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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The portions of equity, net income and other comprehensive income of consolidated subsidiaries that are not attributable to the parent are presented separately as amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. A substantial portion of noncontrolling interests represents interests held by private investment funds or other investment vehicles managed by the Company and which invest alongside the Company and membership interests in OP primarily held by certain employees of the Company. To the extent the Company consolidates a subsidiary that is subject to industry-specific guidance, the Company retains the industry-specific guidance applied by that subsidiary in its consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Merger | Business Combinations Definition of a Business—The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. If substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. If not, for an acquisition to be considered a business, it would have to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., there is a continuation of revenue before and after the transaction). A substantive process is not ancillary or minor, cannot be replaced without significant costs, effort or delay or is otherwise considered unique or scarce. To qualify as a business without outputs, the acquired assets would require an organized workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge and experience that performs a substantive process. Prior to the Company's adoption of the new definition of a business effective October 1, 2016, the concentration of acquired fair values in a single or group of similar identifiable assets did not preclude the acquisition of such assets from meeting the definition of a business. As a result, acquisition of real estate assets with existing in-place leases, other than sale-leaseback transactions, were generally recognized as business combinations. Asset Acquisitions—For acquisitions that are not deemed to be businesses, the assets acquired are recognized based on their cost to the Company as the acquirer and no gain or loss is recognized unless the fair value of non-cash assets given as consideration differs from the carrying amount of the assets acquired. The cost of assets acquired in a group is allocated to individual assets within the group based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. Transaction costs related to acquisition of assets are included in the cost basis of the assets acquired. Business Combinations—The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as business combinations by applying the acquisition method. Transaction costs related to acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Contingent Consideration—Contingent consideration is classified as a liability or equity, as applicable. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business is measured at fair value on acquisition date, and unless classified as equity, is remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value included in net income. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of assets is generally recognized only when the contingency is resolved, as part of the basis of the acquired assets. Merger The Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method for a business combination as a reverse acquisition. NSAM was the legal acquirer in the Merger for certain legal and regulatory matters, however, Colony was determined to be the accounting acquirer in the Merger for financial reporting purposes. While NSAM was the legal entity which initiated the transaction and issued its shares to consummate the Merger, the fact that the senior management of the Company primarily consists of Colony senior executives, along with other qualitative considerations, resulted in Colony being designated the accounting acquirer. The financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial information of Colony as the accounting acquirer, except that the equity structure of the Company was adjusted to reflect the equity structure of the legal acquirer, including for comparative periods, by applying the Colony share exchange ratio of 1.4663. The historical financial information as of any date or for any periods on or prior to the Closing Date represents the pre-Merger financial information of Colony. The assets and liabilities of Colony are reflected by the Company at their pre-Merger carrying values while the assets and liabilities of NSAM and NRF are accounted for at their acquisition date fair value. The results of operations of NSAM and NRF were incorporated into the Company effective from January 11, 2017.
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, or if the Company has the power to control an entity through a majority of voting interest or through other arrangements. Variable Interest Entities—A VIE is an entity that either (i) lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; (ii) whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; or (iii) is established with non-substantive voting rights. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who has a controlling financial interest in the VIE through (a) power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. The Company also considers interests held by its related parties, including de facto agents. The Company assesses whether it is a member of a related party group that collectively meets the power and benefits criteria and, if so, whether the Company is most closely associated with the VIE. In performing the related party analysis, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of its investment relative to the related party; the Company’s and the related party's ability to control or significantly influence key decisions of the VIE including consideration of involvement by de facto agents; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or the related party to fund operating losses of the VIE; and the similarity and significance of the VIE’s business activities to those of the Company and the related party. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE, and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, may involve significant judgment, including the determination of which activities most significantly affect the entities’ performance, and estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of assets held by the VIE. Voting Interest Entities—Unlike VIEs, voting interest entities have sufficient equity to finance their activities and equity investors exhibit the characteristics of a controlling financial interest through their voting rights. The Company consolidates such entities when it has the power to control these entities through ownership of a majority of the entities' voting interests or through other arrangements. At each reporting period, the Company reassesses whether changes in facts and circumstances cause a change in the status of an entity as a VIE or voting interest entity, and/or a change in the Company's consolidation assessment. Changes in consolidation status are applied prospectively. An entity may be consolidated as a result of this reassessment, in which case, the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interest in the entity are recorded at fair value upon initial consolidation. Any existing equity interest held by the Company in the entity prior to the Company obtaining control will be remeasured at fair value, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon initial consolidation. However, if the consolidation represents an asset acquisition of a voting interest entity, the Company's existing interest in the acquired assets, if any, is not remeasured to fair value but continues to be carried at historical cost. The Company may also deconsolidate a subsidiary as a result of this reassessment, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon deconsolidation depending on the carrying values of deconsolidated assets and liabilities compared to the fair value of any interests retained.
Noncontrolling Interests | Noncontrolling Interests Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests—This represents noncontrolling interests in a consolidated open-end fund sponsored by the Company, and during 2017, an investment management subsidiary acquired through the Merger, Townsend Holdings, LLC ("Townsend"). The Company sold its interest in Townsend on December 29, 2017. The limited partners in the consolidated open-end fund who represent noncontrolling interests generally have the ability to withdraw all or a portion of their interests in cash with 30 days' notice. Redeemable noncontrolling interests is presented outside of permanent equity. Allocation of net income or loss to redeemable noncontrolling interests is based upon their ownership percentage during the period. The carrying amount of redeemable noncontrolling interests is adjusted to its redemption value at the end of each reporting period to an amount not less than its initial carrying value, with such adjustments recognized in additional paid-in capital. Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities—This represents predominantly interests in consolidated investment entities held by private investment funds or retail companies managed by the Company or held by third party joint venture partners. Allocation of net income or loss is generally based upon relative ownership interests held by equity owners in each investment entity, or based upon contractual arrangements that may provide for disproportionate allocation of economic returns among equity interests, including using a hypothetical liquidation at book value basis, where applicable and substantive. Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company—This represents membership interests in OP held primarily by certain employees of the Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP are allocated a share of net income or loss in OP based on their weighted average ownership interest in OP during the period. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s membership units in OP ("OP Units") for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each reporting period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP, as applicable.
Foreign Currency | Foreign Currency Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and the corresponding results of operations for such entities are translated using the average exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in stockholders’ equity. Upon sale, complete or substantially complete liquidation of a foreign subsidiary, or upon partial sale of a foreign equity method investment, the translation adjustment associated with the investment, or a proportionate share related to the portion of equity method investment sold, is reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss into earnings. Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency for which the functional currency is the U.S. dollar are remeasured using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and the corresponding results of operations for such entities are remeasured using the average exchange rate in effect during the period. The resulting foreign currency remeasurement adjustments are recorded in other gain (loss) on the statements of operations. Disclosures of non-U.S. dollar amounts to be recorded in the future are translated using exchange rates in effect at the date of the most recent balance sheet presented.
Fair Value Measurement | Fair Value Measurement Fair value is based on an exit price, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Where appropriate, the Company makes adjustments to estimated fair values to appropriately reflect counterparty credit risk as well as the Company's own credit-worthiness. The estimated fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities are categorized into a three tier hierarchy, prioritized based on the level of transparency in inputs used in the valuation techniques, as follows: Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in non-active markets, or valuation techniques utilizing inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable data directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3—At least one assumption or input is unobservable and it is significant to the fair value measurement, requiring significant management judgment or estimate. Where the inputs used to measure the fair value of a financial instrument falls into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the financial instrument is categorized within the hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to its fair value measurement.
Fair Value Option | Fair Value Option The fair value option provides an option to elect fair value as a measurement alternative for selected financial instruments. The fair value option may be elected only upon the occurrence of certain specified events, including when the Company enters into an eligible firm commitment, at initial recognition of the financial instrument, as well as upon a business combination or consolidation of a subsidiary. The election is irrevocable unless a new election event occurs. The Company has elected to account for certain equity method investments at fair value. Prior to deconsolidation in May 2018, the Company had elected the fair value option for financial assets and financial liabilities of certain consolidated securitization trusts, and adopted the measurement alternative to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of the securitization trusts using the fair value of either the financial assets or financial liabilities, whichever is more observable.
Discontinued Operations | Discontinued Operations If the disposition of a component, being an operating or reportable segment, business unit, subsidiary or asset group, represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the operating profits or losses of the component when classified as held for sale, and the gain or loss upon disposition of the component, are presented as discontinued operations in the statements of operations. A business or asset group acquired in connection with a purchase business combination that meets the criteria to be accounted for as held for sale at the date of acquisition are reported as discontinued operations, regardless of whether it meets the strategic shift criteria.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. The Company's cash and cash equivalents are held with major financial institutions and may at times exceed federally insured limits.
Restricted Cash | Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists primarily of amounts related to operating real estate and loans receivable as well as cash held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries due to certain regulatory capital requirements.
