid until 2025
(MIA) Rampa Santa Cruz Sur SG/130.2.1.1/002067/15 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
Presa la negra SG/130.2.1.1/000613/12 SEMARNAT Valid until 2022
(MIA) Enlargement of additional Tailings Dam & rerouting of access from principal road SG/130.2.1.1/000244/12 SEMARNAT Valid until 2022
(CUS) Enlargement of additional Tailings Dam & rerouting of access from principal road SG/130.2.2/002059/11 SEMARNAT Valid until 2022
(MIA) Porvenir IV Operation SG/130.2.1.1/000221 SEMARNAT Valid until 2021
(CUS) Porvenir IV Operation SG/130.2.2/000044 SEMARNAT Valid until 2021
(CUS) Porvenir II - Road modification for access to the mine SG/130.2.2/001362 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(MIA) Haul Road, installation of Robbins facility & warehouse pad in Santa Cruz mining unit SG/130.2.1/000295 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(CUS) Haul Road, installation of Robbins facility & warehouse pad in Santa Cruz mining unit SG/130.2.2/002175 SEMARNAT Valid until 2019
(CUS) Porvenir II - Ventilation station & road modification for mine access SG/130.2.2/002075 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(MIA) Enlargement of Robbins II - ventilation station enhancement SG/130.2.1.1/001986 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(CUS) Enlargement of Robbins II - ventilation station enhancement SG/130.2.2/002175 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(MIA) Norte Porvenir II road access SG/130.2.1.1/001101/12 SEMARNAT Mine Closure
(CUS) Norte Porvenir II road access SG/130.2.2/001279/12 SEMARNAT Valid until 2019
Superficial Water Concession ZOFEMAT 07DGO100908/36FDGE06 CONAGUA Apr 2017
Residual Water Concession 07DGO118917/36EQOC09 CONAGUA Valid until 2019

20.4

Social and Community Impact

EDR considers nearby communities as important stakeholders and, as such, the company pays special attention to their problems and requests for support. A good neighbor and open-door policy characterizes the relations with the eleven communities inside and around the area of operations. A company representative interacts with the local authorities frequently.

According to the population and housing census of 2010, the inhabitants in the surrounding communities include 11,562 people living in the 11 locations. Women are 51.3% of the population. Table 20-3 presents

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population by gender in the communities, and shows the relationship of Guanaceví with them, whether directly or indirectly. The relationship with a community is indirect whenever it has a direct relationship with another mining company. Regardless of the indirect relationship with these communities, Guanaceví considers that it has a shared commitment with them.

Table 20-3 Neighboring Community Population

Location Relationship Population
Total Male Female
Aguacaliente Direct 113 56 57
Arroyo del Hacho Direct 34 20 14
Cebollas Direct 70 38 32
Coscomate Direct 89 45 44
Cienega de la Vaca Direct 151 78 73
El Zape Direct 370 186 184
El Portero Direct 56 30 26
Guanaceví Direct 10224 5250 4974
La Rosilla Direct 236 119 117
Los Nopales Direct 68 35 33
San Pedro Direct 151 74 77
Total   11562 5931 5631

Guanaceví has a policy of social responsibility based on community development. The tactic used to achieve this strategic principle is focused on:

Education and Employability: Promoting learning opportunities ranging from basic education to technical skills and supporting the creation and development of small business that provide an economic alternative to mining related jobs.

     

Infrastructure: Supporting construction, improvement or rehabilitation of community facilities, such as the Church, the playgrounds, or the roads.

     

Health: In partnership with government institutions, EDR promote several health campaigns in the communities such as dental, vaccines, nutrition, pet control, and others.

     

Sports: Also in partnership with government institutions and NGOs, EDR supports summer camps for children and in the last two years has sponsored one of the main races that happen in Guanajuato.

     

Environment: EDR runs different environmental campaigns in the communities, such as the recycling of electronics, the reuse of tires to rehabilitate recreational sites, reforestation initiatives, cleaning up campaigns, and others.

