10-Q 1 form10q.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019.
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________.
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 0-14703
NBT BANCORP INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

DELAWARE |  | 16-1268674
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

52 SOUTH BROAD STREET, NORWICH, NEW YORK 13815
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (607) 337-2265
None
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | NBTB |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

As of April 30, 2019, there were 43,757,647 shares outstanding of the Registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value per share.

NBT BANCORP INC.
FORM 10-Q-Quarter Ended March 31, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 47
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 47
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 48
Item 1A | Risk Factors |
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 48
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 48
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 48
Item 5 | Other Information | 48
Item 6 | Exhibits | 49
SIGNATURES |  | 50

Table of Contents
Item 1 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 143,989 |  |  | $ | 175,550 |
Short-term interest bearing accounts |  |  | 33,130 |  |  |  | 5,405 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 25,482 |  |  |  | 23,053 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value |  |  | 951,859 |  |  |  | 998,496 |
Securities held to maturity (fair value $782,761 and $778,675, respectively) |  |  | 780,565 |  |  |  | 783,599 |
Federal Reserve and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 43,957 |  |  |  | 53,229 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 8,525 |  |  |  | 6,943 |
Loans |  |  | 6,890,312 |  |  |  | 6,887,709 |
Less allowance for loan losses |  |  | 71,405 |  |  |  | 72,505 |
Net loans |  | $ | 6,818,907 |  |  | $ | 6,815,204 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 78,391 |  |  |  | 78,970 |
Goodwill |  |  | 274,769 |  |  |  | 274,769 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 14,631 |  |  |  | 15,599 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 178,856 |  |  |  | 177,479 |
Other assets |  |  | 180,449 |  |  |  | 148,067 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,533,510 |  |  | $ | 9,556,363 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand (noninterest bearing) |  | $ | 2,324,981 |  |  | $ | 2,361,099 |
Savings, NOW and money market |  |  | 4,370,374 |  |  |  | 4,076,434 |
Time |  |  | 922,304 |  |  |  | 930,678 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 7,617,659 |  |  | $ | 7,368,211 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 544,883 |  |  |  | 871,696 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 73,696 |  |  |  | 73,724 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 101,196 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 162,021 |  |  |  | 123,627 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 8,499,455 |  |  | $ | 8,538,454 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 2,500,000 shares at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 100,000,000 shares at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018; issued 49,651,493 at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 |  |  | 497 |  |  |  | 497 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 575,944 |  |  |  | 575,466 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 627,556 |  |  |  | 621,203 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (34,932 | ) |  |  | (43,174 | )
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 5,911,607 and 5,978,527 shares at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively |  |  | (135,010 | ) |  |  | (136,083 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,034,055 |  |  | $ | 1,017,909 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 9,533,510 |  |  | $ | 9,556,363 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest, fee and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 79,321 |  |  | $ | 70,443 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 5,922 |  |  |  | 6,926 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 5,217 |  |  |  | 2,625 |
Other |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 766 |
Total interest, fee and dividend income |  | $ | 91,344 |  |  | $ | 80,760 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 8,826 |  |  | $ | 3,931 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 3,237 |  |  |  | 1,966 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | 476 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | 901 |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 13,653 |  |  | $ | 7,274 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 77,691 |  |  | $ | 73,486 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 5,807 |  |  |  | 7,496 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  | $ | 71,884 |  |  | $ | 65,990 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance and other financial services revenue |  | $ | 6,756 |  |  | $ | 6,504 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 4,236 |  |  |  | 3,972 |
ATM and debit card fees |  |  | 5,525 |  |  |  | 5,273 |
Retirement plan administration fees |  |  | 7,734 |  |  |  | 5,339 |
Trust |  |  | 4,551 |  |  |  | 4,878 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 1,377 |  |  |  | 1,347 |
Net securities gains |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 72 |
Other |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 3,892 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 33,821 |  |  | $ | 31,277 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 39,356 |  |  | $ | 36,567 |
Occupancy |  |  | 6,275 |  |  |  | 6,119 |
Data processing and communications |  |  | 4,414 |  |  |  | 4,279 |
Professional fees and outside services |  |  | 3,668 |  |  |  | 3,492 |
Equipment |  |  | 4,757 |  |  |  | 4,038 |
Office supplies and postage |  |  | 1,591 |  |  |  | 1,573 |
FDIC expenses |  |  | 1,017 |  |  |  | 1,201 |
Advertising |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | 337 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 914 |
Loan collection and other real estate owned, net |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 1,337 |
Other |  |  | 5,126 |  |  |  | 4,415 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 68,460 |  |  | $ | 64,272 |
Income before income tax expense |  | $ | 37,245 |  |  | $ | 32,995 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 8,118 |  |  |  | 7,009 |
Net income |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net holding gains (losses) arising during the period, gross |  | $ | 11,036 |  |  | $ | (15,454 | )
Tax effect |  |  | (2,759 | ) |  |  | 3,864 |
Unrealized net holding gains (losses) arising during the period, net |  | $ | 8,277 |  |  | $ | (11,590 | )
Reclassification adjustment for net losses in net income, gross |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | - |
Tax effect |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |
Reclassification adjustment for net losses in net income, net |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | - |
Amortization of unrealized net gains for the reclassification of available for sale securities to held to maturity, gross |  | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 188 |
Tax effect |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | (47 | )
Amortization of unrealized net gains for the reclassification of available for sale securities to held to maturity, net |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | 141 |
Total securities available for sale, net |  | $ | 8,476 |  |  | $ | (11,449 | )
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives (cash flow hedges), gross |  | $ | (170 | ) |  | $ | 1,048 |
Tax effect |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | (262 | )
Unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives (cash flow hedges), net |  | $ | (127 | ) |  | $ | 786 |
Reclassification of net unrealized (gains) on cash flow hedges to interest (income), gross |  | $ | (799 | ) |  | $ | (359 | )
Tax effect |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 90 |
Reclassification of net unrealized (gains) on cash flow hedges to interest (income), net |  | $ | (599 | ) |  | $ | (269 | )
Total cash flow hedges, net |  | $ | (726 | ) |  | $ | 517 |
Pension and other benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial losses, gross |  | $ | 656 |  |  | $ | 295 |
Tax effect |  |  | (164 | ) |  |  | (74 | )
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial losses, net |  | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Total pension and other benefits, net |  | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 221 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 8,242 |  |  | $ | (10,711 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 37,369 |  |  | $ | 15,275 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-in- Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  | Total |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 574,209 |  |  | $ | 543,713 |  |  | $ | (22,077 | ) |  | $ | (138,165 | ) |  | $ | 958,177 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,986 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,986 |
Cumulative effect adjustment for ASU 2016-01 implementation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,475 |  |  |  | (2,628 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,153 | )
Cumulative effect adjustment for ASU 2018-02 implementation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,575 |  |  |  | (5,575 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cash dividends - $0.48 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20,966 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20,966 | )
Net issuance of 72,844 shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,037 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | (1,057 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,454 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,454 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,711 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,711 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 574,626 |  |  | $ | 555,783 |  |  | $ | (40,991 | ) |  | $ | (137,185 | ) |  | $ | 952,730 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 575,466 |  |  | $ | 621,203 |  |  | $ | (43,174 | ) |  | $ | (136,083 | ) |  | $ | 1,017,909 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29,127 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29,127 |
Cash dividends - $0.52 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,774 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,774 | )
Net issuance of 66,920 shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,099 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,073 |  |  |  | (1,026 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,577 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,577 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,242 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,242 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 575,944 |  |  | $ | 627,556 |  |  | $ | (34,932 | ) |  | $ | (135,010 | ) |  | $ | 1,034,055 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 5,807 |  |  |  | 7,496 |
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment |  |  | 2,357 |  |  |  | 2,327 |
Net amortization on securities |  |  | 797 |  |  |  | 1,081 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use asset |  |  | 1,799 |  |  |  | - |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 914 |
Excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation |  |  | (260 | ) |  |  | (407 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 2,577 |  |  |  | 2,454 |
Bank owned life insurance income |  |  | (1,377 | ) |  |  | (1,347 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 25,232 |  |  |  | 23,977 |
Originations and purchases of loans held for sale |  |  | (26,586 | ) |  |  | (24,188 | )
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  | (57 | )
Net security gains |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (72 | )
Net gains on sale of other real estate owned |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | (174 | )
Net change in other assets and other liabilities |  |  | (926 | ) |  |  | 2,061 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 39,213 |  |  | $ | 40,051 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal paydowns |  | $ | 94,488 |  |  | $ | 51,122 |
Proceeds from sales |  |  | 26,203 |  |  |  | - |
Purchases |  |  | (63,579 | ) |  |  | (91,520 | )
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal paydowns |  |  | 30,999 |  |  |  | 18,242 |
Purchases |  |  | (28,034 | ) |  |  | (21,333 | )
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sales |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,623 |
Purchases |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | - |
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in loans |  |  | (9,975 | ) |  |  | (69,659 | )
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank stock redemption |  |  | 48,444 |  |  |  | 71,081 |
Purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | (39,172 | ) |  |  | (68,153 | )
Purchases of premises and equipment, net |  |  | (1,910 | ) |  |  | (1,186 | )
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned |  |  | 701 |  |  |  | 534 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 58,144 |  |  | $ | (108,249 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  | $ | 249,448 |  |  | $ | 223,292 |
Net decrease in short-term borrowings |  |  | (326,814 | ) |  |  | (133,111 | )
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,000 |
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (25,045 | )
Proceeds from the issuance of shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 672 |
Cash paid by employer for tax-withholding on stock issuance |  |  | (1,230 | ) |  |  | (1,729 | )
Cash dividends |  |  | (22,774 | ) |  |  | (20,966 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | $ | (101,193 | ) |  | $ | 68,113 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (3,836 | ) |  | $ | (85 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 180,955 |  |  |  | 159,664 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 177,119 |  |  | $ | 159,579 |

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|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | 13,329 |  |  | $ | 7,677 |
Income taxes paid, net of refund |  |  | 1,817 |  |  |  | 3,199 |
Noncash investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans transferred to other real estate owned |  | $ | 325 |  |  | $ | 780 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2019

1. | Description of Business

NBT Bancorp Inc. (the “Registrant” or the “Company”) is a registered financial holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1986, with its principal headquarters located in Norwich, New York. The principal assets of the Registrant consist of all of the outstanding shares of common stock of its subsidiaries, including: NBT Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), NBT Financial Services, Inc. (“NBT Financial”), NBT Holdings, Inc. (“NBT Holdings”), CNBF Capital Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust II, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Trusts”). The Company’s principal sources of revenue are the management fees and dividends it receives from the Bank, NBT Financial and NBT Holdings.
The Company’s business, primarily conducted through the Bank, consists of providing commercial banking, retail banking and wealth management services primarily to customers in its market area, which includes central and upstate New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, southern New Hampshire, western Massachusetts, Vermont and the southern coastal Maine area. The Company has been, and intends to continue to be, a community-oriented financial institution offering a variety of financial services. The Company’s business philosophy is to operate as a community bank with local decision-making, providing a broad array of banking and financial services to retail, commercial and municipal customers.

2. | Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank, NBT Financial and NBT Holdings. Collectively, the Registrant and its subsidiaries are referred to herein as “the Company.” The interim data includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year or any other interim period. All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Amounts previously reported in the consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to current period presentation. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure and there were none identified.

3. | Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of available for sale (“AFS”) securities are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 29,990 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 29,636 |
State & municipal |  |  | 598 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 598 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 482,357 |  |  |  | 1,155 |  |  |  | 4,022 |  |  |  | 479,490 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 36,601 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 36,677 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 333,838 |  |  |  | 623 |  |  |  | 4,568 |  |  |  | 329,893 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 76,469 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  | 75,565 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 959,853 |  |  | $ | 2,338 |  |  | $ | 10,332 |  |  | $ | 951,859 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 84,982 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 84,299 |
State & municipal |  |  | 30,136 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 29,915 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 493,225 |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 10,354 |  |  |  | 483,310 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 29,190 |  |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 475 |  |  |  | 28,985 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 332,409 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 7,211 |  |  |  | 325,542 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 47,684 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 1,376 |  |  |  | 46,445 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 1,017,626 |  |  | $ | 1,216 |  |  | $ | 20,346 |  |  | $ | 998,496 |

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The components of net realized gains (losses) on the sale of AFS securities are as follows. These amounts were reclassified out of AOCI and into earnings:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | - |
Gross realized (losses) |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | - |
Net AFS realized (losses) |  | $ | (99 | ) |  | $ | - |

Included in net gains (losses) from sale transactions, the Company recorded gains from calls on AFS securities of approximately $4 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2019. There were no recorded gains from calls on AFS securities included in net gains (losses) from sales transactions for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
The amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of securities held to maturity (“HTM”) are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 19,995 |  |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 20,050 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 160,566 |  |  |  | 1,281 |  |  |  | 981 |  |  |  | 160,866 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 14,545 |  |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,005 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 247,418 |  |  |  | 1,388 |  |  |  | 2,230 |  |  |  | 246,576 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 103,741 |  |  |  | 1,329 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 105,070 |
State & municipal |  |  | 234,300 |  |  |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | 360 |  |  |  | 235,194 |
Total HTM securities |  | $ | 780,565 |  |  | $ | 5,767 |  |  | $ | 3,571 |  |  | $ | 782,761 |
As of December 31,2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 19,995 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 20,047 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 164,618 |  |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | 2,773 |  |  |  | 162,557 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 15,230 |  |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,633 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 257,475 |  |  |  | 1,097 |  |  |  | 3,897 |  |  |  | 254,675 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 83,148 |  |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 83,915 |
State & municipal |  |  | 243,133 |  |  |  | 331 |  |  |  | 1,616 |  |  |  | 241,848 |
Total HTM securities |  | $ | 783,599 |  |  | $ | 3,362 |  |  | $ | 8,286 |  |  | $ | 778,675 |

AFS and HTM securities with amortized costs totaling $1.5 billion at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law. Additionally, at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, AFS and HTM securities with an amortized cost of $207.5 million and $215.3 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for securities sold under the repurchase agreements.
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The following table sets forth information with regard to investment securities with unrealized losses segregated according to the length of time the securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 9,636 |  |  | $ | (364 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 9,636 |  |  | $ | (364 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 352,339 |  |  |  | (4,328 | ) |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 352,573 |  |  |  | (4,330 | ) |  |  | 92 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 36,739 |  |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 311,623 |  |  |  | (5,472 | ) |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 348,362 |  |  |  | (5,638 | ) |  |  | 69 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 36,973 |  |  | $ | (168 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 673,598 |  |  | $ | (10,164 | ) |  |  | 155 |  |  | $ | 710,571 |  |  | $ | (10,332 | ) |  |  | 162 |
HTM securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgaged-backed |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 82,204 |  |  | $ | (981 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 82,204 |  |  | $ | (981 | ) |  |  | 6 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,486 |  |  |  | (2,230 | ) |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 125,486 |  |  |  | (2,230 | ) |  |  | 24 |
State & municipal |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,302 |  |  |  | (360 | ) |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 19,302 |  |  |  | (360 | ) |  |  | 30 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 226,992 |  |  | $ | (3,571 | ) |  |  | 60 |  |  | $ | 226,992 |  |  | $ | (3,571 | ) |  |  | 60 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 64,294 |  |  | $ | (693 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 64,294 |  |  | $ | (693 | ) |  |  | 6 |
State & municipal |  |  | 1,715 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 22,324 |  |  |  | (234 | ) |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 24,039 |  |  |  | (237 | ) |  |  | 38 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 18,462 |  |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 428,440 |  |  |  | (10,764 | ) |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 446,902 |  |  |  | (10,829 | ) |  |  | 113 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 12,118 |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 320,908 |  |  |  | (8,518 | ) |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 333,026 |  |  |  | (8,587 | ) |  |  | 67 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 32,295 |  |  | $ | (137 | ) |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 835,966 |  |  | $ | (20,209 | ) |  |  | 204 |  |  | $ | 868,261 |  |  | $ | (20,346 | ) |  |  | 224 |
HTM securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage -backed |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 82,579 |  |  | $ | (2,773 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 82,579 |  |  | $ | (2,773 | ) |  |  | 6 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 4,386 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 145,396 |  |  |  | (3,890 | ) |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 149,782 |  |  |  | (3,897 | ) |  |  | 28 |
State & municipal |  |  | 18,907 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 58,258 |  |  |  | (1,532 | ) |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 77,165 |  |  |  | (1,616 | ) |  |  | 116 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 23,293 |  |  | $ | (91 | ) |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 286,233 |  |  | $ | (8,195 | ) |  |  | 118 |  |  | $ | 309,526 |  |  | $ | (8,286 | ) |  |  | 150 |

Declines in the fair value of AFS and HTM securities below their amortized cost, less any current period credit loss, that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses or in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The classification is dependent upon whether the Company intends to sell the security, or whether it is more likely than not, that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery. The other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI shall be separated into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors shall be recognized in OCI, net of applicable taxes.
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In estimating OTTI losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (iii) the historical and implied volatility of the fair value of the security.
Management has the intent to hold the securities classified as HTM until they mature, at which time it is believed the Company will receive full value for the securities. The unrealized losses on HTM debt securities are due to increases in market interest rates over yields at the time the underlying securities were purchased. When necessary, the Company has performed a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether or not it will receive the contractual principal and interest on certain securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their respective maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline.
Management also has the intent to hold and will not be required to sell, the debt securities classified as AFS for a period of time sufficient for a recovery of cost, which may be at maturity. The unrealized losses on AFS debt securities are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. When necessary, the Company has performed a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether or not it will receive the contractual principal and interest on certain securities. For AFS debt securities, OTTI losses are recognized in earnings if the Company intends to sell the security. In other cases the Company considers the relevant factors noted above, as well as the Company’s intent and ability to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value and whether evidence exists to support a realizable value equal to or greater than the cost basis. Any impairment loss on an equity security is equal to the full difference between the cost basis and the fair value of the security.
As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, management believes the impairments detailed in the table above are temporary. There were no OTTI losses realized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2019, and March 31, 2018.
The following table sets forth information with regard to gains and losses on equity securities:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net gains and losses recognized on equity securities |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 72 |
Less: Net gains and losses recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44 |
Unrealized gains and losses recognized on equity securities still held |  | $ | 156 |  |  | $ | 28 |

As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values was $4.0 million. The Company performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether the investments were impaired and identified no areas of concern as of March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018. There were no impairments, downward or upward adjustments recognized for equity securities without readily determinable fair values during the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018.
The following table sets forth information with regard to contractual maturities of debt securities at March 31, 2019:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
AFS debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year |  | $ | 610 |  |  | $ | 610 |
From one to five years |  |  | 51,922 |  |  |  | 51,573 |
From five to ten years |  |  | 161,292 |  |  |  | 160,434 |
After ten years |  |  | 746,029 |  |  |  | 739,242 |
Total AFS debt securities |  | $ | 959,853 |  |  | $ | 951,859 |
HTM debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year |  | $ | 78,118 |  |  | $ | 78,118 |
From one to five years |  |  | 64,632 |  |  |  | 64,930 |
From five to ten years |  |  | 204,726 |  |  |  | 204,881 |
After ten years |  |  | 433,089 |  |  |  | 434,832 |
Total HTM debt securities |  | $ | 780,565 |  |  | $ | 782,761 |

Maturities of mortgage-backed, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities are stated based on their estimated average lives. Actual maturities may differ from estimated average lives or contractual maturities because, in certain cases, borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Except for U.S. Government securities, there were no holdings, when taken in the aggregate, of any single issuer that exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
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4. Allowance for Loan Losses and Credit Quality of Loans
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level estimated by management to provide adequately for probable incurred losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is continuously monitored. It is assessed for appropriateness using a methodology designed to ensure the level of the allowance reasonably reflects the loan portfolio’s risk profile and can absorb all reasonably estimable credit losses inherent in the current loan portfolio.
To develop and document a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses, the Company has divided the loan portfolio into three segments, each with different risk characteristics and methodologies for assessing risk. Those segments are further segregated between our loans accounted for under the amortized cost method (referred to as “originated” loans) and loans acquired in a business combination (referred to as “acquired” loans). Each portfolio segment is broken down into class segments where appropriate. Class segments contain unique measurement attributes, risk characteristics and methods for monitoring and assessing risk that are necessary to develop the allowance for loan losses. Unique characteristics such as borrower type, loan type, collateral type and risk characteristics define each class segment. The following table illustrates the portfolio and class segments for the Company’s loan portfolio:

Portfolio | Class
Commercial Loans | Commercial and Industrial
| Commercial Real Estate
| Business Banking
Consumer Loans | Dealer Finance
| Specialty Lending
| Direct
Residential Real Estate |

Commercial Loans
The Company offers a variety of Commercial loan products. The Company’s underwriting analysis for commercial loans typically includes credit verification, independent appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial condition and a detailed analysis of the borrower’s underlying cash flows.
Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”) – The Company offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our C&I customers including term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital needs such as inventory and receivables, business expansion, equipment purchases, livestock purchase and seasonal crop expenses. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. These loans typically carry a higher risk than Commercial Real Estate loans due to the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment, accounts receivable and perishable agricultural products, which are exposed to industry price volatility. To reduce these risks, management also attempts to obtain personal guarantees of the owners or obtain government loan guarantees to provide further support.
Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) – The Company offers CRE loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial and agricultural properties. CRE loans are made to finance the purchases and improvements of real property, which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. These CRE loans are secured by liens on the real estate, which may include both owner occupied and non-owner-occupied properties, such as apartments, commercial structures, health care facilities and other facilities. These loans are typically less risky than C&I loans, since they are secured by real estate. The Company’s underwriting analysis includes credit verification, independent appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial condition and a detailed analysis of the borrower’s underlying cash flows. These loans are typically originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property and no more than 75% of the appraised value of the agricultural property. Government loan guarantees may be obtained to provide further support for agricultural property.
Business Banking - The Company offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our Business Banking customers including term loans, Business Banking mortgages and lines of credit. Such loans are generally less than $750 thousand and are made available to businesses for working capital such as inventory and receivables, business expansion, equipment purchases and agricultural needs. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on assets owned by the borrower and can include real estate, equipment, inventory, receivables or other business assets. These loans carry a higher risk than C&I and CRE loans due to the smaller size of the borrower and lower levels of capital. To reduce these risks, the Company obtains personal guarantees of the owners for a majority of the loans.
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Consumer Loans
The Company offers a variety of Consumer loan products including Dealer Finance, Specialty Lending and Direct loans.
Dealer Finance – The Company maintains relationships with many dealers primarily in the communities that we serve. Through these relationships, the Company primarily finances the purchases of automobiles indirectly through dealer relationships. Approximately 95% of the Dealer Finance relationships represent automobile financing. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to six years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. The majority of Dealer Finance Consumer loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed.
Specialty Lending – The Company offers unsecured Consumer loans across a national footprint originated through our relationship with national technology-driven consumer lending companies to finance such things as dental and medical procedures, K-12 tuition, solar energy installations and other consumer purpose loans. Advances of credit through this specialty lending business line are subject to the Company’s underwriting standards including criteria such as FICO score and debt to income thresholds.
Direct – The Company offers a variety of consumer installment loans to finance vehicle purchases, mobile home purchases and personal expenditures. In addition to installment loans, the Company also offers personal lines of credit, overdraft protection, home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a lien position on one-to-four family residential real estate) to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses. Most of the consumer installment loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to ten years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. For home equity loans, consumers are able to borrow up to 85% of the equity in their homes. These loans carry a higher risk than first mortgage residential loans as they are often in a second position with respect to collateral. Consumer installment loans are often secured with collateral consisting of a perfected lien on the asset being purchased or a perfected lien on a consumer’s deposit account. Risk is reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower’s financial condition and personal cash flows. A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate.
Residential Real Estate
Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by a first or second mortgage on primary residences. We originate adjustable-rate and fixed-rate, one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase or refinancing of a mortgage. These loans are collateralized by owner-occupied properties located in the Company’s market area. When market conditions are favorable, for longer term, fixed-rate residential real estate mortgages without escrow, the Company retains the servicing, but sells the right to receive principal and interest to Government-sponsored enterprises. This practice allows the Company to manage interest rate risk, liquidity risk and credit risk. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 85% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower) or have private mortgage insurance. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. Construction loans have a unique risk because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period.
Allowance for Loan Loss Calculation
For purposes of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance, the Company considers a number of significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio. For individually impaired loans, these include estimates of impairment, if any, which reflect the facts and circumstances that affect the likelihood of repayment of such loans as of the evaluation date. For homogeneous pools of loans, estimates of the Company’s exposure to credit loss reflect a current assessment of a number of factors, which could affect collectability. These factors include: past loss experience, size, trend, composition and nature of loans; changes in lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-offs and recoveries; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; current economic conditions in the Company’s market; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experienced across one or more components of the portfolio; the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements; and the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral component of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Company to make loan grade changes as well as recognize additions to the allowance based on their examinations.
After a thorough consideration of the factors discussed above, any required additions or reductions to the allowance for loan losses are made periodically by charges or credits to the provision for loan losses. These charges are necessary to maintain the allowance at a level which management believes is reflective of overall level of incurred loss in the portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions and reductions of the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in risk associated with portfolio content or changes in management’s assessment of any or all of the determining factors discussed above.
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The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for loan losses by our portfolio segments:

