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Loans and Leases Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans and Leases Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Leases LOANS AND LEASES RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS AND LEASES
The following table presents loans and leases receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
December 31,
(amounts in thousands)20212020
Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value$2,284,325 $3,616,432 
Loans receivable, PPP3,250,008 4,561,365 
Loans receivable:
Commercial:
Multi-family1,486,308 1,761,301 
Commercial and industrial (1)
3,424,783 2,289,441 
Commercial real estate owner occupied654,922 572,338 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied1,121,238 1,196,564 
Construction198,981 140,905 
Total commercial loans and leases receivable6,886,232 5,960,549 
Consumer:
Residential real estate334,730 317,170 
Manufactured housing52,861 62,243 
Installment1,744,475 1,235,406 
Total consumer loans receivable2,132,066 1,614,819 
Loans and leases receivable9,018,298 7,575,368 
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases(137,804)(144,176)
Total loans and leases receivable, net of allowance for credit losses on loans and leases (2)
$14,414,827 $15,608,989 
(1)Includes direct finance equipment leases of $146.5 million and $108.0 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)Includes deferred (fees) costs and unamortized (discounts) premiums, net of $(52.0) million and $(54.6) million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Customers' total loans and leases receivable portfolio includes loans receivable which are reported at fair value based on an election made to account for these loans at fair value and loans and leases receivable which are predominately reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of charge-offs and deferred costs and fees and unamortized premiums and discounts and are evaluated for impairment. The total amount of accrued interest recorded for total loans was $81.6 million and $76.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and is presented in accrued interest receivable in the consolidated balance sheet. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were $38.9 million and $59.5 million of individually evaluated loans that were collateral-dependent, respectively. Substantially all individually evaluated loans are collateral-dependent and consisted primarily of commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and residential real estate loans. Collateral-dependent commercial and industrial loans were secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment; collateral-dependent commercial real estate loans were secured by commercial real estate assets; and residential real estate loans were secured by residential real estate assets.
Loans receivable, mortgage warehouse, at fair value:
Mortgage warehouse loans consist of commercial loans to mortgage companies. These mortgage warehouse lending transactions are subject to master repurchase agreements. As a result of the contractual provisions, for accounting purposes, control of the underlying mortgage loan has not transferred and the rewards and risks of the mortgage loans are not assumed by Customers. The mortgage warehouse loans are designated as loans held for investment and reported at fair value based on an election made to account for the loans at fair value. Pursuant to the agreements, Customers funds the pipelines for these mortgage lenders by sending payments directly to the closing agents for funded mortgage loans and receives proceeds directly from third party investors when the underlying mortgage loans are sold into the secondary market. The fair value of the mortgage warehouse loans is estimated as the amount of cash initially advanced to fund the mortgage, plus accrued interest and fees, as specified in the respective agreements. The interest rates on these loans are variable, and the lending transactions are short-term, with an average life under 30 days from purchase to sale. The primary goal of these lending transactions is to provide liquidity to mortgage companies.
At December 31, 2021 and 2020, all of Customers' commercial mortgage warehouse loans were current in terms of payment. As these loans are reported at their fair value, they do not have an ACL and are therefore excluded from ACL-related disclosures.
Loans receivable, PPP:
On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law and created funding for a new product called the PPP. The PPP is administered by the SBA and is intended to assist organizations with payroll related expenses. Customers had $3.3 billion and $4.6 billion of PPP loans outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are fully guaranteed by the SBA and earn a fixed interest rate of 1.00%. Customers recognized interest income, including net origination fees, of $279.2 million and $65.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
PPP loans include an embedded credit enhancement guarantee from the SBA, which guarantees 100% of the principal and interest owed by the borrower provided that the SBA's eligibility criteria are met. As a result, the eligible PPP loans do not have an ACL and are therefore excluded from ACL-related disclosures.
