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Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

 
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2016
 
Cost of revenues
 
$
237
 
 
$
187
 
 
$
95
 
Selling, general and administrative
 
 
2,517
 
 
 
1,125
 
 
 
412
 
Research and development
 
 
642
 
 
 
423
 
 
 
(1
)
Total stock-based compensation
 
$
3,396
 
 
$
1,735
 
 
$
506
 
Summary of Compensation Expense by Type of Award
Compensation expense by type of award for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands):

 
 
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2016
 
Stock options
 
$
2,649
 
 
$
1,546
 
 
$
506
 
ESPP
 
 
747
 
 
 
189
 
 
 
 
Total stock-based compensation
 
$
3,396
 
 
$
1,735
 
 
$
506
 
Weighted-Average Assumptions for Non Performance-Based Fair Value for Stock Options
The fair value for non performance-based stock options awarded for the years shown below was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

 
 
Vicor:
 
 
2018
 
 
 
2017
 
 
 
2016
 
Risk-free interest rate
 
 
2.9
%
 
 
2.1
%
 
 
1.5
%
Expected dividend yield
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expected volatility
 
 
44
%
 
 
43
%
 
 
45
%
Expected lives (years)
 
 
6.4
 
 
 
7.1
 
 
 
7.2
 
 
 
VI Chip:
 
2018
 
 
2017
 
 
2016
 
Risk-free interest rate
 
 
N/A
 
 
 
1.9
%
 
 
1.7
%
Expected dividend yield
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expected volatility
 
 
N/A
 
 
 
32
%
 
 
34
%
Expected lives (years)
 
 
N/A
 
 
 
6.5
 
 
 
6.5
 
2000 Plan, Vicor [Member]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
A summary of the activity under the 2000 Plan as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the year then ended, 
is presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data):

 
 
 
Options
Outstanding
 
 
Weighted-

Average
Exercise
Price
 
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in
Years
 
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 
Outstanding on December 31, 2017
 
 
1,365,917
 
 
$
9.63
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Granted
 
 
684,077
 
 
$
18.40
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forfeited and expired
 
 
(25,923
)
 
$
16.08
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
 
(641,090
)
 
$
10.58
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding on December 31, 2018
 
 
1,382,981
 
 
$
13.41
 
 
 
5.40
 
 
$
34,329
 
Exercisable on December 31, 2018
 
 
888,257
 
 
$
8.93
 
 
 
4.46
 
 
$
25,635
 
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2018 (1)
 
 
1,345,938
 
 
$
13.07
 
 
 
5.34
 
 
$
33,820
 
 
 
 
(1)
In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. The number of options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options.
Picor Plan [Member]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
A summary of the activity under the 2001 Picor Plan as of May 30, 2018, the date of the merger with and into Vicor, and changes during 
the period then ended, is presented below:

 
 
 
Options
Outstanding
 
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Outstanding on December 31, 2017
 
 
10,065,987
 
 
$
0.62
 
Granted
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forfeited and expired
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Options transferred in merger with Vicor
 
 
(10,065,987
)
 
$
1.91
 
Outstanding on May 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vi Chip Plan [Member]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
A summary of the activity under the 2007 VI Chip Plan as of December 31, 2018 and changes during the year then ended, is 
presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data):

 
 
 
Options
Outstanding
 
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
 
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in
Years
 
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 
Outstanding on December 31, 2017
 
 
13,092,250
 
 
$
0.97
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Granted
 
 
 
 
$
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forfeited and expired
 
 
(2,678,250
)
 
$
1.00
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
 
 
 
$
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding on December 31, 2018 (1)
 
 
10,414,000
 
 
$
0.96
 
 
 
5.39
 
 
$
 
Exercisable on December 31, 2018
 
 
2,743,400
 
 
$
0.97
 
 
 
5.04
 
 
$
 
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2018 (2)
 
 
9,853,685
 
 
$
0.96
 
 
 
5.38
 
 
$
 
 
 
(1)
Of the total VI Chip options outstanding on December 31, 2018, 5,500,000 options had been granted to Dr. Vinciarelli, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.
 
 
(2)
In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. Options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options.