(In thousands) |  | Commercial Loans |  |  | Consumer Loans |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 32,759 |  |  | $ | 37,178 |  |  | $ | 2,568 |  |  | $ | 72,505 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (747 | ) |  |  | (7,433 | ) |  |  | (274 | ) |  |  | (8,454 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 1,399 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 1,547 |
Provision |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 5,660 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 5,807 |
Ending Balance as of March 31, 2019 |  | $ | 32,159 |  |  | $ | 36,804 |  |  | $ | 2,442 |  |  | $ | 71,405 |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 27,606 |  |  | $ | 36,830 |  |  | $ | 5,064 |  |  | $ | 69,500 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (805 | ) |  |  | (7,687 | ) |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | (8,674 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 1,644 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 1,878 |
Provision |  |  | 1,202 |  |  |  | 6,186 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 7,496 |
Ending Balance as of March 31, 2018 |  | $ | 28,190 |  |  | $ | 36,973 |  |  | $ | 5,037 |  |  | $ | 70,200 |

For acquired loans, to the extent that we experience deterioration in borrower credit quality resulting in a decrease in our expected cash flows subsequent to acquisition of the loans, an allowance for loan losses would be established based on our estimate of incurred losses at the balance sheet date. There was no allowance for loan losses for the acquired loan portfolio as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. There were no net charge-offs related to acquired loans during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and approximately $0.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018, and are included in the table above.
The following table illustrates the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment by portfolio segments:

(In thousands) |  | Commercial Loans |  |  | Consumer Loans |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  | Total |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 32,159 |  |  | $ | 36,804 |  |  | $ | 2,442 |  |  | $ | 71,405 |
Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25 |
Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 32,134 |  |  | $ | 36,804 |  |  | $ | 2,442 |  |  | $ | 71,380 |
Ending balance of loans |  | $ | 3,250,482 |  |  | $ | 2,249,419 |  |  | $ | 1,390,411 |  |  | $ | 6,890,312 |
Ending balance of originated loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | 6,009 |  |  |  | 7,813 |  |  |  | 7,220 |  |  |  | 21,042 |
Ending balance of acquired loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 140,103 |  |  |  | 29,626 |  |  |  | 142,814 |  |  |  | 312,543 |
Ending balance of originated loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,104,370 |  |  | $ | 2,211,980 |  |  | $ | 1,240,377 |  |  | $ | 6,556,727 |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 32,759 |  |  | $ | 37,178 |  |  | $ | 2,568 |  |  | $ | 72,505 |
Allowance for loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25 |
Allowance for loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 32,734 |  |  | $ | 37,178 |  |  | $ | 2,568 |  |  | $ | 72,480 |
Ending balance of loans |  | $ | 3,222,310 |  |  | $ | 2,284,563 |  |  | $ | 1,380,836 |  |  | $ | 6,887,709 |
Ending balance of originated loans individually evaluated for impairment |  |  | 5,786 |  |  |  | 7,887 |  |  |  | 6,905 |  |  |  | 20,578 |
Ending balance of acquired loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  |  | 143,690 |  |  |  | 31,624 |  |  |  | 147,277 |  |  |  | 322,591 |
Ending balance of originated loans collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,072,834 |  |  | $ | 2,245,052 |  |  | $ | 1,226,654 |  |  | $ | 6,544,540 |

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Credit Quality of Loans
For all loan classes within the Company’s loan portfolio, loans are placed on nonaccrual status when timely collection of principal and/or interest in accordance with contractual terms is in doubt. Loans are transferred to nonaccrual status generally when principal or interest payments become ninety days delinquent, unless the loan is well-secured and in the process of collection or sooner when management concludes circumstances indicate that borrowers may be unable to meet contractual principal or interest payments. When a loan is transferred to a nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued in the current period but not collected is reversed against interest income in that period. Interest accrued in a prior period and not collected is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses.
If ultimate repayment of a nonaccrual loan is expected, any payments received are applied in accordance with contractual terms. If ultimate repayment of principal is not expected, any payment received on a nonaccrual loan is applied to principal until ultimate repayment becomes expected. For all loan classes within the Company’s loan portfolio, nonaccrual loans are returned to accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest and demonstrate a period of performance under the contractual terms and, in the opinion of management, are fully collectible as to principal and interest. For loans in all portfolios, the principal amount is charged off in full or in part as soon as management determines, based on available facts, that the collection of principal in full or in part is improbable. For Commercial loans, management considers specific facts and circumstances relative to individual credits in making such a determination. For Consumer and Residential Real Estate loan classes, management uses specific guidance and thresholds from the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s Uniform Retail Credit Classification and Account Management Policy.
The following tables set forth information with regard to past due and nonperforming loans by loan class:

(In thousands) |  | 31-60 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | 61-90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Total Past Due Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Recorded Total Loans |
As of March 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 899 |  |  | $ | 858,653 |  |  | $ | 859,626 |
CRE |  |  | 5,794 |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,214 |  |  |  | 4,818 |  |  |  | 1,753,079 |  |  |  | 1,764,111 |
Business Banking |  |  | 1,149 |  |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,384 |  |  |  | 5,970 |  |  |  | 479,288 |  |  |  | 486,642 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 7,017 |  |  | $ | 655 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 7,672 |  |  | $ | 11,687 |  |  | $ | 3,091,020 |  |  | $ | 3,110,379 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | 11,388 |  |  | $ | 1,962 |  |  | $ | 878 |  |  | $ | 14,228 |  |  | $ | 2,924 |  |  | $ | 1,173,956 |  |  | $ | 1,191,108 |
Specialty Lending |  |  | 3,235 |  |  |  | 1,733 |  |  |  | 1,604 |  |  |  | 6,572 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 522,527 |  |  |  | 529,144 |
Direct |  |  | 2,530 |  |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | 393 |  |  |  | 3,731 |  |  |  | 2,895 |  |  |  | 492,915 |  |  |  | 499,541 |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 17,153 |  |  | $ | 4,503 |  |  | $ | 2,875 |  |  | $ | 24,531 |  |  | $ | 5,864 |  |  | $ | 2,189,398 |  |  | $ | 2,219,793 |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 1,573 |  |  | $ | 398 |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 2,286 |  |  | $ | 6,141 |  |  | $ | 1,239,170 |  |  | $ | 1,247,597 |
Total Originated Loans |  | $ | 25,743 |  |  | $ | 5,556 |  |  | $ | 3,190 |  |  | $ | 34,489 |  |  | $ | 23,692 |  |  | $ | 6,519,588 |  |  | $ | 6,577,769 |
Acquired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 27,166 |  |  | $ | 27,166 |
CRE |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 80,623 |  |  |  | 80,623 |
Business Banking |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 406 |  |  |  | 383 |  |  |  | 31,525 |  |  |  | 32,314 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 383 |  |  | $ | 139,314 |  |  | $ | 140,103 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Direct |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 29,326 |  |  |  | 29,623 |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 29,329 |  |  | $ | 29,626 |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 1,052 |  |  | $ | 1,338 |  |  | $ | 140,424 |  |  | $ | 142,814 |
Total Acquired Loans |  | $ | 985 |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | 1,536 |  |  | $ | 1,940 |  |  | $ | 309,067 |  |  | $ | 312,543 |
Total Loans |  | $ | 26,728 |  |  | $ | 5,962 |  |  | $ | 3,335 |  |  | $ | 36,025 |  |  | $ | 25,632 |  |  | $ | 6,828,655 |  |  | $ | 6,890,312 |

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(In thousands) |  | 31-60 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | 61-90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Total Past Due Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Recorded Total Loans |
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 909 |  |  | $ | 1,062 |  |  | $ | 846,148 |  |  | $ | 848,119 |
CRE |  |  | 1,089 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 588 |  |  |  | 1,677 |  |  |  | 4,995 |  |  |  | 1,734,558 |  |  |  | 1,741,230 |
Business Banking |  |  | 1,092 |  |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,394 |  |  |  | 5,974 |  |  |  | 481,903 |  |  |  | 489,271 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 3,090 |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 3,980 |  |  | $ | 12,031 |  |  | $ | 3,062,609 |  |  | $ | 3,078,620 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | 14,519 |  |  | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | 1,186 |  |  | $ | 18,005 |  |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | 1,196,136 |  |  | $ | 1,216,112 |
Specialty Lending |  |  | 3,479 |  |  |  | 1,773 |  |  |  | 1,562 |  |  |  | 6,814 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 518,114 |  |  |  | 524,928 |
Direct |  |  | 2,962 |  |  |  | 1,437 |  |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 4,951 |  |  |  | 2,592 |  |  |  | 504,356 |  |  |  | 511,899 |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 20,960 |  |  | $ | 5,510 |  |  | $ | 3,300 |  |  | $ | 29,770 |  |  | $ | 4,563 |  |  | $ | 2,218,606 |  |  | $ | 2,252,939 |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 1,426 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | 2,765 |  |  | $ | 6,778 |  |  | $ | 1,224,016 |  |  | $ | 1,233,559 |
Total Originated Loans |  | $ | 25,476 |  |  | $ | 5,969 |  |  | $ | 5,070 |  |  | $ | 36,515 |  |  | $ | 23,372 |  |  | $ | 6,505,231 |  |  | $ | 6,565,118 |
Acquired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 26,124 |  |  | $ | 26,124 |
CRE |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 84,492 |  |  |  | 84,492 |
Business Banking |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 754 |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 31,930 |  |  |  | 33,074 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 466 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 754 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 142,546 |  |  | $ | 143,690 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Direct |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 31,157 |  |  |  | 31,592 |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | 31,187 |  |  | $ | 31,624 |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 546 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | 1,498 |  |  | $ | 145,191 |  |  | $ | 147,277 |
Total Acquired Loans |  | $ | 1,165 |  |  | $ | 372 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 2,115 |  |  | $ | 318,924 |  |  | $ | 322,591 |
Total Loans |  | $ | 26,641 |  |  | $ | 6,341 |  |  | $ | 5,085 |  |  | $ | 38,067 |  |  | $ | 25,487 |  |  | $ | 6,824,155 |  |  | $ | 6,887,709 |

There were no material commitments to extend further credit to borrowers with nonperforming loans as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Impaired Loans
The methodology used to establish the allowance for loan losses on impaired loans incorporates specific allocations on loans analyzed individually. Classified loans, including all troubled debt restructured loans (“TDRs”) and nonaccrual Commercial loans that are graded Substandard, Doubtful or Loss, with outstanding balances of $750 thousand or more are evaluated for impairment through the Company’s quarterly status review process. The Company considers Commercial loans less than $750 thousand to be homogeneous loans. In determining that we will be unable to collect all principal and/or interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreements, we consider factors such as payment history and changes in the financial condition of individual borrowers, local economic conditions, historical loss experience and the conditions of the various markets in which the collateral may be liquidated. For loans that are identified as impaired, impairment is measured by one of three methods: 1) the fair value of collateral less cost to sell, 2) present value of expected future cash flows or 3) the loan’s observable market price. These impaired loans are reviewed on a quarterly basis for changes in the measurement of impairment. Impaired amounts are charged off immediately if such amounts are determined by management to be uncollectable. Any change to the previously recognized amount of impairment loss is recognized as a component of the provision for loan losses.
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The following table provides information on impaired loans specifically evaluated for impairment:

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(In thousands) |  | Recorded Investment Balance (Book) |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Legal) |  |  | Related Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment Balance (Book) |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance (Legal) |  |  | Related Allowance |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 516 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 228 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  |  |  |
CRE |  |  | 4,237 |  |  |  | 6,272 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,312 |  |  |  | 6,330 |  |  |  |  |
Business Banking |  |  | 1,299 |  |  |  | 2,341 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,013 |  |  |  | 2,001 |  |  |  |  |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 5,780 |  |  | $ | 9,129 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,553 |  |  | $ | 8,828 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 241 |  |  |  |  |
Direct |  |  | 7,626 |  |  |  | 9,763 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,744 |  |  |  | 9,831 |  |  |  |  |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 7,813 |  |  | $ | 10,046 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,887 |  |  | $ | 10,072 |  |  |  |  |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 7,220 |  |  | $ | 9,839 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,905 |  |  | $ | 9,414 |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 20,813 |  |  | $ | 29,014 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,345 |  |  | $ | 28,314 |  |  |  |  |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 25 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 25 |
Total Loans |  | $ | 21,042 |  |  | $ | 29,250 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 20,578 |  |  | $ | 28,552 |  |  | $ | 25 |

There were no acquired impaired loans specifically evaluated for impairment as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
The following table summarizes the average recorded investments on loans specifically evaluated for impairment and the interest income recognized:

|  | For the three months ended |
|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |
(In thousands) |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Income Recognized |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 462 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 467 |  |  | $ | - |
CRE |  |  | 4,282 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 4,506 |  |  |  | 32 |
Business Banking |  |  | 1,263 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 954 |  |  |  | 5 |
Total Commercial Loans |  | $ | 6,007 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 5,927 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Direct |  |  | 7,716 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 8,190 |  |  |  | 109 |
Total Consumer Loans |  | $ | 7,889 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 8,374 |  |  | $ | 112 |
Residential Real Estate |  | $ | 7,166 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 6,881 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Total Originated |  | $ | 21,062 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 21,182 |  |  | $ | 222 |
Total Loans |  | $ | 21,062 |  |  | $ | 214 |  |  | $ | 21,182 |  |  | $ | 222 |