Loans and leases receivable:
The following tables summarize loans and leases receivable by loan and lease type and performance status as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
December 31, 2021
(amounts in thousands)
30-59 Days past due (1)
60-89 Days past due (1)
90 Days or more past due (1)
Total past due (1)
Loans and leases not past due (2)
Total loans and leases (3)
Multi-family$1,682 $2,707 $18,235 $22,624 $1,463,684 $1,486,308 
Commercial and industrial2,093 95 5,929 8,117 3,416,666 3,424,783 
Commercial real estate owner occupied287 — 1,304 1,591 653,331 654,922 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied— — 2,815 2,815 1,118,423 1,121,238 
Construction— — — — 198,981 198,981 
Residential real estate4,655 789 4,390 9,834 324,896 334,730 
Manufactured housing2,308 768 4,949 8,025 44,836 52,861 
Installment7,349 4,295 3,783 15,427 1,729,048 1,744,475 
Total$18,374 $8,654 $41,405 $68,433 $8,949,865 $9,018,298 

December 31, 2020
(amounts in thousands)
30-59 Days past due (1)
60-89 Days past due (1)
90 Days or more past due (1)
Total past due (1)
Loans and leases not past due (2)
Total loans and leases (3)
Multi-family$4,193 $5,224 $14,907 $24,324 $1,736,977 $1,761,301 
Commercial and industrial2,257 1,274 3,079 6,610 2,282,831 2,289,441 
Commercial real estate owner occupied864 1,324 2,370 4,558 567,780 572,338 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied— 60 2,356 2,416 1,194,148 1,196,564 
Construction— — — — 140,905 140,905 
Residential real estate6,640 1,827 1,856 10,323 306,847 317,170 
Manufactured housing1,518 673 1,951 4,142 58,101 62,243 
Installment6,161 3,430 81 9,672 1,225,734 1,235,406 
Total$21,633 $13,812 $26,600 $62,045 $7,513,323 $7,575,368 
(1)Includes past due loans and leases that are accruing interest because collection is considered probable.
(2)Loans and leases where next payment due is less than 30 days from the report date. The tables exclude PPP loans of $3.3 billion, of which $6.3 million were 30-59 days past due and $21.8 million were 60 days or more past due as of December 31, 2021. PPP loans of $4.6 billion were all current as of December 31, 2020. Claims for guarantee payments are submitted to the SBA for eligible PPP loans more than 60 days past due.
(3)Includes PCD loans of $9.9 million and $13.4 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Nonaccrual Loans and Leases
The following table presents the amortized cost of loans and leases held for investment on nonaccrual status.
 
December 31, 2021 (1)
December 31, 2020 (1)
(amounts in thousands)Nonaccrual loans with no related allowanceNonaccrual loans with related allowanceTotal nonaccrual loansNonaccrual loans with no related allowanceNonaccrual loans with related allowanceTotal nonaccrual loans
Multi-family$22,654 $— $22,654 $18,800 $2,928 $21,728 
Commercial and industrial5,837 259 6,096 6,384 2,069 8,453 
Commercial real estate owner occupied2,475 — 2,475 3,411 — 3,411 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied2,815 — 2,815 2,356 — 2,356 
Residential real estate7,727 — 7,727 9,911 — 9,911 
Manufactured housing— 3,563 3,563 — 2,969 2,969 
Installment— 3,783 3,783 — 3,211 3,211 
Total$41,508 $7,605 $49,113 $40,862 $11,177 $52,039 
(1) Presented at amortized cost basis.
Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was insignificant during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Accrued interest reversed when the loans went to nonaccrual status was insignificant during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Allowance for credit losses on loans and leases
The changes in the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the loans and leases and ACL by loan and lease type are presented in the tables below. ACL as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 is calculated in accordance with the CECL methodology as described in NOTE 2 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION.