     

Traditions and Culture: EDR supports throughout the year the different celebrations that happen in the community, such as the day of the miner, mother´s day, day of the death, children´s day, Christmas celebrations, and others.


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EDR responds to ongoing requests from the community. A large majority of the requests are for discarded materials, but there are also some requests for in kind donations such as transportation of materials, transportation to events, gifts for community celebration (such as children´s day), food, and other assistance.

In order to carry out social responsibility actions, Guanaceví has an internal procedure intended to channel the demands of the local communities, to assess their needs, to prioritize them, and to evaluate donations to be made to improve quality of life. The company is interested in maintaining a social license to operate by working together with the communities, providing communication support in resolving problems, promoting good practices in social solidarity through a work plan with the localities, and aiming for sustainability in all its actions. To make public its commitment to its stake-holders, the company pursued an ESR acknowledgement (Socially Responsible Company), which was obtained the March 1, 2014, from the Mexican Center for Philanthropy (CEMEFI).

The company works respectfully and in coordination with the natural leaders in the surrounding communities, and with local authorities, educational institutions, and government agencies to achieve sustainable development. Actions are mainly aimed at promoting education, sports, culture, health, and environmental care.

Guanaceví’s community library and school were remodeled with the support of the company. EDR donated books and computers to promote education and access to technology.

EDR works in coordination with the municipal government to promote cultural activities in the communities. The company has a cultural center open to the public where workshops of handicrafts, music, and painting are conducted. In addition, EDR promotes the realization of festivals, theater plays, and cinema for children and adults, and facilitates transportation of students to civic and cultural events and sports competitions.

The company provides garbage collection service to contribute to environmental sanitation and prevent gastrointestinal diseases. The company also supplies medical services and medicines in cases of emergency or whenever the community service is not available, assisting between 10 and 15 persons each week. The company’s ambulance is available as needed.

EDR operates by the Gender Equality Model MEG: 2003, awarded by the National Women's Institute in November 2013. This model helps to ensure equal opportunities for internal and external community by socially responsible actions.

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21.

CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS

   
21.1

Capital Costs

In 2015, EDR's Guanaceví Project consisted of a modest size underground mining operation based at the Porvenir 4, Porvenir North and Santa Cruz mines. The 2015 budget versus actual 2015 capital costs for the Guanaceví Project are summarized in Table 21-1. For 2016, EDR has budgeted nearly US $11.3 million for capital projects at Guanaceví.

The 2016 budget includes all planned capital expenditure for Guanaceví with the exception of regional exploration. An additional US $1.68 million is planned on exploration drilling at Guanaceví.

Table 21-1 Capital Costs for the Guanaceví Mine

Description Actual 2015
Cost (US$)
Budget 2015
Cost (US$)
Planned 2016
Costs (US$)
Mine Development 7,179,385 10,319,187 8,994,561
Mine Equipment 1,159,865   1,670,961
Plant Equipment/Infrastructure 1,181,792 1,685,000 483,758
Vehicles 122,799 271,856 113,000
Office and IT 77,256 56,785 56,454
Buildings 17,692 120,891 27,200
Total 9,738,789 12,453,719 11,345,934

21.2

Operating Costs

The cash operating cost of silver produced at the Guanaceví mines project in fiscal year 2015 was $8.66 per oz, compared to $9.73 in 2014. Cash operating cost per ounce of silver is calculated net of gold credits and royalties. On a per tonne of ore processed basis, the cash operating costs in 2015 averaged US $ 88.04 per tonne, compared to US $104.07 in 2014.

Table 21-2 summarizes operating cost by department before adjustment for finished goods. The planned estimated cost per ton of ore mined for 2016 is also presented in Table 21-2.

Table 21-2 Operating Costs for the Guanaceví Mine

Department Actual 2014 (US$/t) Actual 2015 (US$/t) Planned 2016 (US$/t)
Mining 45.42 39.31 37.00
Processing 36.15 28.18 29.00
G&A 22.5 20.55 17.88
Total 104.07 88.04 83.88

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22.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

EDR is a producing issuer as defined by NI 43-101. An economic analysis has been excluded from this technical report as the Guanaceví mine is currently in production and this technical report does not include a material expansion of current production.

