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nbtb:Agreement

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022.
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________.
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 0-14703
NBT BANCORP INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware |  | 16-1268674
(State of Incorporation) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

52 South Broad Street, Norwich, New York 13815
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (607) 337-2265
None
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | NBTB |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

Large accelerated filer ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ | Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 29, 2022, there were 42,826,146 shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share.

NBT BANCORP INC.
FORM 10-Q - Quarter Ended March 31, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 30
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 45
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 45
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 46
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 46
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 46
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 46
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 46
Item 5 | Other Information | 46
Item 6 | Exhibits | 47
SIGNATURES | 48

Table of Contents
Item 1 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 180,865 |  |  | $ | 157,775 |
Short-term interest-bearing accounts |  |  | 913,315 |  |  |  | 1,111,296 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 32,554 |  |  |  | 33,550 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value |  |  | 1,662,697 |  |  |  | 1,687,361 |
Securities held to maturity (fair value $851,635 and $735,260, respectively) |  |  | 895,005 |  |  |  | 733,210 |
Federal Reserve and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 25,005 |  |  |  | 25,098 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | 830 |
Loans |  |  | 7,649,826 |  |  |  | 7,498,459 |
Less allowance for loan losses |  |  | 90,000 |  |  |  | 92,000 |
Net loans |  | $ | 7,559,826 |  |  | $ | 7,406,459 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 71,030 |  |  |  | 72,093 |
Goodwill |  |  | 280,541 |  |  |  | 280,541 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 8,291 |  |  |  | 8,927 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 228,979 |  |  |  | 228,238 |
Other assets |  |  | 289,462 |  |  |  | 266,733 |
Total assets |  | $ | 12,147,833 |  |  | $ | 12,012,111 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand (noninterest bearing) |  | $ | 3,751,268 |  |  | $ | 3,689,556 |
Savings, NOW and money market |  |  | 6,222,378 |  |  |  | 6,043,441 |
Time |  |  | 487,977 |  |  |  | 501,472 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 10,461,623 |  |  | $ | 10,234,469 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 65,022 |  |  |  | 97,795 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 13,971 |  |  |  | 13,995 |
Subordinated debt, net |  |  | 98,599 |  |  |  | 98,490 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 101,196 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 205,172 |  |  |  | 215,713 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 10,945,583 |  |  | $ | 10,761,658 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 2,500,000 shares at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 100,000,000 shares at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, issued 49,651,493 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 |  |  | 497 |  |  |  | 497 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  |  | 577,374 |  |  |  | 576,976 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 883,246 |  |  |  | 856,203 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (91,375 | ) |  |  | (23,344 | )
Common stock in treasury, at cost, 6,659,170 and 6,483,481 shares at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively |  |  | (167,492 | ) |  |  | (159,879 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,202,250 |  |  | $ | 1,250,453 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 12,147,833 |  |  | $ | 12,012,111 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest, fee and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 73,343 |  |  | $ | 75,093 |
Securities available for sale |  |  | 6,840 |  |  |  | 5,544 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  | 3,493 |  |  |  | 3,382 |
Other |  |  | 525 |  |  |  | 291 |
Total interest, fee and dividend income |  | $ | 84,201 |  |  | $ | 84,310 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,842 |  |  | $ | 3,172 |
Short-term borrowings |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 70 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 124 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 1,359 |  |  |  | 1,359 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 530 |
Total interest expense |  | $ | 3,853 |  |  | $ | 5,255 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 80,348 |  |  | $ | 79,055 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | (2,796 | )
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  | $ | 79,752 |  |  | $ | 81,851 |
Noninterest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | $ | 3,688 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |
Card services income |  |  | 8,695 |  |  |  | 7,550 |
Retirement plan administration fees |  |  | 13,279 |  |  |  | 10,098 |
Wealth management |  |  | 8,640 |  |  |  | 7,910 |
Insurance services |  |  | 3,788 |  |  |  | 3,461 |
Bank owned life insurance income |  |  | 1,654 |  |  |  | 1,381 |
Net securities (losses) gains |  |  | (179 | ) |  |  | 467 |
Other |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  | 3,144 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 42,659 |  |  | $ | 37,038 |
Noninterest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 45,508 |  |  | $ | 41,601 |
Technology and data services |  |  | 8,547 |  |  |  | 8,892 |
Occupancy |  |  | 6,793 |  |  |  | 6,889 |
Professional fees and outside services |  |  | 4,276 |  |  |  | 3,589 |
Office supplies and postage |  |  | 1,424 |  |  |  | 1,499 |
FDIC expenses |  |  | 802 |  |  |  | 808 |
Advertising |  |  | 654 |  |  |  | 451 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 812 |
Loan collection and other real estate owned, net |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 590 |
Other |  |  | 3,119 |  |  |  | 2,757 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 72,143 |  |  | $ | 67,888 |
Income before income tax expense |  | $ | 50,268 |  |  | $ | 51,001 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 11,142 |  |  |  | 11,155 |
Net income |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized net holding (losses) arising during the period, gross |  | $ | (91,030 | ) |  | $ | (23,311 | )
Tax effect |  |  | 22,758 |  |  |  | 5,827 |
Unrealized net holding (losses) arising during the period, net |  | $ | (68,272 | ) |  | $ | (17,484 | )
Amortization of unrealized net gains for the reclassification of available for sale securities to held to maturity, gross |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 142 |
Tax effect |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (35 | )
Amortization of unrealized net gains for the reclassification of available for sale securities to held to maturity, net |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 107 |
Total securities available for sale, net |  | $ | (68,170 | ) |  | $ | (17,377 | )
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification of net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges to interest expense, gross |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21 |
Tax effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5 | )
Reclassification of net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges to interest expense, net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 16 |
Total cash flow hedges, net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 16 |
Pension and other benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial losses, gross |  | $ | 186 |  |  | $ | 326 |
Tax effect |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | (81 | )
Amortization of prior service cost and actuarial losses, net |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 245 |
Total pension and other benefits, net |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 245 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (68,031 | ) |  | $ | (17,116 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income |  | $ | (28,905 | ) |  | $ | 22,730 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-in- Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income |  |  | Common Stock in Treasury |  |  | Total |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 576,976 |  |  | $ | 856,203 |  |  | $ | (23,344 | ) |  | $ | (159,879 | ) |  | $ | 1,250,453 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,126 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,126 |
Cash dividends - $0.28 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,083 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (12,083 | )
Purchase of 217,100 treasury shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (8,152 | ) |  |  | (8,152 | )
Net issuance of 41,411 shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,074 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 539 |  |  |  | (1,535 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,472 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,472 |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (68,031 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (68,031 | )
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 577,374 |  |  | $ | 883,246 |  |  | $ | (91,375 | ) |  | $ | (167,492 | ) |  | $ | 1,202,250 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 578,082 |  |  | $ | 749,056 |  |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | (140,434 | ) |  | $ | 1,187,618 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,846 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39,846 |
Cash dividends - $0.27 per share |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11,732 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11,732 | )
Purchase of 257,031 treasury shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9,020 | ) |  |  | (9,020 | )
Net issuance of 53,139 shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,153 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 870 |  |  |  | (1,283 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,668 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,668 |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,116 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,116 | )
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 578,597 |  |  | $ | 777,170 |  |  | $ | (16,699 | ) |  | $ | (148,584 | ) |  | $ | 1,190,981 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | (2,796 | )
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment |  |  | 2,420 |  |  |  | 2,441 |
Net amortization on securities |  |  | 1,036 |  |  |  | 1,477 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 812 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 1,688 |  |  |  | 1,821 |
Excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | (107 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 2,472 |  |  |  | 2,668 |
Bank owned life insurance income |  |  | (1,654 | ) |  |  | (1,381 | )
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 110 |
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 2,106 |  |  |  | 13,877 |
Originations of loans held for sale |  |  | (1,479 | ) |  |  | (13,943 | )
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (110 | )
Net security losses (gains) |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | (467 | )
Net gains on sale of other real estate owned |  |  | (211 | ) |  |  | - |
Net change in other assets and other liabilities |  |  | (11,652 | ) |  |  | (1,946 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 35,144 |  |  | $ | 42,302 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal paydowns |  | $ | 72,281 |  |  | $ | 95,274 |
Purchases |  |  | (139,273 | ) |  |  | (158,196 | )
Securities held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal paydowns |  |  | 29,028 |  |  |  | 66,282 |
Purchases |  |  | (191,092 | ) |  |  | (42,760 | )
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in loans |  |  | (153,963 | ) |  |  | (136,778 | )
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank stock redemption |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 2,252 |
Purchases of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | (26 | )
Proceeds from settlement of bank owned life insurance |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | 357 |
Purchases of premises and equipment, net |  |  | (1,312 | ) |  |  | (901 | )
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned |  |  | 378 |  |  |  | 140 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (382,947 | ) |  | $ | (174,356 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  | $ | 227,154 |  |  | $ | 734,238 |
Net decrease in short-term borrowings |  |  | (32,773 | ) |  |  | (73,048 | )
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (25,027 | )
Proceeds from the issuance of shares to employee and other stock plans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112 |
Cash paid by employer for tax-withholding on stock issuance |  |  | (1,210 | ) |  |  | (1,125 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | (8,152 | ) |  |  | (9,020 | )
Cash dividends |  |  | (12,083 | ) |  |  | (11,732 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 172,912 |  |  | $ | 614,398 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (174,891 | ) |  | $ | 482,344 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 1,269,071 |  |  |  | 672,681 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 1,094,180 |  |  | $ | 1,155,025 |