Twelve months ended December 31, 2021Multi-familyCommercial and industrialCommercial real estate owner occupiedCommercial real estate non-owner occupiedConstructionResidential real estateManufactured housingInstallmentTotal
(amounts in thousands)
Ending Balance,
December 31, 2020		$12,620 $12,239 $9,512 $19,452 $5,871 $3,977 $5,190 $75,315 $144,176 
Charge-offs(1,132)(1,550)(749)(944)— (130)— (35,876)(40,381)
Recoveries— 1,102 500 84 125 54 — 4,718 6,583 
Provision (benefit) for credit losses on loans and leases(7,011)911 (6,050)(12,382)(5,304)(1,518)(912)59,692 27,426 
Ending Balance,
December 31, 2021		$4,477 $12,702 $3,213 $6,210 $692 $2,383 $4,278 $103,849 $137,804 

Twelve months ended December 31, 2020Multi-familyCommercial and industrialCommercial real estate owner occupiedCommercial real estate non-owner occupiedConstructionResidential real estateManufactured housingInstallmentTotal
(amounts in thousands)
Ending Balance,
December 31, 2019		$6,157 $15,556 $2,235 $6,243 $1,262 $3,218 $1,060 $20,648 $56,379 
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle2,171 759 5,773 7,918 (98)1,518 3,802 57,986 79,829 
Charge-offs— (3,158)(78)(25,779)— (60)— (32,661)(61,736)
Recoveries— 3,019 28 1,293 128 86 — 2,376 6,930 
Provision (benefit) for credit losses on loans and leases4,292 (3,937)1,554 29,777 4,579 (785)328 26,966 62,774 
Ending Balance,
December 31, 2020		$12,620 $12,239 $9,512 $19,452 $5,871 $3,977 $5,190 $75,315 $144,176 
At December 31, 2021, the ACL was $137.8 million, a decrease of $6.4 million from the December 31, 2020 balance of $144.2 million. The decrease resulted primarily from a decrease in provision for credit losses from continuing improvement in macroeconomic forecasts since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020, partially offset by increases in provision for credit losses and net charge-offs, mostly attributed to the consumer installment loan portfolio growth. At December 31, 2020, the ACL was $144.2 million, an increase of $8.0 million from the January 1, 2020 balance of $136.2 million. The increase resulted primarily from the impact of reserve build for the COVID-19 pandemic including the change in macroeconomic forecasts and portfolio growth mainly in the consumer installment portfolio, partially offset by an increase in net charge-offs, mostly attributed to the commercial real estate non-owner occupied and installment loan portfolios. Commercial real estate non-owner occupied charge-offs are attributable to two collateral dependent loans, which have subsequently been sold. Installment charge-offs are attributable to delinquencies and defaults of originated and purchased unsecured consumer installment loans through arrangements with fintech companies and other market place lenders.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
At December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, there were $16.5 million, $16.1 million and $13.3 million, respectively, in loans reported as TDRs. TDRs are reported as impaired loans in the calendar year of their restructuring and are evaluated to determine whether they should be placed on non-accrual status. In subsequent years, a TDR may be returned to accrual status if it satisfies a minimum performance requirement of six months, however, it will remain classified as impaired. Generally, the Bank requires sustained performance for nine months before returning a TDR to accrual status. Customers had no lease receivables that had been restructured as a TDR as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Section 4013 of the CARES Act, as amended by the CAA, gives entities temporary relief from the accounting and disclosure requirements for TDRs. In addition, on April 7, 2020, certain regulatory banking agencies issued an interagency statement that offers practical expedients for evaluating whether loan modifications in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are TDRs. For COVID-19 related loan modifications which met the loan modification criteria under either the CARES Act or the criteria specified by the regulatory agencies, Customers elected to suspend TDR accounting for such loan modifications. At December 31, 2021, there were no commercial deferments related to COVID-19. At December 31, 2021, consumer deferments related to COVID-19 were $6.1 million. At December 31, 2020, commercial and consumer deferments related to COVID-19 were $202.1 million and $16.4 million, respectively.
The following table presents loans modified in a TDR by type of concession for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. There were no modifications that involved forgiveness of debt for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
 For the Years Ended December 31,
202120202019
(dollars in thousands)Number of loansRecorded investmentNumber of loansRecorded investmentNumber of loansRecorded investment
Extensions of maturity— $— 6 $385 2 $514 
Interest-rate reductions17 622 35 1,479 26 923 
Other (1)
185 2,875 80 1,813 — — 
Total202 $3,497 121 $3,677 28 $1,437 
(1) Other includes covenant modifications, forbearance, loans discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy, or other concessions.
As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose loans have been modified in TDRs.
The following table presents, by loan type, the number of loans modified in TDRs and the related recorded investment, for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification:
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Number of loansRecorded investmentNumber of loansRecorded investmentNumber of loansRecorded investment
Installment21 $263 15 $226 — $— 
Residential real estate1 121 3 152 1 81 
Manufactured housing2 71 6 236 3 73 
Total loans24 $455 24 $614 4 $154 
Loans modified in TDRs are evaluated for impairment. The nature and extent of impairment of TDRs, including those which have experienced a subsequent default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of ACL.
Purchased Credit-Deteriorated Loans
Customers adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for financial assets purchased with credit deterioration that were previously classified as PCI and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, Customers did not reassess whether PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the amortized cost basis of PCD assets amounted to $9.9 million and $13.4 million, respectively.
Credit Quality Indicators
The ACL represents management's estimate of expected losses in Customers' loans and leases receivable portfolio, excluding commercial mortgage warehouse loans reported at fair value pursuant to a fair value option election and PPP loans receivable. Multi-family, commercial and industrial, owner occupied commercial real estate, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and construction loans are rated based on an internally assigned risk rating system which is assigned at the time of loan origination and reviewed on a periodic, or on an “as needed” basis. Residential real estate loans, manufactured housing and installment loans are evaluated based on the payment activity of the loan.