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23.

ADJACENT PROPERTIES

The Guanaceví Project is located within the Guanaceví mining district, which hosts a number of historically productive mines and in which mining has been carried out for more than 450 years. While a majority of the past producers in the district are located on quartz veins similar or related to those located on the mine property, there are no immediately adjacent properties which might materially affect the interpretation or evaluation of the mineralization or exploration targets of the Guanaceví Project.

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24.

OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION

This report summarizes all data and information material to the Guanaceví Project as of December 31, 2015. HRC knows of no other relevant technical or other data or information that might materially impact the interpretations and conclusions presented herein, nor of any additional information necessary to make the report more understandable or not misleading.

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25.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

EDR’s Guanaceví Mines Project has an extensive mining history with well-known silver and gold bearing vein systems. Ongoing exploration has continued to demonstrate the potential for the discovery of additional resources at the project and within the district surrounding the mine.

Since EDR took control of the Guanaceví mines Property, new mining areas have enabled EDR to increase production by providing additional sources of mill feed. EDR’s operation management teams continue to search for improvements in efficiency, lowering costs and researching and applying low-cost mining techniques.

25.1

December 31, 2015 Mineral Resource Estimate

The mineral resources for Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015, are summarized in Table 25-1. The resources are exclusive of the mineral reserves.

Table 25-1 Mineral Resource Estimate, Effective Date December 31, 2015

Classification Tonnes Silver Equivalent Silver Gold
g/t g/t oz. g/t oz.
Measured 181,580 342 304 1,777,309 0.53 3,097
Indicated 2,313,107 331 277 20,564,771 0.78 58,127
Measured + Indicated 2,494,687 332 279 22,342,080 0.76 61,224
Inferred 1,150,618 358 308 11,390,368 0.72 26,551
Total 3,645,306 340 288 33,732,449 0.75 87,775

  1.

Measured, Indicated and Inferred resource cut-off grades were 182 g/t silver equivalent at Guanaceví.

  2.

Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resources estimated will be converted into mineral reserves.

  3.

Metallurgical recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  4.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver: gold ratio

  5.

Price assumptions are $17.60 per ounce for silver and $1,260 per ounce for gold for resource cutoff calculations.

  6.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.

For the year end 2015 there was an increase of 1,286,000 measured and indicated tonnes from the 2014 reported resources and a decrease of 642,000 inferred tonnes. The increase in measured and indicated tonnes is based on new exploration data that enable an update to the geologic model in the Santa Cruz South and Milache zones of the main Santa Cruz vein system. This increase in data and confidence led to a substantial conversion of inferred tonnes to measured and indicated tonnes

25.2

December 31, 2015 Mineral Reserve Estimate

The mineral reserves for the Guanaceví mine as of December 31, 2015, are summarized in Table 25-2. The reserves are exclusive of the mineral resources.

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Table 25-2 Mineral Reserve Estimate, Effective Date December 31, 2015

Classification Tonnes
(t x 1,000)
AgEq
g/t
Ag
g/t
Ag (oz)
* 1,000
Au
g/t
Au (oz)
* 1,000
%
Dilution
Proven 107.4 290.1 254.0 877.2 0.52 1.78 29.9%
Probable 797.9 236.1 205.0 5,260.1 0.45 11.65 25.7%
Total Proven and Probable Reserves 905.3 242.5 210.8 6,137.3 0.46 13.43 26.2%

  1.

Reserve cut-off grades are based on a 200 g/t silver equivalent.

  2.

Metallurgical Recoveries were 83.5% silver and 86.2% gold.

  3.

Mining Recoveries of 95% were applied.

  4.

Minimum mining widths were 1.4 meters.

  5.

Dilution factors averaged 26.2%. Dilution factors are calculated based on internal stope dilution calculations and external dilution factors of 15% for cut and fill and 30% for long hole.

