The amortized cost and approximate fair value and allowance for credit losses of investment securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows:


	December 31, 2022 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale debt securities
Asset-backed securities	$	169,170	$	(578)	$	—	$	(8,050)	$	160,542



Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	147,481		—		—		(13,617)		133,864

Collateralized loan obligations	896,992		—		88		(24,342)		872,738
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	142,222		—		1		(5,866)		136,357
Corporate notes	657,086		—		45		(61,878)		595,253
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,125,583		—		308		(63,630)		1,062,261

Available for sale debt securities	$	3,138,534	$	(578)	$	442	$	(177,383)	2,961,015

Equity securities (3)									26,485
Total investment securities, at fair value									$	2,987,500


	December 31, 2021 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale debt securities
Asset-backed securities	$	297,291	$	253	$	(119)	$	297,425

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	9,865		—		(312)		9,553
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	2,162		—		(10)		2,152
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	199,091		154		(2,315)		196,930
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	242,668		53		(3,877)		238,844
Collateralized loan obligations	1,067,770		247		(1,215)		1,066,802
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	149,054		53		(180)		148,927
Corporate notes	575,273		6,334		(1,561)		580,046
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,248,142		333		(6,010)		1,242,465
State and political subdivision debt securities (2)	8,535		—		(104)		8,431
Available for sale debt securities	$	3,799,851	$	7,427	$	(15,703)	3,791,575

Equity securities (3)							25,575
Total investment securities, at fair value							$	3,817,150

(3)Includes perpetual preferred stock issued by domestic banks and bank holding companies and equity securities issued by fintech companies, without a readily determinable fair value, and the CRA-qualified mutual fund shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021. No impairments or measurement adjustments have been recorded on the equity securities without a readily determinable fair value since acquisition.

In 2019, Customers obtained ownership of certain interest-only GNMA securities that served as the primary collateral for loans made to one commercial mortgage warehouse customer through a Uniform Commercial Code private sale transaction. Upon acquisition, Customers elected the fair value option for these interest-only GNMA securities. These securities were sold for $15.4 million with a realized gain of $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2020.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Customers sold all of the outstanding shares in CB Green Ventures Pte Ltd. and CUBI India Ventures Pte Ltd., which held the equity securities issued by a foreign entity, for $3.8 million, and recognized $2.8 million in loss on sale of foreign subsidiaries within non-interest income on the consolidated statement of income. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, Customers recognized unrealized gains of $2.7 million on these equity securities prior to the sale of foreign subsidiaries and $1.4 million, respectively. These unrealized gains and losses are reported as unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities within non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income.

Customers' transactions with unconsolidated VIEs include sales of consumer installment loans and investments in the securities issued by the VIEs. Customers is not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs because Customers has no right to make decisions that will most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIEs. Customers' continuing involvement with the unconsolidated VIEs is not significant. Customers' continuing involvement is not considered to be significant where Customers only invests in securities issued by the VIE and was not involved in the design of the VIE or where Customers has transferred financial assets to the VIE for only cash consideration. Customers' investments in the securities issued by the VIEs are classified as AFS or HTM debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets, and represent Customers' maximum exposure to loss.

The following table presents AFS debt securities by stated maturity. Debt securities backed by mortgages and other assets have expected maturities that differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay and, therefore, these debt securities are classified separately with no specific maturity date:


	December 31, 2022
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	21,465	$	21,499
Due after one year through five years	507,162		460,649
Due after five years through ten years	128,459		113,105

Asset-backed securities	169,170		160,542
Collateralized loan obligations	896,992		872,738
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	142,222		136,357


Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	147,481		133,864

Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	1,125,583		1,062,261


Total available for sale debt securities	$	3,138,534	$	2,961,015

Gross unrealized losses and fair value of Customers' AFS debt securities for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:


	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
(amounts in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available for sale debt securities
Asset-backed securities	$	160,542	$	(8,050)	$	—	$	—	$	160,542	$	(8,050)


Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	133,864		(13,617)		—		—		133,864		(13,617)

Collateralized loan obligations	386,701		(13,516)		315,270		(10,826)		701,971		(24,342)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	39,828		(1,410)		93,005		(4,456)		132,833		(5,866)
Corporate notes	386,464		(36,119)		178,955		(25,759)		565,419		(61,878)
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	478,096		(29,364)		314,332		(34,266)		792,428		(63,630)

Total	$	1,585,495	$	(102,076)	$	901,562	$	(75,307)	$	2,487,057	$	(177,383)


