Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of Customers have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present a fair statement of the financial position and the results of operations and cash flows of Customers for the interim periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements have been omitted from these interim unaudited consolidated financial statements as permitted by SEC rules and regulations. On November 13, 2018, Customers Bancorp filed with the SEC a report on Form 8-K advising that its 2017, 2016, and 2015 audited consolidated financial statements and its interim unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 and the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, should no longer be relied upon because of incorrect classifications of the cash flows used in and provided by its commercial mortgage warehouse lending activities between operating and investing activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows because the related loan balances were incorrectly classified as held for sale instead of held for investment (i.e., loans receivable) on its consolidated balance sheets. These misclassifications have no impact on total cash balances, total loans, total assets, the allowance for loan losses, total capital, regulatory capital ratios, net interest income, net interest margin, net income to shareholders, basic or diluted earnings per share, return on average assets, return on average equity, the efficiency ratio, asset quality ratios or other key performance metrics, including non-GAAP performance metrics, that Customers routinely discusses with analysts and investors. The December 31, 2017 consolidated balance sheet presented in this report has been derived from Customers' audited 2017 consolidated financial statements included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on November 30, 2018 (the "2017 Form 10-K/A"). Because of a fair value option election that Customers made on July 1, 2012 that continues today, these loans are, and will continue to be, reported at their fair value and accordingly do not have an allowance for loan losses. Management believes that the disclosures are adequate to present fairly the consolidated financial statements as of the dates and for the periods presented. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the 2017 consolidated financial statements of Customers included in the 2017 Form 10-K/A. The 2017 Form 10-K/A describes Customers Bancorp’s significant accounting policies, which include its policies on Principles of Consolidation; Cash and Cash Equivalents and Statements of Cash Flows; Restrictions on Cash and Amounts due from Banks; Business Combinations; Investment Securities; Loan Accounting Framework; Loans Held for Sale and Loans at Fair Value; Loans Receivable, Mortgage Warehouse, at Fair Value; Loans Receivable; Purchased Loans; Allowance for Loan Losses; Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets; Investments in FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and Other Restricted Stock; Other Real Estate Owned; Bank-Owned Life Insurance; Bank Premises and Equipment; Operating Leases; Treasury Stock; Income Taxes; Share-Based Compensation; Transfer of Financial Assets; Business Segments; Derivative Instruments and Hedging; Comprehensive Income (Loss); Earnings per Share; and Loss Contingencies. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those that may be expected for the fiscal year or any other period.

Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements

In November 2018, Customers determined that the cash flow activities associated with its commercial mortgage warehouse lending activities should have been reported as investing activities in its consolidated statements of cash flows because the related loan balances should have been classified as held for investment (i.e., loans receivable). Customers changed its accounting policies such that commercial mortgage warehouse loans are classified as held for investment and presented as "Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value" on its consolidated balance sheets. The cash flow activities associated with these commercial mortgage warehouse lending activities are reported as investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Accordingly, Customers has restated the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2018 and statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 herein.

The following tables set forth the effects of the correction on the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2018 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.



	June 30, 2018
Consolidated Balance Sheet	As Previously Reported		Adjustments			As Restated
(amounts in thousands)
Loans held for sale	$	1,931,781	$	(1,930,738	)	$	1,043
Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value	—		1,930,738			1,930,738
Total loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses	$	7,143,438	$	1,930,738		$	9,074,176



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018									2017
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	As Previously Reported			Adjustments			As Restated			As Previously Reported			Adjustments			As Restated
(amounts in thousands)
Origination of loans held for sale	$	(14,272,175	)	$	14,260,621		$	(11,554	)	$	(14,714,280	)	$	14,693,838		$	(20,442	)
Proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale	14,135,931			(14,123,291		)	12,640			14,727,734			(14,709,013		)	18,721
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities	(71,859		)	137,330			65,471			27,508			(15,175		)	12,333
Origination of mortgage warehouse loans	—			(14,260,621		)	(14,260,621		)	—			(14,693,838		)	(14,693,838		)
Proceeds from repayments of mortgage warehouse loans	—			14,123,291			14,123,291			—			14,709,013			14,709,013
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	$	(1,041,861	)	$	(137,330	)	$	(1,179,191	)	$	(1,338,066	)	$	15,175		$	(1,322,891	)

In addition to the restatement of Customers' consolidated balance sheet and statements of cash flows summarized above, the following notes to the consolidated financial statements have been restated to reflect the corrected classification of Customers' commercial warehouse lending activities:


•	NOTE 7 - LOANS HELD FOR SALE;


•	NOTE 8 - LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES; and


•	NOTE 10 - DISCLOSURES ABOUT FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS.