  6.

Silver equivalents are based on a 70:1 silver:gold ratio.

  7.

Price assumptions are $16 per ounce for silver and $1,150 per ounce for gold.

  8.

Mineral resources are estimated exclusive of and in addition to mineral reserves.

  9.

Figures in table are rounded to reflect estimate precision; small differences generated by rounding are not material to estimates.

For the year end 2015 there was an increase of 325,600 tonnes from the 2014 reported reserves. The increase was based on continued development especially in the central portion of the Santa Cruz Vein. For the long-term, sustainability will require maintaining the current levels of exploration activities and budgets, and the current levels of exploration success.

25.3

Conclusions

The mine staff possess considerable experience and knowledge with regard to the nature of the orebodies in and around the Guanaceví Property. Mine planning and operations need to continue to assure that the rate of waste development is sufficient to maintain the production rates included in the mine plan.

A major change in ore metallurgy during the life of the current reserves is very unlikely, as nearly all of the ore to be mined will come from veins with historic, recent, or current production.

Areas of uncertainty that may materially impact the Mineral Resources and Reserves and subsequent mine life presented in this report include the following:

  Mining assumptions
     
  Dilution assumptions
     
  Exchange rates
     
  Changes in taxation or royalties
     
  Variations in commodity price
     
  Metallurgical recovery
     
  Processing assumptions

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The QP considers the Guanaceví resource and reserve estimates presented here to conform with the requirements and guidelines set forth in Companion Policy 43-101CP and Form 43-101F1 (June 2011), and the mineral resources and reserves presented herein are classified according to Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) Definition Standards - For Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, prepared by the CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions and adopted by CIM Council on May 10, 2014. These resources and reserves form the basis for EDR’s ongoing mining operations at the Guanaceví Mines Project.

The QP is unaware of any significant technical, legal, environmental or political considerations which would have an adverse effect on the extraction and processing of the resources and reserves located at the Guanaceví Mines Project. Mineral resources which have not been converted to mineral reserves, and do not demonstrate economic viability shall remain mineral resources. There is no certainty that all or any part of the mineral resources estimated will be converted into mineral reserves.

The QP considers that the mineral concessions in the Guanaceví mining district controlled by EDR continue to be highly prospective both along strike and down dip of the existing mineralization.

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26.

RECOMMENDATIONS

   
26.1

Exploration Program

For 2016, EDR plans to develop a surface drilling program focused on the North part of the Pelayo vein, and also the South part of the Santa Cruz ore body. Also, underground drilling will be conducted with the objective to determine the extension to depth of the ore bodies at the Central-North Porvenir and Santa Cruz Mine areas; around 500 m of cross-cuts will be developed for these programs.

Regional exploration will continue in order to try to find possible targets with mineralized zones within 50 km, mainly toward the northwest and south parts of the district, to potentially acquire properties for future growth.

Table 26-1 summarizes the planned 2016 exploration budget for Guanaceví.

Table 26-1 Guanaceví 2016 Priority Exploration Targets

Project Area 2016 Program
Meters Samples Budget US $
Surface Exploration Drilling
Santa Cruz - Pelayo 3,600 2,000 783,500
Subtotal 3,600 2,000 783,500
Mine Operations Exploration Drilling
Mine Exploration 4,500 1,500 897,000
Subtotal 4,500 1,500 897,000
       
Total
(mine +exploration division)
8,100 3,500 1,680,500

26.2

Surface Exploration Program

The 2016 surface exploration program is planned to include 3,600 m of core in approximately 15 diamond drillhole s to test the Pelayo & Santa Cruz veins. Budgeted cost of the program is US $783,500 (Table 26-1.).

26.3

Underground Exploration Program

The budget cost for the underground program is US $897,000 (Table 26-1), and the program includes 2,000 m of core to test the Santa Cruz vein at the deep Porvenir & Santa Cruz mines.