Real Estate Assets | Real Estate Assets Real Estate Acquisitions Real estate acquisitions are recorded at the fair values of the acquired components at the time of acquisition, allocated among land, building, improvements, equipment, lease-related tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities, such as tenant improvements, deferred leasing costs, in-place lease values, above- and below-market lease values. The estimated fair value of acquired land is derived from recent comparable sales of land and listings within the same local region based on available market data. The estimated fair value of acquired buildings and building improvements is derived from comparable sales, discounted cash flow analysis using market-based assumptions, or replacement cost, as appropriate. The fair value of site and tenant improvements is estimated based upon current market replacement costs and other relevant market rate information. Real Estate Held for Investment Real estate held for investment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Costs Capitalized or Expensed—Expenditures for ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred, while expenditures for significant renovations that improve or extend the useful life of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation—Real estate held for investment, other than land, are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:
Real Estate Assets |  | Term
Building (fee interest) |  | 5 to 51 years
Building leasehold interests |  | Lesser of remaining term of the lease or remaining life of the building
Building improvements |  | Lesser of useful life or remaining life of the building
Land improvements |  | 6 to 20 years
Tenant improvements |  | Lesser of useful life or remaining term of the lease
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |  | 3 to 20 years
Impairment—The Company evaluates its real estate held for investment for impairment periodically or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates real estate for impairment generally on an individual property basis. If an impairment indicator exists, the Company evaluates the undiscounted future net cash flows that are expected to be generated by the property, including any estimated proceeds from the eventual disposition of the property. If multiple outcomes are under consideration, the Company may apply a probability-weighted approach to the impairment analysis. Based upon the analysis, if the carrying value of a property exceeds its undiscounted future net cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the carrying value of the property over the estimated fair value of the property. In evaluating and/or measuring impairment, the Company considers, among other things, current and estimated future cash flows associated with each property, market information for each sub-market, including, where applicable, competition levels, foreclosure levels, leasing trends, occupancy trends, lease or room rates, and the market prices of similar properties recently sold or currently being offered for sale, and other quantitative and qualitative factors. Another key consideration in this assessment is the Company's assumptions about the highest and best use of its real estate investments and its intent and ability to hold them for a reasonable period that would allow for the recovery of their carrying values. If such assumptions change and the Company shortens its expected hold period, this may result in the recognition of impairment losses. Real Estate Held for Sale Real estate is classified as held for sale in the period when (i) management approves a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to usual and customary terms, (iii) a program is initiated to locate a buyer and actively market the asset for sale at a reasonable price, and (iv) completion of the sale is probable within one year. Real estate held for sale is stated at the lower of its carrying amount or estimated fair value less disposal cost, with any write-down to fair value less disposal cost recorded as an impairment loss. For any increase in fair value less disposal cost subsequent to classification as held for sale, the impairment loss may be reversed, but only up to the amount of cumulative loss previously recognized. Depreciation is not recorded on assets classified as held for sale. At the time a sale is consummated, the excess, if any, of sale price less selling costs over carrying value of the real estate is recognized as a gain. If circumstances arise that were previously considered unlikely and, as a result, the Company decides not to sell the real estate asset previously classified as held for sale, the real estate asset is reclassified as held for investment. Upon reclassification, the real estate asset is measured at the lower of (i) its carrying amount prior to classification as held for sale, adjusted for depreciation expense that would have been recognized had the real estate been continuously classified as held for investment, or (ii) its estimated fair value at the time the Company decides not to sell. Foreclosed Properties The Company receives foreclosed properties in full or partial settlement of loans receivable by taking legal title or physical possession of the properties. Foreclosed properties are recognized, generally, at the time the real estate is received at foreclosure sale or upon execution of a deed in lieu of foreclosure. Foreclosed properties are initially measured at fair value. Deficiencies compared to the carrying value of the loan, after reversing any previously recognized loss provision on the loan, are recorded as impairment loss. The Company periodically evaluates foreclosed properties for subsequent decrease in fair value which is recorded as additional impairment loss. Fair value of foreclosed properties is generally based on third party appraisals, broker price opinions, comparable sales or a combination thereof.
Loans Receivable | Loans Receivable The Company originates and purchases loans receivable. The accounting framework for loans receivable depends on the Company's strategy whether to hold or sell the loan, whether the loan was credit-impaired at the time of acquisition, or if the lending arrangement is an acquisition, development and construction loan. Loans Held for Investment (other than Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans) Loans that the Company has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment. Originated loans are recorded at amortized cost, or outstanding unpaid principal balance less net deferred loan fees. Net deferred loan fees include unamortized origination and other fees charged to the borrower less direct incremental loan origination costs incurred by the Company. Purchased loans are recorded at amortized cost, or unpaid principal balance plus purchase premium or less unamortized discount. Costs to purchase loans are expensed as incurred. Interest Income—Interest income is recognized based upon contractual interest rate and unpaid principal balance of the loans. Net deferred loan fees on originated loans are deferred and amortized as adjustments to interest income over the expected life of the loans using the effective yield method. Premium or discount on purchased loans are amortized as adjustments to interest income over the expected life of the loans using the effective yield method. For revolving loans, net deferred loan fees, premium or discount are amortized to interest income using the straight-line method. When a loan is prepaid, prepayment fees and any excess of proceeds over the carrying amount of the loan are recognized as additional interest income. Nonaccrual—Accrual of interest income is suspended on nonaccrual loans. Loans that are past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest, or where reasonable doubt exists as to timely collection, are generally considered nonperforming and placed on nonaccrual. Interest receivable is reversed against interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status. Interest collected is recognized on a cash basis by crediting income when received; or if ultimate collectability of loan principal is uncertain, interest collected is recognized using a cost recovery method by applying interest collected as a reduction to loan carrying value. Loans may be restored to accrual status when all principal and interest are current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest are reasonably assured. Impairment and Allowance for Loan Losses—On a periodic basis, the Company analyzes the extent and effect of any credit migration from underwriting and the initial investment review associated with the performance of a loan and/or value of its underlying collateral, financial and operating capability of the borrower or sponsor, as well as amount and status of any senior loan, where applicable. Specifically, operating results of collateral properties and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess whether cash from operations are sufficient to cover debt service requirements currently and into the future, ability of the borrower to refinance the loan, liquidation value of collateral properties, financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the collateral properties. Such analysis is performed at least quarterly, or more often as needed when impairment indicators are present. The Company does not utilize a statistical credit rating system to monitor and assess the credit risk and investment quality of its acquired or originated loans. Given the diversity of the Company's portfolio, management believes there is no consistent method of assigning a numerical rating to a particular loan that captures all of the various credit metrics and their relative importance. Therefore, the Company evaluates impairment and allowance for loan losses on an individual loan basis. Loans are considered to be impaired when it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due in accordance with contractual terms of the loans, including consideration of underlying collateral value. Allowance for loan losses represents the estimated probable credit losses inherent in loans held for investment at balance sheet date. Changes in allowance for loan losses are recorded in the provision for loan losses on the statement of operations. Allowance for loan losses generally exclude interest receivable as accrued interest receivable is reversed when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Allowance for loan losses is generally measured as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and either the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan or an observable market price for the loan. Subsequent changes in impairment are recorded as adjustments to the provision for loan losses. Loans are charged off against allowance for loan losses when all or a portion of the principal amount is determined to be uncollectible. A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. Impaired collateral dependent loans are written down to the fair value of the collateral less disposal cost, first through a charge-off against allowance for loan losses, if any, then recorded as impairment loss. Troubled Debt Restructuring ("TDR")—A loan with contractual terms modified in a manner that grants concession to the borrower who is experiencing financial difficulty is classified as a TDR. Concessions could include term extensions, payment deferrals, interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, forbearance, or other actions designed to maximize the Company's collection on the loan. As a TDR is generally considered to be an impaired loan, it is measured for impairment based on the Company's allowance for loan losses methodology. Loans Held for Sale Loans that the Company intends to sell or liquidate in the foreseeable future are classified as held for sale. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value less disposal cost, with valuation changes recognized as impairment loss. Loans held for sale are not subject to allowance for loan losses. Net deferred loan origination fees and loan purchase premiums or discounts are deferred and capitalized as part of the carrying value of the held for sale loan until the loan is sold, therefore included in the periodic valuation adjustments based on lower of cost or fair value less disposal cost. Purchased Credit-Impaired ("PCI") Loans PCI loans are acquired loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration for which it is probable at acquisition that the Company will collect less than the contractually required payments. PCI loans are recorded at the initial investment in the loans and accreted to the estimated cash flows expected to be collected as measured at acquisition date. The excess of cash flows expected to be collected, measured as of acquisition date, over the estimated fair value represents the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan using the effective interest method. The difference between contractually required payments as of the acquisition date and the cash flows expected to be collected ("nonaccretable difference") is not recognized as an adjustment of yield, loss accrual or valuation allowance. The Company evaluates estimated future cash flows expected to be collected on a quarterly basis, starting with the first full quarter after acquisition, or earlier if conditions indicating impairment are present. If the cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, either at acquisition or in subsequent evaluation, the Company may consider placing such PCI loans on nonaccrual, with interest income recognized using the cost recovery method or on a cash basis. Subsequent decreases in cash flows expected to be collected are evaluated to determine whether a provision for loan loss should be established. If decreases in expected cash flows result in a decrease in the estimated fair value of the loan below its amortized cost, the Company records a provision for loan losses calculated as the difference between the loan’s amortized cost and the revised cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective yield. Subsequent increases in cash flows expected to be collected are first applied to reverse any previously recorded allowance for loan losses, with any remaining increases recognized prospectively through an adjustment to yield over its remaining life. Factors that most significantly affect estimates of cash flows expected to be collected, and accordingly the accretable yield, include: (i) estimate of the remaining life of acquired loans which may change the amount of future interest income; (ii) changes to prepayment assumptions; (iii) changes to collateral value assumptions for loans expected to foreclose; and (iv) changes in interest rates on variable rate loans. PCI loans may be aggregated into pools based upon common risk characteristics, such as loan performance, collateral type and/or geographic location of the collateral. A pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite yield and an aggregate expectation of estimated future cash flows. A PCI loan modified within a pool remains in the pool, with the effect of the modification incorporated into the expected future cash flows. A loan resolution within a loan pool, which may involve the sale of the loan or foreclosure on the underlying collateral, results in the removal of an allocated carrying amount, including an allocable portion of any existing allowance. Acquisition, Development and Construction ("ADC") Arrangements The Company provides loans to third party developers for the acquisition, development and construction of real estate. Under an ADC arrangement, the Company participates in the expected residual profits of the project through the sale, refinancing or other use of the property. The Company evaluates the characteristics of each ADC arrangement, including its risks and rewards, to determine whether they are more similar to those associated with a loan or an investment in real estate. ADC arrangements with characteristics implying loan classification are presented as loans receivable and result in the recognition of interest income. ADC arrangements with characteristics implying real estate joint ventures are presented as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and are accounted for using the equity method. The classification of each ADC arrangement as either loan receivable or real estate joint venture involves significant judgment and relies on various factors, including market conditions, amount and timing of expected residual profits, credit enhancements in the form of guaranties, estimated fair value of the collateral, significance of borrower equity in the project, among others. The classification of ADC arrangements is performed at inception, and periodically reassessed when significant changes occur in the circumstances or conditions described above.