In addition, the comparative balances reported throughout Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in Item 2 in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A, have been restated to present the corrected classification of Customers' commercial mortgage warehouse lending activities.

Reclassifications

As described in NOTE 2 - SPIN-OFF AND MERGER, beginning in third quarter 2017, Customers reclassified BankMobile, a segment previously classified as held for sale, to held and used as it no longer met the held-for-sale criteria. Certain prior period amounts and note disclosures (including NOTE 4, NOTE 8 and NOTE 10) have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. Except for these reclassifications, there have been no material changes to Customers' significant accounting policies as disclosed in Customers' 2017 Form 10-K/A.

Presented below are recently issued accounting standards that Customers has adopted as well as those that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued but are not yet effective or that Customers has not yet adopted.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2018



Standard	Summary of guidance	Effects on Financial Statements
ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10) Issued February 2018	Ÿ Clarifies certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01 including: the ability to irrevocably elect to change the measurement approach for equity securities measured using the practical expedient (at cost plus or minus observable transactions less impairment) to a fair value method in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Ÿ Provides clarification that if an observable transaction occurs for such securities, the adjustment is as of the observable transaction date. Ÿ Effective July 1, 2018 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted.	Ÿ Customers adopted on July 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact as Customers currently does not have any significant equity securities without readily determinable fair values.

ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) ("AOCI") Issued February 2018	Ÿ Allows for reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act. Ÿ Requires an entity to disclose whether it has elected to reclassify stranded tax effects from AOCI to retained earnings and its policy for releasing income tax effects from AOCI. Ÿ Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted.	Ÿ Customers early adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption resulted in the reclassification of $0.3 million in stranded tax effects in Customers' AOCI related to net unrealized losses on its available-for-sale debt securities and cash flow hedges. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities Issued August 2017	Ÿ Aligns the entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships. Ÿ Amends the existing hedge accounting model and expands an entity's ability to hedge nonfinancial and financial risk components and reduce complexity in fair value hedges of interest-rate risk. Ÿ Eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and generally requires the entire change in the fair value of a hedging instrument to be presented in the same income statement line item as the hedge item. Ÿ Changes certain documentation and assessment requirements and modifies the accounting for components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. Ÿ Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted.	Ÿ Customers early adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ With the early adoption, Customers is able to pursue additional hedging strategies including the ability to apply fair value hedge accounting to a specified pool of assets by excluding the portion of the hedged items related to prepayments, defaults and other events. Ÿ These additional hedging strategies will allow Customers to better align the accounting and financial reporting of its hedging activities with the economic objectives thereby reducing the earnings volatility resulting from these hedging activities. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements. Customers has updated its disclosures in NOTE 11 - DERIVATIVES INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES as a result of early adopting this ASU.

ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting Issued May 2017	Ÿ Clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based-payment award as a modification in ASC 718. Ÿ Provides that modification accounting is only required if the fair value, vesting conditions, or the classification of the award as equity or a liability changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis for awards modified on or after the adoption date.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2017-05, Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets Issued February 2017	Ÿ Clarifies the scope and application of the accounting guidance on the sale of nonfinancial assets to non-customers, including partial sales. Ÿ Clarifies that if substantially all of the fair value of the assets that are promised to the counterparty in a contract is concentrated in nonfinancial assets, then all of the financial assets promised to the counterparty are in substance nonfinancial assets within the scope of Subtopic 610-20. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2018 (continued)



Standard	Summary of guidance	Effects on Financial Statements
ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business Issued January 2017	Ÿ Narrows the definition of a business and clarifies that to be considered a business, the fair value of gross assets acquired (or disposed of) should not be concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. Ÿ Also clarifies that in order to be considered a business, an acquisition would have to include an input and a substantive process that together will significantly contribute to the ability to create an output. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash Issued November 2016	Ÿ Requires inclusion of restricted cash in cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 and requires retrospective application to all periods presented.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption did not result in any significant impact on Customers' consolidated financial statements, including its consolidated statement of cash flows, and therefore did not result in a retrospective application.

ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory Issued October 2016	Ÿ Requires an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Ÿ Eliminates the current exception for all intra-entity transfers of an asset other than inventory that requires deferral of the tax effects until the asset is sold to a third party or otherwise recovered through use. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption of the ASU did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flow: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments Issued August 2016	Ÿ Aims to reduce the existing diversity in practice with regards to the classification of the following specific items in the statement of cash flows: 1. Cash payments for debt prepayment or extinguishment costs will be classified as an operating activity, while the portion of the payment attributable to principal will be classified as a financing activity. 2. Cash paid by an acquirer soon after a business combination for the settlement of a contingent consideration liability recognized at the acquisition date will be classified in investing activities. 3. Cash proceeds received from the settlement of insurance claims will be classified on the basis of the related insurance coverage (i.e., the nature of the loss). 4. Cash proceeds received from the settlement of bank-owned life insurance policies will be classified as cash inflows from investing activities. 5. A transferor's beneficial interest obtained in a securitization of financial assets will be disclosed as a non-cash activity, and cash received from beneficial interests will be classified in investing activities. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 and requires retrospective application to all periods presented.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption did not result in any significant impact on Customers' consolidated financial statements, including its consolidated statement of cash flows, and therefore it did not result in a retrospective application.

ASU 2016-04, Liabilities - Extinguishment of Liabilities: Recognition of Breakage for Certain Prepaid Stored-Value Products Issued March 2016	Ÿ Requires issuers of prepaid stored-value products (such as gift cards, telecommunication cards, and traveler's checks), to derecognize the financial liability related to those products for breakage. Breakage is the value of prepaid stored-value products that is not redeemed by consumers for goods, services or cash. Ÿ The amendments in this ASU provide a narrow scope exception to the guidance in Subtopic 405-20 to require that breakage be accounted for consistent with the breakage guidance in Topic 606. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018. Ÿ The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2018 (continued)



Standard	Summary of guidance	Effects on Financial Statements
ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Issued January 2016	Ÿ Requires equity investments with certain exceptions, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Ÿ Simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. Ÿ Eliminates the requirement for public entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet. Ÿ Requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. Ÿ Requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the change in fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. Ÿ Requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes to the financial statements. Ÿ Clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities. Ÿ Effective January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis.	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018 using a modified retrospective approach. Ÿ The adoption of this ASU resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment that resulted in a $1.0 million reduction in AOCI and a corresponding increase in retained earnings for the same amount. Ÿ The $1.0 million represented the net unrealized gain on Customers' investment in Religare equity securities at December 31, 2017, as disclosed in NOTE 6 - INVESTMENT SECURITIES. Ÿ Customers also refined its calculation to determine the fair value of its held-for- investment loan portfolio for disclosure purposes using an exit price notion as part of adopting this ASU. The refined calculation did not have a significant impact on Customers' fair value disclosures.

ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) Issued May 2014	Ÿ Supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605. Ÿ Requires an entity to recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Ÿ The amendment includes a five-step process to assist an entity in achieving the main principle(s) of revenue recognition under ASC 605. Ÿ Reframed the structure of the indicators of when an entity is acting as an agent and focused on evidence that an entity is acting as the principal or agent in a revenue transaction. Ÿ Requires additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures relating to the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Ÿ Effective January 1 , 2018 and can be either applied retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption (modified retrospective approach).	Ÿ Customers adopted on January 1, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis. Ÿ Because the ASU does not apply to revenue associated with leases and financial instruments (including loans and securities), Customers concluded that the new guidance did not have a material impact on the elements of its consolidated statements of operations most closely associated with leases and financial instruments (such as interest income, interest expense and securities gain). Ÿ Customers has identified its deposit-related fees, service charges, debit and prepaid card interchange income and university fees to be within the scope of the standard. Ÿ Customers has also completed its review of the related contracts and its evaluation of certain costs related to these revenue streams and determined that its debit and prepaid card interchange income, previously reported on a gross basis for periods prior to adoption, will need to be presented on a net basis under this ASU, as Customers is the agent. Ÿ The adoption of this ASU, did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements. Additional discussion related to the adoption and the required quantitative and qualitative disclosures are included in NOTE 13 - NON-INTEREST REVENUES.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted



Standard	Summary of guidance	Effects on Financial Statements
ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting Issued June 2018	Ÿ Expands the scope of Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, which currently only includes share-based payments issued to employees, to also include share-based payments issued to non-employees for goods and services. Ÿ Applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services from non-employees to be used or consumed in a grantor's own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. Ÿ With the amended guidance from ASU 2018-07, non-employees share-based payments are measured with an estimate of the fair value of the equity the business is obligated to issue at the grant date (the date that the business and the stock award recipient agree to the terms of the award). Ÿ Compensation would be recognized in the same period and in the same manner as if the entity had paid cash for goods or services instead of stock. Ÿ Effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted.	Ÿ Customers currently does not grant share-based payment awards to non-employees and, accordingly, does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements; however, Customers will continue to evaluate the potential impact of this ASU through the adoption date.

