<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001628280-26-051263.txt : 20260731
<SEC-HEADER>0001628280-26-051263.hdr.sgml : 20260731
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20260731090723
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001628280-26-051263
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3ASR
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
FILED AS OF DATE:		20260731
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20260731
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20260731

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			QUAKER CHEMICAL CORP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000081362
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM &  COAL [2990]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	01 Energy & Transportation
		EIN:				230993790
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			PA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3ASR
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-297859
		FILM NUMBER:		261225644

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE QUAKER PARK
		STREET 2:		901 HECTOR STREET
		CITY:			CONSHOHOCKEN
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19428
		BUSINESS PHONE:		6108324000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		ONE QUAKER PARK
		STREET 2:		901 HECTOR ST
		CITY:			CONSHOHOCKEN
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19428
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3ASR
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>quaker-sx3gulfq2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-3ASR
<TEXT>
<html><head>
<!-- Document created using Wdesk -->
<!-- Copyright 2026 Workiva -->
<title>Document</title></head><body><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_1"></div><div style="min-height:36pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 31, 2026</font></div><div style="text-align:right"><font><br></font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Registration No. 333-&#91;________&#93;</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">UNITED STATES</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Washington, D.C. 20549</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Form S-3</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">REGISTRATION STATEMENT</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">UNDER </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:24pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Pennsylvania </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">23-0993790 </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">901 E. Hector Street </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2380 </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Phone Number&#58; (610) 832-4000 </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant&#8217;s principal executive offices) </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Robert T. Traub</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Quaker Chemical Corporation </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">901 E. Hector Street </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2380 </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Phone Number&#58; (610) 832-4000 </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service) </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Copy to&#58; </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">F. Douglas Raymond <br>Matthew H. Meyers</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">One Logan Square, Suite 2000 </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Philadelphia, PA 19103-6996</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:10pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8.5pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">(215) 988-2700 </font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public&#58;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box&#58; &#9744;</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box&#58; &#9746;</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. &#9744;</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. &#9744;</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. &#9746;</font></div><div style="text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. &#9744;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer&#8221; &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. </font></div><div><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:16.122%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:58.205%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:19.594%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:2.579%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Large accelerated filer</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Wingdings',sans-serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9746;</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Accelerated filer</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Wingdings',sans-serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9744;</font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Non-accelerated filer</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Wingdings',sans-serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9744;</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Smaller reporting company</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Wingdings',sans-serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9744;</font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Emerging growth company</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Wingdings',sans-serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9744;</font></div></td></tr></table></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of Securities Act. &#9744;</font></div><div style="text-align:right"><font><br></font></div><div style="height:36pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font><br></font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_4"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">PROSPECTUS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:16pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">3,640,129 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The selling security holder identified on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">9</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus (the &#8220;Selling Security Holder&#8221;) may sell up to an aggregate of 3,640,129 shares of our common stock (the &#8220;Securities&#8221;), of which 5,017 are currently held in escrow by Citibank N.A., as escrow agent. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities by the Selling Security Holder.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our registration of the shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus does not mean that the Selling Security Holder will offer or sell any of the shares of our common stock. The Selling Security Holder may sell the shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. The names of any underwriters or agents, if applicable, and the terms of the arrangements with such entities will be stated in an accompanying prospectus supplement. For additional information on the possible methods of sale that may be used by the Selling Security Holder, you should refer to the information under the heading &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_43" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">18</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus. </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our common stock is listed on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol &#8220;KWR.&#8221; On July 30, 2026, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The New York Stock Exchange was $154.92 per share.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our principal executive offices are located at 901 E. Hector Street, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2380. The telephone number at our principal executive offices is (610) 832-4000.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Investing in our securities involves risks. See &#8220;</font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">Risk Factors</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">&#8221; beginning on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">4</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus, as well as the risk factors incorporated herein by reference to our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission before making an investment decision.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">THE SECURITIES MAY BE OFFERED AND SOLD TO OR THROUGH UNDERWRITERS, DEALERS OR AGENTS AS DESIGNATED FROM TIME TO TIME, OR DIRECTLY TO ONE OR MORE OTHER PURCHASERS OR THROUGH A COMBINATION OF SUCH METHODS ON A CONTINUOUS OR DELAYED BASIS. SEE &#8220;PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION.&#8221; IF ANY UNDERWRITERS, DEALERS OR AGENTS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SALE OF ANY OF THE SECURITIES, THEIR NAMES, AND ANY APPLICABLE PURCHASE PRICE, FEE, COMMISSION OR DISCOUNT ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN OR AMONG THEM, WILL BE SET FORTH, OR WILL BE CALCULABLE FROM THE INFORMATION SET FORTH, IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THE DISCLOSURES IN THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">The date of this prospectus is July&#160;31, 2026.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_7"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">TABLE OF CONTENTS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:90.406%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:7.394%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Page</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_10" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">About This Prospectus</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_10" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">1</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_13" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Prospectus Summary</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_13" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">2</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Risk Factors</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">4</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_25" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_25" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">6</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_28" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Use of Proceeds</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_28" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">8</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Selling Security Holder</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">9</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_37" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Description of Common Stock</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_37" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">12</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_40" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Certain Provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, our Amended and Restated By-laws and Statutes</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_40" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">13</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_43" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Plan of Distribution</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_43" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">18</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_46" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Legal Matters</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_46" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_49" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Experts</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_49" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Where You Can Find More Information</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_55" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Incorporation of Certain Documents By Reference</a></font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_55" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font></div></td></tr></table></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">i</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_10"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;), using a &#8220;shelf&#8221; registration process. Under this shelf registration process, the Selling Security Holder may, from time to time, sell the Securities in one or more offerings or resales.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">In certain circumstances, we may provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of a particular offering by the Selling Security Holder. We may also provide a prospectus supplement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus and the prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the prospectus supplement, provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date &#8212; for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement &#8212; the statement in the later-dated document modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The rules of the SEC allow us to incorporate by reference information into this prospectus. This information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC, to the extent incorporated by reference, will automatically update and supersede this information. See &#8220;Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_55" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement together with the additional information about our company to which we refer you in &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Neither we nor any agent of the Selling Security Holder has authorized any person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related authorized free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. This prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related authorized free writing prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor does this prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related authorized free writing prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related authorized free writing prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related authorized free writing prospectus is delivered, or securities are sold, on a later date.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described in &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">On August 1, 2019, Quaker Chemical Corporation completed its combination with Houghton International, Inc. (&#8220;Houghton&#8221;) (hereinafter referred to as the &#8220;Combination&#8221;). Following the Combination, we commenced referring to Quaker Chemical Corporation as &#8220;Quaker Houghton&#8221;. As used in this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; the &#8220;Company,&#8221; &#8220;Quaker,&#8221; &#8220;Quaker Houghton&#8221; or &#8220;Registrant&#8221; refer to Quaker Chemical Corporation and includes its subsidiaries and predecessors.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">1</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_13"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="border-color:#000000;border-style:solid;border-width:1.00pt;padding:36.00pt 36.00pt 36.00pt 36.00pt"><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, especially the risks of investing in our securities discussed under &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in this prospectus beginning on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">4</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> and in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent filings with the SEC, as they may be amended, and any accompanying prospectus supplement, as well as the risk factors discussed in the documents or incorporated by reference herein. See &#8220;Where You Can Find More Information&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">21</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of this prospectus for a further discussion on incorporation by reference.</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_16"></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Overview</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Quaker Houghton is the global leader in industrial process fluids. With a presence around the world, including operations in over 25 countries, the Company&#8217;s customers include thousands of the world&#8217;s most advanced and specialized steel, aluminum, automotive, aerospace, offshore, container, mining, and metalworking companies. Quaker Houghton develops, produces, and markets a broad range of formulated chemical specialty products and offers chemical management services (which we refer to as &#8220;Fluidcare</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:6.5pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;position:relative;top:-3.5pt;vertical-align:baseline">TM</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8221;) for various heavy industrial and manufacturing applications sold in its three segments&#58; (i) Americas&#59; (ii) Europe, Middle East and Africa&#59; and (iii)&#160;Asia&#47;Pacific.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The major product lines of Quaker Houghton include metal removal fluids, cleaning fluids, corrosion inhibitors, metal drawing and forming fluids, die cast mold releases, heat treatment and quenchants, metal forging fluids, hydraulic fluids, surface solutions, specialty greases, offshore sub-sea energy control fluids, rolling lubricants and rod and wire drawing fluids.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Corporate Information</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We are incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Quaker and Quaker Houghton logos and other trademarks or service marks of ours appearing in this prospectus are the property of the Company. This prospectus may contain additional trade names, trademarks and service marks of others, which are the property of their respective owners.</font></div></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">2</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_19"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="border-color:#000000;border-style:solid;border-width:1.00pt;padding:36.00pt 36.00pt 36.00pt 36.00pt"><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">The Offering</font></div><div><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:48.579%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:48.580%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Securities registered for resale by Selling Security Holder</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">3,640,129 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $1.00 per share.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:6.5pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;position:relative;top:-3.5pt;vertical-align:baseline">(1)</font></div></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Registration rights</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Under the terms of the shareholder agreement entered into in connection with the Combination, we have agreed to file this registration statement with respect to the registration of the resale of the shares of common stock issued to the Selling Security Holder. See &#8220;Selling Security Holder&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">9</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"> of this prospectus for more information.</font></div></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Selling security holder</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">All of the Securities are being offered by the Selling Security Holder named herein. See &#8220;Selling Security Holder&#8221; on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">9</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"> of this prospectus for more information.</font></div></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Plan of distribution</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">The Selling Security Holder may offer the Securities on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions, at fixed or negotiated prices, through one or more methods or means as described in the section entitled &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; beginning on page </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_43" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">18</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"> of this prospectus.</font></div></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Use of Proceeds</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">We will not receive any proceeds from the resale by the Selling Security Holder of the Securities offered by this prospectus.</font></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">New York Stock Exchange Symbol</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol &#8220;KWR.&#8221;</font></td></tr></table></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">__________________</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(1)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">The shares of the common stock registered hereunder consist of 3,640,129 shares of common stock, of whic</font><font style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">h 5,017</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> are currently in escrow and may be released in whole or in part to the Selling Security Holder.</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(2)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2026 excludes the following as of that date&#58;</font></div><div style="padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:15.2pt">outstanding options representing the right to purchase a total of 40,499 shares of common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $210.75 per share, which were issued under the Company&#8217;s Long-Term Performance Incentive Plan&#59; and</font></div><div style="padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:15.2pt">688,793 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance pursuant to awards that have not been made under the Company&#8217;s 2024 Long-Term Performance Incentive Plan and 2023 Director Stock Ownership Plan. As of July 31, 2026, 618,455 shares were available for issuance upon the exercise of stock options and&#47;or as restricted stock awards and&#47;or restricted stock unit awards under the Company&#8217;s Long-Term Performance Incentive Plan&#59; and 70,338 shares were available for issuance under the 2023 Director Stock Ownership Plan.</font></div></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">3</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_22"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">RISK FACTORS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Investment in the Securities involves risks. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risk factors below incorporated into this prospectus by reference to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 (the &#8220;2025 Form 10-K&#8221;) and the other information contained in this prospectus, as updated by our subsequent filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), and risk factors and other information contained in any applicable prospectus supplement. Additional risks or uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently do not deem material may also affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of the risks we discuss, which might cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the Securities. In addition to the foregoing, you should consider the following before investing in the Securities.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and this Offering</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which could negatively affect us and holders of our common stock.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For instance, if our financial results are below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, the market price of our common stock could decrease. Other factors that may affect the market price of our common stock include&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">our liquidity&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">sales of common stock by our shareholders&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">changes in the prices of our key raw materials&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">changes in our cash flow from operations or earnings estimates&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">publication of research reports about us or the chemical specialty production industry generally&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">competition for, among other things, skilled personnel&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">increases in market interest rates which may increase our cost of capital&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">changes in applicable laws or regulations, court rulings, and enforcement and legal actions&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">changes in market valuations of similar companies&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur in the future&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">additions or departures of key management personnel&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">actions by our shareholders&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">commencement of or involvement in litigation&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">news reports relating to trends, concerns, technological or competitive developments, regulatory changes, and other related issues in our industry&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">speculation in the press or investment community regarding our business&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">the occurrence of cybersecurity incidents, attacks or other breaches to our information technology systems&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">general market and economic conditions&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9642;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">domestic and international economic, legal, and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">4</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">In addition, the United States securities markets have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations often have been unrelated to the operating performance of companies in these markets. Market fluctuations and broad market, economic, and industry factors may negatively affect the price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Any volatility or a significant decrease in the market price of our common stock could also negatively affect our ability to make acquisitions using common stock. Further, if we were to be the object of securities class action litigation as a result of volatility in our common stock price or for other reasons, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management&#8217;s attention and resources, which could negatively affect our financial results.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Securities that may be sold by the Selling Security Holder under this prospectus represent a substantial number of shares relative to our current shares outstanding. Sales or expectations that shares of our common stock may be sold by the Selling Security Holder could create a circumstance commonly referred to as &#8220;market overhang&#8221; that may adversely affect the market price for our common stock. The existence of an overhang, whether or not sales have occurred or are occurring, also could make it more difficult for us to secure additional financing through the sale of equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">5</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_25"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Factors That May Affect Our Future Results</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Certain statements included in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, any other offering material and any documents we incorporate by reference and other materials filed or to be filed by us with the SEC, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contain or may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;), Section 21E of the Exchange Act and The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides certain &#8220;safe harbor&#8221; provisions for forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements made in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, any other offering material and any documents we incorporate by reference are made pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Words such as, but not limited to, &#8220;believe,&#8221; &#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;estimate,&#8221; &#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;plan,&#8221; &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding the impact of increased raw material costs and pricing initiatives, statements regarding our current and future business activities, operational matters, cash needs, cash reserves, liquidity, operating and capital expenses, financing options, including the state of the capital markets and our ability to access the capital markets, expense reductions, the future outlook of the Company and pending litigation. Although we believe our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations, and actual results, performance or achievements may differ materially from those that might be anticipated from our forward-looking statements. </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">These forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, intentions, financial condition, results of operations, future performance, and business, including&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">the timing and extent of the impacts on our business from acts of war, terrorism and military conflicts, including those in Ukraine and the Middle East, as well as related economic, political and governmental actions taken by various government organizations in response&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">inflationary pressures, increases in raw material costs, supply chain constraints and other impacts of economic downturns, as well as high interest rates and their impact on our and our customers&#8217; business operations&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">the potential timing, impacts, benefits and other uncertainties of acquisitions and divestitures, including our ability to finance any acquisition on commercially reasonable terms or to realize synergies, integrate acquisitions and acquired businesses or separate divested assets and businesses&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">broader macroeconomic factors, including potential for changes in global and regional economic conditions, the possibility of global or regional slowdowns or recessions, other macroeconomic stresses and uncertainties, including political and geopolitical events, civil disturbances and endemics&#47;pandemics or extreme weather events and other natural disasters that may adversely affect regional economic conditions&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">our future results and plans including our sustainability goals and enterprise strategy.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Such statements include information relating to current and future business activities, operational matters, capital spending, and financing sources. From time to time, forward-looking statements are also included in the Company&#8217;s other periodic reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, press releases, and other materials released to, or statements made to, the public.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Any or all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus, in the Company&#8217;s 2025 Form 10-K, subsequent filings with the SEC and in any other public statements we make may turn out to be wrong. This can occur as a result of inaccurate assumptions or as a consequence of known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Many factors discussed in the Company&#8217;s 2025 Form 10-K and subsequent filings with the SEC will be important in determining our future performance. Consequently, actual results may differ materially from those that might be anticipated from our forward-looking statements.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">6</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. However, any further disclosures made on related subjects in the Company&#8217;s subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K and other related filings should be consulted. A major risk is that demand for the Company&#8217;s products and services is largely derived from the demand for our customers&#8217; products, which subjects the Company to uncertainties related to downturns in a customer&#8217;s business and unanticipated customer production slowdowns and shutdowns.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Furthermore, the Company is subject to the same business cycles as those experienced by our customers in the steel, automobile, aircraft, industrial equipment, and durable goods industries. Other factors could also adversely affect us, including those related to acquisitions and the integration of acquired businesses.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Therefore, we caution you not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. For more information regarding these risks and uncertainties as well as certain additional risks that we face, refer to the Risk Factors section, which appears in Item 1A in our 2025 Form 10-K and in our quarterly and other reports filed from time to time with the SEC.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">7</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_28"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">USE OF PROCEEDS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We are not selling any Securities under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Securities by the Selling Security Holder.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">8</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_31"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">SELLING SECURITY HOLDER</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">On August 1, 2019, the Company consummated the acquisition of the outstanding share capital (the &#8220;Houghton Shares&#8221;) of Global Houghton Ltd., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands (&#8220;Global Houghton&#8221;), and the other transactions contemplated by the Share Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2017 (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;), among the Company, Global Houghton, Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands (&#8220;Gulf Houghton&#8221;), and certain members of the management of Global Houghton (the &#8220;Management Sellers,&#8221; and collectively with Gulf Houghton, the &#8220;Sellers&#8221;). Gulf Houghton was named and acted as Sellers&#8217; representative under the Purchase Agreement. The aggregate consideration for the Houghton Shares was (a) $172,500,000 in cash (which was adjusted downward pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement to $170,828,827, in connection with the disposition of certain assets) and (b) 4,329,176 shares (the &#8220;Consideration Shares&#8221;) of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, of the Company, comprising 24.5% of the common stock outstanding as of the closing of the combination (the &#8220;Closing&#8221;), which the Company issued to the Management Sellers and to an affiliate of Gulf Houghton, Gulf Hungary Holding Korl&#225;tolt Felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#369; T&#225;rsas&#225;g, a Hungarian company (&#8220;Gulf Hungary&#8221;). A portion of the cash consideration and Consideration Shares was placed in escrow at the Closing to secure the Sellers&#8217; representations, warranties and covenants in the Purchase Agreement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Pursuant to the Shareholder Agreement, dated August 1, 2019 (the &#8220;Shareholder Agreement&#8221;), with Gulf Hungary and certain of its affiliates (collectively, the &#8220;Gulf Shareholders&#8221;), the Gulf Shareholders have the right to nominate a number of directors (each, a &#8220;Gulf Designee&#8221;) to the Company&#8217;s board of directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;), so long as the Gulf Shareholders retain a certain percentage ownership of the Company. Currently, there are three Gulf Designees&#58; Nandita Bakhshi, Lucr&#232;ce Foufopoulos-De Ridder and Sanjay Hinduja. Mr. Hinduja was a director of Global Houghton and has served on our Board since the Closing. Mses. Bakhshi and Foufopoulos-De Ridder were appointed to the Board on July 31, 2024. Ms. Bakhshi serves as a Class I director, Ms. Foufopoulos-De Ridder serves as a Class II director and Mr. Hinduja serves as a Class III director. Prior to the appointment of Mses.&#160;Bakhshi and Foufopoulos-De Ridder, the Gulf Designees included Ramaswami Seshasayee and Michael J. Shannon, each of whom were former board members of Global Houghton. While any Gulf Designee is serving on the Board and for a six-month period after no Gulf Designee is serving on the Board (the &#8220;Governance Period&#8221;), the Gulf Shareholders may not, except to the extent approved by the Board, directly or indirectly, engage in certain specified hostile activities or change in control proposals. Additionally, during the Governance Period, the Gulf Shareholders have certain participation rights if the Company offers or sells any new securities, subject to agreed upon exceptions. The Gulf Shareholders have certain demand and piggyback registration rights, related to sales pursuant to registration under the Securities Act, pursuant to which this registration statement of which this prospectus is a part has been filed.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">An aggregate of 3,640,129 shares of common stock are being registered for resale by the Selling Security Holder under this prospectus, of which 5,017 shares are currently held in escrow.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">To the extent permitted by law, the Selling Security Holder listed below may resell its Securities pursuant to this prospectus. We have registered Securities to permit the Selling Security Holder and its respective permitted transferees or other successors-in-interest that receive its Securities from the Selling Security Holder after the date of this prospectus to resell their Securities.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The following table sets forth, based on written representations by the Selling Security Holder, the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by the Selling Security Holder as of the date of this prospectus and the number of shares of common stock being offered by the Selling Security Holder. The Selling Security Holder is not making any representation that any Securities covered by this prospectus will be offered for sale. The Selling Security Holder reserves the right to accept or reject, in whole or in part, any proposed sale of Securities. The following table assumes that all of the Securities, as the case may be, being registered pursuant to this prospectus will be sold.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">9</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to shares of common stock. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge, the person named in the table has sole voting and investment power with respect to the Securities beneficially owned by it. The inclusion of any Securities in these tables does not constitute an admission of beneficial ownership for the person named below. Except for releases from escrow consistent with the Purchase Agreement and as noted in the footnotes below, the Selling Security Holder has not had any material relationship with the Company within the past three years.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">10</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_34"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:23.739%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.996%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.441%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:8.998%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr style="height:34pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="15" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Number of Shares Beneficially</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Owned Prior to the Offering</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:5.2pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%;position:relative;top:-2.8pt;vertical-align:baseline">(1)</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Number of Shares Offered</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Number of Shares</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Beneficially </font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Owned After the Offering </font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:5.2pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%;position:relative;top:-2.8pt;vertical-align:baseline">(3)</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:20pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Name of Selling Security Holder</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Common Shares</font></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Escrow Shares</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:5.2pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%;position:relative;top:-2.8pt;vertical-align:baseline">(2)</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Total</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Voting %</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Voting %</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Gulf Hungary Holding Korl&#225;tolt Felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#369; T&#225;rsas&#225;g</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:6.5pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;position:relative;top:-3.5pt;vertical-align:baseline">(4)</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">3,640,129&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">5,017&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">3,640,129&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">21.0&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">%</font></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">3,640,129&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8212;&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8212;&#160;</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td></tr></table></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">_______________</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(1)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">Beneficial ownership has been determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act.</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(2)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">Represents the number of shares of common stock currently held in escrow to be released pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(3)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">Assumes the sale of all shares of common stock registered pursuant to this prospectus, although, to our knowledge, the Selling Security Holder is not under any obligation to sell any shares of common stock at this time.</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(4)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.68pt">As further described above, Director Hinduja was formerly a board member of Houghton, and Directors Hinduja, Bakhshi, and Foufopoulos-De Ridder are currently Gulf Designees.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">11</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_37"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">When we refer to &#8220;Quaker,&#8221; &#8220;Quaker Houghton,&#8221; &#8220;the Company,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; or &#8220;our&#8221; in this section of the prospectus or when we otherwise refer to ourselves in this section of the prospectus, we mean only Quaker Chemical Corporation and not any of our subsidiaries or associated companies.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our authorized common stock consists of 30,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share. As of July 30, 2026, 17,207,702 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding and held of record by approximately 419 shareholders. The following description of our common stock and provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (&#8220;Articles&#8221;) and Amended and Restated By-Laws (&#8220;By-laws&#8221;) are only summaries, and we encourage you to review complete copies of our Articles and By-laws, which we have previously filed with the SEC.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol &#8220;KWR.&#8221;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Voting</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Except as otherwise required by law or provided in any resolution adopted by our Board with respect to any series of preferred stock, the holders of the common stock exclusively possess all voting power. Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote per share on all matters requiring a vote of the shareholders, including the election of directors. We do not have cumulative voting rights. The presence, in person or by proxy, of the shareholders entitled to cast a majority of the votes which all shareholders are entitled to cast on a matter to be voted upon at a meeting of shareholders constitute a quorum, and the acts of such quorum, at a duly organized meeting of shareholders, constitute the acts of all the shareholders.