Equity Investments | Equity Investments A noncontrolling, unconsolidated ownership interest in an entity may be accounted for using one of: (i) equity method where applicable; (ii) fair value option if elected; (iii) fair value through earnings if fair value is readily determinable, including election of net asset value ("NAV") practical expedient where applicable; or (iv) for equity investments without readily determinable fair values, the measurement alternative to measure at cost adjusted for any impairment and observable price changes, as applicable. Marketable equity securities are recorded as of trade date. Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date and is included in other income. Fair value changes of equity method investments under the fair value option are recorded in earnings from investments in unconsolidated ventures. Fair value changes of other equity investments, including adjustments for observable price changes under the measurement alternative, are recorded in other gain (loss). Equity Method Investments The Company accounts for investments under the equity method of accounting if it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of an entity, but does not have a controlling financial interest. The equity method investment is initially recorded at cost and adjusted each period for capital contributions, distributions and the Company's share of the entity’s net income or loss as well as other comprehensive income or loss. The Company's share of net income or loss may differ from the stated ownership percentage interest in an entity if the governing documents prescribe a substantive non-proportionate earnings allocation formula or a preferred return to certain investors. For certain equity method investments, the Company records its proportionate share of income on a one to three month lag. Distributions of operating profits from equity method investments are reported as operating activities, while distributions in excess of operating profits are reported as investing activities in the statement of cash flows under the cumulative earnings approach. Carried Interest—The Company's equity method investments include its interests as general partner or equivalent in investment vehicles that it sponsors or co-sponsors. The Company recognizes earnings based on its proportionate share of results from these investment vehicles and a disproportionate allocation of returns based on the extent to which cumulative performance exceeds minimum return hurdles pursuant to terms of their respective governing agreements (“carried interests”). To the extent the investment vehicles qualify for investment company accounting, their underlying results and consequently, the calculation of carried interests, reflect changes in fair value of their investments each period. The amount of carried interest recognized based on the cumulative performance of each investment vehicle if it were liquidated as of the reporting date may be subject to reversal until such time the carried interest, if any, is realized. Realization of carried interest generally occurs upon disposition of all underlying investments of an investment vehicle, or in part with each disposition, pursuant to the governing documents of the investment vehicles. Impairment Evaluation of impairment applies to equity method investments and equity investments under the measurement alternative. If indicators of impairment exist, the Company will first estimate the fair value of its investment. In assessing fair value, the Company generally considers, among others, the estimated enterprise value of the investee or fair value of the investee's underlying net assets, including net cash flows to be generated by the investee as applicable, and for equity method investees with publicly traded equity, the traded price of the equity securities in an active market. For investments under the measurement alternative, if carrying value of the investment exceeds its fair value, an impairment is deemed to have occurred. For equity method investments, further consideration is made if a decrease in value of the investment is other-than-temporary to determine if impairment loss should be recognized. Assessment of other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") involves management judgment, including, but not limited to, consideration of the investee’s financial condition, operating results, business prospects and creditworthiness, the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment until recovery of its carrying value, or a significant and prolonged decline in traded price of the investee’s equity security. If management is unable to reasonably assert that an impairment is temporary or believes that the Company may not fully recover the carrying value of its investment, then the impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary. Investments that are other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to their estimated fair value. Impairment loss is recorded in equity method earnings for equity method investments and in other gain (loss) for investments under the measurement alternative.
Debt Securities | Debt Securities Debt securities are recorded as of the trade date. Debt securities designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) are carried at fair value with unrealized gains or losses included as a component of other comprehensive income. Upon disposition of AFS debt securities, the cumulative gains or losses in other comprehensive income (loss) that are realized are recognized in other gain (loss), net, on the statement of operations based on specific identification. Interest Income—Interest income from debt securities, including stated coupon interest payments and amortization of purchase premiums or discounts, is recognized using the effective interest method over the expected lives of the debt securities. For beneficial interests in debt securities that are not of high credit quality (generally credit rating below AA) or that can be contractually settled such that the Company would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment, interest income is recognized as the accretable yield over the life of the securities using the effective yield method. The accretable yield is the excess of current expected cash flows to be collected over the net investment in the security, including the yield accreted to date. The Company evaluates estimated future cash flows expected to be collected on a quarterly basis, starting with the first full quarter after acquisition, or earlier if conditions indicating impairment are present. If the cash flows expected to be collected cannot be reasonably estimated, either at acquisition or in subsequent evaluation, the Company may consider placing the securities on nonaccrual, with interest income recognized using the cost recovery method. Impairment—The Company performs an assessment, at least quarterly, to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost of AFS debt securities is other than temporary. Other-than-temporary impairment exists when either (i) the holder has the intent to sell the impaired security, (ii) it is more likely than not the holder will be required to sell the security, or (iii) the holder does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost of the security. For beneficial interests in debt securities that are not of high credit quality or that can be contractually settled such that the Company would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment, OTTI also exists when there has been an adverse change in cash flows expected to be collected from the last measurement date. If the Company intends to sell the impaired debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the impaired debt security before recovery of its amortized cost, the entire impairment amount is recognized in earnings. If the Company does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company further evaluates the debt security for impairment due to credit losses. In determining whether a credit loss exists, an assessment is made of the cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. The credit component of OTTI is recognized in earnings within other gain (loss), while the remaining non-credit component is recognized in other comprehensive income. The amortized cost basis of the debt security is written down by the amount of impairment recognized in earnings and will not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. The difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected will be accreted as interest income. In assessing OTTI and estimating future expected cash flows, factors considered include, but are not limited to, credit rating of the security, financial condition of the issuer, defaults for similar securities, performance and value of assets underlying an asset-backed security. PCI Debt Securities—Debt securities acquired that are deemed to be credit-impaired at acquisition date are recorded at their initial investment and accreted to the estimated cash flows expected to be collected as measured at acquisition date. The excess of cash flows expected to be collected, measured at acquisition date, over the estimated fair value represents the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the debt security using the effective yield method. The difference between contractually required payments at the acquisition date and the cash flows expected to be collected ("nonaccretable difference"), which reflects estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the debt security, is not accreted to interest income nor recorded on the balance sheet. Subsequent decreases in undiscounted expected cash flows attributable to further credit deterioration as well as changes in expected timing of future cash flows can result in recognition of OTTI. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows, other than due to interest rate changes on variable rate securities, are recognized prospectively over the remaining life of the debt security as an adjustment to accretable yield.