26.4

Geology, Block Modeling, Mineral Resources and Reserves

HRC recommends that the continuation of the conversion of all resources into reserves from 2D polygons to 3D block models be continued. During 2015 considerable progress has been completed on this process.

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Additional modeling efforts should be made to define the mineralized brecciated areas as they have been an import source of economic material encountered in the current operation, and could provide additional tonnage to support the mine plan.

Currently EDR utilizes the exploration drilling and chip and muck samples in their resource and reserve calculations. HRC recommends that future efforts focus on constructing block models for resource and reserve reporting utilizing only the exploration and underground drilling results. The chip and muck samples should be used to develop the production model. This will help in keeping data densities consistent in each modeling effort and allow another level into the reconciliation process to compare modeling results.

Although the reconciliations conducted by EDR show good comparisons on planned values versus actual values the reconciliation process should be improved to include the estimated tonnes and grade from the resource models. By comparing the LOM plan on a monthly basis to the plant production the actual physical location of the material mined may be different in the plan versus the actual area that was mined. Due to the many faces that are mined during a day this can only be completed on an average monthly basis to account for the blending of this material at the mill. The monthly surveyed as mined areas should be created and saved on a monthly basis for reporting the modeled tonnes for each month. The combination of the 3D block models and 2D and polygonal reserves makes this process difficult but considerable progress has been made during the last year to get all resources and reserves into 3D block models. The model predicted results versus actuals can then be used to determine if dilution factors need to be adjusted or perhaps the resource modeling parameters may require adjustment if there are large variances. On a yearly basis the mill production should be reconciled to the final concentrate shipments and resulting adjustment factors should be explained and reported.

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27.

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Bordeaux, Albert F.J. (1908). The Silver Mines of Mexico, Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XXXIX (1908) 1909, pages 357 to368.

Buchanan, L. J. (1981). Precious Metal Deposits Associated with Volcanic Environments in the Southwest, Arizona Geologic Society Digest, Vol. XIV, Relations of Tectonics to Ore Deposits in the Southern Cordillera, ed. By Dickenson, W. R. and Payne, W. D.

Corbett, G.J. Leach, T.M. (1996). Southwest Pacific Rim Gold - Copper Systems: Structure, Alteration and Mineralization, Workshop manual, 185 p

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Hollister, F.V. (1985) Discoveries of Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits: AIME, Case Histories of Mineral Discoveries, V.1, pp. 168.

Lewis, W.J. Leader, R.J. and Mukhopadhyay, D.K. (2007). NI 43-101 Technical Report Audit of the Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico, 103 p.

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Lewis, W.J., Murahwi, C., and San Martin, A.J. (2013). NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico, 258 p.

Munroe, M.J. (2014). NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource and Reserve Estimates for the Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango State, Mexico, 216 p.

Olson, A. E. (2006). Technical Report, Mineral Resource and Minera Reserve Estimate, Guanaceví Mines Project, Durango, Mexico for Endeavour Silver, 122 p.

Parrish, I. S. (1997). Geologist's Gordian Knot: To cut or not to cut. Mining Engineering, 49(4). 45-49.

Ramírez, Santiago. (1884). Noticia Histórica de la Riqueza Minera De México Y de Su Actual Estado de Explotación, 768 p.

Salas, G.P., et al. (1991). Economic Geology, Mexico, Volume P-3 of the Geology of North America, in The Decade of North American Geology Project series by The Geological Society of America, Inc., 438 p.

Sinclair, A. J., & Blackwell, G. H. (2002). Applied mineral inventory estimation. Cambridge University Press.

Southworth, J.R. (1905). Las Minas de México (Edición Ilustrada) Historia, Geologia, Antigua Mineria y Descipción General de los Estados Mineros de la República Mexicana, En Español y Inglés, 260 p.

Spring, V (2005). A Technical Review of the North Porvenir Zone, Santa Cruz Mine, Guanaceví Mines Project in Durango State, Mexico for Endeavour Silver Corp. 67 p.

Wilson, G. (1882). Mexico as a Field for Miners, Engineering and Mining Journal, Volume 34, page 7.

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