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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) (continued)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | 5,238 |  |  | $ | 7,105 |
Income taxes paid, net of refund |  |  | 2,448 |  |  |  | 2,540 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NBT Bancorp Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2022

1. | Description of Business

NBT Bancorp Inc. (the “Company”) is a registered financial holding company incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1986, with its principal headquarters located in Norwich, New York. The principal assets of the Company consist of all of the outstanding shares of common stock of its subsidiaries, including NBT Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), NBT Financial Services, Inc. (“NBT Financial”), NBT Holdings, Inc. (“NBT Holdings”), CNBF Capital Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust I, NBT Statutory Trust II, Alliance Financial Capital Trust I and Alliance Financial Capital Trust II (collectively, the “Trusts”). The Company’s principal sources of revenue are the management fees and dividends it receives from the Bank, NBT Financial and NBT Holdings.
The Company’s business, primarily conducted through the Bank, consists of providing commercial banking, retail banking and wealth management services primarily to customers in its market area, which includes central and upstate New York, northeastern Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine and Connecticut. The Company has been, and intends to continue to be, a community-oriented financial institution offering a variety of financial services. The Company’s business philosophy is to operate as a community bank with local decision-making, providing a broad array of banking and financial services to retail, commercial and municipal customers.

2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of NBT Bancorp Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: the Bank, NBT Financial and NBT Holdings. Collectively, NBT Bancorp Inc. and its subsidiaries are referred to herein as (the “Company”). In the opinion of management, the interim data includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year or any other interim period. All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Amounts previously reported in the consolidated financial statements are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to current period presentation. The Company combined ATM and debit cards fees with card related income previously reported in Other noninterest income which is now disclosed as Card services income. The Company reclassified Data processing and communications expense into Technology and data services expense. The Company reclassified Equipment expense into Occupancy expense and Technology and data services expense. The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure and there were none identified.
Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements.

3. | Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Issued Not Yet Adopted
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, which refines the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC 848”) and clarifies some of its guidance. The ASU and related amendments provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance for applying GAAP to affected contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships in the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or other interbank offered rate on financial reporting. The guidance also allows a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify to available for sale (“AFS”) or trading held to maturity (“HTM”) debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and permits relief solely for reference rate reform actions and permits different elections over the effective date for legacy and new activity. The Company does not expect that the impact of adopting the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - CECL Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU eliminates the guidance on Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDRs”) and requires an evaluation on all loan modifications to determine if they result in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The ASU also requires that entities disclose current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination. The elimination of the TDR guidance may be adopted prospectively for loan modifications after adoption or on a modified retrospective basis, which would also apply to loans previously modified, resulting in a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption for changes in the allowance for credit losses. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the Company on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements and does not expect it will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
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4. | Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of AFS securities are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 122,444 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,809 |  |  | $ | 117,635 |
Federal agency |  |  | 248,445 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,833 |  |  |  | 225,612 |
State & municipal |  |  | 95,339 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,037 |  |  |  | 88,302 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 510,500 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 25,782 |  |  |  | 485,073 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 75,846 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 2,581 |  |  |  | 73,324 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 462,288 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 26,908 |  |  |  | 435,529 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 190,310 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 7,897 |  |  |  | 182,470 |
Corporate |  |  | 56,000 |  |  |  | 246 |  |  |  | 1,494 |  |  |  | 54,752 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 1,761,172 |  |  | $ | 866 |  |  | $ | 99,341 |  |  | $ | 1,662,697 |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 73,016 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 73,069 |
Federal agency |  |  | 248,454 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,523 |  |  |  | 239,931 |
State & municipal |  |  | 95,531 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 1,559 |  |  |  | 94,088 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 538,036 |  |  |  | 8,036 |  |  |  | 5,589 |  |  |  | 540,483 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 65,339 |  |  |  | 1,108 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 66,192 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 484,550 |  |  |  | 2,723 |  |  |  | 5,113 |  |  |  | 482,160 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 139,380 |  |  |  | 939 |  |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 139,435 |
Corporate |  |  | 50,500 |  |  |  | 1,516 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 52,003 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 1,694,806 |  |  | $ | 14,497 |  |  | $ | 21,942 |  |  | $ | 1,687,361 |