Identifiable Intangibles and Goodwill | Identifiable Intangibles In a business combination or asset acquisition, the Company may recognize identifiable intangibles that meet either or both the contractual legal criterion or the separability criterion. An indefinite-lived intangible is not subject to amortization until such time that its useful life is determined to no longer be indefinite, at which point, it will be assessed for impairment and its adjusted carrying amount amortized over its remaining useful life. Finite-lived intangibles are amortized over their useful life in a manner that reflects the pattern in which the intangible is being consumed if readily determinable, such as based upon expected cash flows; otherwise they are amortized on a straight-line basis. The useful life of all identified intangibles will be periodically reassessed and if useful life changes, the carrying amount of the intangible will be amortized prospectively over the revised useful life. Lease Intangibles—Identifiable intangibles recognized in acquisitions of operating real estate properties generally include in-place leases, above- or below-market leases and deferred leasing costs, all of which have finite lives. In-place leases generate value over and above the tangible real estate because a property that is occupied with leased space is typically worth more than a vacant building without an operating lease contract in place. The estimated fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on management's assessment of costs avoided from having tenants in place, including lost rental income, rent concessions and tenant allowances or reimbursements that hypothetically would be incurred to lease a vacant building to its actual existing occupancy level on the valuation date. The net amount recorded for acquired in-place leases is included in intangible assets and amortized on a straight-line basis as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases. If an in-place lease is terminated, the unamortized portion is charged to depreciation and amortization expense. The estimated fair value of the above- or below-market component of acquired leases represents the present value of the difference between contractual rents of acquired leases and market rents at the time of the acquisition for the remaining lease term, discounted for tenant credit risks. Above- or below-market operating lease values are amortized on a straight-line basis as a decrease or increase to rental income, respectively, over the applicable lease terms. This includes fixed rate renewal options in acquired leases that are below market, which are amortized to decrease rental income over the renewal period. Above- or below-market ground lease obligations are amortized on a straight-line basis as a decrease or increase to rent expense, respectively, over the applicable lease terms. If the above- or below-market operating lease values or above- or below-market ground lease obligations are terminated, the unamortized portion of the lease intangibles are recorded in rental income or rent expense, respectively. Deferred leasing costs represent management's estimate of the avoided leasing commissions and legal fees associated with an existing in-place lease. The net amount is included in intangible assets and amortized on a straight-line basis as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable lease. Investment Management Intangibles—Identifiable intangibles recognized in acquisition of an investment management business generally include management contracts, which represent contractual rights to future fee income from in-place management contracts, and customer relationships, which represent potential fee income generated from future reinvestment by existing investors, both of which generally have finite lives and are amortized over their individual useful lives. Impairment—Identifiable intangible assets are reviewed periodically to determine if circumstances exist which may indicate a potential impairment. If such circumstances are considered to exist, the Company evaluates if carrying value of the intangible asset is recoverable based upon an undiscounted cash flow analysis. Impairment loss is recognized for the excess, if any, of carrying value over estimated fair value of the intangible asset. An impairment establishes a new basis for the intangible asset and any impairment loss recognized is not subject to subsequent reversal. Impairment analysis on lease intangible assets is performed in connection with the impairment assessment of the related real estate. In evaluating investment management intangibles intangibles for impairment, such as management contracts and customer relationships, the Company considers various factors that may affect future fee income, including but not limited to, changes in fee basis, amendments to contractual fee terms, and projected capital raising for future vehicles. Goodwill Goodwill is an unidentifiable intangible asset and is recognized as a residual, generally measured as the excess of consideration transferred in a business combination over the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in the acquiree. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting units to which it is assigned at least on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances occur that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, including goodwill. The assessment of goodwill for impairment may initially be performed based on qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill is assigned is less than its carrying value, including goodwill. If so, a quantitative assessment is performed to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss. The Company may bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing a quantitative assessment to compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value, including goodwill. Impairment is measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value of the reporting unit, with the loss recognized limited to the amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit. An impairment establishes a new basis for goodwill and any impairment loss recognized is not subject to subsequent reversal. Goodwill impairment tests require judgment, including identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.
Accounts Receivable and Related Allowance | Accounts Receivable and Related Allowance Property Operating Income Receivables—The Company periodically evaluates aged receivables as well as considers the collectability of unbilled receivables for each tenant, operator, resident or guest, individually. The Company establishes an allowance when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due under existing contractual terms, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Cost Reimbursements and Recoverable Expenses—The Company is entitled to reimbursements and/or recovers certain costs paid on behalf of the retail companies and private funds managed by the Company, which include: (i) organization and offering costs associated with the formation and offering of the retail companies not to exceed a certain percentage of the proceeds expected to be raised from the offering and excluding shares being offered pursuant to distribution reinvestment plans; (ii) direct and indirect operating costs associated with managing the operations of the retail companies; and (iii) costs incurred in performing investment due diligence. Indirect operating costs are recorded as expenses of the Company when incurred and amounts allocated and reimbursable are recorded as other income in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company facilitates the payments of organization and offering costs, due diligence costs to the extent the related investments are consummated and direct operating costs, all of which are recorded as due from affiliates on the consolidated balance sheets, until such amounts are repaid. Due diligence costs related to unconsummated investments are borne by the Company and expensed as investment, servicing and commission expense in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company assesses the collectability of such receivables considering the offering period, historical and forecasted sales of shares and capital reinvestment of the proceeds from the sale of shares under the respective offerings of the retail companies, and establishes an allowance for any balances considered not collectible.
Fixed Assets | Fixed Assets Fixed assets of the Company are presented within other assets and carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Major replacements and betterments which improve or extend the life of assets are capitalized and depreciated over their useful life. Depreciation and amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets, which range between 3 to 5 years for furniture, fixtures, equipment and capitalized software, 15 years for aircraft and over the shorter of the lease term or useful life for leasehold improvements.
Transfers of Financial Assets | Transfers of Financial Assets Sale accounting for transfers of financial assets is limited to the transfer of an entire financial asset, a group of financial assets in its entirety, or a component of a financial asset which meets the definition of a participating interest with characteristics that are similar to the original financial asset. Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. If the Company has any continuing involvement, rights or obligations with the transferred financial asset (outside of standard representations and warranties), sale accounting requires that the transfer meets the following conditions: (1) the transferred asset has been legally isolated; (2) the transferee has the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred asset; and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred asset through an agreement that provides for (a) both an entitlement and an obligation by the Company to repurchase or redeem the asset before its maturity, (b) the unilateral ability by the Company to reclaim the asset and a more than trivial benefit attributable to that ability, or (c) the transferee requiring the Company to repurchase the asset at a price so favorable to the transferee that it is probable the repurchase will occur. If the criteria for sale accounting are met, the transferred financial asset is removed from the balance sheet and a net gain or loss is recognized upon sale, taking into account any retained interests. Transfers of financial assets that do not meet the criteria for sale are accounted for as financing transactions.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company uses derivative instruments to manage its foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value and included in other assets or other liabilities on a gross basis on the balance sheet. The accounting for changes in fair value of derivatives depends upon whether or not the Company has elected to designate the derivative in a hedging relationship and the derivative qualifies for hedge accounting. The Company has economic hedges that have not been designated for hedge accounting. Changes in fair value of derivatives not designated as accounting hedges are recorded in the statement of operations in other gain (loss). For designated accounting hedges, the relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the accounting hedges as well as the methods to assess the effectiveness of the derivative prospectively and retrospectively, are formally documented at inception. Hedge effectiveness relates to the amount by which the gain or loss on the designated derivative instrument exactly offsets the change in the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. If it is determined that a derivative is not expected to be or has ceased to be highly effective at hedging the designated exposure, hedge accounting is discontinued. Cash Flow Hedges—The Company uses interest rate caps and swaps to hedge its exposure to interest rate fluctuations in forecasted interest payments on floating rate debt. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, while hedge ineffectiveness is recorded in earnings. If the derivative in a cash flow hedge is terminated or the hedge designation is removed, related amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified into earnings. Net Investment Hedges—The Company uses foreign currency hedges to protect the value of its net investments in foreign subsidiaries or equity method investees whose functional currencies are not U.S. dollars. Changes in the fair value of derivatives used as hedges of net investment in foreign operations, to the extent effective, are recorded in the cumulative translation adjustment account within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At the end of each quarter, the Company reassesses the effectiveness of its net investment hedges and as appropriate, dedesignates the portion of the derivative notional that is in excess of the beginning balance of its net investments as undesignated hedges. Release of accumulated other comprehensive income related to net investment hedges occurs upon losing a controlling financial interest in an investment or obtaining control over an equity method investment. Upon sale, complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign subsidiary, or partial sale of an equity method investment, the gain or loss on the related net investment hedge is reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings.
Financing Costs | Financing Costs Debt discounts and premiums as well as debt issuance costs (except for revolving credit arrangements) are presented net against the associated debt on the balance sheet and amortized into interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term or expected life of the debt instrument. Costs incurred in connection with revolving credit arrangements are recorded as deferred financing costs in other assets, and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the credit facility.