To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within the multi-family, commercial and industrial, owner occupied commercial real estate, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and construction loan portfolios, and as an input in the ACL lifetime loss rate model for the commercial and industrial portfolio, the Bank utilizes the following categories of risk ratings: pass/satisfactory (includes risk rating 1 through 6), special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss. The risk rating categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers who do not have identified potential or well-defined weaknesses and for whom there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on a quarterly basis during the month preceding the end of the calendar quarter. While assigning risk ratings involves judgment, the risk-rating process allows management to identify riskier credits in a timely manner and allocate the appropriate resources to manage those loans and leases.
The risk rating grades are defined as follows:
“1” – Pass/Excellent
Loans and leases rated 1 represent a credit extension of the highest quality. The borrower’s historic (at least five years) cash flows manifest extremely large and stable margins of coverage. Balance sheets are conservative, well capitalized, and liquid. After considering debt service for proposed and existing debt, projected cash flows continue to be strong and provide ample coverage. The borrower typically reflects broad geographic and product diversification and has access to alternative financial markets.
“2” – Pass/Superior
Loans and leases rated 2 are those for which the borrower has a strong financial condition, balance sheet, operations, cash flow, debt capacity and coverage with ratios better than industry norms. The borrowers of these loans and leases exhibit a limited leverage position, are virtually immune to local economies, and are in stable growing industries. The management team is well respected, and the company has ready access to public markets.
“3” – Pass/Strong
Loans and leases rated 3 are those loans and leases for which the borrowers have above average financial condition and flexibility; more than satisfactory debt service coverage; balance sheet and operating ratios are consistent with or better than industry peers; operate in industries with little risk; move in diversified markets; and are experienced and competent in their industry. These borrowers’ access to capital markets is limited mostly to private sources, often secured, but the borrower typically has access to a wide range of refinancing alternatives.
“4” – Pass/Good
Loans and leases rated 4 have a sound primary and secondary source of repayment. The borrower may have access to alternative sources of financing, but sources are not as widely available as they are to a higher-grade borrower. These loans and leases carry a normal level of risk with very low loss exposure. The borrower has the ability to perform according to the terms of the credit facility. The margins of cash flow coverage are satisfactory but vulnerable to more rapid deterioration than the higher-quality loans and leases.
“5” – Satisfactory
Loans and leases rated 5 are extended to borrowers who are considered to be a reasonable credit risk and demonstrate the ability to repay the debt from normal business operations. Risk factors may include reliability of margins and cash flows, liquidity, dependence on a single product or industry, cyclical trends, depth of management, or limited access to alternative financing sources. The borrower’s historical financial information may indicate erratic performance, but current trends are positive and the quality of financial information is adequate, but is not as detailed and sophisticated as information found on higher grade loans. If adverse circumstances arise, the impact on the borrower may be significant.
“6” – Satisfactory/Bankable with Care
Loans and leases rated 6 are those for which the borrower has higher than normal credit risk; however, cash flow and asset values are generally intact. These borrowers may exhibit declining financial characteristics, with increasing leverage and decreasing liquidity and may have limited resources and access to financial alternatives. Signs of weakness in these borrowers may include delinquent taxes, trade slowness and eroding profit margins.
“7” – Special Mention
Loans and leases rated 7 are credit facilities that may have potential developing weaknesses and deserve extra attention from the account manager and other management personnel. In the event potential weaknesses are not corrected or mitigated, deterioration in the ability of the borrower to repay the debt in the future may occur. This grade is not assigned to loans and leases that bear certain peculiar risks normally associated with the type of financing involved, unless circumstances have caused the risk to increase to a level higher than would have been acceptable when the credit was originally approved. Loans and leases where significant actual, not potential, weaknesses or problems are clearly evident are graded in the category below.
“8” – Substandard
Loans and leases are rated 8 when the loans and leases are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the company will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected.
“9” – Doubtful
The Bank assigns a doubtful rating to loans and leases that have all the attributes of a substandard rating with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may work to the advantage of and strengthen the credit quality of the loan or lease, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors may include a proposed merger or acquisition, liquidation proceeding, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral or refinancing plans.
“10” – Loss
The Bank assigns a loss rating to loans and leases considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an active asset is not warranted. Amounts classified as loss are immediately charged off.