There was no allowance for credit losses on AFS securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
During the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 there were no gains or losses reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and into earnings.
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The amortized cost, estimated fair value and unrealized gains (losses) of securities HTM are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 10,872 |  |  | $ | 89,128 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 269,153 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 16,499 |  |  |  | 252,791 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 7,425 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7,469 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 111,254 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 2,722 |  |  |  | 108,637 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 74,596 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 3,755 |  |  |  | 70,917 |
State & municipal |  |  | 332,577 |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 10,278 |  |  |  | 322,693 |
Total HTM securities |  | $ | 895,005 |  |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | 44,132 |  |  | $ | 851,635 |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,365 |  |  | $ | 95,635 |
Mortgage-backed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 161,462 |  |  |  | 2,232 |  |  |  | 1,319 |  |  |  | 162,375 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 9,112 |  |  |  | 514 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,626 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government-sponsored enterprises |  |  | 94,342 |  |  |  | 1,932 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 96,145 |
U.S. government agency securities |  |  | 44,473 |  |  |  | 336 |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | 44,135 |
State & municipal |  |  | 323,821 |  |  |  | 5,026 |  |  |  | 1,503 |  |  |  | 327,344 |
Total HTM securities |  | $ | 733,210 |  |  | $ | 10,040 |  |  | $ | 7,990 |  |  | $ | 735,260 |

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all of the mortgaged-backed HTM securities were comprised of U.S. government agency and Government-sponsored enterprises securities. There was no allowance for credit losses on HTM securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 because the expectations of nonrepayment of the amortized cost is zero, except for State & municipal which is inconsequential.
Included in net realized gains (losses), the Company recorded gains from calls on HTM securities of approximately $4 thousand and $15 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
AFS and HTM securities with amortized costs totaling $1.8 billion at March 31, 2022 and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2021 were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law. Additionally, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, AFS and HTM securities with an amortized cost of $144.9 million and $162.1 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for securities sold under repurchase agreements.
The following table sets forth information with regard to gains and (losses) on equity securities:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net (losses) and gains recognized on equity securities |  | $ | (183 | ) |  | $ | 452 |
Less: Net (losses) and gains recognized on equity securities sold during the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Unrealized (losses) and gains recognized on equity securities still held |  | $ | (183 | ) |  | $ | 452 |

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values was $1.0 million. The Company performed a qualitative assessment to determine whether the investments were impaired and identified no areas of concern as of March 31, 2022 and 2021. There were no impairments, downward or upward adjustments recognized for equity securities without readily determinable fair values during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
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The following table sets forth information with regard to contractual maturities of debt securities at March 31, 2022:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
AFS debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 116 |
From one to five years |  |  | 159,032 |  |  |  | 151,684 |
From five to ten years |  |  | 780,821 |  |  |  | 732,172 |
After ten years |  |  | 821,207 |  |  |  | 778,725 |
Total AFS debt securities |  | $ | 1,761,172 |  |  | $ | 1,662,697 |
HTM debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year |  | $ | 103,973 |  |  | $ | 103,988 |
From one to five years |  |  | 67,047 |  |  |  | 67,061 |
From five to ten years |  |  | 242,804 |  |  |  | 228,349 |
After ten years |  |  | 481,181 |  |  |  | 452,237 |
Total HTM debt securities |  | $ | 895,005 |  |  | $ | 851,635 |

Maturities of mortgage-backed, collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities are stated based on their estimated average lives. Actual maturities may differ from estimated average lives or contractual maturities because, in certain cases, borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Except for U.S. Government securities and government-sponsored enterprises securities, there were no holdings, when taken in the aggregate, of any single issuer that exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
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The following table sets forth information with regard to investment securities with unrealized losses, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, segregated according to the length of time the securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position:

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  |  | 12 Months or Longer |  |  | Total |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Number of Positions |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 117,635 |  |  | $ | (4,809 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 117,635 |  |  | $ | (4,809 | ) |  |  | 7 |
Federal agency |  |  | 2,586 |  |  |  | (269 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 223,026 |  |  |  | (22,564 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 225,612 |  |  |  | (22,833 | ) |  |  | 16 |
State & municipal |  |  | 74,201 |  |  |  | (5,690 | ) |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 14,097 |  |  |  | (1,347 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 88,298 |  |  |  | (7,037 | ) |  |  | 65 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 333,335 |  |  |  | (11,186 | ) |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 182,752 |  |  |  | (17,177 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 516,087 |  |  |  | (28,363 | ) |  |  | 124 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 569,994 |  |  |  | (33,158 | ) |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 20,422 |  |  |  | (1,647 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 590,416 |  |  |  | (34,805 | ) |  |  | 95 |
Corporate |  |  | 44,507 |  |  |  | (1,494 | ) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44,507 |  |  |  | (1,494 | ) |  |  | 14 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 1,142,258 |  |  | $ | (56,606 | ) |  |  | 270 |  |  | $ | 440,297 |  |  | $ | (42,735 | ) |  |  | 51 |  |  | $ | 1,582,555 |  |  | $ | (99,341 | ) |  |  | 321 |
HTM securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 89,128 |  |  | $ | (10,872 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 89,128 |  |  | $ | (10,872 | ) |  |  | 4 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 238,120 |  |  |  | (16,505 | ) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 238,120 |  |  |  | (16,505 | ) |  |  | 27 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 165,781 |  |  |  | (6,477 | ) |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 165,781 |  |  |  | (6,477 | ) |  |  | 35 |
State & municipal |  |  | 115,512 |  |  |  | (7,299 | ) |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 26,492 |  |  |  | (2,979 | ) |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 142,004 |  |  |  | (10,278 | ) |  |  | 140 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 519,413 |  |  | $ | (30,281 | ) |  |  | 178 |  |  | $ | 115,620 |  |  | $ | (13,851 | ) |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 635,033 |  |  | $ | (44,132 | ) |  |  | 206 |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 49,105 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 49,105 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Federal agency |  |  | 41,618 |  |  |  | (1,846 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 198,313 |  |  |  | (6,677 | ) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 239,931 |  |  |  | (8,523 | ) |  |  | 16 |
State & municipal |  |  | 87,515 |  |  |  | (1,559 | ) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 87,515 |  |  |  | (1,559 | ) |  |  | 61 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 281,217 |  |  |  | (4,319 | ) |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 39,491 |  |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 320,708 |  |  |  | (5,844 | ) |  |  | 30 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 341,673 |  |  |  | (5,495 | ) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 15,774 |  |  |  | (502 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 357,447 |  |  |  | (5,997 | ) |  |  | 38 |
Corporate |  |  | 9,987 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,987 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 811,115 |  |  | $ | (13,238 | ) |  |  | 127 |  |  | $ | 253,578 |  |  | $ | (8,704 | ) |  |  | 22 |  |  | $ | 1,064,693 |  |  | $ | (21,942 | ) |  |  | 149 |
HTM securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal agency |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 95,635 |  |  | $ | (4,365 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 95,635 |  |  | $ | (4,365 | ) |  |  | 4 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | 103,789 |  |  |  | (1,319 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 103,789 |  |  |  | (1,319 | ) |  |  | 10 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | 54,612 |  |  |  | (803 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,612 |  |  |  | (803 | ) |  |  | 6 |
State & municipal |  |  | 52,783 |  |  |  | (1,189 | ) |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 8,950 |  |  |  | (314 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 61,733 |  |  |  | (1,503 | ) |  |  | 50 |
Total securities with unrealized losses |  | $ | 211,184 |  |  | $ | (3,311 | ) |  |  | 56 |  |  | $ | 104,585 |  |  | $ | (4,679 | ) |  |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 315,769 |  |  | $ | (7,990 | ) |  |  | 70 |