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Credit Quality Indicators
The Company has developed an internal loan grading system to evaluate and quantify the Company’s loan portfolio with respect to quality and risk. The system focuses on, among other things, financial strength of borrowers, experience and depth of borrower’s management, primary and secondary sources of repayment, payment history, nature of the business and outlook on particular industries. The internal grading system enables the Company to monitor the quality of the entire loan portfolio on a consistent basis and provide management with an early warning system, enabling recognition and response to problem loans and potential problem loans.
Commercial Grading System
For C&I and CRE loans, the Company uses a grading system that relies on quantifiable and measurable characteristics when available. This would include comparison of financial strength to available industry averages, comparison of transaction factors (loan terms and conditions) to loan policy and comparison of credit history to stated repayment terms and industry averages. Some grading factors are necessarily more subjective such as economic and industry factors, regulatory environment and management. C&I and CRE loans are graded Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention and Pass.

| ● | Doubtful

A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as a loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral and refinancing. Generally, pending events should be resolved within a relatively short period and the ratings will be adjusted based on the new information. Nonaccrual treatment is required for Doubtful assets because of the higher probability of loss.

| ● | Substandard

Substandard loans have a high probability of payment default or they have other well-defined weaknesses. They require more intensive supervision by bank management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some Substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and those loans should be placed on nonaccrual. Although Substandard assets in the aggregate will have a distinct potential for loss, an individual asset’s loss potential does not have to be distinct for the asset to be rated Substandard.

| ● | Special Mention

Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a Substandard classification. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (i.e., declining revenues or margins) or may be struggling with an ill-proportioned balance sheet (i.e., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a Special Mention rating. Although a Special Mention loan has a higher probability of default than a pass asset, its default is not imminent.

| ● | Pass

Loans graded as Pass encompass all loans not graded as Doubtful, Substandard or Special Mention. Pass loans are in compliance with loan covenants and payments are generally made as agreed. Pass loans range from superior quality to fair quality.
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Business Banking Grading System
Business Banking loans are graded as either Classified or Non-classified:

| ● | Classified

Classified loans are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the obligor or, if applicable, the collateral pledged. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt or in some cases make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Classified loans have a higher probability of payment default or total substantial loss. These loans require more intensive supervision by management and are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. Classified loans where the full collection of interest and principal is in doubt are considered to have a nonaccrual status. In some cases, Classified loans are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted.

| ● | Non-classified

Loans graded as Non-classified encompass all loans not graded as Classified. Non-classified loans are in compliance with loan covenants and payments are generally made as agreed.
Consumer and Residential Real Estate Grading System
Consumer and Residential Real Estate loans are graded as either Nonperforming or Performing.

| ● | Nonperforming

Nonperforming loans are loans that are 1) over 90 days past due and interest is still accruing or 2) on nonaccrual status.

| ● | Performing

All loans not meeting any of these criteria are considered Performing.
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The following tables illustrate the Company’s credit quality by loan class:

(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2019 |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  | C&I |  |  | CRE |  |  | Total |
Pass |  |  |  |  | $ | 806,097 |  |  | $ | 1,704,986 |  |  | $ | 2,511,083 |
Special Mention |  |  |  |  |  | 13,217 |  |  |  | 14,172 |  |  |  | 27,389 |
Substandard |  |  |  |  |  | 40,312 |  |  |  | 44,953 |  |  |  | 85,265 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 859,626 |  |  | $ | 1,764,111 |  |  | $ | 2,623,737 |
Business Banking Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Business Banking |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Non-classified |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 473,402 |  |  | $ | 473,402 |
Classified |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,240 |  |  |  | 13,240 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 486,642 |  |  | $ | 486,642 |
Consumer Credit Exposure |  | Dealer Finance |  |  | Specialty Lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  | Direct |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 1,187,306 |  |  | $ | 527,495 |  |  | $ | 496,253 |  |  | $ | 2,211,054 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 3,802 |  |  |  | 1,649 |  |  |  | 3,288 |  |  |  | 8,739 |
Total |  | $ | 1,191,108 |  |  | $ | 529,144 |  |  | $ | 499,541 |  |  | $ | 2,219,793 |
Residential Real Estate Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Performing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,241,141 |  |  | $ | 1,241,141 |
Nonperforming |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,456 |  |  |  | 6,456 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,247,597 |  |  | $ | 1,247,597 |

Acquired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  | C&I |  |  | CRE |  |  | Total |
Pass |  | $ | 24,488 |  |  | $ | 76,934 |  |  | $ | 101,422 |
Special Mention |  |  | 2,670 |  |  |  | 3,074 |  |  |  | 5,744 |
Substandard |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | 623 |
Total |  | $ | 27,166 |  |  | $ | 80,623 |  |  | $ | 107,789 |
Business Banking Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  | Business Banking |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Non-classified |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,295 |  |  | $ | 29,295 |
Classified |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,019 |  |  |  | 3,019 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,314 |  |  | $ | 32,314 |
Consumer Credit Exposure |  | Dealer Finance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  | Direct |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 29,404 |  |  | $ | 29,407 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 219 |
Total |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 29,623 |  |  | $ | 29,626 |
Residential Real Estate Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Performing |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 141,331 |  |  | $ | 141,331 |
Nonperforming |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | 1,483 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 142,814 |  |  | $ | 142,814 |

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(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2018 |
Originated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  | C&I |  |  | CRE |  |  | Total |
Pass |  |  |  |  | $ | 796,778 |  |  | $ | 1,681,330 |  |  | $ | 2,478,108 |
Special Mention |  |  |  |  |  | 11,348 |  |  |  | 13,894 |  |  |  | 25,242 |
Substandard |  |  |  |  |  | 39,993 |  |  |  | 46,006 |  |  |  | 85,999 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 848,119 |  |  | $ | 1,741,230 |  |  | $ | 2,589,349 |
Business Banking Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Business Banking |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Non-classified |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 476,052 |  |  | $ | 476,052 |
Classified |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,219 |  |  |  | 13,219 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 489,271 |  |  | $ | 489,271 |
Consumer Credit Exposure |  | Dealer Finance |  |  | Specialty Lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  | Direct |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 1,212,955 |  |  | $ | 523,366 |  |  | $ | 508,755 |  |  | $ | 2,245,076 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 3,157 |  |  |  | 1,562 |  |  |  | 3,144 |  |  |  | 7,863 |
Total |  | $ | 1,216,112 |  |  | $ | 524,928 |  |  | $ | 511,899 |  |  | $ | 2,252,939 |
Residential Real Estate Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Performing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,225,599 |  |  | $ | 1,225,599 |
Nonperforming |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,960 |  |  |  | 7,960 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,233,559 |  |  | $ | 1,233,559 |

Acquired |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  | C&I |  |  | CRE |  |  | Total |
Pass |  | $ | 23,283 |  |  | $ | 83,762 |  |  | $ | 107,045 |
Special Mention |  |  | 2,831 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 2,923 |
Substandard |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 638 |  |  |  | 648 |
Total |  | $ | 26,124 |  |  | $ | 84,492 |  |  | $ | 110,616 |
Business Banking Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  | Business Banking |  |  |  |  |
By Internally Assigned Grade: |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Non-classified |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,945 |  |  | $ | 29,945 |
Classified |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,129 |  |  |  | 3,129 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,074 |  |  | $ | 33,074 |
Consumer Credit Exposure |  | Dealer Finance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  | Direct |  |  | Total |
Performing |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 31,350 |  |  | $ | 31,382 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | 242 |
Total |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 31,592 |  |  | $ | 31,624 |
Residential Real Estate Credit Exposure |  |  |  |  |  | Residential Real Estate |  |  |  |  |
By Payment Activity: |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
Performing |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 145,779 |  |  | $ | 145,779 |
Nonperforming |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,498 |  |  |  | 1,498 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 147,277 |  |  | $ | 147,277 |

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Troubled Debt Restructuring
When the Company modifies a loan in a troubled debt restructuring, such modifications include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; temporary reduction in the interest rate; or change in scheduled payment amount. Residential Real Estate and Consumer TDRs occurring during 2019 and 2018 were due to the reduction in the interest rate or extension of the term. Commercial TDRs during 2019 and 2018 were both a reduction of the interest rate and change in terms.
When the Company modifies a loan in a troubled debt restructuring, management measures for impairment, if any, based on the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, except when the sole (remaining) source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, management uses the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. If management determines that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan an impairment charge would be recognized.
The following table illustrates the recorded investment and number of modifications for modified loans, including the recorded investment in the loans prior to a modification and the recorded investment in the loans after restructuring:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2019 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Business Banking |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 319 |  |  |  | 410 |
Total Commercial Loans |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | 410 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 74 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 81 |
Direct |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 41 |
Total Consumer Loans |  |  | 11 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 394 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 122 |
Residential Real Estate |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 405 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | 323 |
Total Troubled Debt Restructurings |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,235 |  |  | $ | 1,252 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 855 |

The following table illustrates the recorded investment and number of modifications for TDRs where a concession has been made and subsequently defaulted during the period:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2019 |  |  | Three months ended March 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Recorded Investment |
Commercial Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business Banking |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 200 |
Total Commercial Loans |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 200 |
Consumer Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dealer Finance |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Direct |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 870 |
Total Consumer Loans |  |  | 12 |  |  | $ | 617 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 870 |
Residential Real Estate |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 398 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 504 |
Total Troubled Debt Restructurings |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 1,015 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 1,574 |

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5. Leases
Operating leases in which we are the lessee are recorded as operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities, included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not have any significant finance leases in which we are the lessee as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Operating lease ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date. ROU assets are further adjusted for lease incentives. Operating lease expense, which is comprised of amortization of the ROU asset and the implicit interest accreted on the operating lease liability, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and is recorded in occupancy expense in the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income.
We have made a policy election to exclude the recognition requirements to all classes of leases with original terms of 12 months or less. Instead, the short-term lease payments are recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes and insurance are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated.
Our leases relate primarily to office space and bank branches, some of which contain options to renew the lease. These options to renew are generally not considered reasonably certain to exercise, and are therefore not included in the lease term until such time that the option to renew is reasonably certain. As of March 31, 2019, operating lease ROU assets and liabilities were $32.9 million and $35.4 million, respectively.
The table below summarizes our net lease cost:

(In thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2019 |
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 1,799 |
Variable lease cost |  |  | 677 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 90 |
Sublease income |  |  | (101 | )
Total operating lease cost |  | $ | 2,465 |

The table below show future minimum rental commitments related to non-cancelable operating leases for the next five years and thereafter:

(In thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2019 |
2019 |  | $ | 5,197 |
2020 |  |  | 6,541 |
2021 |  |  | 5,689 |
2022 |  |  | 4,880 |
2023 |  |  | 4,034 |
Thereafter |  |  | 13,874 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 40,215 |
Less: interest |  |  | (4,838 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 35,377 |

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The following table shows the weighted average remaining operating lease term, the weighted average discount rate and supplemental information on the unaudited interim consolidated statements of cash flows for operating leases:

(In thousands except for percent and period data) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2019 |
Weighted average remaining lease term, in years |  |  | 7.87 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 3.05 | %
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 1,549 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities |  |  | 34,427 |

As of March 31, 2019 there are no new significant leases that have not yet commenced.
The following table shows the future minimum rental payments related to non-cancelable operating leases with original terms of one year or more as of December 31, 2018.