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">In an election of directors that is not a contested election, each director will be elected by the vote of the majority of the votes cast with respect to that director. The majority of the votes cast means that the number of votes cast &#8220;for&#8221; a nominee must exceed the number of votes cast &#8220;against&#8221; that nominee. In a contested election of directors, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes, up to the number of directors to be elected in such election, will be elected. Shareholders do not have the right to vote against a nominee in a contested election of directors.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Dividends</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock designated by the Board from time to time, the holders of the common stock are entitled to dividends to the extent permitted by law, and upon a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets on winding up of the Company are entitled to receive pro rata all of our assets available for distribution to such holders after distribution in full of any preferential amount to be distributed to holders of shares of preferred stock. There are no restrictions that currently limit the Company&#8217;s ability to pay dividends.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Rights and Preferences</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to the common stock. For a description of the provisions of our Articles and By-laws that could have an effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company, see the description in this prospectus under the heading &#8220;Certain Provisions of our Articles of Incorporation, our By-laws and Statutes.&#8221;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock in general are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future. The Company currently has no preferred stock outstanding.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Fully Paid and Nonassessable</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">All outstanding shares of our common stock are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">12</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_40"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF OUR ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION, OUR BY-LAWS AND STATUTES</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Possible Antitakeover Effect of Certain Statutory, Charter and By-law Provisions</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Certain provisions of Pennsylvania law, and of our Articles and By-laws, may have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another person from acquiring control of our Company, including takeover attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of common stock and our other securities.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Subchapter 25F of the Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law of 1988, as amended, or the PBCL, generally prohibits certain business combinations of a registered corporation with an interested shareholder (i.e., a beneficial owner of 20% or more of the voting stock) of such corporation. A &#8220;registered corporation&#8221; generally is a Pennsylvania corporation that, like our Company, has a class of shares registered under the Exchange Act. The term &#8220;business combination&#8221; is broadly defined to include most merger, consolidation and similar transactions as well as transfers of substantial amounts of assets. Subchapter 25F places a five-year moratorium on most business combinations between a registered corporation and an interested shareholder or its affiliates and associates. The five-year period begins on the date that the interested shareholder crosses the 20% threshold, known as the &#8220;share acquisition date.&#8221; Because we have not elected to &#8220;opt out&#8221; from the application of Subchapter 25F by means of an amendment to our Articles or By-laws, the provisions of Subchapter 25F would apply to any business combination involving our Company and an interested shareholder.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">There are limited exceptions to the five-year moratorium on business combinations with interested shareholders. First, if either the business combination itself, or the applicable interested shareholder&#8217;s crossing the 20% threshold, is approved by the corporation&#8217;s board prior to the applicable interested shareholder&#8217;s share acquisition date, such business combination, or other business combinations with that interested shareholder, would be exempt from the application of Subchapter 25F. In addition, business combinations approved by a majority of the votes of all shareholders other than the interested shareholder, at a meeting held at least three months after the interested shareholder acquires at least 80% of the corporation&#8217;s outstanding voting stock, will likewise be exempt if, among other tests, the other shareholders receive in the business combination an aggregate amount of per share consideration equal to at least the highest per share price paid by the interested shareholder over the previous five years, plus a specified amount of interest.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Even following the expiration of the five-year moratorium, a business combination with an interested shareholder must still either be approved by a majority of the shares not held by the interested shareholder, or provide to the other shareholders per share compensation that meets the highest price per share test referred to above.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The PBCL also provides for additional anti-takeover provisions regarding registered corporations relating to&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">&#8220;control transactions,&#8221; under which shareholders can require an interested shareholder to buy their shares for &#8220;fair value,&#8221; as defined in the PBCL&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">&#8220;control share acquisitions,&#8221; under which interested shareholders lose their voting rights until such rights are restored by, among other requirements, the affirmative vote of a majority of the &#8220;disinterested shares,&#8221; as defined in the PBCL&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">&#8220;disgorgements,&#8221; under which interested shareholders (or persons that announce an intention to become an interested shareholder) can be required to disgorge certain profits from trading in the registered corporation&#8217;s stock.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Because we have specifically opted out of these various additional PBCL provisions pursuant to by-law amendments as provided in the relevant sections of the PBCL, none of these provisions currently would apply to us or to a non-negotiated attempt to acquire control of our Company, although such an attempt would still be subject to the various requirements in our Articles as described below. Moreover, we can reverse the &#8220;opt out&#8221; from one or more of these provisions by means of a by-law amendment adopted by our Board, without shareholder approval, after which the PBCL provisions or provisions for which we reversed the &#8220;opt out&#8221; would then apply to an attempt to acquire control of our Company.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">13</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Under Section 1715 of the PBCL, our directors are not required to regard the interests of the shareholders as being dominant or controlling in considering our best interests. The directors may consider, to the extent they deem appropriate, factors including&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">the effects of any action upon any group affected by such action, including our shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers and creditors, and communities in which we have offices or other establishments,</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">our short-term and long-term interests, including benefits that may accrue to us from our long-term plans and the possibility that these interests may be best served by our continued independence,</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">the resources, intent and conduct (past, stated and potential) of any person seeking to acquire control of us, and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">all other pertinent factors.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Articles of Incorporation</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Blank Check&#8221; Preferred Stock.&#8221;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Our Board is authorized by our Articles to designate and issue, without shareholder approval, preferred stock with such terms as our Board may determine. This ability to issue what is commonly referred to as &#8220;blank check&#8221; preferred stock, or rights to acquire preferred stock, may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of our Company or an unsolicited acquisition proposal.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Business Combinations with Related Persons.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Article 10 of our Articles (&#8220;article 10&#8221;) prohibits us from engaging in a &#8220;Business Combination&#8221; with a &#8220;Related Person&#8221; unless&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">our &#8220;Continuing Directors&#8221; by a two-thirds vote have expressly approved the Business Combination either in advance of or subsequent to the acquisition of outstanding shares of our voting stock that caused the Related Person to become a Related Person&#59; or</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">each of the following conditions is satisfied&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9702;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">the aggregate amount of the cash and the fair market value, as determined by two-thirds of our Continuing Directors, of the property, securities or other consideration to be received (including, without limitation, the Company common stock or other capital stock of the Company retained by shareholders of the Company other than Related Persons or parties to such Business Combination in the event of a Business Combination in which the Company is the surviving entity) per share of our capital stock in the Business Combination by holders of capital stock, other than the Related Person involved in the Business Combination, is not less than the &#8220;Highest Per Share Price&#8221; or the &#8220;Highest Equivalent Price&#8221; paid by the Related Person in acquiring any of its holdings of our capital stock&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9702;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.46pt">a proxy or information statement complying with the requirements of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder (or any subsequent provisions replacing such Act, rules or regulations) and with the provisions of article 10 has been mailed to all shareholders of the Company at least 30 days prior to the consummation of the Business Combination (whether or not the proxy or information statement is required to be mailed pursuant to such Act or subsequent provisions). The proxy or information statement contains at the front thereof, in a prominent place, the position of the Continuing Directors as to the advisability (or inadvisability) of the Business Combination and, if deemed advisable by a majority of the Continuing Directors, the opinion of an investment banking firm selected by the Continuing Directors as to the fairness of the terms of the Business Combination from the point of view of the holders of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company other than any Related Person.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">14</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">For purposes of article 10 the respective meanings of the following terms are as follows&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Business Combination&#8221; means (i) any merger or consolidation of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company into or with a Related Person, in each case irrespective of which corporation or company is the surviving entity&#59; (ii) any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition to or with a Related Person (in a single transaction or a series of related transactions) of all or a Substantial Part of the assets of the Company (including without limitation any securities of a subsidiary) or of a subsidiary of the Company&#59; (iii) any sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition to or with the Company or to or with a subsidiary of the Company (in a single transaction or series of related transactions) of all or a Substantial Part of the assets of a Related Person&#59; (iv) the issuance of any securities of the Company or of a subsidiary of the Company to a Related Person (other than an issuance of securities which is effected on a pro rata basis to all shareholders of the Company)&#59; (v) any recapitalization or reclassification of securities (including any reverse stock split) of the Company which would have the effect, directly or indirectly, of increasing the proportionate share of the outstanding Voting Stock of the Company owned by a Related Person&#59; (vi) the adoption of any plan or proposal for the liquidation or dissolution of the Company proposed by or on behalf of a Related Person&#59; and (vii) the acquisition by the Company or by a subsidiary of the Company of any securities of a Related Person.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Related Person&#8221; means any individual, corporation, partnership or other person or entity (other than any subsidiary of the Company and other than any profit-sharing, employee stock ownership or other employee benefit plan of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company) which, as of the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to notice of and to vote on any Business Combination, or immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction, together with its &#8220;Affiliates&#8221; and &#8220;Associates&#8221; (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as in effect at the date of the adoption of article 10 by the shareholders of the Company (collectively and as so in effect, the &#8220;1934 Act&#8221;)), are &#8220;Beneficial Owners&#8221; (as defined in Rule 13d-3 of the 1934 Act) in the aggregate of ten (10%) percent or more of the outstanding shares of Voting Stock of the Company, and any Affiliate or Associate of any such individual, corporation, partnership or other person or entity. Without limitation, any shares of Voting Stock of the Company that any Related Person has the right to acquire at any time (notwithstanding that Rule 13d-3 of the 1934 Act deems such shares to be beneficially owned only if such right may be exercised within 60 days) pursuant to any agreement, or upon exercise of conversion rights, warrants or options, or otherwise, will be deemed to be beneficially owned by the Related Person and to be outstanding for purposes of the definition of the term Related Person.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Substantial Part&#8221; means assets having a fair market value, as determined by two-thirds of the Continuing Directors, of more than twenty(20%) percent of the total consolidated assets of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, as of the end of its most recent fiscal year ending prior to the time the determination is being made.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Voting Stock&#8221; means all outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote generally in the election of directors and each reference to a proportion of Voting Stock refers to such proportion of the votes entitled to be cast by such shares.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Continuing Director&#8221; means a director who was a member of the Board at the date of the adoption of article 10 by the shareholders of the Company, together with each director who either (i) was a member of the Board immediately prior to the time that the Related Person involved in a Business Combination became the Beneficial Owner of ten (10%) percent of the Voting Stock of the Company, or (ii) was designated (before his or her initial election as director) as a Continuing Director by a majority of the then Continuing Directors.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Under article 10, a Related Person is deemed to have acquired a share of the Voting Stock of the Company at the time the Related Person became the Beneficial Owner thereof. With respect to the shares owned by Affiliates, Associates or other persons whose ownership is attributed to a Related Person under the foregoing definition of Related Person, if the price paid by such Related Person for such shares is not determinable by the Continuing Directors, the price so paid will be deemed to be the higher of (i) the price paid upon the acquisition thereof by the Affiliate, Associate or other person or (ii) the market price of the shares in question at the time when the Related Person became the Beneficial Owner thereof.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">15</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8220;Highest Per Share Price&#8221; and &#8220;Highest Equivalent Price,&#8221; as used in article 10 mean the following&#58; If there is only one class of capital stock of the Company issued and outstanding, the Highest Per Share Price means the highest price that can be determined to have been paid at any time by the Related Person for any share or shares of that class of capital stock. If there is more than one class of capital stock of the Company issued and outstanding, the Highest Equivalent Price means with respect to each class and series of capital stock of the Company, the amount determined by two-thirds of the Continuing Directors, on whatever basis they believe is appropriate, to be the highest per share price equivalent of the highest price that can be determined to have been paid at any time by the Related Person for any share or shares of any class or series of capital stock of the Company. In determining the Highest Per Share Price and Highest Equivalent Price, appropriate adjustments will be made for recapitalizations and for stock splits, stock dividends and like distributions or transactions, and all purchases by the Related Person will be taken into account regardless of whether the shares were purchased before or after the Related Person became a Related Person. Also, the Highest Per Share Price and the Highest Equivalent Price will include any brokerage commissions, transfer taxes and soliciting dealers&#8217; fees paid by the Related Person with respect to the shares of capital stock of the Company acquired by the Related Person. Article 10 provides that, in the case of any Business Combination with a Related Person, the Continuing Directors should determine the Highest Equivalent Price for each class and series of the capital stock of the Company.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Classified Board of Directors.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> In accordance with the provisions of our Articles, our Board is divided into three classes with each class elected to serve for a three-year term and the terms of the classes staggered so that only one class of directors is elected each year. The fact that only one class of our Board&#8217;s directors is elected each year could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of our Company.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Removal of Directors.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Our Articles provide that a director may be removed with or without cause only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least eighty (80%) percent of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Super Majority Vote Required to Amend Certain Provisions of the Articles of Incorporation.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> The Pennsylvania corporate law provides generally that the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote is required to amend a corporation&#8217;s articles of incorporation, unless the corporation&#8217;s articles of incorporation require a greater percentage. Our Articles provide that any amendment of the provisions of article 8 (relating to our Board, including the division of the Board into three classes), article 9 (relating to special meetings of shareholders) or article 10 (relating to certain transactions with related parties, including mergers, consolidations or sales or other dispositions of all or a substantial part of our assets) requires an affirmative vote of 80% of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. The 80% shareholder vote would be in addition to any separate class vote that might in the future be required pursuant to the terms of any series of preferred stock that might be outstanding at the time any amendment to our Articles is submitted to shareholders.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">By-law Provisions</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Authority to Fill Board Vacancies.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Under our By-laws, any vacancy on our Board, however occurring, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our Board, may be filled by vote of a majority of our directors then in office, even if less than a quorum. The authority of the remaining members of our Board to fill vacancies could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of our Company.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Calling of Special Meeting.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Our By-laws provide that special meetings of the shareholders may only be called by the chairman of the Board, the president or the Board, or by shareholders entitled to cast not less than four-fifths of the votes which all shareholders are entitled to cast at the meeting. The limited ability of our shareholders to call a special meeting of the shareholders may have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of our Company.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">16</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Advance Notice Procedures.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Our By-laws establish an advance notice procedure for shareholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting of our shareholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to the Board. Shareholders at an annual meeting will only be able to consider proposals or nominations specified in the notice of meeting or brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the chairman of the Board, the president or the Board or by a shareholder who was a shareholder of record at the time of giving notice, entitled to vote at the meeting, and who has given our secretary timely written notice, in proper form, of the shareholder&#8217;s intention to bring that business before the meeting. These provisions may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if the proper procedures are not followed or may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect its own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our Company.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Amendment of the By-laws.