	December 31, 2021
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
(amounts in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Available for sale debt securities
Asset-backed securities	$	54,753	$	(119)	$	—	$	—	$	54,753	$	(119)
Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	9,554		(312)		—		—		9,554		(312)
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	2,152		(10)		—		—		2,152		(10)
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	173,492		(2,315)		—		—		173,492		(2,315)
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	118,334		(3,877)		—		—		118,334		(3,877)
Collateralized loan obligations	715,250		(1,215)		—		—		715,250		(1,215)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	122,597		(180)		—		—		122,597		(180)
Corporate notes	188,100		(1,561)		—		—		188,100		(1,561)
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	632,091		(5,874)		6,818		(136)		638,909		(6,010)
State and political subdivision debt securities	8,430		(104)		—		—		8,430		(104)
Total	$	2,024,753	$	(15,567)	$	6,818	$	(136)	$	2,031,571	$	(15,703)

At December 31, 2022, there were 93 AFS debt securities with unrealized losses in the less-than-twelve-months category and 63 AFS debt securities with unrealized losses in the twelve-months-or-more category. Except for the four asset-backed securities where there was a deterioration in future estimated cash flows as further discussed below, the unrealized losses were principally due to changes in market interest rates that resulted in a negative impact on the respective securities' fair value and expected to be recovered when market prices recover or at maturity. Customers does not intend to sell any of the 156 securities, and it is not more likely than not that Customers will be required to sell any of the 156 securities before recovery of the amortized cost basis. At December 31, 2021, there were 117 AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position.

Customers recorded an allowance for credit losses on four asset-backed securities where there was a deterioration in future estimated cash flows during the year ended December 31, 2022. A discounted cash flow approach is used to determine the amount of the allowance. The cash flows expected to be collected, after considering expected prepayments, are discounted at the original effective interest rate. The amount of the allowance is limited to the difference between the amortized cost basis of the security and its estimated fair value.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses on AFS debt securities, by major security type, for the period presented:


	Asset-backed securities
(amounts in thousands)	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Balance at January 1,	$	—

Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	578
Balance at December 31,	$	578

The amortized cost, approximate fair value and allowance for credit losses of investment securities held to maturity as of December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:


	December 31, 2022 (1)
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Value		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Held to maturity debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	361,107	$	—	$	361,107	$	—	$	(4,974)	$	356,133

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	7,189		—		7,189		—		(563)		$	6,626
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,928		—		1,928		—		(104)		$	1,824
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	204,495		—		204,495		—		(18,376)		$	186,119
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	151,711		—		151,711		—		(9,435)		$	142,276



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	113,829		—		113,829		—		(12,994)		$	100,835

Total held to maturity debt securities	$	840,259	$	—	$	840,259	$	—	$	(46,446)	$	793,813

In June 2022, Customers transferred $500.2 million in net carrying value of certain debt securities from available for sale to held to maturity as a part of Customers' ongoing asset liability management primarily to mitigate the impact of rising interest rates on the long duration component of the investment portfolio. At the time of transfer to held to maturity, these debt securities had unrealized losses of $50.0 million, which, along with the unrealized loss in accumulated other comprehensive income, will be amortized over the remaining terms of the securities as an adjustment to yield (interest income) using the effective interest method resulting in no impact to current period earnings.

On September 30, 2022, Customers sold consumer installment loans with a carrying value of $521.8 million, inclusive of accrued interest and unamortized deferred loan origination costs, to a third-party sponsored VIE. As part of these sales, Customers recognized a loss on sale of $23.5 million in loss on sale of consumer installment loans within non-interest income in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2022. Customers provided financing to the purchaser for a portion of the sale price in the form of $400.0 million of asset-backed securities, presented in the table above, collateralized by the sold loans. Customers acts as the servicer for the sold consumer installment loans, and receives a servicing fee.

At the time of the sale, and at each subsequent reporting period, Customers is required to evaluate its involvement with the VIE to determine if it holds a variable interest in the VIE and, if so, if Customers is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If Customers is both a variable interest holder and the primary beneficiary of the VIE, it would be required to consolidate the VIE. As of December 31, 2022, Customers concluded that its investment in asset-backed securities as well as the servicing fee are considered variable interests in the VIE as there is a possibility, even if remote, that would result in Customers' interest in the asset-backed securities or the servicing fee absorbing some of the losses of the VIE.