The Company does not believe the AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, which consisted of 321 and 149 individual securities, respectively, represented a credit loss impairment. AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses at least quarterly. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the majority of the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position consisted of debt securities issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises that carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, which are widely recognized as “risk-free” and have a long history of zero credit losses. Total gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. The Company elected to exclude accrued interest receivable (“AIR”) from the amortized cost basis of debt securities. AIR on AFS debt securities totaled $4.0 million at March 31, 2022 and $3.9 million at December 31, 2021 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and reported in the financial statement line for other assets.
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None of the Bank’s HTM debt securities were past due or on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. There was no accrued interest reversed against interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021 as all securities remained on accrual status. In addition, there were no collateral-dependent HTM debt securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, 63% and 56%, respectively, of the Company’s HTM debt securities were issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The remaining HTM debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were comprised of state and municipal obligations with bond ratings of A to AAA. Utilizing the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) approach, the Company determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM municipal bond portfolio was immaterial and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. AIR on HTM debt securities totaled $3.0 million at March 31, 2022 and $2.7 million at December 31, 2021 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and reported in the other assets financial statement line.

5. | Allowance for Credit Losses and Credit Quality of Loans

The allowance for credit losses totaled $90.0 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $92.0 million at December 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of loans was 1.18% at March 31, 2022, compared to 1.23% at December 31, 2021.
The March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a 6-quarter forecast period to account for forecast economic conditions under each scenario utilized in the measurement. For periods beyond the 6-quarter forecast, the model reverts to long-term economic conditions over a 4-quarter reversion period on a straight-line basis. The Company considers a baseline, upside, and downside economic forecast in measuring the allowance.
The quantitative model as of March 31, 2022 incorporated a baseline economic outlook along with an alternative downside scenario sourced from a reputable third-party to accommodate other potential economic conditions in the model, particularly significant unknowns relating to downside risks as of the measurement date. The baseline outlook reflected an unemployment rate environment initially above pre-COVID-19 levels at 4.3% but falling below pre-coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic levels by the fourth quarter of the forecast period and to a low of 3.4%. Northeast GDP’s annualized growth (on a quarterly basis) was expected to start the second quarter of 2022 at approximately 9% and hover around 5.5% by the middle and end of the forecast period. Other utilized economic variables either improved or remained relatively flat, with retail sales and business output remaining steady from the prior quarter and housing starts increasing from the prior quarter’s forecast. Key assumptions in the baseline economic outlook included continued abatement of COVID-19, the containment of the European conflict to only Russia and Ukraine, further increase of interest rates by the Federal Reserve, and achievement of full employment by the end of 2022. The alternative downside scenario assumed deteriorated economic and epidemiological conditions from the baseline outlook. Under this scenario, northeast unemployment rises from 4.8% in the first quarter of 2022 to a peak of 7.15% in the second quarter of 2023. The alternative upside scenario incorporated a more optimistic outlook than the baseline scenario, with an imminent return to full employment with northeast unemployment declining to 2.99% by the end of the forecast period. These scenarios and their respective weightings are evaluated at each measurement date and reflect management’s expectations as of March 31, 2022. At March 31, 2022, the weightings were 60%, 0% and 40% for the baseline, upside and downside economic forecasts, respectively. The Company also continued to monitor the level of criticized and classified loans in the first quarter of 2022 compared to the level contemplated by the model during similar, historical economic conditions, and determined that an adjustment was no longer required.
The quantitative model as of December 31, 2021 incorporated a baseline economic outlook along with alternative upside and downside scenarios sourced from a reputable third-party to accommodate other potential economic conditions in the model. The baseline outlook reflected an unemployment rate environment initially above pre-COVID-19 levels at 4.8% but falling below pre-COVID-19 levels by the end of the forecast period to 3.5%. Northeast GDP’s annualized growth (on a quarterly basis) was expected to start the first quarter of 2022 at approximately 9% and hovering around 5% by the middle and end of the forecast period. Other utilized economic variables showed mixed changes in their respective forecasts, with retail sales and business output declining from the prior quarter and housing starts increasing from the prior quarter’s forecast. Key assumptions in the baseline economic outlook included continued abatement of the COVID-19 pandemic, enactment of the Build Back Better Act by the end of 2021, near-term peaking of consumer price acceleration, accelerated asset purchase tapering at the Federal Reserve, and full employment by the end of 2022. The alternative downside scenario assumed deteriorated economic and epidemiological conditions from the baseline outlook. Under this scenario, northeast unemployment rises from 5.7% in the fourth quarter of 2021 to a peak of 8% in the first quarter of 2023, remaining around or above 7% for the entire forecast period. The alternative upside scenario incorporated a more optimistic outlook than the baseline scenario, with a swift return to full employment by the second quarter of 2022 and with northeast unemployment moving down to 3.1% by the end of the forecast period. These scenarios and their respective weightings are evaluated at each measurement date and reflect management’s expectations as of December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2021, the weightings were 60%, 10% and 30% for the baseline, upside and downside economic forecasts, respectively. Additional adjustments were made for COVID-19 related factors not incorporated in the forecasts, such as the mitigating impact of unprecedented stimulus in the second and third quarters of 2020, including direct payments to individuals, increased unemployment benefits, the Company’s loan deferral and modification initiatives and various government sponsored loan programs. The Company also continued to monitor the level of criticized and classified loans in the fourth quarter of 2021 compared to the level contemplated by the model during similar, historical economic conditions, and an adjustment was made to estimate potential additional losses above modeled losses. Additionally, qualitative adjustments were made for Moody’s baseline economic forecast to include impacts of the Build Back Better Act not passing by December 31, 2021 and to address potential economic deterioration due to Omicron, as well as isolated model limitations related to modeled outputs given abnormally high retail sales and business output growth rates in historical periods. These factors were considered through separate quantitative processes and incorporated into the estimate of current expected credit losses at December 31, 2021.
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There were no loans purchased with credit deterioration during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021. During 2022, the Company purchased $3.0 million of residential loans at a 1.35% premium and $33.5 million in consumer loans at par. The allowance for credit losses recorded for these loans on the purchase date was $2.1 million. During 2021, the Company purchased $58.9 million of residential loans at a 2%-5% premium and $92.5 million in consumer loans at par. The allowance for credit losses recorded for these loans on the purchase date was $6.8 million. The Company made a policy election to report AIR in the other assets line item on the balance sheet. AIR on loans totaled $19.1 million at March 31, 2022 and $19.5 million at December 31, 2021 and there was no estimated allowance for credit losses related to AIR as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
The provision for loan losses was an expense of $0.6 million and a benefit of $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. The increase in provision expense was driven by providing for the increase in loan balances in the first quarter of 2022 and the changes in the economic condition forecasts from quarter to quarter.
The following tables present the activity in the allowance for credit losses by our portfolio segments:

(In thousands) |  | Commercial Loans |  |  | Consumer Loans |  |  | Residential |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 28,941 |  |  | $ | 44,253 |  |  | $ | 18,806 |  |  | $ | 92,000 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (588 | ) |  |  | (3,591 | ) |  |  | (312 | ) |  |  | (4,491 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 1,652 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 1,895 |
Provision |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 1,277 |  |  |  | (792 | ) |  |  | 596 |
Ending balance as of March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 28,557 |  |  | $ | 43,591 |  |  | $ | 17,852 |  |  | $ | 90,000 |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 50,942 |  |  | $ | 37,803 |  |  | $ | 21,255 |  |  | $ | 110,000 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | (4,348 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (4,660 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 2,075 |  |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | 2,456 |
Provision |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (950 | ) |  |  | (1,073 | ) |  |  | (2,796 | )
Ending balance as of March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 50,045 |  |  | $ | 34,580 |  |  | $ | 20,375 |  |  | $ | 105,000 |

The decrease in the allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022 was primarily due to an improvement in the economic forecast, partly offset by providing for the increase in loan balances. The decrease in the allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2020 to March 31, 2021 was primarily due to an improvement in the economic forecast.
Individually Evaluated Loans
As of March 31, 2022, there were five relationships identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $9.9 million and no allowance for credit loss. As of December 31, 2021, the same five relationships were identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis with an amortized cost basis of $10.2 million and no allowance for credit loss.
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The following table sets forth information with regard to past due and nonperforming loans by loan segment:

(In thousands) |  | 31-60 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | 61-90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Total Past Due Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Recorded Total Loans |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,109 |  |  | $ | 3,345 |  |  | $ | 1,171,795 |  |  | $ | 1,176,249 |
CRE |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  | 12,552 |  |  |  | 2,615,792 |  |  |  | 2,629,410 |
PPP |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,900 |  |  |  | 50,977 |
Total commercial loans |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,252 |  |  | $ | 15,897 |  |  | $ | 3,838,487 |  |  | $ | 3,856,636 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  | $ | 6,250 |  |  | $ | 1,038 |  |  | $ | 455 |  |  | $ | 7,743 |  |  | $ | 1,622 |  |  | $ | 850,425 |  |  | $ | 859,790 |
Other consumer |  |  | 3,303 |  |  |  | 1,643 |  |  |  | 927 |  |  |  | 5,873 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 888,977 |  |  |  | 895,151 |
Total consumer loans |  | $ | 9,553 |  |  | $ | 2,681 |  |  | $ | 1,382 |  |  | $ | 13,616 |  |  | $ | 1,923 |  |  | $ | 1,739,402 |  |  | $ | 1,754,941 |
Residential |  | $ | 1,761 |  |  | $ | 532 |  |  | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | 2,855 |  |  | $ | 7,992 |  |  | $ | 2,027,402 |  |  | $ | 2,038,249 |
Total loans |  | $ | 12,933 |  |  | $ | 3,846 |  |  | $ | 1,944 |  |  | $ | 18,723 |  |  | $ | 25,812 |  |  | $ | 7,605,291 |  |  | $ | 7,649,826 |

(In thousands) |  | 31-60 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | 61-90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due Accruing |  |  | Total Past Due Accruing |  |  | Nonaccrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Recorded Total Loans |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 622 |  |  | $ | 3,618 |  |  | $ | 1,126,430 |  |  | $ | 1,130,670 |
CRE |  |  | 1,219 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,351 |  |  |  | 12,726 |  |  |  | 2,550,910 |  |  |  | 2,564,987 |
PPP |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 101,222 |  |  |  | 101,222 |
Total commercial loans |  | $ | 1,841 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,973 |  |  | $ | 16,344 |  |  | $ | 3,778,562 |  |  | $ | 3,796,879 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  | $ | 6,911 |  |  | $ | 1,547 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 9,003 |  |  | $ | 1,295 |  |  | $ | 816,210 |  |  | $ | 826,508 |
Other consumer |  |  | 3,789 |  |  |  | 1,816 |  |  |  | 1,105 |  |  |  | 6,710 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 832,447 |  |  |  | 839,390 |
Total consumer loans |  | $ | 10,700 |  |  | $ | 3,363 |  |  | $ | 1,650 |  |  | $ | 15,713 |  |  | $ | 1,528 |  |  | $ | 1,648,657 |  |  | $ | 1,665,898 |
Residential |  | $ | 2,481 |  |  | $ | 420 |  |  | $ | 808 |  |  | $ | 3,709 |  |  | $ | 12,413 |  |  | $ | 2,019,560 |  |  | $ | 2,035,682 |
Total loans |  | $ | 15,022 |  |  | $ | 3,915 |  |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | $ | 21,395 |  |  | $ | 30,285 |  |  | $ | 7,446,779 |  |  | $ | 7,498,459 |