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> Our By-laws provide that our By-laws may be altered, amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of a majority of our shareholders entitled to vote or a majority of our directors then in office without prior notice to or approval by our shareholders. Accordingly, our Board could take action to amend our By-laws in a manner that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of the Company.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">These and other provisions contained in our Articles and By-laws could delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control of us or our management, including transactions in which shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then current prices. Such provisions could also limit the ability of shareholders to remove current management or approve transactions that shareholders may deem to be in their best interests and could adversely affect the price of our common stock.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Limitations of Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our By-laws, as approved by our shareholders, limit the liability of our directors to us and our shareholders. Specifically, other than with respect to the responsibility or liability of a director pursuant to any criminal statute or the liability of a director for the payment of taxes pursuant to federal, state or local law, a director will not be personally liable for monetary damages for any action taken, or failure to take any action, unless he or she has both&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">breached or failed to perform the duties of his or her office under Chapter 17, Subchapter B of the PBCL&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">the breach or failure to perform constitutes self-dealing, willful misconduct or recklessness.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Our By-laws generally provide that we will indemnify our officers and directors and hold them harmless to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as the same exist or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of an amendment, only to the extent that the amendment permits us to provide broader indemnification rights than we were permitted to provide prior to the amendment), against all expense, liability and loss reasonably incurred or suffered in connection with any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, including, without limitation, any action or suit by or in the right of the company, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company, whether the basis of the proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as director or officer, or in any other capacity. We believe that these provisions assist us in attracting and retaining qualified individuals to serve as directors and officers.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">17</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_43"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder, which, as used herein, includes its pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees and successors, may from time to time offer and sell some or all of the Securities covered by this prospectus. To the extent required, this prospectus may be amended and supplemented from time to time to describe a specific plan of distribution.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder may offer the Securities from time to time, either in increments or in a single transaction. The Selling Security Holder may also decide not to sell all of the Securities they are allowed to sell under this prospectus. The Selling Security Holder will act independently of us in making decisions with respect to the timing, manner and size of each sale. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Selling Security Holder will sell any or all of the Securities registered pursuant to this registration statement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder and any of its pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of the Securities on any stock exchange, including the New York Stock Exchange, or other market or trading facility on which the Securities are traded or quoted, in the over the counter market or in private transactions. These sales may be at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to such prevailing market prices, at fixed prices or negotiated prices. The Selling Security Holder may use any one or more of the following methods when selling the Securities&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker-dealer solicits purchasers&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">block trades in which a broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">privately negotiated transactions&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">to cover short sales made after the date that this registration statement becomes effective&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">an agreement with broker-dealers to sell as agent for the Selling Security Holder a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share or otherwise at the prevailing market price&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">through put or call options, including the writing of exchange-traded call options, or other hedging transactions related to ordinary shares&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">a combination of any such methods of sale&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder may enter into hedging transactions from time to time in which the Selling Security Holder may&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">enter into transactions with a broker-dealer or any other person in connection with which such broker-dealer or other person will engage in short sales of Securities, in which case such broker-dealer or other person may use Securities received from the Selling Security Holder to close out its short positions&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">sell the Securities short and re-deliver the Securities offered by this prospectus to close out its short positions or to close out stock loans incurred in connection with its short positions&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">enter into option or other types of transactions that require the Selling Security Holder to deliver Securities to a broker-dealer or any other person, who will then resell or transfer such Securities under this prospectus&#59; or</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">loan or pledge the Securities to a broker-dealer or any other person, who may sell the loaned Securities or, in an event of default in the case of a pledge, sell such pledged Securities under this prospectus.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder may also sell the Securities under any available exemption to the registration requirements of the Securities Act, including but not limited to Rule 144 and Regulation S under the Securities Act, rather than under this prospectus.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">18</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Resales by the Selling Security Holder may be made directly to investors or through securities firms acting as underwriters, brokers or dealers. Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Security Holder may arrange for other broker-dealers to participate in sales. When resales are to be made through a securities firm, the securities firm may be engaged to act as the Selling Security Holder&#8217;s agent in the resale of the Securities by the Selling Security Holder, or the securities firm may purchase Securities from the Selling Security Holder as principal and thereafter resell those Securities from time to time. Securities firms may, to the extent permissible, receive commissions, concessions or discounts from the Selling Security Holder (or, if any broker-dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of Securities, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated. If the Selling Security Holder sells the Securities to a dealer acting as principal, the dealer may resell them at varying prices to be determined by the dealer in its discretion at the time of resale without consulting with us or the Selling Security Holder, and the resale prices may not be disclosed in the applicable prospectus supplement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">In connection with the sale of the Securities, underwriters or agents may receive compensation from the Selling Security Holder in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions and may also receive compensation from purchasers of the Securities, for whom they may act as agents, in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters may sell the Securities to or through dealers, and the dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and&#47;or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agents. Discounts, concessions and commissions may be changed from time to time. The Selling Security Holder and any dealers, agents or broker-dealers that participate in the distribution or selling of the Securities may be deemed to be &#8220;underwriters&#8221; under the Securities Act, and any discounts, concessions or commissions they receive from the Selling Security Holder and any profit on the resale of Securities it realizes may be deemed to be underwriting compensation under applicable federal and state securities laws. Discounts, concessions, commissions and similar selling expenses, if any, that can be attributed to the sale of Securities sold hereunder will be paid by the Selling Security Holder and&#47;or the purchasers.  </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The applicable prospectus supplement will, where applicable&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">identify any underwriter, dealer or agent&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">describe any compensation in the form of discounts, concessions, commissions or otherwise received from the Selling Security Holder by each underwriter or agent and in the aggregate by all underwriters and agents&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">describe any discounts, concessions or commissions allowed by underwriters to participating dealers&#59; or </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">identify the amounts underwritten&#59; </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">identify the nature of the underwriter&#8217;s or underwriters&#8217; obligation to take the Securities&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">any other information we believe to be material or required to be disclosed under securities laws.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">To facilitate the offering of the common stock offered by the Selling Security Holder, an underwriter may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the Securities. This may include over-allotments or short sales, which involve the sale by persons participating in the offering of more shares than were sold to them. In these circumstances, an underwriter would cover such over-allotments or short positions by making purchases in the open market or by exercising its over-allotment option, if any. In addition, underwriters may stabilize or maintain the price of the Securities by bidding for or purchasing shares in the open market or by imposing penalty bids, whereby selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if shares sold by them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of the Securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. These transactions may be discontinued at any time.  </font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Neither we nor the Selling Security Holder make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above might have on the price of the Securities. In addition, neither we nor the Selling Security Holder make any representation that underwriters will engage in those transactions or that the transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice. </font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">19</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Under the securities laws of some states, the Securities may be sold in such states only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the Securities may not be sold unless such Securities have been registered or qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from registration or qualification is available and is complied with.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The Selling Security Holder may from time to time pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the Securities owned by it, and if it defaults in the performance of its secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell such Securities from time to time under this prospectus, or under an amendment to this prospectus or a prospectus supplement to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as Selling Security Holder under this prospectus.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">If the Selling Security Holder, an underwriter or other persons use this prospectus for any sale or distribution of the Securities, it will be subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The Selling Security Holder will be responsible for complying with the applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder promulgated, including, without limitation, Regulation M, as applicable to the Selling Security Holder and any such persons in connection with resales of the Securities under this prospectus. Regulation M may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the Securities by the Selling Security Holder and any other participating person. Regulation M may also restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the Securities to engage in market-making activities with respect to the Securities. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the Securities and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the Securities.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">In connection with an underwritten offering, we and the Selling Security Holder would execute an underwriting agreement with an underwriter or underwriters. Unless otherwise indicated in the revised prospectus or applicable prospectus supplement, such underwriting agreement would provide that the obligations of the underwriter or underwriters are subject to certain conditions precedent and that the underwritten offering will be on a firm commitment or best-efforts basis. Such agreement may provide that the underwriter(s) would be entitled to indemnification by us or the Selling Security Holder against or contribution towards certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the applicable securities laws.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We will pay all expenses of the registration of the Securities, including, without limitation, SEC filing fees and expenses of compliance with federal securities or state &#8220;blue sky&#8221; or securities laws&#59; provided, however, that the Selling Security Holder will pay all discounts and commissions, if any, to underwriters, selling brokers, dealer managers and similar persons, any stock transfer taxes and all fees and disbursements of counsel for any Gulf Shareholder or transferee pursuant to the terms of the Shareholder Agreement. Subject to certain qualifications, the Company has agreed to indemnify any Gulf Shareholder or transferee pursuant to the terms of the Shareholder Agreement against certain losses, claims, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities or actions to which they or any of them may become subject under the Securities Act or any other statute or common law, including any amount paid in settlement of any litigation, commenced or threatened, if such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, and to reimburse them for any legal or other expenses incurred by them in connection with investigating any claims and defending any actions. We, each person who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act, and our directors and officers will similarly be indemnified, severally, by each Gulf Shareholder, its transferee, and each underwriter, as applicable, against losses, claims, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities or actions, including liabilities under the Securities Act, that may arise from any information furnished to us by such party for use in this prospectus, in accordance with the terms of the Shareholder Agreement. If such indemnification to an indemnified party is unavailable, the indemnified party will be entitled to contribution.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the Company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the Company has been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">20</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_46"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">LEGAL MATTERS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The legality of the securities in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered will be passed on for us by Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP. Any underwriters, dealers or agents will be advised about the validity of the Securities and other legal matters by their own counsel, which will be named in the prospectus supplement.</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_49"></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">EXPERTS</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The financial statements and management&#8217;s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting&#160;(which is included in Management&#8217;s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting) incorporated in this Prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025&#160;have been so incorporated in reliance on the report (which contains a paragraph relating to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting due to the exclusion of Dipsol Chemicals Co., Ltd. and its subsidiaries&#8239;because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2025)&#160;of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.&#160;</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_52"></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we electronically file with the SEC, which you can access over the Internet at http&#58;&#47;&#47;www.sec.gov.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We maintain a website at www.quakerhoughton.com with information about our Company. Our SEC reports can be found under the Investors tab at https&#58;&#47;&#47;investors.quakerhoughton.com&#47;sec-filings. Information contained on our website or any other website is not incorporated into this prospectus and does not constitute a part of this prospectus. Our website address referenced above is intended to be an inactive textual reference only and not an active hyperlink to our website. You can also obtain information about us at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, 11 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_55"></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The SEC allows us to &#8220;incorporate by reference&#8221; into this prospectus the information we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. Any information referenced this way is considered to be part of this prospectus, and any information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and, where applicable, supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the following documents that we have filed with the SEC (other than, in each case, documents or information deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with the SEC&#8217;s rules)&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">The Company&#8217;s Annual Report on </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026010694/kwr-20251231.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">Form 10-K</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> for the year ended December 31, 2025&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">The Company&#8217;s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026028949/kwr-20260331.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">March 31, 2026</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> and </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026051107/kwr-20260630.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">June 30, 2026</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">The Company&#8217;s Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000110465926027045/tm268552d1_8k.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">March 12, 2026</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">, </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000162828026025084/kwr-20260410.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">April 14, </a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000162828026025084/kwr-20260410.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">2026</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">, </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026035318/kwr-20260512.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">May 1</a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026035318/kwr-20260512.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">5</a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026035318/kwr-20260512.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">, </a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026035318/kwr-20260512.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">2026</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> and </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026047513/kwr-20260630.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">July 7, 202</a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000081362/000162828026047513/kwr-20260630.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">6</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8226;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14.5pt">Description of Quaker Houghton common stock, incorporated by reference to </font><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000008136220000002/exhibit42.htm" style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">Exhibit 4.2</a></font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> of the Registrant&#8217;s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed March 20, 2020.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We also incorporate by reference any future filings we make with the SEC (other than information and exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K or as otherwise permitted by the SEC&#8217;s rules) under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, after the date of the filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part as well as between the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering. These documents include periodic reports, such as Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as proxy statements.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">21</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">This prospectus is part of a registration statement we have filed with the SEC on Form S-3 relating to the Securities. As permitted by SEC rules, this prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement and the accompanying exhibits and schedules we file with the SEC. We have filed or incorporated by reference certain legal documents that control the terms of the securities offered by this prospectus as exhibits to the registration statement. We may file certain other legal documents that control the terms of the securities offered by this prospectus as exhibits to reports we file with the SEC. You may refer to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules for more information about us and our securities. The registration statement is available at the SEC&#8217;s website.