After concluding that Customers has one or more variable interests in the VIE, Customers must determine if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. U.S. GAAP defines the primary beneficiary as the entity that has both an economic exposure to the VIE as well as the power to direct the activities that are determined to be most significant to the economic performance of the VIE. In order to make this determination, Customers needed to first establish which activities are the most significant to the economic performance of the VIE. Based on a review of the VIE activities, Customers concluded that the servicing activities, specifically those performed for significantly delinquent loans contribute most significantly to the performance of the loans and thus the VIE. The conclusion is based upon review of the historical performance of the types of consumer installment loans sold to the VIE, as well as consideration of which activities performed by the owner or servicer of the loans contribute most significantly to the ultimate performance of the loans. The loan servicing agreement between Customers and the VIE provides that the VIE has substantive kick-out rights to replace Customers as the servicer with or without cause. Accordingly, as a holder of the asset-backed securities and the servicer of the loans, Customers does not have the power to direct the servicing of significantly delinquent loans given the VIE's substantive kick-out rights. As the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the VIE are not controlled by Customers, Customers has concluded that it is therefore not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the VIE. Customers accounts for its investment in the asset-backed securities as HTM debt securities on the consolidated balance sheet.

The following table presents HTM debt securities by stated maturity. Debt securities backed by mortgages and other assets have expected maturities that differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay and, therefore, these debt securities are classified separately with no specific maturity date:


	December 31, 2022
(amounts in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value




Asset-backed securities	361,107		356,133


Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	7,189		6,626
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	1,928		1,824
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	204,495		186,119
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	151,711		142,276
Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	113,829		100,835
Total held to maturity debt securities	$	840,259	$	793,813

Customers recorded no allowance for credit losses on investment securities classified as held to maturity at December 31, 2022. The U.S. government agency securities represent obligations issued by a U.S. government-sponsored enterprise or other federal government agency that are explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. federal government and therefore, assumed to have zero credit losses. The private label collateralized mortgage obligations are highly rated with sufficient overcollateralization and therefore have zero expected credit losses. Customers recorded no allowance for its investment in the asset-backed securities related to the sale of consumer installment loans to a third-party sponsored VIE as of December 31, 2022. Customers considered the seniority of its beneficial interest, which includes its overcollateralization of these securities in the estimate of the ACL at December 31, 2022. The unrealized losses on HTM debt securities with no ACL were due to changes in market interest rates that resulted in a negative impact on the respective securities' fair value and are expected to be recovered when market prices recover or at maturity.

Customers monitors the credit quality of HTM debt securities primarily through credit ratings provided by rating agencies. Investment grade debt securities are rated BBB- or higher by S&P Global Ratings, Baa3 or higher by Moody's Investors Service or equivalent ratings by other rating agencies, and are generally considered to be of low credit risk. Except for the asset-backed securities, all of the HTM debt securities held by Customers were investment grade or U.S. government agency guaranteed securities that were not rated at December 31, 2022. The asset-backed securities classified as HTM debt securities in connection with the sale of the consumer installment loans to a third-party sponsored VIE are not rated by rating agencies. Customers monitors the credit quality of these asset-backed securities by evaluating the performance of the sold consumer installment loans against the overcollateralization available for these asset-backed securities.


	December 31, 2022
(amounts in thousands)	AAA		AA		A		BBB		Not Rated		Total
Held to maturity debt securities:
Asset-backed securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	361,107	$	361,107

Agency-guaranteed residential mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		7,189		$	7,189
Agency-guaranteed commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		—		—		—		1,928		$	1,928
Agency-guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		204,495		$	204,495
Agency-guaranteed commercial collateralized mortgage obligations	—		—		—		—		151,711		$	151,711



Private label collateralized mortgage obligations	63,066		7,109		34,405		9,249		—		$	113,829

Total held to maturity debt securities	$	63,066	$	7,109	$	34,405	$	9,249	$	726,430	$	840,259

Customers has elected to not estimate an ACL on accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities, as it already has a policy in place to reverse or write-off accrued interest, through interest income, for debt securities in nonaccrual status in a timely manner. At December 31, 2022, there were no HTM debt securities past due under the terms of their agreements or in nonaccrual status.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, Customers Bank had pledged investment securities, which were transferred from available for sale to held to maturity category in June 2022, aggregating $16.7 million and $11.3 million in fair value, respectively, as collateral primarily for unused lines of credit with another financial institution. The counterparty does not have the ability to sell or repledge these securities.