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2018 |
2019 |  | $ | 6,890 |
2020 |  |  | 6,467 |
2021 |  |  | 5,613 |
2022 |  |  | 4,773 |
2023 |  |  | 3,972 |
Thereafter |  |  | 13,869 |
Total |  | $ | 41,584 |

6. Defined Benefit Post-Retirement Plans
The Company has a qualified, noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan (“the Plan”) covering substantially all of its employees at March 31, 2019. Benefits paid from the plan are based on age, years of service, compensation, social security benefits and are determined in accordance with defined formulas. The Company’s policy is to fund the Plan in accordance with Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 standards. Assets of the Plan are invested in publicly traded stocks and mutual funds.
In addition to the Plan, the Company provides supplemental employee retirement plans to certain current and former executives. The Company also assumed supplemental retirement plans for former executives of Alliance Financial Corporation (“Alliance”) when the company acquired Alliance.
The supplemental employee retirement plans and the Plan are collectively referred to herein as “Pension Benefits.”
In addition, the Company provides certain health care benefits for retired employees. Benefits were accrued over the employees’ active service period. Only employees that were employed by the Company on or before January 1, 2000 are eligible to receive post-retirement health care benefits. In addition, the Company assumed post-retirement medical life insurance benefits for certain Alliance employees, retirees and their spouses, if applicable, in the Alliance acquisition. These post-retirement benefits are referred to herein as “Other Benefits.”
The Company made no voluntary contributions to the pension and other benefits plans during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
The components of expense for Pension Benefits and Other Benefits are set forth below:

|  | Pension Benefits |  |  | Other Benefits |
|  | Three months ended March 31, |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Components of net periodic cost (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Interest cost |  |  | 981 |  |  |  | 920 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 82 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (1,873 | ) |  |  | (2,123 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net amortization |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 44 |
Total net periodic cost (benefit) |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | (532 | ) |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 129 |

The service cost component of net periodic cost (benefit) is included in Salaries and Employee Benefits and the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and net amortization components are included in Other Noninterest Expense on the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income.
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7. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity (such as the Company’s dilutive stock options and restricted stock units).
The following is a reconciliation of basic and diluted EPS for the periods presented in the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 43,785 |  |  |  | 43,663 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Basic EPS |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 43,785 |  |  |  | 43,663 |
Dilutive effect of common stock options and restricted stock |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 312 |
Weighted average common shares and common share equivalents |  |  | 44,081 |  |  |  | 43,975 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |

There were 1,500 stock options for the quarters ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, that were not considered in the calculation of diluted EPS since the stock options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price during these periods.
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8. Reclassification Adjustments Out of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”):

Detail About AOCI Components |  |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
|  |  | Three months ended |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses on AFS securities |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | Net securities gains
Amortization of unrealized gains related to securities transfer |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 188 |  |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  |  | $ | (67 | ) |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | Income tax (benefit)
Net of tax |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (gains) on cash flow hedges reclassified to interest expense |  |  | $ | (799 | ) |  | $ | (359 | ) |  | Interest expense
Tax effect |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | Income tax expense
Net of tax |  |  | $ | (599 | ) |  | $ | (269 | ) |  |
Pension and other benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net losses |  |  | $ | 634 |  |  | $ | 273 |  |  | Other noninterest expense
Amortization of prior service costs |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | Other noninterest expense
Tax effect |  |  | $ | (164 | ) |  | $ | (74 | ) |  | Income tax (benefit)
Net of tax |  |  | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 221 |  |  |
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  |

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9. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. The Company also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps are considered derivatives, but are not designated in hedging relationships. These instruments have interest rate and credit risk associated with them. To mitigate the interest rate risk, the Company enters into offsetting interest rate swaps with counterparties. The counterparty swaps are also considered derivatives and are also not designated in hedging relationships. Interest rate swaps are recorded within other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair value. Changes to the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other operating income in the consolidated statement of income.
As of March 31, 2019 the Company had ten risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which it is are a participant. The fair values included in other assets and other liabilities on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet applicable to these agreements amounts to $45 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively as of March 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2018 the Company had nine risk participation agreements, with the fair values included in other assets and other liabilities on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet of $36 thousand and $17 thousand, respectively. The risk participation agreement provides credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution.
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Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company has entered into interest rate swaps to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives outstanding as well as the notional amount of risk participation agreements:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  | $ | 22,231 |  |  | $ | 17,572 |
Notional amount: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | 695,522 |  |  |  | 653,369 |
Risk participation agreements |  |  | 77,771 |  |  |  | 70,785 |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustment included in other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | 1,595 |  |  |  | 2,428 |
Notional amount: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 225,000 |

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s short-term rate borrowings. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $1.4 million will be reclassified from AOCI as a reduction to interest expense.
The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:

|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives - included component |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of (loss) or gain recognized in OCI |  | $ | (170 | ) |  | $ | 1,048 |
Amount of (gain) reclassified from AOCI into interest expense |  |  | (799 | ) |  |  | (359 | )

The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives not designating as a hedging relationship:

|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in other income |  | $ | (87 | ) |  | $ | 197 |

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10. Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
GAAP states that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy exists within GAAP that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability;
Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The types of instruments valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include most U.S. government and agency securities, many other sovereign government obligations, liquid mortgage products, active listed equities and most money market securities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such instruments.
The types of instruments valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency include most investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, less liquid mortgage products, less liquid agency securities, less liquid listed equities, state, municipal and provincial obligations and certain physical commodities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Certain common equity securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs (exchange quoted prices). Other investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 and Level 2 inputs. The prices for Level 2 instruments are obtained through an independent pricing service or dealer market participants with whom the Company has historically transacted both purchases and sales of investment securities. Prices obtained from these sources include prices derived from market quotations and matrix pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Management reviews the methodologies used in pricing the securities by its third party providers.
Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability and such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate will be used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support on certain Level 3 investments. Subsequent to inception, management only changes Level 3 inputs and assumptions when corroborated by evidence such as transactions in similar instruments, completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or comparable entities, subsequent rounds of financing, recapitalizations and other transactions across the capital structure, offerings in the equity or debt markets and changes in financial ratios or cash flows.
For the three month period ended March 31, 2019 the Company made no transfers of assets between the levels of the fair value hierarchy. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company made no transfers of assets from Level 1 to Level 2 and made a $4.0 million transfer from Level 2 to Level 1.
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The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis that were accounted for at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | March 31, 2019 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29,636 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29,636 |
State & municipal |  |  | - |  |  |  | 598 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 598 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 516,167 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 516,167 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 405,458 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 405,458 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 951,859 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 951,859 |
Equity securities |  |  | 21,482 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 25,482 |
Derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,871 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,871 |
Total |  | $ | 21,482 |  |  | $ | 979,730 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,001,212 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 22,266 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 22,266 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 22,266 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 22,266 |

(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 84,299 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 84,299 |
State & municipal |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29,915 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29,915 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 512,295 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 512,295 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 371,987 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 371,987 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 998,496 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 998,496 |
Equity securities |  |  | 19,053 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23,053 |
Derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,000 |
Total |  | $ | 19,053 |  |  | $ | 1,022,496 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,041,549 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 17,572 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 17,572 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 17,572 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 17,572 |

GAAP requires disclosure of assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis such as goodwill, loans held for sale, other real estate owned, collateral-dependent impaired loans, mortgage servicing rights and HTM securities. The only non-recurring fair value measurements recorded during the three month period ended March 31, 2019 and the year ended December 31, 2018 were related to impaired loans, write-downs of other real estate owned and impairments of goodwill and intangible assets. The Company uses the fair value of underlying collateral, less costs to sell, to estimate the specific reserves for collateral dependent impaired loans. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 10% to 35%. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for collateral dependent impaired loans are classified as Level 3.
As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had collateral dependent impaired loans with a carrying value of $0.2 million, which had specific reserves included in the allowance for loan losses of $25 thousand.
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The following table sets forth information with regard to estimated fair values of financial instruments. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. Financial instruments for which the fair value approximates carrying value include cash and cash equivalents, AFS securities, equity securities, accrued interest receivable, non-maturity deposits, short-term borrowings, accrued interest payable and derivatives.

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HTM securities |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 780,565 |  |  | $ | 782,761 |  |  | $ | 783,599 |  |  | $ | 778,675 |
Net loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6,827,432 |  |  |  | 6,775,550 |  |  |  | 6,822,147 |  |  |  | 6,754,460 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 922,304 |  |  | $ | 915,990 |  |  | $ | 930,678 |  |  | $ | 920,534 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 73,696 |  |  |  | 73,981 |  |  |  | 73,724 |  |  |  | 73,927 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 102,946 |  |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 100,114 |