Property Operating Income | Property Operating Income Property operating income includes the following. Rental Income—Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancelable term of the related lease which includes the effects of minimum rent increases and rent abatements under the lease. Rents received in advance are deferred. When it is determined that the Company is the owner of tenant improvements, the cost to construct the tenant improvements, including costs paid for or reimbursed from the tenants, is capitalized. For Company-owned tenant improvements, the amount funded by or reimbursed from the tenants are recorded as deferred revenue, which is amortized on a straight-line basis as additional rental income over the term of the related lease. Rental income recognition commences when the leased space is substantially ready for its intended use and the tenant takes possession of the leased space. When it is determined that the tenant is the owner of tenant improvements, the Company's contribution towards those improvements is recorded as a lease incentive, included in deferred leasing costs and intangible assets on the balance sheet, and amortized as a reduction to rental income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rental income recognition commences when the tenant takes possession of the lease space. Tenant Reimbursements—In net lease arrangements, the tenant is generally responsible for operating expenses relating to the property, including real estate taxes, property insurance, maintenance, repairs and improvements. Costs reimbursable from tenants and other recoverable costs are recognized as revenue in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. When the Company is the primary obligor with respect to purchasing goods and services for property operations and has discretion in selecting the supplier and retains credit risk, tenant reimbursement revenue and property operating expenses are presented on a gross basis in the statements of operations. For certain triple net leases where the lessee self-manages the property, hires its own service providers and retains credit risk for routine maintenance contracts, no reimbursement revenue and expense are recognized. Resident Fee Income—The Company earns resident fee income from senior housing operating facilities that operate through management agreements with independent third-party operators. Resident fee income related to independent living and assisted living facilities is recorded when services are rendered based on the terms of their respective lease agreements. Hotel Operating Income—Hotel operating income includes room revenue, food and beverage sales and other ancillary services. Revenue is recognized upon occupancy of rooms, consummation of sales and provision of services.
Fee Income | Fee Income Fee income consists of the following: Base Management Fees—The Company earns base management fees for the administration of its managed private funds, and for the management of traded and non-traded REITs and investment companies, including management of their investments, which constitute a series of distinct services satisfied over time. Base management fees are recognized over the life of the investment vehicle as services are provided. Asset Management Fees—The Company receives a one-time asset management fee upon closing of each investment made by certain managed private funds. The underlying services of managing the investments of the private funds consist of a series of distinct services satisfied over time, for which asset management fees are recognized ratably over the life of each investment as services are rendered. Acquisition and Disposition Fees—The Company earns fees related to acquisition and disposition of investments by certain managed non-traded REITs, which are recognized upon closing of the respective acquisition or disposition of underlying investments. Incentive Fees—The Company may earn incentive fees from its managed private funds, traded REITs and investment companies. Incentive fees are determined based on the performance of the investment vehicles subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles in accordance with the terms set out in the respective governing agreements. Incentive fees take the form of a contractual fee arrangement with the investment vehicles, and unlike carried interests, do not represent an allocation of returns among equity holders of the investment vehicles. Incentive fees are a form of variable consideration and are recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal of the cumulative revenue will not occur, which is generally at the end of the performance measurement period of the respective investment vehicles. Selling Commission and Dealer Manager Fees—Prior to May 2018, these fees were earned by the Company for selling equity in the non-traded REITs and investment companies, and recognized on trade date.
Other Income | Other Income Other income includes the following: Expense Recoveries from Borrowers—Expenses, primarily legal costs incurred in administering non-performing loans and foreclosed properties held by investment entities, may be subsequently recovered through payments received when these investments are resolved. The Company recognizes income when the cost recoveries are determinable and repayment is assured. Cost Reimbursements from Affiliates—For various services provided to certain affiliates, including managed investment vehicles, the Company is entitled to receive reimbursements of expenses incurred, generally based on expenses that are directly attributable to providing those services and/or a portion of overhead costs. The Company acts in the capacity of a principal under these arrangements. Accordingly, the Company records the expenses and corresponding reimbursement income on a gross basis in the period the services are rendered and costs are incurred. Equity Awards Granted by Managed Companies—These are equity awards granted by publicly-traded REITs managed by the Company, NorthStar Realty Europe Corp ("NRE") and Colony Credit, to the Company to be granted to its employees or directly to certain employees of the Company. The initial grant is recorded as an other asset and deferred income liability on the balance sheet. The liability is amortized on a straight-line basis to other income over the initial vesting period of the award and equity-based compensation expense is recognized as the award vests to the recipient employee. Collateral Management Fees—These fees are earned in the Company's capacity as collateral manager or collateral manager delegate of collateralized debt obligation vehicles ("CDOs") sponsored by the Company or by third parties. Collateral management fees are recognized over the period in which the related services are performed in accordance with contractual terms of the underlying agreements. If amounts distributable on any payment date are insufficient to pay the collateral management fees according to the priority of payments, any shortfall is deferred and payable on subsequent payment dates. Collateral management fees earned from consolidated CDOs are eliminated in consolidation.
Compensation | Compensation Compensation comprises salaries, bonus including discretionary awards and contractual amounts for certain senior executives, benefits, severance payments, equity-based compensation and performance-based compensation. Bonus is accrued over the employment period to which it relates. Carried Interest and Incentive Fee Compensation—This represents a portion of carried interest and incentive fees earned by the Company that are allocated (generally 40% to 50%) to senior management, investment professionals and certain other employees of the Company. Carried interest and incentive fee compensation are generally recorded as the related carried interest and incentive fees are recognized in earnings by the Company. Carried interest compensation amounts may be reversed if there is a decline in the cumulative carried interest amounts previously recognized by the Company. Carried interest and incentive fee compensation are generally not paid to management or other employees until the related carried interest and incentive fee amounts are distributed by the investment vehicles to the Company. Equity-Based Compensation—Equity-classified stock awards granted to employees and non-employees that have a service condition and/or a market condition are measured at fair value at date of grant and remeasured at fair value only upon a modification of the award. A modification in the terms or conditions of an award, unless the change is non-substantive, represents an exchange of the original award for a new award. The modified award is revalued and incremental compensation cost is recognized for the excess, if any, between fair value of the award upon modification and fair value of the award immediately prior to modification. Total compensation cost recognized for a modified award, however, cannot be less than its grant date fair value, unless at the time of modification, the service or performance condition of the original award was not expected to be satisfied. Liability-classified stock awards are remeasured at fair value at the end of each reporting period until the award is fully vested. The Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of each award, with the amount of compensation expense recognized at the end of a reporting period at least equal the portion of fair value of the respective award at grant date or modification date, as applicable, that has vested through that date. For awards with a market condition, compensation cost is not reversed if a market condition is not met so long as the requisite service has been rendered, as a market condition does not represent a vesting condition. Compensation expense is adjusted for actual forfeitures upon occurrence.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes A REIT is generally not subject to corporate-level federal and state income tax on net income it distributes to its stockholders. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and if the statutory relief provisions were not to apply, the Company would be subject to federal and state income taxes at regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if the Company qualifies as a REIT, it and its subsidiaries may be subject to certain U.S federal, state and local as well as foreign taxes on its income and property and to U.S federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income. The Company has elected or may elect to treat certain of its existing or newly created corporate subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (each a “TRS”). In general, a TRS may perform non-customary services for tenants of the REIT, hold assets that the REIT cannot or does not intend to hold directly and, subject to certain exceptions related to hotels and healthcare properties, may engage in any real estate or non-real estate related business. The Company uses TRS entities to conduct certain activities that cannot be conducted directly by a REIT, such as investment management, property management including hotel and healthcare operations as well as loan servicing and workout activities. A TRS is treated as a regular, taxable corporation for U.S income tax purposes and therefore, is subject to U.S federal corporate tax on its income and property. Additionally, the Company has invested in real estate assets in foreign countries for which related earnings or other measures are subject to income taxes in the respective foreign jurisdictions, and in some cases, the repatriation of earnings are subject to withholding taxes. Deferred Income Taxes—The provision for income taxes includes current and deferred portions. The current income tax provision differs from the amount of income tax currently payable because of temporary differences in the recognition of certain income and expense items between financial reporting and income tax reporting. The Company uses the asset and liability method to provide for income taxes, which requires that the Company's income tax expense reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities for financial reporting versus income tax purposes. Accordingly, a deferred tax asset or liability for each temporary difference is determined based on enacted tax rates that the Company expects to be in effect when the underlying items of income and expense are realized and the differences reverse. A deferred tax asset is also recognized for net operating loss carryforwards and the income tax effect of accumulated other comprehensive income items of the TRS and foreign taxable entities. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is established if the Company believes it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on the Company's TRS and foreign taxable entities generating sufficient taxable income in future periods or employing certain tax planning strategies to realize such deferred tax assets. Uncertain Tax Positions—Income tax benefits are recognized for uncertain tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained based solely on their technical merits. Such uncertain tax positions are measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return results in an unrecognized tax benefit. The Company periodically evaluates whether it is more likely than not that its uncertain tax positions would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority for all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations.
Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share The Company calculates basic earnings per share using the two-class method which defines unvested share based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends as participating securities. The two-class method is an allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each share of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Earnings per common share is calculated by dividing earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share is based on the weighted-average number of common shares and the effect of potentially dilutive common share equivalents outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive common share equivalents include shares to be issued upon the assumed conversion of the Company's outstanding convertible notes, which are included under the if-converted method when dilutive. The earnings allocated to common shareholders is adjusted to add back the after-tax amount of interest expense associated with the convertible notes, except when doing so would be antidilutive.