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no loans in nonaccrual without an allowance for credit losses.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company has developed an internal loan grading system to evaluate and quantify the Company’s loan portfolio with respect to quality and risk. The system focuses on, among other things, financial strength of borrowers, experience and depth of borrower’s management, primary and secondary sources of repayment, payment history, nature of the business and outlook on particular industries. The internal grading system enables the Company to monitor the quality of the entire loan portfolio on a consistent basis and provide management with an early warning system, enabling recognition and response to problem loans and potential problem loans.
Commercial Grading System
For Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”), Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) and Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”) loans, the Company uses a grading system that relies on quantifiable and measurable characteristics when available. This includes comparison of financial strength to available industry averages, comparison of transaction factors (loan terms and conditions) to loan policy and comparison of credit history to stated repayment terms and industry averages. Some grading factors are necessarily more subjective such as economic and industry factors, regulatory environment and management. C&I and CRE loans are graded Doubtful, Substandard, Special Mention and Pass.
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Doubtful
A Doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the asset, its classification as a loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral and refinancing. Generally, pending events should be resolved within a relatively short period and the ratings will be adjusted based on the new information. Nonaccrual treatment is required for Doubtful assets because of the high probability of loss.
Substandard
Substandard loans have a high probability of payment default or they have other well-defined weaknesses. They require more intensive supervision by bank management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some Substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and those loans should be placed on nonaccrual. Although Substandard assets in the aggregate will have a distinct potential for loss, an individual asset’s loss potential does not have to be distinct for the asset to be rated Substandard.
Special Mention
Special Mention loans have potential weaknesses that may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a Substandard classification. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (i.e., declining revenues or margins) or may be struggling with an ill-proportioned balance sheet (i.e., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a Special Mention rating. Although a Special Mention loan has a higher probability of default than a Pass asset, its default is not imminent.
Pass
Loans graded as Pass encompass all loans not graded as Doubtful, Substandard or Special Mention. Pass loans are in compliance with loan covenants and payments are generally made as agreed. Pass loans range from superior quality to fair quality. Pass loans also include any portion of a government guaranteed loan, including PPP loans.
Consumer and Residential Grading System
Consumer and Residential loans are graded as either Nonperforming or Performing.
Nonperforming
Nonperforming loans are loans that are (1) over 90 days past due and interest is still accruing or (2) on nonaccrual status.
Performing
All loans not meeting any of the above criteria are considered Performing.
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The following tables illustrate the Company’s credit quality by loan class by vintage:

(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 93,408 |  |  | $ | 312,325 |  |  | $ | 210,961 |  |  | $ | 108,348 |  |  | $ | 59,572 |  |  | $ | 43,397 |  |  | $ | 303,639 |  |  | $ | 2,964 |  |  | $ | 1,134,614 |
Special mention |  |  | - |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 3,497 |  |  |  | 2,493 |  |  |  | 1,969 |  |  |  | 3,192 |  |  |  | 11,591 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,884 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,468 |  |  |  | 840 |  |  |  | 6,790 |  |  |  | 509 |  |  |  | 5,300 |  |  |  | 3,824 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 18,750 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |
Total C&I |  | $ | 93,408 |  |  | $ | 313,935 |  |  | $ | 215,298 |  |  | $ | 117,631 |  |  | $ | 62,050 |  |  | $ | 51,890 |  |  | $ | 319,054 |  |  | $ | 2,983 |  |  | $ | 1,176,249 |
CRE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 120,316 |  |  | $ | 486,375 |  |  | $ | 444,779 |  |  | $ | 362,644 |  |  | $ | 234,268 |  |  | $ | 660,198 |  |  | $ | 153,714 |  |  | $ | 21,009 |  |  | $ | 2,483,303 |
Special mention |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 783 |  |  |  | 815 |  |  |  | 10,766 |  |  |  | 1,122 |  |  |  | 68,783 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 84,179 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 4,828 |  |  |  | 12,796 |  |  |  | 35,421 |  |  |  | 4,026 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57,210 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,718 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,718 |
Total CRE |  | $ | 120,932 |  |  | $ | 487,158 |  |  | $ | 445,733 |  |  | $ | 378,238 |  |  | $ | 248,186 |  |  | $ | 769,120 |  |  | $ | 157,740 |  |  | $ | 22,303 |  |  | $ | 2,629,410 |
PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,017 |  |  | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 50,977 |
Total PPP |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,017 |  |  | $ | 1,960 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 50,977 |
Auto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 140,144 |  |  | $ | 320,921 |  |  | $ | 112,646 |  |  | $ | 158,224 |  |  | $ | 83,689 |  |  | $ | 42,089 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 857,713 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,077 |
Total auto |  | $ | 140,151 |  |  | $ | 321,664 |  |  | $ | 112,958 |  |  | $ | 158,726 |  |  | $ | 83,994 |  |  | $ | 42,297 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 859,790 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 129,573 |  |  | $ | 391,276 |  |  | $ | 138,270 |  |  | $ | 105,863 |  |  | $ | 69,913 |  |  | $ | 39,194 |  |  | $ | 19,828 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 893,923 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 304 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 1,228 |
Total other consumer |  | $ | 129,573 |  |  | $ | 391,570 |  |  | $ | 138,574 |  |  | $ | 106,048 |  |  | $ | 70,121 |  |  | $ | 39,411 |  |  | $ | 19,829 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 895,151 |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 72,366 |  |  | $ | 345,762 |  |  | $ | 224,010 |  |  | $ | 172,010 |  |  | $ | 171,770 |  |  | $ | 803,616 |  |  | $ | 229,871 |  |  | $ | 10,290 |  |  | $ | 2,029,695 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 724 |  |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 1,008 |  |  |  | 6,312 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 8,554 |
Total residential |  | $ | 72,366 |  |  | $ | 345,920 |  |  | $ | 224,734 |  |  | $ | 172,327 |  |  | $ | 172,778 |  |  | $ | 809,928 |  |  | $ | 229,888 |  |  | $ | 10,308 |  |  | $ | 2,038,249 |
Total loans |  | $ | 556,430 |  |  | $ | 1,909,264 |  |  | $ | 1,139,257 |  |  | $ | 932,970 |  |  | $ | 637,129 |  |  | $ | 1,712,646 |  |  | $ | 726,511 |  |  | $ | 35,619 |  |  | $ | 7,649,826 |