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, the Company has a substantial trust and investment management operation that contributes net fee income annually. The trust and investment management operation is not considered a financial instrument and its value has not been incorporated into the fair value estimates. Other significant assets and liabilities include the benefits resulting from the low-cost funding of deposit liabilities as compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimate of fair value.
HTM Securities
The fair value of the Company’s HTM securities is primarily measured using information from a third party pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.
Net Loans
The fair value of the Company’s loans was estimated in accordance with the exit price notion as defined by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC 820”). Net loans include portfolio loans and loans held for sale. Loans were first segregated by type and then further segmented into fixed and variable rate and loan quality categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments, which also includes credit risk, illiquidity risk and other market factors to calculate the exit price fair value in accordance with ASC 820.
Time Deposits
The fair value of time deposits was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. The fair values of the Company’s time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.
Long-Term Debt
The fair value of long-term debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments.
Junior Subordinated Debt
The fair value of junior subordinated debt has been estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis.
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11. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit and certain agricultural real estate loans sold to investors with recourse, with the sold portion having a government guarantee that is assignable back to the Company upon repurchase of the loan in the event of default. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit and loans sold with recourse is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. Commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit totaled $1.9 billion at March 31, 2019 and $1.7 billion at December 31, 2018.
Since many loan commitments, standby letters of credit and guarantees and indemnification contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit.
The Company guarantees the obligations or performance of customers by issuing standby letters of credit to third parties. These standby letters of credit are frequently issued in support of third party debt, such as corporate debt issuances, industrial revenue bonds and municipal securities. The risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as the credit risk involved in extending loan facilities to customers and letters of credit are subject to the same credit origination, portfolio maintenance and management procedures in effect to monitor other credit and off-balance sheet products. Typically, these instruments have one year expirations with an option to renew upon annual review; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Standby letters of credit totaled $30.4 million at March 31, 2019 and $41.2 million at December 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit was not significant.
12. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability. Additionally, when measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, optional payments should be included only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease, exercise a purchase option or not exercise an option to terminate the lease. In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842. ASU 2018-01 was issued to address concerns about the cost and complexity of complying with the transition provisions of ASU 2016-02. Both ASU 2016-02 and ASU 2018-01 are effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. Lessees and lessors are required to apply the provisions of ASU 2016-02 at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. At its November 29, 2017 meeting, the FASB proposed allowing entities the option of applying the provisions of ASU 2016-02 at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. ASU 2018-10 was issued to provide more detailed guidance and additional clarification for implementing ASU 2016-02. Also in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, which allows for an optional transition method in which the provisions of ASC Topic 842 would be applied upon the adoption date and would not have to be retroactively applied to the earliest reporting period presented in the consolidated financial statements.
The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 as of January 1, 2019 and elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allows the carryforward of the historical lease classification, the practical expedient related to land easements and the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. The Company made an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the balance sheet and recognize those lease payments in the consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 and related transition guidance resulted in the recognition of additional net lease assets and liabilities of approximately $34 million and $37 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The standard did not materially affect our consolidated net earnings or regulatory capital ratios. Refer to Note 5, Leases for more information.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20). ASU 2017-08 requires amortization of premiums to the earliest call date on debt securities with call features that are explicit, on contingent and callable at fixed prices on present dates. The ASU does not impact securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to the contractual maturity. The guidance is required to be applied with a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. ASU 2017-08 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and no cumulative effect adjustment was required upon adoption.
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In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) - Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes. The ASU 2018-16 amends existing guidance permits the use of the OIS rate based on SOFR as a United States benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to other allowable rates stated in the guidance. ASU 2018-16 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 and should be applied prospectively for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after the date of adoption. The adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair value Measurement. The provisions of ASU 2018-13 modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in ASC 820. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. ASU 2018-13 is effective January 1, 2020 but may be early adopted in any interim period. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures and does not expect the impact to be material.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“CECL”). ASU 2016-13 introduces new guidance that make substantive changes to the accounting for credit losses. ASU 2016-13 introduces the CECL model, which applies to financial assets subject to credit losses and measured at amortized cost, as well as certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. This includes loans, loan commitments, standby letters of credit, net investments in leases recognized by a lessor and HTM debt securities. The CECL model requires an entity to estimate credit losses expected over the life of an exposure, considering information about historical events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts and is generally expected to result in earlier recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 also modifies certain provisions of the current OTTI model for AFS debt securities. Credit losses on AFS debt securities will be limited to the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value and will be recognized through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a direct reduction in amortized cost basis. ASU 2016-13 also provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with more than insignificant credit deterioration since their origination. ASU 2016-13 requires expanded disclosures including, but not limited to, (i) information about the methods and assumptions used to estimate expected credit losses, including changes in the factors that influenced management’s estimate and the reasons for those changes, (ii) for financing receivables and net investment in leases measured at amortized cost, further disaggregation of information about the credit quality of those assets and (iii) a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for HTM and AFS securities. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for all organizations for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018; however, the Company does not intend to early adopt this ASU. Management is evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, processes and controls and is not currently able to reasonably estimate the impact of adoption on the Company’s consolidated financial statements; however, adoption is likely to lead to significant changes in accounting policies related to, and the methods employed in estimating, the allowance for loan and lease losses. It is possible that the impact will be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Moreover, the CECL model may create more volatility in the level of our allowance for loan losses. To date, the Company has completed a gap analysis, adopted a detailed implementation plan, established a formal governance structure for the project, selected and is in the process of implementing a software solution to serve as its CECL platform, hired talent to support the CECL model, documented accounting policy elections and drafted policies to comply with the new standard, selected credit loss methods for key portfolio segments and is in the process of documenting processes and controls. The Company intends to perform parallel calculations and analysis beginning in the second quarter of 2019.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20), provides changes to the disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans. The amended guidance modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The amendments are a result of the disclosure framework project that focuses on improvements to the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. The amendments remove and add certain disclosure requirements. The disclosure requirements being removed relating to public companies are (1) the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year, (2) the amount and timing of plan assets expected to be returned to the employer, (3) the 2001 disclosure requirement relating to Japanese Welfare Pension Insurance Law, (4) related party disclosures about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance, and (5) the effects of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trends on the benefit cost and obligation. The disclosure requirements being added relating to public companies are (1) the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans, and (2) an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. ASU 2018-14 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2021 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively and the Company does not expect the guidance to have a material impact on its disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) – Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 amends existing guidance and requires a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40 to determine which implementation costs to capitalize and which costs to expense. ASU 2018-15 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2020 and early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company is evaluating the impact that the guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
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NBT BANCORP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to provide a concise description of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of NBT Bancorp Inc. (“NBT”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including, NBT Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), NBT Financial Services, Inc. (“NBT Financial”) and NBT Holdings, Inc. (“NBT Holdings”) (collectively referred to herein as the “Company”). This discussion will focus on results of operations, financial condition, capital resources and asset/liability management. Reference should be made to the Company’s consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in this Form 10‑Q as well as to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2018 for an understanding of the following discussion and analysis. Operating results for the three-month period ending March 31, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year ending December 31, 2019 or any future period.
Forward-looking Statements
Certain statements in this filing and future filings by the Company with the SEC, in the Company’s press releases or other public or stockholder communications or in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, contain forward-looking statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. These statements may be identified by the use of phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “will,” “can,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” or other similar terms. There are a number of factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements include, among others, the following possibilities: (1) local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on the Company and its customers and the Company’s assessment of that impact; (2) changes in the level of nonperforming assets and charge-offs; (3) changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements; (4) the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”); (5) inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations; (6) political instability; (7) acts of war or terrorism; (8) the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users; (9) changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits; (10) changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Company’s borrowers; (11) technological changes; (12) acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses; (13) the ability to increase market share and control expenses; (14) changes in the competitive environment among financial holding companies; (15) the effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance) with which the Company and its subsidiaries must comply, including those under the Dodd-Frank Act; (16) the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and other accounting standard setters; (17) changes in the Company’s organization, compensation and benefit plans; (18) the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments including the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews; (19) greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the integration of new products and lines of business; and (20) the Company’s success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.
The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made, and advises readers that various factors including, but not limited to, those described above and other factors discussed in the Company’s annual and quarterly reports previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, could affect the Company’s financial performance and could cause the Company’s actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected.
Unless required by law, the Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligations to, publicly release any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
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Non-GAAP Measures
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These measures adjust GAAP measures to exclude the effects of acquisition-related intangible amortization expense on earnings, equity and assets as well as providing a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) yield on securities and loans. Where non-GAAP disclosures are used in this Form 10-Q, the comparable GAAP measure, as well as a reconciliation to the comparable GAAP measure, is provided in the accompanying tables. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information that is important to an understanding of the results of the Company’s core business as well as provide information standard in the financial institution industry. Non-GAAP measures should not be considered a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP and investors should consider the Company’s performance and financial condition as reported under GAAP and all other relevant information when assessing the performance or financial condition of the Company.
Critical Accounting Policies
The Company has identified policies as being critical because they require management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because of the likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. These policies relate to the allowance for loan losses, pension accounting and provision for income taxes.
Management of the Company considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses to be a critical accounting policy given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the results of operations. While management’s current evaluation of the allowance for loan losses indicates that the allowance is appropriate, the allowance may need to be increased under adversely different conditions or assumptions. For example, if historical loan loss experience significantly worsened or if current economic conditions significantly deteriorated, additional provision for loan losses would be required to increase the allowance. In addition, the assumptions and estimates used in the internal reviews of the Company’s nonperforming loans and potential problem loans have a significant impact on the overall analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. While management has concluded that the current evaluation of collateral values is reasonable, if collateral values were significantly lower, the Company’s allowance for loan loss policy would also require additional provision for loan losses.
Management is required to make various assumptions in valuing the Company’s pension assets and liabilities. These assumptions include the expected rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate and the rate of increase in future compensation levels. Changes to these assumptions could impact earnings in future periods. The Company takes into account the plan asset mix, funding obligations and expert opinions in determining the various rates used to estimate pension expense. The Company also considers the Citigroup Pension Liability Index, market interest rates and discounted cash flows in setting the appropriate discount rate. In addition, the Company reviews expected inflationary and merit increases to compensation in determining the rate of increase in future compensation levels.
The Company is subject to examinations from various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in challenges to the tax return treatment applied by the Company to specific transactions. Management believes that the assumptions and judgments used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been appropriate. Should tax laws change or the taxing authorities determine that management’s assumptions were inappropriate, an adjustment may be required which could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company’s policies on the allowance for loan losses, pension accounting and provision for income taxes are disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements presented in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. All accounting policies are important and as such, the Company encourages the reader to review each of the policies included in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements presented in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K to obtain a better understanding of how the Company’s financial performance is reported.
Refer to Note 12 to the unaudited interim consolidated finance statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for recently adopted accounting standards.
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Overview
Significant factors management reviews to evaluate the Company’s operating results and financial condition include, but are not limited to: net income and earnings per share, return on assets and equity, net interest margin, noninterest income, operating expenses, asset quality indicators, loan and deposit growth, capital management, liquidity and interest rate sensitivity, enhancements to customer products and services, technology advancements, market share and peer comparisons. The following information should be considered in connection with the Company’s results for the three months ended March 31, 2019:

| ● | Net income up 12.1% from the first quarter of 2018

| ● | Diluted earnings per share up 11.9% from the first quarter of 2018

| ● | Average demand deposits up 2.2% from the first quarter of 2018

| ● | FTE net interest margin of 3.64%, up 7 basis points from the first quarter of 2018

| ● | Full cycle deposit beta of 11.7% through the quarter ending March 31, 20191

| ● | Tangible equity ratio of 8.06%, up 54 basis points from the first quarter of 20182

(1) | The change in the Company’s quarterly deposit costs from December 31, 2015 to March 31, 2019 of 0.26% divided by the change in Federal Reserve’s target fed funds rate from December 2015 to March 2019 of 2.25%.

(2) | Non-GAAP measure - Stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets divided by total assets less goodwill and intangible assets.

Results of Operations
Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $29.1 million, up 1.7% from $28.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2018 and up 12.1% from $26.0 million for the first quarter of 2018. Diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $0.66, as compared with $0.65 for the prior quarter, an increase of 1.5%, and $0.59 for the first quarter of 2018, an increase of 11.9%. Return on average assets (annualized) was 1.24% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to 1.20% for the prior quarter and 1.15% for the same period last year. Return on average equity (annualized) was 11.52% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to 11.34% for the prior quarter and 10.99% for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Return on average tangible common equity (annualized) was 16.45% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to 16.37% for the prior quarter and 15.95% for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Return on average tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure and excludes amortization of intangible assets (net of tax) from net income and average tangible equity calculated as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net income |  | $ | 29,127 |  |  | $ | 25,986 |
Amortization of intangible assets (net of tax) |  |  | 726 |  |  |  | 686 |
Net income, excluding intangible amortization |  | $ | 29,853 |  |  | $ | 26,672 |
Average stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,025,753 |  |  | $ | 959,044 |
Less: average goodwill and other intangibles |  |  | 289,913 |  |  |  | 281,027 |
Average tangible common equity |  | $ | 735,840 |  |  | $ | 678,017 |

Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and securities and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits and borrowings. Net interest income is affected by the interest rate spread, the difference between the yield on interest-earning assets and cost of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the volumes of such assets and liabilities. Net interest income is one of the key determining factors in a financial institution’s performance as it is the principal source of earnings.
Net interest income was $77.7 million for the first quarter of 2019, down $1.2 million, or 1.5% from the previous quarter. The FTE net interest margin was 3.64% for the three months ended March 31, 2019, up 3 basis points (“bps”) from the previous quarter, as higher rates on lower average interest-earning assets more than offset higher funding costs on higher average interest-bearing liabilities. Interest income increased $0.8 million, or 0.9%, as the yield on average interest-earning assets increased 14 bps from the prior quarter to 4.28%, while average interest-earning assets of $8.7 billion remained relatively consistent with prior quarter. Interest expense was up $2.0 million, or 17.2%, as the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 15 bps to 0.92% for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, driven by interest-bearing deposit costs increasing 16 bps along with increased short-term borrowings cost. The Federal Reserve has raised its target fed funds rate nine times from December 2015 through March 2019 for a total increase of 225 bps. During this same cycle of increasing rates, the Company’s average cost of deposits increased by 26 bps, resulting in a full cycle deposit beta of 11.7%.
Net interest income was $77.7 million for the first quarter of 2019, up $4.2 million, or 5.7%, from the first quarter of 2018. The FTE net interest margin of 3.64% was up 7 bps from the first quarter of 2018. Interest income increased $10.6 million, or 13.1%, as the yield on average interest-earning assets increased 36 bps from the same period in 2018, and average interest-earning assets increased $314.0 million, or 3.7%, primarily due to a $294.2 million increase in average loans. Interest expense increased $6.4 million, as the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 41 bps, driven by interest-bearing deposit costs increasing 38 bps combined with a 72 basis point increase in short-term borrowing costs.
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Average Balances and Net Interest Income
The following table includes the condensed consolidated average balance sheet, an analysis of interest income/expense and average yield/rate for each major category of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on a taxable equivalent basis. Interest income for tax-exempt securities and loans has been adjusted to a taxable-equivalent basis using the statutory Federal income tax rate of 21%.

Three months ended |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term interest bearing accounts |  | $ | 9,065 |  |  | $ | 91 |  |  |  | 4.07 | % |  | $ | 3,780 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  |  | 5.25 | % |  | $ | 2,818 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  | 5.18 | %
Securities available for sale (1)(3) |  |  | 984,704 |  |  |  | 5,953 |  |  |  | 2.45 | % |  |  | 1,104,198 |  |  |  | 6,367 |  |  |  | 2.29 | % |  |  | 1,273,634 |  |  |  | 6,971 |  |  |  | 2.22 | %
Securities held to maturity (1)(3) |  |  | 782,570 |  |  |  | 5,596 |  |  |  | 2.90 | % |  |  | 688,840 |  |  |  | 4,733 |  |  |  | 2.73 | % |  |  | 482,375 |  |  |  | 2,945 |  |  |  | 2.48 | %
Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock |  |  | 49,152 |  |  |  | 793 |  |  |  | 6.54 | % |  |  | 47,689 |  |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | 6.95 | % |  |  | 46,844 |  |  |  | 730 |  |  |  | 6.32 | %
Loans (2)(3) |  |  | 6,886,672 |  |  |  | 79,411 |  |  |  | 4.68 | % |  |  | 6,876,341 |  |  |  | 79,074 |  |  |  | 4.56 | % |  |  | 6,592,447 |  |  |  | 70,543 |  |  |  | 4.34 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 8,712,163 |  |  | $ | 91,844 |  |  |  | 4.28 | % |  | $ | 8,720,848 |  |  | $ | 91,059 |  |  |  | 4.14 | % |  | $ | 8,398,118 |  |  | $ | 81,225 |  |  |  | 3.92 | %
Other assets |  |  | 795,585 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 769,302 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 746,172 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,507,748 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,490,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,144,290 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposit accounts |  | $ | 1,804,053 |  |  | $ | 4,410 |  |  |  | 0.99 | % |  | $ | 1,745,980 |  |  | $ | 2,855 |  |  |  | 0.65 | % |  | $ | 1,655,308 |  |  | $ | 1,116 |  |  |  | 0.27 | %
NOW deposit accounts |  |  | 1,135,213 |  |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 0.16 | % |  |  | 1,166,383 |  |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 0.18 | % |  |  | 1,211,029 |  |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | 0.13 | %
Savings deposits |  |  | 1,252,042 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 0.06 | % |  |  | 1,250,703 |  |  |  | 183 |  |  |  | 0.06 | % |  |  | 1,248,432 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 0.06 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 942,457 |  |  |  | 3,801 |  |  |  | 1.64 | % |  |  | 921,252 |  |  |  | 3,412 |  |  |  | 1.47 | % |  |  | 802,959 |  |  |  | 2,240 |  |  |  | 1.13 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 5,133,765 |  |  | $ | 8,826 |  |  |  | 0.70 | % |  | $ | 5,084,318 |  |  | $ | 6,977 |  |  |  | 0.54 | % |  | $ | 4,917,728 |  |  | $ | 3,931 |  |  |  | 0.32 | %
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 712,306 |  |  |  | 3,237 |  |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 724,693 |  |  |  | 3,131 |  |  |  | 1.71 | % |  |  | 712,220 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 1.12 | %
Long-term debt |  |  | 73,707 |  |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | 2.32 | % |  |  | 73,735 |  |  |  | 431 |  |  |  | 2.32 | % |  |  | 88,844 |  |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 2.17 | %
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | 4.68 | % |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  | 4.35 | % |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 901 |  |  |  | 3.61 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 6,020,974 |  |  | $ | 13,653 |  |  |  | 0.92 | % |  | $ | 5,983,942 |  |  | $ | 11,649 |  |  |  | 0.77 | % |  | $ | 5,819,988 |  |  | $ | 7,274 |  |  |  | 0.51 | %
Demand deposits |  |  | 2,309,531 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,373,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,259,955 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 151,490 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 130,151 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 105,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,025,753 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,002,822 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 959,044 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 9,507,748 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,490,150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,144,290 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 78,191 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,410 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 73,951 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.36 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.37 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.41 | %
Net interest margin (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.64 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.61 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.57 | %
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 535 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 465 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 77,691 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 78,875 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 73,486 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Securities are shown at average amortized cost.