PPP loans are excluded in the tables below as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA. Risk ratings are not established for certain consumer loans, including residential real estate, home equity, manufactured housing, and installment loans, mainly because these portfolios consist of a larger number of homogeneous loans with smaller balances. Instead, these portfolios are evaluated for risk mainly based upon aggregate payment history through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends and are classified as performing and non-performing. The following tables present the credit ratings of loans and leases receivable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(amounts in thousands)20212020201920182017PriorRevolving loans amortized cost basisRevolving loans converted to termTotal
Multi-family loans:
Pass$403,075 $133,452 $23,068 $209,070 $282,663 $316,491 $— $— $1,367,819 
Special mention— — — 9,936 18,489 28,776 — — 57,201 
Substandard— — — — 38,216 23,072 — — 61,288 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total multi-family loans$403,075 $133,452 $23,068 $219,006 $339,368 $368,339 $— $— $1,486,308 
Commercial and industrial loans and leases:
Pass$974,016 $337,045 $266,677 $86,691 $55,536 $89,860 $1,484,287 $— $3,294,112 
Special mention476 1,408 3,325 4,904 36,252 92 14,662 — 61,119 
Substandard18,786 10,257 9,543 11,586 5,682 6,764 6,934 — 69,552 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial and industrial loans and leases$993,278 $348,710 $279,545 $103,181 $97,470 $96,716 $1,505,883 $— $3,424,783 
Commercial real estate owner occupied loans:
Pass$213,102 $59,348 $124,626 $60,993 $58,073 $99,219 $672 $— $616,033 
Special mention— — 2,876 318 2,044 572 — — 5,810 
Substandard— — 3,750 9,682 8,824 10,823 — — 33,079 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate owner occupied loans$213,102 $59,348 $131,252 $70,993 $68,941 $110,614 $672 $— $654,922 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Pass$136,897 $149,898 $95,504 $66,040 $153,509 $310,435 $— $— $912,283 
Special mention— 21,694 11,113 9,373 43,215 20,540 — — 105,935 
Substandard— — — 35,846 20,516 46,658 — — 103,020 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans$136,897 $171,592 $106,617 $111,259 $217,240 $377,633 $— $— $1,121,238 
Construction:
Pass$57,105 $49,199 $77,622 $4,828 $— $9,414 $813 $— $198,981 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction loans$57,105 $49,199 $77,622 $4,828 $— $9,414 $813 $— $198,981 
Total commercial loans and leases receivable$1,803,457 $762,301 $618,104 $509,267 $723,019 $962,716 $1,507,368 $— $6,886,232 
Residential real estate loans:
Performing$107,854 $8,251 $21,096 $11,389 $6,707 $84,035 $87,438 $— $326,770 
Non-performing— — 335 1,015 669 3,587 2,354 — 7,960 
Total residential real estate loans$107,854 $8,251 $21,431 $12,404 $7,376 $87,622 $89,792 $— $334,730 
Manufactured housing loans:
Performing$— $— $253 $299 $73 $47,537 $— $— $48,162 
Non-performing— — — — — 4,699 — — 4,699 
Total manufactured housing loans$— $— $253 $299 $73 $52,236 $— $— $52,861 
Installment loans:
Performing$973,525 $390,788 $341,582 $31,481 $1,601 $1,016 $25 $— $1,740,018 
Non-performing1,162 1,002 2,074 156 2 61 — — 4,457 
Total installment loans$974,687 $391,790 $343,656 $31,637 $1,603 $1,077 $25 $— $1,744,475 
Total consumer loans$1,082,541 $400,041 $365,340 $44,340 $9,052 $140,935 $89,817 $— $2,132,066 
Loans and leases receivable$2,885,998 $1,162,342 $983,444 $553,607 $732,071 $1,103,651 $1,597,185 $— $9,018,298 
Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
(amounts in thousands)20202019201820172016PriorRevolving loans amortized cost basisRevolving loans converted to termTotal
Multi-family loans:
Pass$150,835 $23,716 $299,319 $535,510 $227,296 $420,809 $— $— $1,657,485 
Special mention— — — 20,901 10,394 26,708 — — 58,003 
Substandard— — — 34,197 8,256 3,360 — — 45,813 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total multi-family loans$150,835 $23,716 $299,319 $590,608 $245,946 $450,877 $— $— $1,761,301 
Commercial and industrial loans and leases:
Pass$729,270 $373,050 $141,943 $116,793 $45,367 $71,502 $717,007 $— $2,194,932 
Special mention13,200 1,117 436 113 516 21 17,524 — 32,927 