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">You may obtain a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number&#58;</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Quaker Chemical Corporation</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Attn&#58; Investor Relations</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">901 E. Hector Street</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2380</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(610) 832-4000</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Exhibits to the filings will not be sent, however, unless those exhibits have specifically been incorporated by reference.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">You should rely only on the information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus or the accompanying prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. We are not making an offer of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or any document which we incorporate by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date on its cover.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">22</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_58"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:24pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:10pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:18pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">3,640,129 SHARES OF COMMON STOCK</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">PROSPECTUS</font></div><div style="text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">July&#160;31, 2026</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">23</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_61"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">PART II</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Information Not Required in Prospectus</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_64"></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Item 14.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The following is a statement of the estimated expenses (other than underwriting discounts and commissions, which will be borne by the Selling Security Holder) to be incurred by the Company in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities registered under this registration statement. Other than the SEC registration fee, all of the amounts listed are estimates.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:99.840%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:84.400%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:13.400%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">SEC registration fee</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">(1)</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Accounting fees and expenses</font></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">(2)</font></td><td style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Legal fees and expenses</font></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">(2)</font></td><td style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Miscellaneous fees and expenses</font></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">(2)</font></td><td style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Total</font></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:3pt double #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">(1)(2)</font></td></tr></table></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">1.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:10.5pt">There is no filing fee due because securities registered under this registration statement are carried over from a predecessor registration statement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">2.</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:10.5pt">These fees are calculated based on the number of issuances and, accordingly, cannot be estimated at this time.</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_67"></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Item 15.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Indemnification of Directors and Officers</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Subchapter D of Chapter 17 of the Pennsylvania Business Corporation Law of 1988, as amended (the &#8220;PBCL&#8221;), contains provisions relating to the indemnification of persons by a Pennsylvania business corporation, including directors and officers of the corporation.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Sections 1741 and 1742 of the PBCL provide that a business corporation may indemnify directors and officers against liabilities and expenses they may incur as such provided that the particular person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. In general, a business corporation&#8217;s power to indemnify under these sections does not exist in the case of actions against a director or officer by or in the right of the corporation if the person otherwise entitled to indemnification shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent it is judicially determined that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, the person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification for specified expenses. Section 1743 of the PBCL provides that a business corporation is required to indemnify directors and officers against expenses they may actually and reasonably incur in defending actions against them in such capacities to the extent they are successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of such actions.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1744 of the PBCL provides that, unless ordered by a court, any indemnification under Section 1741 or 1742 may be made by a business corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification of a director or officer is proper in the circumstances because the director or officer met the applicable standard of conduct, and such determination must be made&#58; (i) by the board of directors by a majority vote of a quorum of directors not parties to the action or proceeding&#59; (ii) if a quorum is not obtainable or if obtainable and a majority of disinterested directors so directs, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion&#59; or (iii) by the shareholders.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1745 of the PBCL provides that expenses incurred by a director or officer in defending any action or proceeding referred to in Subchapter D of Chapter 17 of the PBCL may be paid by a business corporation in advance of the final disposition of such action or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director or officer to repay such amount if it is ultimately determined that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by the corporation.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1746 of the PBCL grants a business corporation broad authority to indemnify its directors and officers for liabilities and expenses incurred in such capacity, except in circumstances where the act or failure to act giving rise to the claim for indemnification is determined by a court to have constituted willful misconduct or recklessness.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-1</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1747 of the PBCL permits a business corporation to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a representative of another corporation or other enterprise, against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify the person against such liability under Subchapter D of Chapter 17 of the PBCL, and Section 7.1F of the Company&#8217;s By-laws permits it, at its own expense, to maintain insurance to protect its directors and officers, among others, against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not it has the power to indemnify such persons against such expense, liability or loss under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Company currently maintains directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; liability insurance on behalf of its directors and officers.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1748 of the PBCL applies the indemnification and advancement of expenses provisions contained in Subchapter D of Chapter 17 of the PBCL to successor corporations resulting from consolidation, merger or division.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 1750 of the PBCL provides that the indemnification and advancement of expenses pursuant to Subchapter D of Chapter 17 of the PBCL will, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer of the corporation and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs and personal representative of that person.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Section 7.1 of the Company By-laws contains provisions requiring it to indemnify and hold harmless directors and officers to the fullest extent and manner authorized or permitted by the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Any underwriting agreement that has been or will be filed as an exhibit hereto or incorporated by reference herein contains or will contain provisions whereby the underwriter or underwriters agree to indemnify us and certain of our directors and officers and may be sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of our directors and officers for liabilities arising under the Securities Act.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Reference is made to the &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; in respect to indemnification obligations under the Shareholder Agreement and to Item 17 for our undertakings with respect to indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act.</font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_70"></div><div style="-sec-extract:summary;margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Item 16.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Exhibits</font></div><div><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:99.840%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:10.066%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.466%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:87.068%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Exhibit <br>Number</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Description of Exhibit</font></td></tr><tr style="height:3pt"><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">4.1</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000008136219000013/exhibit31.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (as amended through July 24, 2019). Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 as filed by the Company with its quarterly report on Form 10-Q on August 1, 2019.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">4.2</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000110465922128616/tm2233147d1_ex3-1.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Amended and Restated By-laws </a><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000110465922128616/tm2233147d1_ex3-1.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">(effective December 19, 2022). Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 as filed by Registrant within its current report on Form 8-K on December 20, 2022.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">4.3</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000114420417019197/v463621_ex10-1.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Share Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2017, by and among Quaker Chemical Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation, Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, Global Houghton Ltd., an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and certain members of the management of Global Houghton Ltd. and Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd., as agent for the Sellers. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 as filed by the Company with Form 8-K, filed on April 5, 2017. </a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">4.4</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000114420419042586/tv528526_ex4-4.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Escrow Agreement, dated August 1, 2019, among Quaker Chemical Corporation, Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd. and Citibank N.A. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 as filed by Registrant on Form S-3 on August 29, 2019.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">4.5</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/81362/000114420419037494/tv526628_ex10-1.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Shareholder Agreement, dated August 1, 2019, among Quaker Chemical Corporation, Gulf Hungary Holding Korl&#225;tolt Felel&#337;ss&#233;g&#369; T&#225;rsas&#225;g, Gulf Oil International, Ltd. and GOCL Corporation Limited. Inc. Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 as filed by Registrant with Form 8-K filed on August 2, 2019.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">5.1*</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="exhibit51-sx3gulfq2.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Opinion of Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">23.1*</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="exhibit231-sx3gulfq2.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">23.2*</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="exhibit51-sx3gulfq2.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Consent of Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">24.1*</font></div></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="#icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_76" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of the registration statement).</a></font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:top"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">107*</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline"><a href="exfilingfees.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;color:#0000ff;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Filing Fee Table.</a></font></div></td></tr></table></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">__________________</font></div><div style="padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">*</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:14pt">Filed herewith.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="-sec-extract:summary;margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-2</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:18pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#8224;       To be filed by amendment to this Registration Statement or incorporated by reference from documents filed or to be filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act. </font></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_73"></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Item 17.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Undertakings</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(1)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(i)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.57pt">to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(ii)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:5.8pt">to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &#8220;Calculation of Registration Fee&#8221; table in the effective registration statement&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(iii)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:3.03pt">to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">provided, however,</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> that paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(2)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial </font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">bona fide</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> offering thereof.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(3)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(4)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(i)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.57pt">Each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(ii)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:5.8pt">Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-3</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(5)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">That, for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser&#58;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(i)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:8.57pt">Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(ii)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:5.8pt">Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant&#59;</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(iii)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:3.03pt">The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant&#59; and</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:54pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(iv)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:3.57pt">Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(6)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">That, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&#8217;s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial </font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">bona fide</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%"> offering thereof.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;padding-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(7)</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:6.34pt">That, insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-4</font></div></div></div><div id="icf3dc0f2c7014f4789af963042ce160c_76"></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;margin-top:9pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">SIGNATURES</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the Borough of Conshohocken, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, on </font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">July&#160;31, 2026</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:right"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:51.750%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:6.295%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:91.505%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</font></td></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">By</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Joseph A. Berquist</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Joseph A. Berquist</font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Director, Chief Executive Officer and President</font></div></td></tr></table></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">POWER OF ATTORNEY</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Robert T. Traub and Joseph A. Berquist, and each of them, as their true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, each with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for them and in their name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement, and to sign any registration statement for the same offering covered by this Registration Statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as they might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-5</font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font><br></font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-indent:18pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:99.840%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:38.733%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.466%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:38.900%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:0.466%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:17.735%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Signatures</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Capacity</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Date</font></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Joseph A. Berquist</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Chief Executive Officer and President</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">July 31, 2026</font></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Joseph A. Berquist</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Principal Executive Officer and Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Thomas Coler</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Thomas Coler</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Mark A. Douglas</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director, Non-Executive Chair of the Board</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Mark A. Douglas</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Nandita Bakhshi</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Nandita Bakhshi</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Lucr&#232;ce Foufopoulos-De Ridder</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Lucr&#232;ce Foufopoulos-De Ridder</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Jeffry D. Frisby</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Jeffry D. Frisby</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Charlotte C. Henry</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Charlotte C. Henry</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Sanjay Hinduja</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Sanjay Hinduja</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; William H. Osborne</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">William H. Osborne</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Russell R. Shaller</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Russell R. Shaller</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Fay West</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Director</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">July 31, 2026</font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Fay West</font></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr></table></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">II-6</font></div></div></div></body></html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>exfilingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?>
<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2026 Workiva-->
<!--r:019fae68-cf36-753d-9fd7-e3ce4cb2c54e,g:80fd360a-e0a2-4ec5-a33e-9b761ee08b78,d:36f5ec04d07c47daa70999165dc1422f-->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:ixt-sec="http://www.sec.gov/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-08-31" xmlns:ix="http://www.xbrl.org/2013/inlineXBRL" xmlns:ixt="http://www.xbrl.org/inlineXBRL/transformation/2020-02-12" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en-US"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"/>