(2) | For purposes of these computations, nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale are included in the average loan balances outstanding.

(3) | Interest income for tax-exempt securities and loans have been adjusted to a FTE basis using the statutory Federal income tax rate of 21%.

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The following table presents changes in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in volume (change in average balance multiplied by prior year rate), changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior year volume) and the net change in net interest income. The net change attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate has been allocated to each in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of change.

Three months ended March 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) 2019 over 2018 |
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |
Short-term interest bearing accounts |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | 55 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | (1,694 | ) |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | (1,018 | )
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 2,078 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 2,651 |
Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 63 |
Loans |  |  | 3,238 |  |  |  | 5,630 |  |  |  | 8,868 |
Total interest income (FTE) |  | $ | 3,723 |  |  | $ | 6,896 |  |  | $ | 10,619 |
Money market deposit accounts |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | 3,185 |  |  | $ | 3,294 |
NOW deposit accounts |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 35 |
Savings deposits |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |
Time deposits |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 1,123 |  |  |  | 1,561 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  | 1,271 |
Long-term debt |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | (54 | )
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 267 |
Total interest expense (FTE) |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 5,943 |  |  | $ | 6,379 |
Change in net interest income (FTE) |  | $ | 3,287 |  |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 4,240 |

Noninterest Income
Noninterest income is a significant source of revenue for the Company and an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth information by category of noninterest income for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Insurance and other financial services revenue |  | $ | 6,756 |  |  | $ | 6,504 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 4,236 |  |  |  | 3,972 |
ATM and debit card fees |  |  | 5,525 |  |  |  | 5,273 |
Retirement plan administration fees |  |  | 7,734 |  |  |  | 5,339 |
Trust |  |  | 4,551 |  |  |  | 4,878 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 1,377 |  |  |  | 1,347 |
Net securities gains |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 72 |
Other |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 3,892 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 33,821 |  |  | $ | 31,277 |

Noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $33.8 million, up $7.9 million, or 30.4%, from the prior quarter and up $2.5 million, or 8.1%, from the first quarter of 2018. The increase from the prior quarter was primarily driven by lower net securities losses and seasonal increases in both insurance and other financial services revenue and retirement plan administration fees. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company restructured the investment portfolio by selling $109 million of lower-yielding bonds and reinvesting the proceeds in higher-yielding bonds, which resulted in a $6.6 million loss on securities sold. Excluding net securities gains (losses), noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2019 would have been $33.8 million, up $0.9 million, or 2.7% from the prior quarter and up $2.6 million, or 8.2% from the first quarter of 2018. The increase from the first quarter of 2018 was primarily due to higher retirement plan administration fees resulting from the acquisition of Retirement Plan Services, LLC (“RPS”) in the second quarter of 2018.
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Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expenses are also an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth the major components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 39,356 |  |  | $ | 36,567 |
Occupancy |  |  | 6,275 |  |  |  | 6,119 |
Data processing and communications |  |  | 4,414 |  |  |  | 4,279 |
Professional fees and outside services |  |  | 3,668 |  |  |  | 3,492 |
Equipment |  |  | 4,757 |  |  |  | 4,038 |
Office supplies and postage |  |  | 1,591 |  |  |  | 1,573 |
FDIC expenses |  |  | 1,017 |  |  |  | 1,201 |
Advertising |  |  | 503 |  |  |  | 337 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 914 |
Loan collection and other real estate owned, net |  |  | 785 |  |  |  | 1,337 |
Other |  |  | 5,126 |  |  |  | 4,415 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 68,460 |  |  | $ | 64,272 |

Noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $68.5 million, down $0.4 million, or 0.6%, from the prior quarter and up $4.2 million, or 6.5%, from the first quarter of 2018. The decrease from the prior quarter was primarily due to a $1.1 million decrease in other noninterest expense due to a $0.4 million decrease in non-recurring items in the fourth quarter of 2018 combined with the timing of expense items, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in pension interest and amortization costs. Advertising expense decreased from the prior quarter by $0.5 million due to the timing of expenses in the fourth quarter of 2018. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in occupancy expense due to seasonal expenses. The increase from the first quarter of 2018 was driven by increases in salaries and employee benefits expense, equipment expense and other noninterest expense, which were partially offset by a decrease in loan collection and other real estate owned. Salaries and employee benefits expense increased from the first quarter of 2018 due primarily to the acquisition of RPS in the second quarter of 2018 and related employee benefits expenses combined with a $0.4 million increase in salaries related to the tax reform initiatives implemented in the first quarter of 2018.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $8.1 million, up $7.4 million, from the prior quarter and up $1.1 million from the first quarter of 2018. The effective tax rate of 21.8% for the first quarter of 2019 was up from 2.5% for the fourth quarter of 2018 and up from 21.2% for the first quarter of 2018. The increase in income tax expense from the prior quarter was primarily due to a $5.5 million tax benefit recorded in the fourth quarter of 2018 primarily related to one-time income tax return accounting method changes during the fourth quarter of 2018. The increase in income tax expense from the first quarter of 2018 was primarily due to a higher level of taxable income.
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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
Securities
Total securities decreased $47.2 million, or 2.6%, from December 31, 2018 to March 31, 2019. The securities portfolio represents 18.4% of total assets as of March 31, 2019 as compared to 18.9% of total assets as of December 31, 2018.
The following table details the composition of securities available for sale, securities held to maturity and regulatory investments for the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
With maturities 15 years or less |  |  | 27 | % |  |  | 26 | %
With maturities greater than 15 years |  |  | 10 | % |  |  | 10 | %
Collateral mortgage obligations |  |  | 43 | % |  |  | 40 | %
Municipal securities |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | 15 | %
U.S. agency notes |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 8 | %
Equity securities |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 1 | %
Total |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

The Company’s mortgage-backed securities, U.S. agency notes and collateralized mortgage obligations are all guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Farm Credit Banks or Ginnie Mae (“GNMA”). GNMA securities are considered similar in credit quality to U.S. Treasury securities, as they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Currently, there are no subprime mortgages in our investment portfolio. Refer to Note 3 to the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for information related to other-than-temporary impairment considerations.
Loans
A summary of loans, net of deferred fees and origination costs, by category for the periods indicated follows:

(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Commercial |  | $ | 1,306,551 |  |  | $ | 1,291,568 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 1,943,931 |  |  |  | 1,930,742 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 1,390,411 |  |  |  | 1,380,836 |
Dealer finance |  |  | 1,191,111 |  |  |  | 1,216,144 |
Specialty lending |  |  | 529,144 |  |  |  | 524,928 |
Home equity |  |  | 463,582 |  |  |  | 474,566 |
Other consumer |  |  | 65,582 |  |  |  | 68,925 |
Total loans |  | $ | 6,890,312 |  |  | $ | 6,887,709 |

Total loans increased by $2.6 million, at March 31, 2019 from December 31, 2018. Loan growth in the first three months of 2019 resulted from growth in the commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate portfolios partly offset by decline in the dealer finance portfolio. This is consistent with the Company’s strategy to focus on our higher returning portfolios thus reducing the need to rely more on price sensitive deposits to fund loan growth during the current interest rate environment. Total loans represent approximately 72.3% of assets as of March 31, 2019, as compared to 72.1% as of December 31, 2018.
Allowance for Loan Losses, Provision for Loan Losses and Nonperforming Assets
The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level estimated by management to provide appropriately for risk of probable incurred losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is continuously monitored using a methodology designed to ensure that the level of the allowance reasonably reflects the loan portfolio’s risk profile. It is evaluated to ensure that it is sufficient to absorb all reasonably estimable incurred credit losses inherent in the current loan portfolio.
Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for loan losses to be a critical accounting policy given the degree of judgment exercised in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the consolidated results of operations.
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For purposes of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance, the Company considers a number of significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio. For individually analyzed loans, these factors include estimates of loss exposure, which reflect the facts and circumstances that affect the likelihood of repayment of such loans as of the evaluation date. For homogeneous pools of loans, estimates of the Company’s exposure to credit loss reflect a thorough current assessment of a number of factors, which affect collectability. These factors include: past loss experience; the size, trend, composition and nature of the loans; changes in lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off and recovery practices; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; current economic conditions in the Company’s market; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experienced across one or more components of the portfolio; the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements; and the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral component of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to management.
After a thorough consideration and validation of the factors discussed above, required additions or reductions to the allowance for loan losses are made periodically by charges or credits to the provision for loan losses. These are necessary to maintain the allowance at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of the overall inherent risk of probable loss in the portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions or reductions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in risk associated with portfolio content and/or changes in management’s assessment of any or all of the determining factors discussed above. Management considers the allowance for loan losses to be appropriate based on evaluation and analysis of the loan portfolio.
The following table reflects changes to the allowance for loan losses for the periods presented:

Allowance for Loan Losses |  | Three months ended |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | March 31, 2018 |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 72,505 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,500 |  |  |  |
Recoveries |  |  | 1,547 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  |
Charge-offs |  |  | (8,454 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (8,674 | ) |  |  |
Net charge-offs |  | $ | (6,907 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | (6,796 | ) |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 5,807 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,496 |  |  |  |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 71,405 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 70,200 |  |  |  |
Composition of Net Charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | (653 | ) |  |  | 10 | % |  | $ | (618 | ) |  |  | 9 | %
Residential Real Estate |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | 2 | %
Consumer |  |  | (6,034 | ) |  |  | 87 | % |  |  | (6,043 | ) |  |  | 89 | %
Net charge-offs |  | $ | (6,907 | ) |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | (6,796 | ) |  |  | 100 | %
Annualized net charge-offs to average loans |  |  | 0.41 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  |  |

Net charge-offs of $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 were comparable to $6.8 million for the prior quarter and for the first quarter of 2018. Provision expense was lower at $5.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared with $6.5 million for the prior quarter and as compared with $7.5 million for the first quarter of 2018. Annualized net charge-offs to average loans for the first quarter of 2019 was 0.41%, up from 0.39% for the prior quarter and down from 0.42% for the first quarter of 2018.
The allowance for loan losses totaled $71.4 million at March 31, 2019, compared to $72.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $70.2 million at March 31, 2018. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of loans was 1.04% (1.09% excluding acquired loans) at March 31, 2019, compared to 1.05% (1.10% excluding acquired loans) at December 31, 2018 and 1.06% (1.12% excluding acquired loans) at March 31, 2018.
Nonperforming assets consist of nonaccrual loans, loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing, restructured loans, other real estate owned (“OREO”) and nonperforming securities. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual when principal or interest payments become 90 days past due, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Loans may also be placed on nonaccrual when circumstances indicate that the borrower may be unable to meet the contractual principal or interest payments. The threshold for evaluating classified and nonperforming loans specifically evaluated for impairment is $750 thousand. OREO represents property acquired through foreclosure and is valued at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less any estimated disposal costs.
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|  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | 11,163 |  |  |  | 44 | % |  | $ | 11,804 |  |  |  | 46 | %
Residential Real Estate |  |  | 5,649 |  |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 6,526 |  |  |  | 26 | %
Consumer |  |  | 5,113 |  |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 4,068 |  |  |  | 16 | %
Troubled debt restructured loans |  |  | 3,707 |  |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 3,089 |  |  |  | 12 | %
Total nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 25,632 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 25,487 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  |  | 12 | %
Residential Real Estate |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 1,182 |  |  |  | 23 | %
Consumer |  |  | 2,875 |  |  |  | 86 | % |  |  | 3,315 |  |  |  | 65 | %
Total loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing |  | $ | 3,335 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 5,085 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Total nonperforming loans |  | $ | 28,967 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,572 |  |  |  |  |
OREO |  |  | 2,222 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,441 |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 31,189 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,013 |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming loans to total loans |  |  | 0.42 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  | 0.33 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.35 | % |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming loans |  |  | 246.50 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 237.16 | % |  |  |  |