Reclassifications | Reclassifications In addition to reclassifications on the statements of cash flows resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2016-18 as discussed below, certain prior period amounts have been reclassified as follows. On the balance sheet, marketable equity securities of a consolidated fund of $35.6 million at December 31, 2017 have been reclassified from securities to equity investments to conform to current period presentation. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company presents the portion of carried interests earned by the Company that is allocated to employees as carried interest and incentive compensation on the statement of operations. Such amounts had previously been presented as net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities for the first three quarters of 2018, in each respective Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. For the quarters ended September 30, June 30 and March 31, 2018, $3.5 million, $1.1 million, $0.9 million, respectively, were reclassified from net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities to compensation expense on the income statement. The reclassifications increased net loss by the amounts reclassified for each of the three quarterly periods but did not have an impact on net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc. and net loss attributable to common stockholders. The reclassification increased accrued and other liabilities and decreased noncontrolling interests in investment entities by the amount reclassified at the end of each period but did not have an impact on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2017. Refer to the Company's accounting policy for carried interest compensation above in "Compensation—Carried Interest and Incentive Fee Compensation."
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which amends existing revenue recognition standards by establishing principles for a single comprehensive model for revenue measurement and recognition, along with enhanced disclosure requirements. Key provisions include, but are not limited to, determining which goods or services are capable of being distinct in a contract to be accounted for separately as a performance obligation and recognizing variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable a significant revenue reversal would not occur. The FASB subsequently issued several amendments to the standard, including clarifying the guidance on assessing principal versus agent based on the notion of control, which affects recognition of revenue on a gross or net basis. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applied to contracts not yet completed as of January 1, 2018, with cumulative effect recognized in retained earnings. The Company evaluated the principal versus agent considerations under the guidance and determined that certain cost reimbursement arrangements with investment vehicles managed by the Company that were previously reported net on the statement of operations would be reported on a gross basis as reimbursement income and expenses on the statement of operations. Such reimbursements include travel and entertainment costs, third party due diligence costs, asset management costs, and other shared costs for which the Company is deemed to be the primary obligor, whether or not the payment is made directly by the investment vehicles or initially by the Company on behalf of the investment vehicles. The gross presentation has no impact on the Company's net income to the extent the expense incurred and corresponding cost reimbursement income are recognized in the same period (see Note 22). The standard excludes from its scope accounting for financial instruments and leases, but is applicable to certain property operating income and fee income streams of the Company, as discussed below. Resident Fee Income—The Company earns resident fee income from senior housing operating facilities and in 2017, from skilled nursing facilities that operate through management agreements with independent third-party operators. The Company has determined that independent living and assisted living agreements are leases subject to the leasing standard, while certain agreements within skilled nursing facilities, which entitle residents to reside in the community rather than an explicitly or implicitly identified unit, are not leases. Revenue for services provided within skilled nursing facilities, whether they are routine services such as room and bed maintenance, nursing, dietary services, and resident activities or programs, or separately covered services such as those ordered by physicians, are satisfied over the duration of care. These services are a series of distinct services satisfied over time, and revenue is recognized over time as services are provided. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition for such services provided within the skilled nursing facilities in 2017. In 2018, all of the Company's skilled nursing facilities are structured under net leases to healthcare operators and the Company no longer earns resident fee income from skilled nursing facilities, only rental income. Hotel Operating Income—Revenue is recognized upon occupancy of rooms, consummation of sales and provision of services. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognized under the new guidance as revenue is recognized over time based on the transaction price. Base Management Fees—The Company earns base management fees for the day-to-day operations and administration of its managed private funds, traded and non-traded REITs and investment companies. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition for base management fees as the underlying services consist of a series of distinct services satisfied over time, for which revenue is recognized over the life of the fund as services are provided. Asset Management Fees—The Company receives a one-time asset management fee upon closing of each investment made by certain managed private funds. Prior to the adoption of the revenue standard, a portion of asset management fees was recognized upon closing of an investment, with remaining fees deferred and recognized over the estimated life of each investment. Under the new guidance, the Company determined that the underlying service of managing the investments of the funds consists of a series of distinct services satisfied over time, for which revenue should be recognized ratably over the estimated life of each investment. As a result of the change in revenue recognition under the new standard, the Company recorded a cumulative impact of approximately $1.6 million as a decrease to retained earnings and an increase to deferred income liability on January 1, 2018. The impact of the change in revenue recognition for the year ended December 31, 2018 was an increase to asset management fees of $0.7 million. Acquisition and Disposition Fees—The Company receives fees related to acquisition and disposition of investments by certain managed non-traded REITs. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition as acquisition and disposition fees are earned at a point in time upon closing of the respective acquisition or disposition of underlying investments. Performance-Related Fees—The Company may earn performance-related fees from its managed private funds, traded and non-traded REITs. Performance-related fees are determined based on the performance of the investment vehicles subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles. Performance-related fees that take the form of a contractual fee arrangement with the investment vehicle and do not represent an allocation of returns among equity holders of the investment vehicle (or “incentive fees”) are within the scope of the new revenue standard. The Company previously recognized incentive fees when they were fixed or determinable and related contingencies have been resolved, which was generally at the end of the incentive measurement period of the respective investment vehicles. Under the new revenue guidance, incentive fees are a form of variable consideration and will be recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur, which may result in earlier recognition of revenue relative to the Company’s previous policy. There was no cumulative impact as of January 1, 2018. Performance-related fees that take the form of a disproportionate allocation of returns to the Company’s capital account within the equity structure of the investment vehicle (or “carried interests”) are outside the scope of the new revenue standard. Carried interests are financial instruments and accounted for as earnings from the Company’s ownership interests in the investment vehicles under the equity method. As carried interest represents income from equity method investments, it is presented, along with other proportionate allocation of returns based on the Company’s ownership interests in the investment vehicles, in equity method earnings on the statement of operations. Adoption of the new standard did not have an impact to the Company's recognition of carried interests.
Recent Accounting Updates | Accounting Standards Adopted in 2018 Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which amends existing revenue recognition standards by establishing principles for a single comprehensive model for revenue measurement and recognition, along with enhanced disclosure requirements. Key provisions include, but are not limited to, determining which goods or services are capable of being distinct in a contract to be accounted for separately as a performance obligation and recognizing variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable a significant revenue reversal would not occur. The FASB subsequently issued several amendments to the standard, including clarifying the guidance on assessing principal versus agent based on the notion of control, which affects recognition of revenue on a gross or net basis. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applied to contracts not yet completed as of January 1, 2018, with cumulative effect recognized in retained earnings. The Company evaluated the principal versus agent considerations under the guidance and determined that certain cost reimbursement arrangements with investment vehicles managed by the Company that were previously reported net on the statement of operations would be reported on a gross basis as reimbursement income and expenses on the statement of operations. Such reimbursements include travel and entertainment costs, third party due diligence costs, asset management costs, and other shared costs for which the Company is deemed to be the primary obligor, whether or not the payment is made directly by the investment vehicles or initially by the Company on behalf of the investment vehicles. The gross presentation has no impact on the Company's net income to the extent the expense incurred and corresponding cost reimbursement income are recognized in the same period (see Note 22). The standard excludes from its scope accounting for financial instruments and leases, but is applicable to certain property operating income and fee income streams of the Company, as discussed below. Resident Fee Income—The Company earns resident fee income from senior housing operating facilities and in 2017, from skilled nursing facilities that operate through management agreements with independent third-party operators. The Company has determined that independent living and assisted living agreements are leases subject to the leasing standard, while certain agreements within skilled nursing facilities, which entitle residents to reside in the community rather than an explicitly or implicitly identified unit, are not leases. Revenue for services provided within skilled nursing facilities, whether they are routine services such as room and bed maintenance, nursing, dietary services, and resident activities or programs, or separately covered services such as those ordered by physicians, are satisfied over the duration of care. These services are a series of distinct services satisfied over time, and revenue is recognized over time as services are provided. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition for such services provided within the skilled nursing facilities in 2017. In 2018, all of the Company's skilled nursing facilities are structured under net leases to healthcare operators and the Company no longer earns resident fee income from skilled nursing facilities, only rental income. Hotel Operating Income—Revenue is recognized upon occupancy of rooms, consummation of sales and provision of services. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognized under the new guidance as revenue is recognized over time based on the transaction price. Base Management Fees—The Company earns base management fees for the day-to-day operations and administration of its managed private funds, traded and non-traded REITs and investment companies. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition for base management fees as the underlying services consist of a series of distinct services satisfied over time, for which revenue is recognized over the life of the fund as services are provided. Asset Management Fees—The Company receives a one-time asset management fee upon closing of each investment made by certain managed private funds. Prior to the adoption of the revenue standard, a portion of asset management fees was recognized upon closing of an investment, with remaining fees deferred and recognized over the estimated life of each investment. Under the new guidance, the Company determined that the underlying service of managing the investments of the funds consists of a series of distinct services satisfied over time, for which revenue should be recognized ratably over the estimated life of each investment. As a result of the change in revenue recognition under the new standard, the Company recorded a cumulative impact of approximately $1.6 million as a decrease to retained earnings and an increase to deferred income liability on January 1, 2018. The impact of the change in revenue recognition for the year ended December 31, 2018 was an increase to asset management fees of $0.7 million. Acquisition and Disposition Fees—The Company receives fees related to acquisition and disposition of investments by certain managed non-traded REITs. The Company determined that there is no change to revenue recognition as acquisition and disposition fees are earned at a point in time upon closing of the respective acquisition or disposition of underlying investments. Performance-Related Fees—The Company may earn performance-related fees from its managed private funds, traded and non-traded REITs. Performance-related fees are determined based on the performance of the investment vehicles subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles. Performance-related fees that take the form of a contractual fee arrangement with the investment vehicle and do not represent an allocation of returns among equity holders of the investment vehicle (or “incentive fees”) are within the scope of the new revenue standard. The Company previously recognized incentive fees when they were fixed or determinable and related contingencies have been resolved, which was generally at the end of the incentive measurement period of the respective investment vehicles. Under the new revenue guidance, incentive fees are a form of variable consideration and will be recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur, which may result in earlier recognition of revenue relative to the Company’s previous policy. There was no cumulative impact as of January 1, 2018. Performance-related fees that take the form of a disproportionate allocation of returns to the Company’s capital account within the equity structure of the investment vehicle (or “carried interests”) are outside the scope of the new revenue standard. Carried interests are financial instruments and accounted for as earnings from the Company’s ownership interests in the investment vehicles under the equity method. As carried interest represents income from equity method investments, it is presented, along with other proportionate allocation of returns based on the Company’s ownership interests in the investment vehicles, in equity method earnings on the statement of operations. Adoption of the new standard did not have an impact to the Company's recognition of carried interests. Derecognition and Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets, which clarifies the scope and application of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 610-20, Other Income—Gains and Losses from Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, and defines in substance nonfinancial assets. ASC 610-20 applies to derecognition of all nonfinancial assets which are not contracts with customers or revenue transactions under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Derecognition of a business is governed by ASC 810, Consolidation, while derecognition of financial assets, including equity method investments, even if the investee holds predominantly nonfinancial assets, is governed by ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. The ASU also aligns the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets to be more consistent with accounting for sale of a business. Specifically, in a partial sale to a noncustomer, when a noncontrolling interest is received or retained, the latter is considered a noncash consideration and measured at fair value in accordance with ASC 606, which would result in full gain or loss recognized upon sale. This ASU removes guidance on partial exchanges of nonfinancial assets in ASC 845, Nonmonetary Transactions, and eliminates the real estate sales guidance in ASC 360-20, Property, Plant and Equipment—Real Estate Sales. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018, concurrent with the adoption of the new revenue standard, using the modified retrospective approach. Under the new standard, if the Company sells a partial interest in its real estate assets to noncustomers or contributes real estate assets to unconsolidated ventures, and the Company retains a noncontrolling interest in the asset, such transactions could result in a larger gain on sale. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company's financial statements. There were no sales of partial interests in real estate assets in the year ended December 31, 2018 or for the year ended December 31, 2017. Financial Instruments In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which affects accounting for investments in equity securities, financial liabilities under the fair value option, as well as for presentation and disclosures, but does not affect accounting for investments in debt securities and loans. Investments in equity securities, other than equity method investments, will be measured at fair value through earnings, except for equity securities without readily determinable fair values which may be measured at cost less impairment and adjusted for observable price changes, unless these equity securities qualify for the NAV practical expedient. This provision eliminates cost method accounting and recognition of unrealized holding gains or losses on equity investments in other comprehensive income. For financial liabilities under the fair value option, changes in fair value resulting from the Company's own instrument-specific credit risk will be recorded separately in other comprehensive income. Fair value disclosures of financial instruments measured at amortized cost will be based on exit price and corresponding disclosures of valuation methodology and significant inputs will no longer be required. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which provided several clarifications and amendments to the standard. These include specifying that for equity instruments without readily determinable fair values for which the measurement alternative is applied: (i) adjustments made when an observable transaction occurs for a similar security are intended to reflect the fair value as of the observable transaction date, not as of current reporting date; (ii) the measurement alternative may be discontinued upon an irrevocable election to change to a fair value measurement approach under fair value guidance, which would apply to all identical and similar investments of the same issuer; and (iii) the prospective transition approach for equity securities without readily determinable fair values is applicable only when the measurement alternative is applied. ASU No. 2016-01 and ASU No. 2018-03 are to be applied retrospectively with cumulative effect as of the adoption date recognized in retained earnings, except for provisions related to equity investments without readily determinable fair values and exit price fair value disclosures for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, which are to be applied prospectively. The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01 and ASU No. 2018-03 on January 1, 2018, and recorded a cumulative adjustment to increase retained earnings by approximately $0.6 million. This includes $0.2 million of unrealized gains on available for sale equity securities held by an equity method investee that was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income. In connection with the adoption, the Company elected the NAV practical expedient to measure its previous cost method investments in non-traded REITs and limited partnership interest in a third party private fund based on their respective NAV per share. The new standard does not affect equity securities held by the Company's consolidated fund for which the Company has retained investment company accounting applied by the fund, and limited partnership interests in third party private funds for which the Company has elected the fair value option, as in both instances, unrealized fair value gains and losses are currently recorded in earnings. The Company's remaining cost method investments do not have readily determinable fair values. To the extent the Company becomes aware of observable price changes in the future, the Company will adjust the carrying value of these investments through earnings. Cash Flow Classifications In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in certain classifications on the statement of cash flows. This guidance addresses eight types of cash flows, which includes clarifying how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows, as well as requiring an accounting policy election for classification of distributions received from equity method investees using either the cumulative earnings or nature of distributions approach, among others. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018 on a retrospective basis and made an accounting policy election for classification of distributions from its equity method investees using the cumulative earnings approach, which is largely consistent with its previous accounting policy. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on the presentation of the Company's statement of cash flows. Restricted Cash In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash, which requires that cash and cash equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows include restricted cash and restricted cash equivalent amounts, and therefore, changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be presented in the statement of cash flows. As a result of the adoption of the new guidance, changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are no longer presented as separate activities in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one line item on the balance sheet, the ASU requires a reconciliation between the totals in the statement of cash flows and the related captions on the balance sheet. The new guidance also requires disclosure of the nature of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, similar to existing requirements under Regulation S-X; however, it does not define restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. The retrospective application of this new standard resulted in changes to the previously reported statements of cash flows as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31, 2017 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2016
(In thousands) |  | As Previously Reported |  | After Adoption of ASU 2016-18 |  | As Previously Reported |  | After Adoption of ASU 2016-18
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 549,617 |  |  | $ | 582,546 |  |  | $ | 408,361 |  |  | $ | 405,172 |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | 1,331,542 |  |  | 1,666,387 |  |  | 251,812 |  |  | 215,457 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (1,346,505 | ) |  | (1,364,381 | ) |  | (465,957 | ) |  | (491,251 | )
For the year ended December 31, 2017, the increase in net cash provided by investing activities is primarily due to restricted cash assumed in business combinations (Note 3), which were previously reported as noncash investing activities, and the restricted cash deposits capital expenditures with the lender in connection with a refinancing. For the year ended December 31, 2016, return of borrower funds from escrow deposits and distributions to noncontrolling interests from restricted working capital reserves are now reflected in cash flows from investing and financing activities, respectively. Share-Based Payments In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees by generally aligning it with the accounting for share-based payments to employees, with certain exceptions. The new guidance applies to nonemployee awards issued in exchange for goods or services used in an entity’s own operations and to awards granted by an investor to an equity method investee, but does not apply to equity instruments issued to a lender or investor in a financing transaction or equity instruments issued when selling goods or services to customers, which is under the revenue recognition model. Key changes in the guidance include measuring nonemployee awards based on fair value of the equity instrument issued, rather than on fair value of goods or services received or equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measured. In terms of timing, equity-classified nonemployee awards that were previously remeasured through performance completion date will now have a fixed measurement on grant date, which will reduce volatility on the income statement. For nonemployee awards with performance conditions, compensation cost will be recognized when achievement of the performance condition is probable, rather than upon actual achievement of the performance condition. Similar to employee awards, forfeitures may be recognized as they occur or based on an estimate under an accounting policy election, but the guidance allows separate elections for employee and nonemployee awards. The accounting model for nonemployee awards, however, remains different for attribution of share-based payment costs over the vesting period, in which compensation cost for nonemployee awards continues to be recognized in the same period and in the same manner (i.e., capitalize or expense) as if the grantor had paid cash for the goods or services. No changes to disclosure requirements were prescribed. Transition is on a modified retrospective basis, with a remeasurement at fair value as of the adoption date through a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings, applied to all equity-classified nonemployee awards where a measurement date has not been established by the adoption date and unsettled liability-classified nonemployee awards. If the cost of a nonemployee award has been included in completed assets (such as finished goods inventory or fixed assets that have begun to be depreciated), the cost basis of those assets will not be remeasured. The transition provisions eliminate the need to retrospectively determine fair values at historical grant dates. ASU No. 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued, with adjustments to be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company early adopted this standard on July 1, 2018. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company's financial statements. Future Application of Accounting Standards Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which amends existing lease accounting standards, primarily requiring lessees to recognize most leases on balance sheet as a right of use asset and a corresponding liability for future lease obligations, and to a lesser extent, making targeted changes to lessor accounting. Under the new lease standard, only incremental initial direct costs incurred in the execution of a lease can be capitalized by both lessor and lessee. For lessors of operating leases, if collection of lease-related receivables is subsequently assessed to not be probable, lease income is reversed if lease payments collected from the lessee are less than the income recognized to date. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The new leases standard requires adoption using a modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. Full retrospective application is prohibited. In applying the modified retrospective approach, the standard provides the option to elect a package of practical expedients that exempts an entity from having to reassess whether any expired or expiring contracts contain leases, revisit lease classification for any expired or expiring leases and reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, which provides the option of (i) applying the effective date of the new lease standard as the date of initial application in transition instead of the earliest comparative period presented; as well as (ii) electing as practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, not to segregate lease and non-lease components in a contract but to account for it as a single component in accordance with either the new lease standard or the revenue standard depending on whether the lease or non-lease component is predominant. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, Narrow Scope Improvements for Lessors, which provides certain practical expedients for lessor accounting. ASU No. 2018-20: (i) allows lessor to make an accounting policy election to present on a net basis sales and similar taxes arising from a leasing transaction with related collections from lessee (otherwise to present on a gross basis if lessor is determined to be the primary obligor); (ii) requires net presentation of lessor costs paid directly by lessee to a third party (for example, property taxes and insurance paid directly by lessee) and gross presentation of lessor costs that are paid by the lessor and reimbursed by the lessee (for example, property taxes and insurance initially paid by lessor and reimbursed by lessee); and (iii) requires allocation of variable payments to lease and non-lease components when applicable changes in facts and circumstances occur and that the non-lease component be subject to recognition under other applicable guidance, such as the revenue standard. The Company will adopt the new lease standard effective January 1, 2019 and will adopt the package of practical expedients as well as the transition option. As a result, the Company will apply the new lease standard prospectively to leases existing or commencing on or after January 1, 2019. Comparative periods presented will not be restated upon adoption. Similarly, new disclosures under the standard will be made for periods beginning January 1, 2019, and not for comparative periods. In addition, the Company, as lessor, will make accounting policy elections to: (i) treat the lease and non-lease components in a contract as a single performance obligation to the extent that the timing and pattern of transfer are similar for the lease and non-lease components and the lease component qualifies as an operating lease; and (ii) to present on a net basis sales and similar taxes assessed by a governmental authority imposed on specific lease revenue producing transactions. The Company is in the process of finalizing the aggregation and evaluation of its leasing arrangements, and implementing a lease module in its accounting system to address the new accounting model for leases, including any transition adjustments. The most significant change to the Company, as lessee, will be the gross-up of the right of use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet. The lease liability is estimated to be between $55 million and $65 million for office leases and $65 million and $75 million for ground leases, discounted using estimated incremental borrowings rates ranging from 5.0% to 5.8%. The effect of the new standard to the Company, as lessor, is not expected to have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Credit Losses In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which amends the credit impairment model for financial instruments. The existing incurred loss model will be replaced with a lifetime current expected credit loss ("CECL") model for financial instruments carried at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as loans, loan commitments, held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities, financial guarantees, net investment in leases, reinsurance and trade receivables, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities, unrealized credit losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in amortized cost basis and elimination of the other than temporary impairment ("OTTI") concept will result in more frequent estimation of credit losses. The accounting model for purchased credit-impaired loans and debt securities will be simplified, including elimination of some of the asymmetrical treatment between credit losses and credit recoveries, to be consistent with the CECL model for originated and purchased non-credit-impaired assets. The existing model for beneficial interests that are not of high credit quality will be amended to conform to the new impairment models for HTM and AFS debt securities. Expanded disclosures on credit risk include credit quality indicators by vintage for financing receivables and net investment in leases. Transition will generally be on a modified retrospective basis, with prospective application for other than temporarily impaired debt securities and purchased credit-impaired assets. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company expects that recognition of credit losses will generally be accelerated under the CECL model. Evaluation of the impact of this new guidance is ongoing. Hedge Accounting In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which simplifies and expands the application of hedge accounting. This standard amends hedge accounting recognition and presentation, including eliminating the requirement to separately measure and present hedge ineffectiveness as well as presenting the entire fair value change of a hedging instrument in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The new guidance also provides alternatives for applying hedge accounting to additional hedging strategies, and easing requirements for effectiveness testing and hedging documentation, although the "highly effective" threshold for a qualifying hedging relationship has not changed. Revised disclosures include tabular disclosures that focus on the effect of hedge accounting by income statement line item. Transition will generally be on a modified retrospective basis applied to existing hedging relationships as of date of adoption, with prospective application for income statement presentation and disclosure, and specific transition elections are available to modify existing hedge documentation. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, with adjustments to be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption if early adopted in an interim period. The Company plans to adopt the standard on its effective date. Upon adoption, as it relates to the Company’s cash flow and net investment hedges, the Company will record the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument (other than amounts excluded from assessment of hedge effectiveness for net investment hedges) in other comprehensive income and there will be no hedge ineffectiveness recorded in earnings. Additionally, subsequent to initial quantitative hedge assessment, the Company may elect to perform effectiveness testing qualitatively so long as the Company can reasonably support an expectation that the hedge is highly effective now and in subsequent periods. As the standard allows more flexibility in hedging interest rate risk in cash flow hedges beyond a specified benchmark rate, the Company may be able to designate in the future other contractually specified variable interest rate as the hedged risk, which if effective, could decrease fluctuations in earnings. The Company continues to evaluate the impact of this new guidance but at this time, does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Fair Value Disclosures In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements. The ASU requires new disclosures of changes in unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of instruments held at balance sheet date, as well as the range and weighted average or other quantitative information, if more relevant, of significant unobservable inputs for recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair values. Certain previously required disclosures are eliminated, specifically around the valuation process required for Level 3 fair values, policy for timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, as well as amounts and reason for transfers between Levels 1 and 2. Additionally, the new guidance clarifies or modifies certain existing disclosures, including clarifying that information about measurement uncertainty of Level 3 fair values should be as of reporting date and requiring disclosures of the timing of liquidity events for investments measured under the NAV practical expedient, but only if the investee has communicated this information or has announced it publicly. The provisions on new disclosures and modification to disclosure of Level 3 measurement uncertainty are to be applied prospectively, while all other provisions are to be applied retrospectively. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued, and may be made only to provisions that eliminate or modify existing disclosures. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's existing disclosures. Variable Interest Entities In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities. The ASU amends the VIE guidance to align the evaluation of a decision maker's or service provider's fee in assessing a variable interest with the guidance in the primary beneficiary test. Specifically, indirect interests held by a related party that is under common control will now be considered on a proportionate basis, rather than in their entirety, when assessing whether the fee qualifies as a variable interest. The proportionate basis approach is consistent with the treatment of indirect interests held by a related party under common control when evaluating the primary beneficiary of a VIE. This effectively means that when a decision maker or service provider has an interest in a related party, regardless of whether they are under common control, it will consider that related party's interest in a VIE on a proportionate basis throughout the VIE model, for both the assessment of a variable interest and the determination of a primary beneficiary. Transition is generally on a modified retrospective basis, with the cumulative effect adjusted to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. ASU No. 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance but does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for trade and other accounts receivables. This disclosure may include the basis at which such receivables are carried in the entity's statements of financial position (for example, net realizable value), how the entity determines the level of its allowance for doubtful accounts, when impairments, charge-offs or recoveries are recognized, and the entity's income recognition policies for such receivables, including its treatment of related fees and costs, its treatment of premiums, discounts or unearned income, when accrual of interest is discontinued, how the entity records payments received on nonaccrual receivables and its policy for resuming accrual of interest on such receivables. If the enterprise holds a large number of similar loans, disclosure may include the accounting policy for the anticipation of prepayments and significant assumptions underlying prepayment estimates for amortization of premiums, discounts, and nonrefundable fees and costs. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (d) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84173941&loc=d3e5212-111524 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 11B -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84173941&loc=SL6953423-111524 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 944 -SubTopic 210 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(5)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6879938&loc=d3e572229-122910 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 210 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(3)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6877327&loc=d3e13212-122682 Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 6 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84173941&loc=d3e5093-111524 Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 210 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(9)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6876686&loc=d3e534808-122878 Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84159169&loc=d3e10133-111534 Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84158767&loc=d3e18780-107790 Reference 9: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 210 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(4)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6877327&loc=d3e13212-122682 + Details
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