<title>exfilingfees</title></head><body><div style="display:none"><ix:header><ix:hidden><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="dei:EntityCentralIndexKey" id="f-16">0000081362</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" id="f-17">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="ffd:FormTp" id="f-18">S-3</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="ffd:SubmissnTp" id="f-19">S-3ASR</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="ffd:FeeExhibitTp" id="f-20">EX-FILING FEES</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="ffd:OffsetTableNa" id="f-21">N/A</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-2" name="ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa" id="f-22">N/A</ix:nonNumeric></ix:hidden><ix:references xml:lang="en-US"><link:schemaRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026/ffd-2026.xsd"/></ix:references><ix:resources><xbrli:unit id="shares"><xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure></xbrli:unit><xbrli:unit id="usd"><xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure></xbrli:unit><xbrli:context id="c-1"><xbrli:entity><xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000081362</xbrli:identifier><xbrli:segment><xbrldi:typedMember dimension="ffd:OfferingAxis"><dei:lineNo>1</dei:lineNo></xbrldi:typedMember></xbrli:segment></xbrli:entity><xbrli:period><xbrli:startDate>2026-07-31</xbrli:startDate><xbrli:endDate>2026-07-31</xbrli:endDate></xbrli:period></xbrli:context><xbrli:context id="c-2"><xbrli:entity><xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000081362</xbrli:identifier></xbrli:entity><xbrli:period><xbrli:startDate>2026-07-31</xbrli:startDate><xbrli:endDate>2026-07-31</xbrli:endDate></xbrli:period></xbrli:context></ix:resources></ix:header></div><div id="i36f5ec04d07c47daa70999165dc1422f_1"></div><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="text-align:right"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Exhibit 107</span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Filing Fee Table</span></div><div><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:10pt;text-align:center"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.432%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:0.921%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:5.150%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:5.791%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:7.233%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.432%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.432%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:9.957%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:3.226%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:7.393%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:5.791%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:7.393%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:5.951%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:7.398%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt;text-indent:-47.63pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Security Type</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Security Class Title</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Calculation or Carry Forward Rule</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Amount Registered</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Rate</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Amount of Registration Fee</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Carry Forward Form Type</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Carry Forward File Number</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Carry Forward Initial Effective Date</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="42" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Newly Registered Securities&#160;</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fees to be Paid</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fees Previously Paid</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr><td colspan="42" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Carry Forward Securities&#160;</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Carry Forward Securities</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">1</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:OfferingSctyTp" id="f-1">Equity</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:OfferingSctyTitl" id="f-2">Common Stock, $1.00 par value</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:Rule415a6Flg" format="ixt:fixed-true" id="f-3">415(a)(6)</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonFraction unitRef="shares" contextRef="c-1" decimals="0" name="ffd:AmtSctiesRegd" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-4">3,640,129</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8212;&#160;</span></td><td style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$<ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-1" decimals="2" name="ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-5">700,870,473.66</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 0 1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8212;&#160;</span></td><td style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 0;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:CfwdFormTp" id="f-6">S-3</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:CfwdPrrFileNb" id="f-7">333-273670</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:CfwdPrrFctvDt" format="ixt:date-month-day-year" id="f-8">8/3/2023</ix:nonNumeric></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$<ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-1" decimals="2" name="ffd:CfwdPrevslyPdFee" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-9">77,235.92</ix:nonFraction></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="9" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Total Offering Amounts:</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$<ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" name="ffd:TtlOfferingAmt" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-10">700,870,473.66</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$ <ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" name="ffd:TtlFeeAmt" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-11">0.00</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="9" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Total Fees Previously Paid:</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$ <ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" name="ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-12">0.00</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="9" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Total Fee Offsets:</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$ <ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" name="ffd:TtlOffsetAmt" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" scale="0" id="f-13">0.00</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="9" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Net Fee Due:</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="text-align:right"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">$ <ix:nonFraction unitRef="usd" contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" name="ffd:NetFeeAmt" format="ixt:num-dot-decimal" id="f-14">0.00</ix:nonFraction></span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:4.55pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;position:relative;top:-2.44pt;vertical-align:baseline">&#160;</span></div></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr></table></div><div><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9746; </span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Not Applicable</span></div><div style="margin-bottom:10pt;text-align:center"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:100.000%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:9.387%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.285%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.433%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:10.864%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.728%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:6.735%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Registrant or Filer Name</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Form or Filing Type</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">File Number</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Initial Filing \ Date</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Filing Date</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Offset Claimed</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="36" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Rules 457(b) and 0-11</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Offset Claims</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Offset Sources</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="36" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Rule 457(p)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Offset Claims</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffff;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Fee Offset Sources</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-right:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">N/A</span></td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:99.358%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.900%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.900%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.900%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.900%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.900%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr><tr style="height:15pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"/></tr></table></div><div><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Table 3: Combined Prospectuses&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Arial',sans-serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#9746; </span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Not Applicable</span></div><div style="height:36pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div><span><br/></span></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"/><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="text-align:right"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Exhibit 107</span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:10pt;text-align:center"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:97.275%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:8.619%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:9.443%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:16.527%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:18.010%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:13.232%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:13.232%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/><td style="width:1.0%"/><td style="width:13.237%"/><td style="width:0.1%"/></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Security Type</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Security Class Title</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Amount of Securities Previously Registered</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Maximum Aggregate <br/>Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Form Type</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">File Number</span></td><td colspan="3" style="border-top:3pt double #000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:7pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Initial Effective Date</span></td></tr><tr style="height:12pt"><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-left:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#cceeff;border-bottom:1pt solid #000;border-top:1pt solid #000;padding:0 1pt"/></tr></table></div><div><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Offering Note</span></div><div><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">________________</span></div><div style="padding-left:13.5pt;text-indent:-13.5pt"><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">(1)</span><span style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:8pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;padding-left:4.18pt"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="c-1" name="ffd:OfferingNote" id="f-15" escape="true">Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of common stock that become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction effected without receipt of consideration that increases the number of outstanding shares of common stock. (2) Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, this registration statement carries over 3,640,129 unsold shares of common stock (the "Unsold Securities") of the 4,029,563 shares of common stock previously covered by our registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-273670) (the &#8220;2023 Registration Statement&#8221;). Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, (i) the registration fee applicable to the Unsold Securities is being carried forward to this registration statement and will continue to be applied to the Unsold Securities, and (ii) the offering of unsold securities under the 2023 Registration Statement will be deemed terminated as of the date of effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-3 to which this exhibit relates.</ix:nonNumeric> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom:3pt;text-indent:4.5pt"><span><br/></span></div><div style="height:36pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div><span><br/></span></div></div></div></body></html>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>exhibit51-sx3gulfq2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
<TEXT>
<html><head>
<!-- Document created using Wdesk -->
<!-- Copyright 2026 Workiva -->
<title>Document</title></head><body><div id="i97fbdaa8541c4879831d7cd0625a2577_1"></div><div style="min-height:81pt;width:100%"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Exhibit 5.1</font></div><div><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:99.840%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:48.900%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:48.900%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0 1pt;vertical-align:bottom"><div><img alt="fdbrlogo.jpg" src="fdbrlogo.jpg" style="height:61px;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:116px"></div></td><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;faegredrinker.com<br></font></td></tr></table></div><div><font><br></font></div></div><div style="padding-left:288pt;text-align:right"><font><br></font></div><div style="padding-left:288pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:120%">Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP</font></div><div style="padding-left:301.5pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">One Logan Square, Suite 2000</font></div><div style="padding-left:301.5pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:112%">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103</font></div><div style="padding-left:301.5pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">+1 215 988 2700 main</font></div><div style="padding-left:301.5pt;text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">+1 215 988 2757 fax</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">July 31, 2026</font></div><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Quaker Chemical Corporation</font></div><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">901 E. Hector Street</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Ladies and Gentlemen&#58;  </font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">We have acted as counsel to Quaker Chemical Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Company</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), in connection with the filing of the Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Registration Statement</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Commission</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;) pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended, the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Securities Act</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), on or about the date hereof.</font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">The Registration Statement relates to the offer and sale by the securityholder named in the Registration Statement (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Selling Security Holder</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;) of up to 3,640,129 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $1.00 per share (&#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Common Stock</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), that are issued and outstanding and are currently held by the Selling Security Holder (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Shares</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;). The Shares were issued by the Company to the Selling Security Holder pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2017 (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Purchase Agreement</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), among the Company, Global Houghton Ltd., Gulf Houghton Lubricants, Ltd. and certain members of the management of Global Houghton Ltd., and 5,017 of such Shares are currently held in escrow to secure certain representations, warranties and covenants in the Purchase Agreement.  </font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">For purposes of this opinion letter, we have examined originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the Company&#8217;s amended and restated articles of incorporation (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">Articles of Incorporation</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), the Company&#8217;s amended and restated by-laws (the &#8220;</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%;text-decoration:underline">By-laws</font><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#8221;), certain resolutions of the Company&#8217;s board of directors, the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Statement.  We have also examined a certificate of the Secretary of the Company dated the date hereof (the &#8220;Certificate&#8221;) and originals, or copies certified or otherwise authenticated to our satisfaction, of such corporate records and other records, agreements, instruments, certificates of public officials and documents as we have deemed necessary as a basis for the opinions hereinafter expressed and have reviewed such matters of law as we have deemed relevant hereto. As to facts material to this opinion letter, we have relied upon certificates, statements or representations of public officials and of officers and representatives of the Company (including the Certificate) and of others, without any independent verification thereof.</font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">In our examination, we have assumed, without investigation, the following&#58; (a) the genuineness of signatures, including electronic signatures, appearing upon agreements, instruments, certifications, documents, and proceedings&#59; (b) that each document submitted to us for review is accurate and complete, each such document that is an original is authentic and each such document that is a copy conforms to an authentic original&#59; (c) the legal capacity of natural persons who are involved on behalf of the Company to enter into and perform the referenced instrument or agreement or to carry out their role in the transactions contemplated thereby&#59; (d) the truth, accuracy and completeness of the information, representations and warranties contained in the documents, instruments, certificates and records we have reviewed&#59; and (e) the absence of any undisclosed modifications to the agreements and instruments reviewed by us.</font></div><div><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Based upon and subject to the foregoing and to the other assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company and the Shares are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</font></div><div><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">We express no opinion concerning the laws of any jurisdiction other than the Business Corporation Law of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. </font></div><div><font><br></font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div><font><br></font></div></div></div><hr style="page-break-after:always"><div style="min-height:81pt;width:100%"><div><font><br></font></div></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">This opinion letter is rendered as of the date first written above, and we assume no responsibility for updating this opinion letter or the opinions set forth herein to take into account any event, action, interpretation or change in law occurring subsequent to the date hereof that may affect the validity of such opinions. This opinion letter is expressly limited to the matters set forth above, and we render no opinion, whether by implication or otherwise, as to any other matters relating to the Company or the Shares. </font></div><div><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:justify"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to being named in the Registration Statement under the caption &#8220;Legal Matters&#8221; with respect to the matters stated therein without implying or admitting that we are &#8220;experts&#8221; within the meaning of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder with respect to any part of the Registration Statement, including this exhibit.</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt"><font><br></font></div><div style="margin-bottom:9pt;text-align:right"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;margin-bottom:5pt;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:64.396%"><tr><td style="width:1.0%"></td><td style="width:98.900%"></td><td style="width:0.1%"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">Very truly yours,</font></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">&#47;s&#47; Faegre Drinker Biddle &#38; Reath LLP</font></td></tr><tr style="height:5pt"><td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1pt"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:1.5pt 1pt;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:11pt;font-weight:400;line-height:100%">FAEGRE DRINKER BIDDLE &#38; REATH LLP</font></td></tr></table></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div><font><br></font></div></div></div></body></html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>exhibit231-sx3gulfq2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-23.1
<TEXT>
<html><head>
<!-- Document created using Wdesk -->
<!-- Copyright 2026 Workiva -->
<title>Document</title></head><body><div id="i53248b11687c443a88e9fba1a7a0c3d8_1"></div><div style="min-height:72pt;width:100%"><div style="text-align:right"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:700;line-height:100%">Exhibit 23.1</font></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt;text-align:center"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%;text-decoration:underline">CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM</font></div><div style="margin-bottom:6pt"><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form S-3 of Quaker Chemical Corporation of our report dated February 23, 2026, relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Quaker Chemical Corporation&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading &#8220;Experts&#8221; in such Registration Statement.</font></div><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">&#47;s&#47; PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP</font></div><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</font></div><div><font style="color:#000000;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:10pt;font-weight:400;line-height:120%">July 31, 2026</font></div><div style="height:72pt;position:relative;width:100%"><div style="bottom:0;position:absolute;width:100%"><div><font><br></font></div></div></div></body></html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>fdbrlogo.jpg
<TEXT>
begin 644 fdbrlogo.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  ," @," @,# P,$ P,$!0@%!00$
M!0H'!P8(# H,# L*"PL-#A(0#0X1#@L+$!80$1,4%145# \7&!84&!(4%13_
MVP!# 0,$! 4$!0D%!0D4#0L-%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04
M%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!04%!3_P  1"  ] '0# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
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M'_$J\\<_LLZ=X=^(6B?&_5OBGX>_MNTTK7-%UQ[>YCDCG?9OADC&8G!Z#_\
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M#K7JWP)_;)T?X:_"3PU\/O$G@KQI;?$?P_8Q:.WARWT.:5[J:)=B&*4#9M?
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BZ1I*@[E7YN9F!Y.0 2,G=QCZT50,<8I:*T/:"BBB@#__V0$!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.26.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Submission<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jul. 31, 2026</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems', window );"><strong>Submission [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000081362<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FormTp', window );">Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3ASR<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:feeExhibitTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.26.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Offerings - Offering: 1<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Jul. 31, 2026 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>shares</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_Rule415a6Flg', window );">Rule 415(a)(6)</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $1.00 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,640,129<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 700,870,473.66<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CfwdFormTp', window );">Carry Forward Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb', window );">Carry Forward File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">333-273670<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt', window );">Carry Forward Initial Effective Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Aug.  03,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee', window );">Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 77,235.92<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of common stock that become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction effected without receipt of consideration that increases the number of outstanding shares of common stock. (2) Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, this registration statement carries over 3,640,129 unsold shares of common stock (the "Unsold Securities") of the 4,029,563 shares of common stock previously covered by our registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-273670) (the &#8220;2023 Registration Statement&#8221;). Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, (i) the registration fee applicable to the Unsold Securities is being carried forward to this registration statement and will continue to be applied to the Unsold Securities, and (ii) the offering of unsold securities under the 2023 Registration Statement will be deemed terminated as of the date of effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-3 to which this exhibit relates.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of securities being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_AmtSctiesRegd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CfwdFormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Form Type of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., "Form S-3" in the human-readable and "S-3ASR" in the XBRL).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 415<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CfwdFormTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:formTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The fee previously paid in connection with the securities being brought forward from the prior shelf registration statement on which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 415<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The initial effective date of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 415<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The EDGAR File Number of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). If the prior registration statement has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 415<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingNote">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingNote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTitl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Type of securities: "Asset-backed Securities", "ADRs/ADSs", "Debt", "Debt Convertible into Equity", "Equity", "Face Amount Certificates", "Limited Partnership Interests", "Mortgage Backed Securities", "Non-Convertible Debt", "Unallocated (Universal) Shelf", "Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities", "Other"</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_Rule415a6Flg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming a 415(a)(6) carryforward.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 415<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_Rule415a6Flg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>R3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.26.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Jul. 31, 2026 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt', window );">Total Offering</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 700,870,473.66<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt', window );">Previously Paid Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt', window );">Total Fee Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt', window );">Total Offset Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt', window );">Net Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa', window );">Offset Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa', window );">Combined Prospectus Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NetFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OffsetTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOfferingAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOffsetAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>report.css
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
/* Updated 2009-11-04 */
/* v2.2.0.24 */