Substandard9,968 6,890 19,065 5,901 8,318 2,722 8,718 — 61,582 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial and industrial loans and leases$752,438 $381,057 $161,444 $122,807 $54,201 $74,245 $743,249 $— $2,289,441 
Commercial real estate owner occupied loans:
Pass$82,343 $168,977 $72,615 $70,642 $46,510 $91,798 $741 $— $533,626 
Special mention— 4,464 — 9,056 — 555 — — 14,075 
Substandard— 2,848 9,499 342 2,231 9,717 — — 24,637 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate owner occupied loans$82,343 $176,289 $82,114 $80,040 $48,741 $102,070 $741 $— $572,338 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Pass$143,231 $105,430 $97,882 $157,835 $155,168 $313,559 $— $— $973,105 
Special mention39,994 — — 66,745 24,218 14,613 — — 145,570 
Substandard— — 17,741 20,611 366 39,171 — — 77,889 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — 
Total commercial real estate non-owner occupied loans$183,225 $105,430 $115,623 $245,191 $179,752 $367,343 $— $— $1,196,564 
Construction:
Pass$19,932 $105,466 $4,954 $— $9,700 $— $853 $— $140,905 
Special mention— — — — — — — — — 
Substandard— — — — — — — — — 
Doubtful— — — — — — — — — 
Total construction loans$19,932 $105,466 $4,954 $— $9,700 $— $853 $— $140,905 
Total commercial loans and leases receivable$1,188,773 $791,958 $663,454 $1,038,646 $538,340 $994,535 $744,843 $— $5,960,549 
Residential real estate loans:
Performing$6,708 $13,617 $6,810 $10,850 $38,143 $69,496 $161,576 $— $307,200 
Non-performing— — 160 785 1,350 4,395 3,280 — 9,970 
Total residential real estate loans$6,708 $13,617 $6,970 $11,635 $39,493 $73,891 $164,856 $— $317,170 
Manufactured housing loans:
Performing$— $295 $609 $76 $41 $56,837 $— $— $57,858 
Non-performing— — — — — 4,385 — — 4,385 
Total manufactured housing loans$— $295 $609 $76 $41 $61,222 $— $— $62,243 
Installment loans:
Performing$319,453 $791,235 $114,988 $4,736 $514 $1,204 $— $— $1,232,130 
Non-performing305 2,326 485 41 2 117 — — 3,276 
Total installment loans$319,758 $793,561 $115,473 $4,777 $516 $1,321 $— $— $1,235,406 
Total consumer loans$326,466 $807,473 $123,052 $16,488 $40,050 $136,434 $164,856 $— $1,614,819 
Loans and leases receivable$1,515,239 $1,599,431 $786,506 $1,055,134 $578,390 $1,130,969 $909,699 $— $7,575,368 
Loan Purchases and Sales
Purchases and sales of loans were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(amounts in thousands)202120202019
Purchases (1)
Loans receivable, PPP$1,536,213 $— $— 
Residential real estate92,939 495 105,858 
Installment (2)
278,070 269,684 1,058,261 
Total$1,907,222 $270,179 $1,164,119 
Sales (3)
Multi-family$36,900 $— $— 
Commercial and industrial (4)
47,142 6,940 22,267 
Commercial real estate owner occupied (4)
19,420 — 16,320 
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied18,366 17,600 — 
Residential real estate63,932 — 230,285 
Installment212,255 1,822 — 
Total$398,015 $26,362 $268,872 
(1)Amounts reported represent the unpaid principal balance at time of purchase. The purchase price was 100.8%, 100.3% and 100.3% of loans outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(2)Installment loan purchases for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 consist of third-party originated unsecured consumer loans. None of the loans are considered sub-prime at the time of origination. Customers considers sub-prime borrowers to be those with FICO scores below 660.
(3)For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, loan sales resulted in net gains of $12.9 million, $2.0 million and $2.8 million, respectively, included in gain (loss) on sale of SBA and other loans and mortgage banking income in the consolidated statements of income.
(4)Primarily sales of SBA loans.
Loans Pledged as Collateral
Customers has pledged eligible real estate and commercial and industrial loans, including PPP loans as collateral for borrowings from the FHLB and FRB in the amount of $3.7 billion and $8.5 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in loans pledged as collateral primarily relates to $4.6 billion of PPP loans that were pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia ("FRB") in accordance with borrowing from the PPP Liquidity Facility ("PPPLF") at December 31, 2020.