ASU 2017-11, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features Issued July 2017	Ÿ Changes the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. Ÿ When determining whether certain financial instruments should be classified as liabilities or equity instruments, a down round feature no longer precludes equity classification when assessing whether the instrument is indexed to an entity's own stock. As a result, a freestanding equity-linked financial instrument (or embedded conversion option) would no longer be accounted for as a derivative liability at fair value as a result of the existence of a down round feature. Ÿ For freestanding equity-classified financial instruments, the amendments require entities to recognize the effect of the down round feature when it is triggered. That effect is treated as a dividend and as a reduction of net income available to common shareholders in basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Ÿ Effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018.	Ÿ Customers currently does not have any equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features and, accordingly, does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements; however, Customers will continue to evaluate the potential impact of this ASU through the adoption date.

ASU 2017-08, Receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs: Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities Issued March 2017	Ÿ Requires that premiums for certain callable debt securities held be amortized to their earliest call date. Ÿ Effective for Customers beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. Ÿ Adoption of this new guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective approach.	Ÿ Customers currently has an immaterial amount of callable debt securities purchased at a premium and, accordingly, does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition, results of operations and consolidated financial statements; however, Customers will continue to evaluate the potential impact through the adoption date.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted (continued)



Standard	Summary of guidance	Effects on Financial Statements
ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Issued June 2016	Ÿ Requires an entity to utilize a new impairment model known as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model to estimate lifetime expected credit loss and record an allowance that, when deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset (including HTM securities), presents the net amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. Ÿ Replaces today's "incurred loss" approach and is expected to result in earlier recognition of credit losses. Ÿ For available-for-sale debt securities, entities will be required to record allowances for credit losses rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the OTTI model, and will be allowed to reverse previously established allowances in the event the credit of the issuer improves. Ÿ Simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. Ÿ Effective beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted. Ÿ Adoption can be applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is adopted.	Ÿ Customers is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU, continuing its implementation efforts across the company and reviewing the loss modeling requirements consistent with lifetime expected loss estimates. Ÿ Customers expects that the new model will include different assumptions used in calculating credit losses, such as estimating losses over the estimated life of a financial asset and will consider expected future changes in macroeconomic conditions. Ÿ The adoption of this ASU may result in an increase to Customers' allowance for loan losses which will depend upon the nature and characteristics of Customers' loan portfolio at the adoption date, as well as the macroeconomic conditions and forecasts at that date. Ÿ Customers currently does not intend to early adopt this new guidance.

ASU 2016-02, Leases Issued February 2016	Ÿ Supersedes the current lease accounting guidance for both lessees and lessors under ASC 840, Leases. Ÿ From the lessee's perspective, the new standard establishes a right-of-use ("ROU") model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Ÿ Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement for lessees. Ÿ This ASU will require lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially similar to the existing guidance for sales-type, direct financing leases and operating leases. Ÿ Effective beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. Ÿ A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. Ÿ In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11 “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements,” which provides lessees the option to apply the new leasing standard to all open leases as of the adoption date.	Ÿ Customers is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its financial condition and results of operations and expects to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for substantially all of its operating lease commitments based on the present value of unpaid lease payments as of the date of adoption. Ÿ Customers expects to apply the new transition option under ASU 2018-11. Ÿ Customers does not intend to early adopt this ASU.

Fair Value Measurement

Customers uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to disclose the fair value of its financial instruments. ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of an entity’s assets and liabilities considered to be financial instruments. For Customers, as for most financial institutions, the majority of its assets and liabilities are considered to be financial instruments. Many of these financial instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and a willing seller engaging in an exchange transaction. For fair value disclosure purposes, Customers utilized certain fair value measurement criteria under ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, as explained below.

In accordance with ASC 820, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for Customers' various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, focusing on an exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions.

The fair value guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy and describes the following three levels used to classify fair value measurements.

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require adjustments to inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Impaired Loans

Impaired loans:

Impaired loans are those loans that are accounted for under ASC 310, Receivables, in which the Bank has measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral or discounted cash flow analysis. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties that collateralize the loans or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are generally classified as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

Derivatives

Risk Management Objectives of Using Derivatives

Customers is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Customers manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and durations of its assets and liabilities. Specifically, Customers enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Customers' derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of Customers' known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain borrowings. Customers also has interest-rate derivatives resulting from a service provided to certain qualifying customers, and therefore, they are not used to manage Customers' interest-rate risk in assets or liabilities. Customers manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments used in this customer service in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

Customers' objectives in using interest-rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage exposure to interest-rate movements. To accomplish this objective, Customers primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest-rate-risk management strategy. Interest-rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for Customers making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.

The changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. To date, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the forecasted issuances of debt.