/* DefRef Styles */
.report table.authRefData{
	background-color: #def;
	border: 2px solid #2F4497;
	font-size: 1em;
	position: absolute;
}

.report table.authRefData a {
	display: block;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report table.authRefData p {
	margin-top: 0px;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide {
	background-color: #2F4497;
	padding: 1px 3px 0px 0px;
	text-align: right;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide a:hover {
	background-color: #2F4497;
}

.report table.authRefData .body {
	height: 150px;
	overflow: auto;
	width: 400px;
}

.report table.authRefData table{
	font-size: 1em;
}

/* Report Styles */
.pl a, .pl a:visited {
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* table */
.report {
	background-color: white;
	border: 2px solid #acf;
	clear: both;
	color: black;
	font: normal 8pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	margin-bottom: 2em;
}

.report hr {
	border: 1px solid #acf;
}

/* Top labels */
.report th {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

.report th.void	{
	background-color: transparent;
	color: #000000;
	font: bold 10pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	text-align: left;
}

.report .pl {
	text-align: left;
	vertical-align: top;
	white-space: normal;
	width: 200px;
	white-space: normal; /* word-wrap: break-word; */
}

.report td.pl a.a {
	cursor: pointer;
	display: block;
	width: 200px;
	overflow: hidden;
}

.report td.pl div.a {
	width: 200px;
}

.report td.pl a:hover {
	background-color: #ffc;
}

/* Header rows... */
.report tr.rh {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
}

/* Calendars... */
.report .rc {
	background-color: #f0f0f0;
}

/* Even rows... */
.report .re, .report .reu {
	background-color: #def;
}

.report .reu td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

/* Odd rows... */
.report .ro, .report .rou {
	background-color: white;
}

.report .rou td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

.report .rou table td, .report .reu table td {
	border-bottom: 0px solid black;
}

/* styles for footnote marker */
.report .fn {
	white-space: nowrap;
}

/* styles for numeric types */
.report .num, .report .nump {
	text-align: right;
	white-space: nowrap;
}

.report .nump {
	padding-left: 2em;
}

.report .nump {
	padding: 0px 0.4em 0px 2em;
}

/* styles for text types */
.report .text {
	text-align: left;
	white-space: normal;
}

.report .text .big {
	margin-bottom: 1em;
	width: 17em;
}

.report .text .more {
	display: none;
}

.report .text .note {
	font-style: italic;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report .text .small {
	width: 10em;
}