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(In thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term |  |  | Total |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
C&I |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 335,685 |  |  | $ | 219,931 |  |  | $ | 114,617 |  |  | $ | 64,310 |  |  | $ | 20,137 |  |  | $ | 32,146 |  |  | $ | 280,476 |  |  | $ | 15,731 |  |  | $ | 1,083,033 |
Special mention |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 5,255 |  |  |  | 4,641 |  |  |  | 2,430 |  |  |  | 2,699 |  |  |  | 1,111 |  |  |  | 11,835 |  |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | 28,641 |
Substandard |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 874 |  |  |  | 7,010 |  |  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 2,582 |  |  |  | 3,272 |  |  |  | 3,512 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 18,953 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 43 |
Total C&I |  | $ | 337,315 |  |  | $ | 226,060 |  |  | $ | 126,268 |  |  | $ | 66,928 |  |  | $ | 25,460 |  |  | $ | 36,529 |  |  | $ | 295,823 |  |  | $ | 16,287 |  |  | $ | 1,130,670 |
CRE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 489,300 |  |  | $ | 434,866 |  |  | $ | 370,377 |  |  | $ | 236,274 |  |  | $ | 251,082 |  |  | $ | 441,310 |  |  | $ | 141,367 |  |  | $ | 43,942 |  |  | $ | 2,408,518 |
Special mention |  |  | 789 |  |  |  | 826 |  |  |  | 11,235 |  |  |  | 3,544 |  |  |  | 15,379 |  |  |  | 53,372 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | 86,345 |
Substandard |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 4,539 |  |  |  | 12,934 |  |  |  | 12,424 |  |  |  | 34,563 |  |  |  | 744 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65,281 |
Doubtful |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,843 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,843 |
Total CRE |  | $ | 490,089 |  |  | $ | 435,769 |  |  | $ | 386,151 |  |  | $ | 252,752 |  |  | $ | 278,885 |  |  | $ | 534,088 |  |  | $ | 142,891 |  |  | $ | 44,362 |  |  | $ | 2,564,987 |
PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By internally assigned grade: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 92,884 |  |  | $ | 8,338 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101,222 |
Total PPP |  | $ | 92,884 |  |  | $ | 8,338 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101,222 |
Auto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 351,778 |  |  | $ | 129,419 |  |  | $ | 183,959 |  |  | $ | 101,441 |  |  | $ | 46,007 |  |  | $ | 12,064 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 824,668 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 319 |  |  |  | 457 |  |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,840 |
Total auto |  | $ | 352,083 |  |  | $ | 129,738 |  |  | $ | 184,416 |  |  | $ | 101,852 |  |  | $ | 46,273 |  |  | $ | 12,146 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 826,508 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 427,401 |  |  | $ | 151,300 |  |  | $ | 116,451 |  |  | $ | 78,523 |  |  | $ | 29,705 |  |  | $ | 15,660 |  |  | $ | 19,011 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 838,052 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 1,338 |
Total other consumer |  | $ | 427,617 |  |  | $ | 151,729 |  |  | $ | 116,700 |  |  | $ | 78,657 |  |  | $ | 29,943 |  |  | $ | 15,693 |  |  | $ | 19,029 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 839,390 |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By payment activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 345,338 |  |  | $ | 226,723 |  |  | $ | 179,087 |  |  | $ | 179,575 |  |  | $ | 146,611 |  |  | $ | 687,863 |  |  | $ | 246,103 |  |  | $ | 11,161 |  |  | $ | 2,022,461 |
Nonperforming |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,411 |  |  |  | 643 |  |  |  | 1,072 |  |  |  | 1,534 |  |  |  | 8,522 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 13,221 |
Total residential |  | $ | 345,338 |  |  | $ | 228,134 |  |  | $ | 179,730 |  |  | $ | 180,647 |  |  | $ | 148,145 |  |  | $ | 696,385 |  |  | $ | 246,103 |  |  | $ | 11,200 |  |  | $ | 2,035,682 |
Total loans |  | $ | 2,045,326 |  |  | $ | 1,179,768 |  |  | $ | 993,265 |  |  | $ | 680,836 |  |  | $ | 528,706 |  |  | $ | 1,294,841 |  |  | $ | 703,846 |  |  | $ | 71,871 |  |  | $ | 7,498,459 |

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
As of March 31, 2022, the allowance for losses on unfunded commitments totaled $4.8 million, compared to $5.1 million as of December 31, 2021.
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Troubled Debt Restructuring
When the Company modifies a loan in a TDR, such modifications generally include one or a combination of the following: an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk; temporary reduction in the interest rate; or change in scheduled payment amount. Residential and Consumer TDRs occurring during 2022 and 2021 were due to the reduction in the interest rate or extension of the term.
An allowance for impaired commercial and consumer loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, except when the sole (remaining) source of repayment for the loan is the operation or liquidation of the collateral. In these cases, management uses the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs. If management determines that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan an impairment charge would be recorded.
The Company began offering loan modifications to assist borrowers during the COVID-19 national emergency. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), along with a joint agency statement issued by banking regulatory agencies, provides that modifications made in response to COVID-19 do not need to be accounted for as a TDR. The Company evaluated the modification programs provided to its borrowers and has concluded the modifications were generally made in accordance with the CARES Act guidance to borrowers who were in good standing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and are not required to be designated as TDRs.
The following tables illustrate the recorded investment and number of modifications designated as TDRs, including the recorded investment in the loans prior to a modification and the recorded investment in the loans after restructuring:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |
Residential |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 252 |
Total TDRs |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 242 |  |  | $ | 252 |

The following table illustrates the recorded investment and number of modifications for TDRs where a concession has been made and subsequently defaulted during the period:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Recorded Investment |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auto |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Residential |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 900 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | $ | 624 |
Total TDRs |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | $ | 642 |

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6. | Defined Benefit Post-Retirement Plans

The Company has a qualified, noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan (“the Plan”) covering substantially all of its employees at March 31, 2022. Benefits paid from the Plan are based on age, years of service, compensation and social security benefits and are determined in accordance with defined formulas. The Company’s policy is to fund the Plan in accordance with Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 standards. Assets of the Plan are invested in publicly traded stocks and mutual funds. In addition to the Plan, the Company provides supplemental employee retirement plans to certain current and former executives. The Company also assumed supplemental retirement plans for former executives of Alliance Financial Corporation (“Alliance”) when the Company acquired Alliance. These supplemental employee retirement plans and the Plan are collectively referred to herein as “Pension Benefits.”
In addition, the Company provides certain health care benefits for retired employees. Benefits were accrued over the employees’ active service period. Only employees that were employed by the Company on or before January 1, 2000 are eligible to receive post-retirement health care benefits. In addition, the Company assumed post-retirement medical life insurance benefits for certain Alliance employees, retirees and their spouses, if applicable, in the Alliance acquisition. These post-retirement benefits are referred to herein as “Other Benefits.”
The Company made no voluntary contributions to the pension and other benefits plans during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
The components of expense for Pension Benefits and Other Benefits are set forth below:

|  | Pension Benefits |  |  | Other Benefits |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Components of net periodic (benefit) cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Interest cost |  |  | 694 |  |  |  | 677 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 45 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (2,228 | ) |  |  | (2,203 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net amortization |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total net periodic (benefit) cost |  | $ | (815 | ) |  | $ | (728 | ) |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 60 |