Nonperforming loans to total loans was 0.42% at March 31, 2019, down 2 bps from 0.44% for the prior quarter and down 1 bp from 0.43% at March 31, 2018. Past due loans as a percentage of total loans were 0.52% at March 31, 2019, down from 0.55% at December 31, 2018 and down from 0.53% at March 31, 2018.
For acquired loans that are not deemed to be impaired at acquisition, credit discounts representing the principal losses expected over the life of the loan are a component of the initial fair value and amortized over the life of the asset.
As a result of the application of this accounting methodology, certain credit-related ratios may not necessarily be directly comparable with periods prior to the acquisitions, or comparable with other institutions. The credit metrics most impacted by our acquisitions were the allowance for loans losses to total loans and total allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans. As of March 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses to total originated loans and the total allowance for loan losses to originated nonperforming loans were 1.09% and 265.63%, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the allowance for loan losses to total originated loans and the total allowance for loan losses to originated nonperforming loans were 1.10% and 254.92%, respectively.
In addition to nonperforming loans discussed above, the Company has also identified approximately $90.1 million in potential problem loans at March 31, 2019 as compared to $90.0 million at December 31, 2018. Potential problem loans are loans that are currently performing, with a possibility of loss if weaknesses are not corrected. Such loans may need to be disclosed as nonperforming at some time in the future. Potential problem loans are classified by the Company’s loan rating system as “substandard.” Management cannot predict the extent to which economic conditions may worsen or other factors, which may impact borrowers and the potential problem loans. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that other loans will not become 90 days or more past due, be placed on nonaccrual, become restructured or require increased allowance coverage and provision for loan losses. To mitigate this risk the Company maintains a diversified loan portfolio, has no significant concentration in any particular industry and originates loans primarily within its footprint.
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Deposits
Total deposits were $7.6 billion at March 31, 2019, up $249.4 million, or 3.4%, from December 31, 2018. Total average deposits increased $265.6 million, or 3.7%, for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as compared to the same period last year driven primarily by growth in interest bearing demand deposits of $216.0 million, or 4.4%, due to growth in MMDA and time deposit accounts, combined with a $49.6 million, or 2.2%, increase in non-interest bearing deposits.
Borrowed Funds
The Company’s borrowed funds consist of short-term borrowings and long-term debt. Short-term borrowings totaled $544.9 million at March 31, 2019 compared to $871.7 million at December 31, 2018. The notional value of interest rate swaps hedging cash flow related to short-term borrowings totaled $200.0 million at March 31, 2019 and $225.0 million at December 31, 2018. Long-term debt was $73.7 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
For more information about the Company’s borrowing capacity and liquidity position, see “Liquidity Risk” below.
Capital Resources
Stockholders’ equity of $1.0 billion represented 10.85% of total assets at March 31, 2019 compared with $1.0 billion, or 10.65% as of December 31, 2018. Stockholders’ equity was consistent with December 31, 2018 resulting primarily from net income of $29.1 million for the three months ending March 31, 2019, partially offset by dividends declared of $22.8 million during the period and changes in OCI of $8.2 million.
The Company did not purchase shares of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2019. As of March 31, 2019, there were 1,000,000 shares available for repurchase under a plan authorized on October 23, 2017, which expires on December 31, 2019.
The Board of Directors considers the Company’s earnings position and earnings potential when making dividend decisions. The Board of Directors approved a second-quarter 2019 cash dividend of $0.26 per share at a meeting held on March 25, 2019. The dividend will be paid on June 14, 2019 to stockholders of record as of May 31, 2019.
As the capital ratios in the following table indicate, the Company remained “well capitalized” at March 31, 2019 under applicable bank regulatory requirements. Capital measurements are well in excess of regulatory minimum guidelines and meet the requirements to be considered well capitalized for all periods presented. To be considered well capitalized, tier 1 leverage, common equity tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital and total risk-based capital ratios must be 5%, 6.5%, 8% and 10%, respectively.

Capital Measurements |  | March 31, 2019 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  |  | 9.62 | % |  |  | 9.52 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 10.69 | % |  |  | 10.49 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 11.99 | % |  |  | 11.79 | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  |  | 12.98 | % |  |  | 12.78 | %
Cash dividends as a percentage of net income |  |  | 78.19 | % |  |  | 38.44 | %
Per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value |  | $ | 23.64 |  |  | $ | 23.31 |
Tangible book value (1) |  | $ | 17.02 |  |  | $ | 16.66 |
Tangible equity ratio (2) |  |  | 8.06 | % |  |  | 7.85 | %

(1) Stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets divided by common shares outstanding.
(2) Non-GAAP measure - Stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets divided by total assets less goodwill and intangible assets.
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Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity Management
Market Risk
Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting the Company. Other types of market risk, such as foreign currency exchange rate risk and commodity price risk, do not arise in the normal course of the Company’s business activities or are immaterial to the results of operations.
Interest rate risk is defined as an exposure to a movement in interest rates that could have an adverse effect on the Company’s net interest income. Net interest income is susceptible to interest rate risk to the degree that interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice on a different basis than earning assets. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than earning assets in a given period, a significant increase in market rates of interest could adversely affect net interest income. Similarly, when earning assets mature or reprice more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could result in a decrease in net interest income.
To manage the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates, management monitors the Company’s interest rate risk. Management’s Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”), meets monthly to review the Company’s interest rate risk position and profitability and to recommend strategies for consideration by the Board of Directors. Management also reviews loan and deposit pricing and the Company’s securities portfolio, formulates investment and funding strategies and oversees the timing and implementation of transactions to assure attainment of the Board’s objectives in the most effective manner. Notwithstanding the Company’s interest rate risk management activities, the potential for changing interest rates is an uncertainty that can have an adverse effect on net income.
In adjusting the Company’s asset/liability position, the Board and management aim to manage the Company’s interest rate risk while minimizing net interest margin compression. At times, depending on the level of general interest rates, the relationship between long and short-term interest rates, market conditions and competitive factors, the Board and management may determine to increase the Company’s interest rate risk position somewhat in order to increase its net interest margin. The Company’s results of operations and net portfolio values remain vulnerable to changes in interest rates and fluctuations in the difference between long and short-term interest rates.
The primary tool utilized by ALCO to manage interest rate risk is earnings at risk modeling (interest rate sensitivity analysis). Information, such as principal balance, interest rate, maturity date, cash flows, next repricing date (if needed) and current rates is uploaded into the model to create an ending balance sheet. In addition, ALCO makes certain assumptions regarding prepayment speeds for loans and mortgage related investment securities along with any optionality within the deposits and borrowings. The model is first run under an assumption of a flat rate scenario (i.e. no change in current interest rates) with a static balance sheet. Two additional models are run in which a gradual increase of 200 bps and a gradual decrease of 100 bps takes place over a 12 month period with a static balance sheet. Under these scenarios, assets subject to prepayments are adjusted to account for faster or slower prepayment assumptions. Any investment securities or borrowings that have callable options embedded into them are handled accordingly based on the interest rate scenario. The resulting changes in net interest income are then measured against the flat rate scenario. The Company also runs other interest rate scenarios to highlight potential interest rate risks.
In the declining rate scenario, net interest income is projected to decrease when compared to the forecasted net interest income in the flat rate scenario through the simulation period. The decrease in net interest income is a result of earning assets, particularly prime and LIBOR-based loans) repricing downward faster than the interest-bearing liabilities that remain at or near their floors. In the rising rate scenarios, net interest income is projected to experience a slight decline from the flat rate scenario; however the potential impact on earnings may be affected by the ability to lag deposit repricing on NOW, savings, MMDA and time accounts. Net interest income for the next twelve months in the + 200/- 100 bp scenarios, as described above, is within the internal policy risk limits of not more than a 7.5% change in net interest income. The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income in the rising and declining rate scenarios over a 12-month period from the forecasted net interest income in the flat rate scenario using the March 31, 2019 balance sheet position:

Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis |
Change in interest rates | Percent change in
(In basis points) | net interest income
+200 | (1.42%)
-100 | (1.89%)

The Company anticipates that in the current environment, the trajectory of net interest income will depend significantly on the ability to manage deposit pricing in a competitive market. Deposit rates began to rise in 2018 as the federal funds rate increased four times, bringing the cycle total to nine increases totaling 225 basis points. The Company anticipates that the deposit rates may move slightly higher in the absence of further increases in the federal funds rate. Increases in the federal funds rate could result in modest increases in deposit rates. In order to maintain the net interest margin in 2019, the Company will continue to focus funding growth through lower cost core deposits.
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Liquidity Risk
Liquidity is the ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors wanting to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. ALCO is responsible for liquidity management and has developed guidelines, which cover all assets and liabilities, as well as off-balance sheet items that are potential sources or uses of liquidity. Liquidity policies must also provide the flexibility to implement appropriate strategies. Requirements change as loans grow, deposits and securities mature and payments on borrowings are made. Liquidity management includes a focus on interest rate sensitivity management with a goal of avoiding widely fluctuating net interest margins through periods of changing economic conditions.
The primary liquidity measurement the Company utilizes is called the “Basic Surplus”, which captures the adequacy of its access to reliable sources of cash relative to the stability of its funding mix of average liabilities. This approach recognizes the importance of balancing levels of cash flow liquidity from short and long-term securities with the availability of dependable borrowing sources, which can be accessed when necessary. At March 31, 2019, the Company’s Basic Surplus measurement was 13.2% of total assets or approximately $1.3 billion as compared to the December 31, 2018 Basic Surplus of 11.2% or $1.1 billion and was above the Company’s minimum of 5% (calculated at $476.7 million and $477.8 million, of period end total assets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) set forth in its liquidity policies.
At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances outstanding totaled $616.8 million and $795.8 million, respectively. The Bank is a member of the FHLB system and had additional borrowing capacity from the FHLB of approximately $1.0 billion at March 31, 2019 and $0.8 billion at December 31, 2018. In addition, unpledged securities could have been used to increase borrowing capacity at the FHLB by an additional $554.7 million and $630.0 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, or used to collateralize other borrowings, such as repurchase agreements. The Company also has the ability to purchase brokered time deposits, borrow against established borrowing facilities with other banks (federal funds), which could provide additional liquidity of $1.4 billion at March 31, 2019 and $1.3 billion December 31, 2018. In addition, the Bank has a “Borrower-in-Custody” program with the FRB with the addition of the ability to pledge automobile loans. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Bank had the capacity to borrow $851.6 million and $854.7 million, respectively, from this program. The Company’s internal policies authorize borrowings up to 25% of assets. Under this policy, remaining available borrowing capacity totaled $1.8 billion at March 31, 2019 and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2018.
This Basic Surplus approach enables the Company to appropriately manage liquidity from both operational and contingency perspectives. By tempering the need for cash flow liquidity with reliable borrowing facilities, the Company is able to operate with a more fully invested and, therefore, higher interest income generating securities portfolio. The makeup and term structure of the securities portfolio is, in part, impacted by the overall interest rate sensitivity of the balance sheet. Investment decisions and deposit pricing strategies are impacted by the liquidity position. The Company considered its Basic Surplus position to be strong. However, certain events may adversely impact the Company’s liquidity position in 2019. Increasing competition for deposits could result in a decrease in the Company’s deposit base or increase funding costs. Additionally, liquidity will come under additional pressure if loan growth exceeds deposit growth in 2019. These scenarios could lead to a decrease in the Company’s Basic Surplus measure below the minimum policy level of 5%.
The Company’s primary source of funds is the Bank. Certain restrictions exist regarding the ability of the subsidiary bank to transfer funds to the Company in the form of cash dividends. The approval of the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”) is required to pay dividends when a bank fails to meet certain minimum regulatory capital standards or when such dividends are in excess of a subsidiary bank’s earnings retained in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years as specified in applicable OCC regulations. At March 31, 2019, approximately $123.6 million of the total stockholders’ equity of the Bank was available for payment of dividends to the Company without approval by the OCC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is also subject to the Bank being in compliance with regulatory capital requirements. The Bank is currently in compliance with these requirements. Under the State of Delaware General Corporation Law, the Company may declare and pay dividends either out of accumulated net retained earnings or capital surplus.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information called for by Item 3 is contained in the Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity Management section of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2019, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
There were no changes made in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
There are no material legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is subject, except as described in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A – RISK FACTORS
There are no material changes to the risk factors as previously discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) | Not applicable

(b) | Not applicable

(c) | None

Item 3 – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None
Item 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None
Item 5 – OTHER INFORMATION
None
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Item 6 – EXHIBITS

3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NBT Bancorp Inc. as amended through July 1, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q, filed on August 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference)
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of NBT Bancorp Inc. effective May 22, 2018 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on May 23, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.3 | Certificate of Designation of the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on November 18, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1 | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized, this 10th day of May 2019.

| NBT BANCORP INC.
By: | /s/ Michael J. Chewens
| Michael J. Chewens, CPA
| Senior Executive Vice President
| Chief Financial Officer

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