.report sup {
	font-style: italic;
}

.report .outerFootnotes {
	font-size: 1em;
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>Show.js
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
// Edgar(tm) Renderer was created by staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.  Data and content created by government employees within the scope of their employment are not subject to domestic copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. 105.
var Show={};Show.LastAR=null,Show.showAR=function(a,r,w){if(Show.LastAR)Show.hideAR();var e=a;while(e&&e.nodeName!='TABLE')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e||e.nodeName!='TABLE'){var ref=((window)?w.document:document).getElementById(r);if(ref){e=ref.cloneNode(!0);
e.removeAttribute('id');a.parentNode.appendChild(e)}}
if(e)e.style.display='block';Show.LastAR=e};Show.hideAR=function(){Show.LastAR.style.display='none'};Show.toggleNext=function(a){var e=a;while(e.nodeName!='DIV')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e.style){}else if(!e.style.display){}else{var d,p_;if(e.style.display=='none'){d='block';p='-'}else{d='none';p='+'}
e.style.display=d;if(a.textContent){a.textContent=p+a.textContent.substring(1)}else{a.innerText=p+a.innerText.substring(1)}}}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>13
<FILENAME>FilingSummary.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<FilingSummary>
  <Version>3.26.1</Version>
  <ProcessingTime/>
  <ReportFormat>html</ReportFormat>
  <ContextCount>2</ContextCount>
  <ElementCount>22</ElementCount>
  <EntityCount>1</EntityCount>
  <FootnotesReported>false</FootnotesReported>
  <SegmentCount>1</SegmentCount>
  <ScenarioCount>0</ScenarioCount>
  <TuplesReported>false</TuplesReported>
  <UnitCount>2</UnitCount>
  <MyReports>
    <Report instance="exfilingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R1.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995210 - Document - Submission</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Submission</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>1</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report instance="exfilingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R2.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995211 - Document - Offerings</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Offerings</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>2</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report instance="exfilingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R3.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995215 - Document - Fees Summary</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Fees Summary</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>3</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report>
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <LongName>All Reports</LongName>
      <ReportType>Book</ReportType>
      <ShortName>All Reports</ShortName>
    </Report>
  </MyReports>
  <InputFiles>
    <File doctype="EX-FILING FEES" original="exfilingfees.htm">exfilingfees.htm</File>
  </InputFiles>
  <SupplementalFiles/>
  <BaseTaxonomies>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="2">http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026</BaseTaxonomy>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="20">http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026</BaseTaxonomy>
  </BaseTaxonomies>
  <HasPresentationLinkbase>false</HasPresentationLinkbase>
  <HasCalculationLinkbase>false</HasCalculationLinkbase>
</FilingSummary>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>JSON
<SEQUENCE>15
<FILENAME>MetaLinks.json
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
{
 "version": "2.2",
 "instance": {
  "exfilingfees.htm": {
   "dts": {
    "inline": {
     "local": [
      "exfilingfees.htm"
     ]
    },
    "schema": {
     "remote": [
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xl-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xlink-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/arcrole/deprecated-2009-12-16.xsd",
      "https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026/dei-2026.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026/ffd-2026.xsd"
     ]
    }
   },
   "keyStandard": 22,
   "keyCustom": 0,
   "axisStandard": 1,
   "axisCustom": 0,
   "memberStandard": 1,
   "memberCustom": 0,
   "hidden": {
    "total": 7,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026": 5,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026": 2
   },
   "contextCount": 2,
   "entityCount": 1,
   "segmentCount": 1,
   "elementCount": 107,
   "unitCount": 2,
   "baseTaxonomies": {
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026": 20,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026": 2
   },
   "report": {
    "R1": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable",
     "longName": "995210 - Document - Submission",
     "shortName": "Submission",
     "isDefault": "true",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "1",
     "firstAnchor": null,
     "uniqueAnchor": null
    },
    "R2": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
     "longName": "995211 - Document - Offerings",
     "shortName": "Offerings",
     "isDefault": "false",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "2",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c-1",
      "name": "ffd:Rule415a6Flg",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "span",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c-1",
      "name": "ffd:Rule415a6Flg",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "span",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    },
    "R3": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable",
     "longName": "995215 - Document - Fees Summary",
     "shortName": "Fees Summary",
     "isDefault": "false",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "3",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c-2",
      "name": "ffd:TtlOfferingAmt",
      "unitRef": "usd",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": "2",
      "ancestors": [
       "span",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "c-2",
      "name": "ffd:TtlOfferingAmt",
      "unitRef": "usd",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": "2",
      "ancestors": [
       "span",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "exfilingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    }
   },
   "tag": {
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Prior Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, Prior FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtSalesPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AggtSalesPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Sales Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Sales Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtRedCdts": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AmtRedCdts",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Redemption Credits",
        "terseLabel": "Redemption Credits"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRegd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRegd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Registered",
        "terseLabel": "Amount Registered",
        "documentation": "The amount of securities being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CeasedOprsDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CeasedOprsDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Ceased Operations Date",
        "terseLabel": "Ceased Operations Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CfwdFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CfwdFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CfwdPrevslyPdFee",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Previously Paid Fee",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid in connection with the securities being brought forward from the prior shelf registration statement on which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Prior Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The initial effective date of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). If the prior registration statement has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsItemAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsItemAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Item [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different references to earlier prospectuses on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CombinedProspectusTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CshPdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CshPdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Paid by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Paid",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration paid by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Received by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration received by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityCentralIndexKey": {
     "xbrltype": "centralIndexKeyItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026",
     "localname": "EntityCentralIndexKey",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Central Index Key",
        "terseLabel": "Central Index Key",
        "documentation": "A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityRegistrantName": {
     "xbrltype": "normalizedStringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026",
     "localname": "EntityRegistrantName",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Registrant Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant Name",
        "documentation": "The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Registration Fee",
        "documentation": "Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeExhibitTp": {
     "xbrltype": "feeExhibitTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeExhibitTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Exhibit Type",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Exhibit Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_FeeIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note MAOP"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeRate": {
     "xbrltype": "percentItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeeRate",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Rate",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Rate",
        "documentation": "The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeesOthrRuleFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees, Other Rule [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Other Rule",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a rule other than 457(a), 457(o), or 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FeesSummaryLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees Summary [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Fees Summary:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FnlPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Final Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Final Prospectus"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "FormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_GnlInstrIIhiFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "GnlInstrIIhiFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "General Instruction II.H,I [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "General Instruction II.H,I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrCity": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrCity",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, City",
        "terseLabel": "City"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stateOrCountryCodeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, State or Country Code",
        "terseLabel": "State or Country Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt1": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt1",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 1",
        "terseLabel": "Street 1"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt2": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt2",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 2",
        "terseLabel": "Street 2"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrZipCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrZipCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Zip Code",
        "terseLabel": "Zip Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrNm": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "IssrNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Issuer Name"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "MaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "MaxOfferingPricPerScty",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Offering Price per Security",
        "terseLabel": "Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit",
        "documentation": "The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "monetaryItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "NetFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Fee"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetSalesAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "NetSalesAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Sales Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Sales"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvDsclsr": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "NrrtvDsclsr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative Disclosure"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different security offerings on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OfferingTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OffsetAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different offsets as applied to a fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmInitlFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetClmInitlFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claim Initial Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The initial filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid for a claimed offset. If the offset fee was paid with an amendment, do not provide the amendment date under this element; instead, provide the date of the initial filing (i.e. the \"parent\" filing) ."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The amount of offsetting fees being claimed."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdInd": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdInd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Indicator",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Claimed"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Explanation for Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Explanation for Claimed Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset:",
        "label": "Offset [Line Items]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid from which an offset is being derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid. If the offset filing for the offset has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFilerNm": {
     "xbrltype": "filerNameItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFilerNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Filer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant or Filer Name",
        "documentation": "The name of the registrant that filed the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form or Filing Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the offset filing."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal8ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Number of Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The number of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities from which offset fees were derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetSrcFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetSrcFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Source Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid in an offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset Payment:",
        "label": "Offset [Table]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "OffsetTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_PrevslyPdFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "PrevslyPdFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Previously Paid [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Previously Paid"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RegnFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "RegnFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Registration File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Registration File Number"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RptgFsclYrEndDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "RptgFsclYrEndDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Reporting Fiscal Year End Date",
        "terseLabel": "Reporting FY End Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule011Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 0-11 [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011a2OffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule011a2OffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset",
        "label": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset [Flag]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule415a6Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule415a6Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 415(a)(6) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 415(a)(6)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming a 415(a)(6) carryforward."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429AggtOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429AggtOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429. Only applicable if 457(o) was used in the fee calculation for the prior registration statement."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Combined Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 429",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a combined prospectus under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The Securities Act File Number of the earlier effective registration statement(s) from which securities may be offered and sold using the combined prospectus pursuant to Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429. This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429InitlFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429InitlFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Initial Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Number Of Unsold Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The number of securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429PrspctsNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429PrspctsNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Prospectus Note",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457aFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457aFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(a) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(a)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(a) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r4"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457bOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457bOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(b) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(b) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(b) or 0-11(a)(2)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457fFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457fFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(f) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(f)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457oFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457oFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(o) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(o)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(o) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r7"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457pOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457pOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(p) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(p) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(p)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457rFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457rFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(r) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(r)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r9"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457sFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457sFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(s) Flag",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(s)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r10"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457uFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Rule457uFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(u) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(u)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(u) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r11"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Scties424iAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Scties424iLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Scties424iTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Securities424iTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "Securities424iNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities 424I [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities 424I N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissionLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "SubmissionLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Items"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissnTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "SubmissnTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission Type",
        "terseLabel": "Submission Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TermntnCmpltnWdrwl": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TermntnCmpltnWdrwl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Termination / Completion / Withdrawal Statement",
        "terseLabel": "Termination / Withdrawal Statement"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee and Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee and Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offering"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOffsetAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlOffsetAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offset Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offset Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlPrevslyPdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Previously Paid Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Previously Paid Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlTxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TtlTxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Total Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "TxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Value of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvdPerShr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvdPerShr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "documentation": "Value per share of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form). This is included in the explanation of 457(f) fee calculation."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    }
   }
  }
 },
 "std_ref": {
  "r0": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "b-2"
  },
  "r1": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230"
  },
  "r2": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "415",
   "Subsection": "a"
  },
  "r3": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "429"
  },
  "r4": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457"
  },
  "r5": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "b"
  },
  "r6": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "f"
  },
  "r7": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "o"
  },
  "r8": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "p"
  },
  "r9": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "r"
  },
  "r10": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "s"
  },
  "r11": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "u"
  },
  "r12": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Subsection": "f",
   "Section": "457"
  }
 }
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>ZIP
<SEQUENCE>16
<FILENAME>0001628280-26-051263-xbrl.zip
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
begin 644 0001628280-26-051263-xbrl.zip
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M^Y::_E:@<=\,SA/CM.CMH4T8GRW@4=.,ANA[>J$GN%<@Z:+%ZT.-^1M#\U'
M!\'T7M"Z@DCBXB'?=8E'1&G?CN)DQ.\K8A%*/PXV; 03A,2(#<A" GE7!-9&
MT[(J""<(&$$U#YWP>LIB1>6T LUI@N+L0B1Q\VG"P"E"*YA# ^S["/M)!#T
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MUZO=R)O _P8L\-O_!U!+ 0(4 Q0    ( .1H_US9X@N0A \  );C   0
M          "  0    !E>&9I;&EN9V9E97,N:'1M4$L%!@     !  $ /@
' +(/      $!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>17
<FILENAME>exfilingfees_htm.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xml:lang="en-US"
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2026"
  xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026"
  xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
    <link:schemaRef
      xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2026/ffd-2026.xsd"
      xlink:type="simple"/>
    <context id="c-1">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000081362</identifier>
            <segment>
                <xbrldi:typedMember dimension="ffd:OfferingAxis">
                    <dei:lineNo>1</dei:lineNo>
                </xbrldi:typedMember>
            </segment>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2026-07-31</startDate>
            <endDate>2026-07-31</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <context id="c-2">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000081362</identifier>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2026-07-31</startDate>
            <endDate>2026-07-31</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <unit id="shares">
        <measure>shares</measure>
    </unit>
    <unit id="usd">
        <measure>iso4217:USD</measure>
    </unit>
    <dei:EntityCentralIndexKey contextRef="c-2" id="f-16">0000081362</dei:EntityCentralIndexKey>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName contextRef="c-2" id="f-17">QUAKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <ffd:FormTp contextRef="c-2" id="f-18">S-3</ffd:FormTp>
    <ffd:SubmissnTp contextRef="c-2" id="f-19">S-3ASR</ffd:SubmissnTp>
    <ffd:FeeExhibitTp contextRef="c-2" id="f-20">EX-FILING FEES</ffd:FeeExhibitTp>
    <ffd:OffsetTableNa contextRef="c-2" id="f-21">N/A</ffd:OffsetTableNa>
    <ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa contextRef="c-2" id="f-22">N/A</ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa>
    <ffd:OfferingSctyTp contextRef="c-1" id="f-1">Equity</ffd:OfferingSctyTp>
    <ffd:OfferingSctyTitl contextRef="c-1" id="f-2">Common Stock, $1.00 par value</ffd:OfferingSctyTitl>
    <ffd:Rule415a6Flg contextRef="c-1" id="f-3">true</ffd:Rule415a6Flg>
    <ffd:AmtSctiesRegd contextRef="c-1" decimals="0" id="f-4" unitRef="shares">3640129</ffd:AmtSctiesRegd>
    <ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric contextRef="c-1" decimals="2" id="f-5" unitRef="usd">700870473.66</ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric>
    <ffd:CfwdFormTp contextRef="c-1" id="f-6">S-3</ffd:CfwdFormTp>
    <ffd:CfwdPrrFileNb contextRef="c-1" id="f-7">333-273670</ffd:CfwdPrrFileNb>
    <ffd:CfwdPrrFctvDt contextRef="c-1" id="f-8">2023-08-03</ffd:CfwdPrrFctvDt>
    <ffd:CfwdPrevslyPdFee contextRef="c-1" decimals="2" id="f-9" unitRef="usd">77235.92</ffd:CfwdPrevslyPdFee>
    <ffd:TtlOfferingAmt contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" id="f-10" unitRef="usd">700870473.66</ffd:TtlOfferingAmt>
    <ffd:TtlFeeAmt contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" id="f-11" unitRef="usd">0</ffd:TtlFeeAmt>
    <ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" id="f-12" unitRef="usd">0</ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt>
    <ffd:TtlOffsetAmt contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" id="f-13" unitRef="usd">0</ffd:TtlOffsetAmt>
    <ffd:NetFeeAmt contextRef="c-2" decimals="2" id="f-14" unitRef="usd">0</ffd:NetFeeAmt>
    <ffd:OfferingNote contextRef="c-1" id="f-15">Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), this registration statement shall also cover any additional shares of common stock that become issuable by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction effected without receipt of consideration that increases the number of outstanding shares of common stock. (2) Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, this registration statement carries over 3,640,129 unsold shares of common stock (the "Unsold Securities") of the 4,029,563 shares of common stock previously covered by our registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-273670) (the &#x201c;2023 Registration Statement&#x201d;). Pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act, (i) the registration fee applicable to the Unsold Securities is being carried forward to this registration statement and will continue to be applied to the Unsold Securities, and (ii) the offering of unsold securities under the 2023 Registration Statement will be deemed terminated as of the date of effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-3 to which this exhibit relates.</ffd:OfferingNote>
</xbrl>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