The service cost component of net periodic (benefit) cost is included in Salaries and Employee Benefits and the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and net amortization components are included in Other Noninterest Expense on the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income.
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7. | Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity (such as the Company’s dilutive stock options and restricted stock units).
The following is a reconciliation of basic and diluted EPS for the periods presented in the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 43,141 |  |  |  | 43,559 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Basic EPS |  | $ | 0.91 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 43,141 |  |  |  | 43,559 |
Dilutive effect of common stock options and restricted stock |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 331 |
Weighted average common shares and common share equivalents |  |  | 43,385 |  |  |  | 43,890 |
Net income available to common stockholders |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |

There was a nominal number of weighted average stock options outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, that were not considered in the calculation of diluted EPS since the stock options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price during these periods.
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8. | Reclassification Adjustments Out of Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table summarizes the reclassification adjustments out of AOCI:

Detail About AOCI Components |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
|  | Three Months Ended |  |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of unrealized gains related to securities transfer |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 142 |  | Interest income
Tax effect |  | $ | (35 | ) |  | $ | (35 | ) | Income tax (benefit)
Net of tax |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges reclassified to interest expense |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21 |  | Interest expense
Tax effect |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (5 | ) | Income tax (benefit)
Net of tax |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 16 |  |
Pension and other benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net losses |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 298 |  | Other noninterest expense
Amortization of prior service costs |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 28 |  | Other noninterest expense
Tax effect |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | (81 | ) | Income tax (benefit)
Net of tax |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 368 |  |

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9. | Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Generally, the Company may use derivative financial instruments to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments. Currently, the Company has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps are considered derivatives, but are not designated in hedging relationships. These instruments have interest rate and credit risk associated with them. To mitigate the interest rate risk, the Company enters into offsetting interest rate swaps with counterparties. The counterparty swaps are also considered derivatives and are also not designated in hedging relationships. Interest rate swaps are recorded within other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair value. Changes to the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other operating income in the consolidated statement of income.
The Company is subject to over-the-counter derivative clearing requirements, which require certain derivatives to be cleared through central clearing houses. Accordingly, the Company began to clear certain derivative transactions through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Clearing House (“CME”) in January of 2021. The CME requires the Company to post initial and variation margin payments to mitigate the risk of non-payment, the latter of which is received or paid daily based on the net asset or liability position of the contracts. A daily settlement occurs through the CME for changes in the fair value of centrally cleared derivatives. Not all of the derivatives are required to be cleared through the daily clearing agent. As a result, the total fair values of loan level derivative assets and liabilities recognized on the Company’s financial statements are not equal and offsetting.
As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had sixteen and eighteen risk participation agreements, respectively, with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to participated loans. Risk participation agreements provide credit protection to the financial institution that originated the swap transaction should the borrower fail to perform on its obligation. The Company enters into both risk participation agreements in which it purchases credit protection from other financial institutions and those in which it provides credit protection to other financial institutions.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
The Company has previously entered into interest rate swaps to modify the interest rate characteristics of certain short-term Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances from variable rate to fixed rate in order to reduce the impact of changes in future cash flows due to market interest rate changes. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.
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The following table summarizes the derivatives outstanding:

(In thousands) |  | Notional Amount |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Amount |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |
As of March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  | $ | 1,381,076 |  | Other assets |  | $ | 49,054 |  |  | $ | 1,381,076 |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 49,054 |
Risk participation agreements |  |  | 90,456 |  | Other assets |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 22,556 |  | Other liabilities |  |  | 34 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,228 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,088 |
Netting adjustments(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34 |
Net derivatives in the balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 41,936 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 49,054 |
Derivatives not offset on the balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,524 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,524 |
Cash collateral(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,900 |
Net derivative amounts |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 33,412 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 37,630 |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  | $ | 1,342,187 |  | Other assets |  | $ | 60,203 |  |  | $ | 1,342,187 |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 60,203 |
Risk participation agreements |  |  | 90,938 |  | Other assets |  |  | 252 |  |  |  | 37,193 |  | Other liabilities |  |  | 60 |
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,455 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,263 |
Netting adjustments(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,482 |
Net derivatives in the balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 60,625 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 54,781 |
Derivatives not offset on the balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,455 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,455 |
Cash collateral(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 43,420 |
Net derivative amounts |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 55,170 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,906 |

(1) Netting adjustments represents the amounts recorded to convert derivatives assets and liabilities from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance on the settle to market rules for cleared derivatives. The CME legally characterizes the variation margin posted between counterparties as settlements of the outstanding derivative contracts instead of cash collateral. Company began to clear certain derivative transactions through the CME in 2021.
(2) Cash collateral represents the amount that cannot be used to offset our derivative assets and liabilities from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. The other collateral consist of securities and is exchanged under bilateral collateral and master netting agreements that allow us to offset the net derivative position with the related collateral. The application of the other collateral cannot reduce the net derivative position below zero. Therefore, excess other collateral, if any, is not reflected above.
For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s short-term rate borrowings. During the three months ended March 31, 2021 the Company’s final cash flow hedge of interest rate risk matured and the renaming balance was reclassified from AOCI as a reduction to interest expense. There is no additional amount that will be reclassified from AOCI as a reduction to interest expense.
The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:

|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives - included component |  |  |  |  |  |
Amount of loss reclassified from AOCI into interest expense |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21 |

The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives not designated as a hedging relationship:

|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
(Decrease) in other income |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | (115 | )

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10. | Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP states that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. A fair value hierarchy exists within GAAP that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The types of instruments valued based on quoted market prices in active markets include most U.S. government and agency securities, many other sovereign government obligations, liquid mortgage products, active listed equities and most money market securities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company does not adjust the quoted prices for such instruments.
The types of instruments valued based on quoted prices in markets that are not active, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency include most investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds, less liquid mortgage products, less liquid agency securities, less liquid listed equities, state, municipal and provincial obligations and certain physical commodities. Such instruments are generally classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Certain common equity securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs (exchange quoted prices). Other investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 and Level 2 inputs. The prices for Level 2 instruments are obtained through an independent pricing service or dealer market participants with whom the Company has historically transacted both purchases and sales of investment securities. Prices obtained from these sources include prices derived from market quotations and matrix pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Management reviews the methodologies used in pricing the securities by its third-party providers.
Level 3 is for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions. Valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability and such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate will be used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support on certain Level 3 investments. Subsequent to inception, management only changes Level 3 inputs and assumptions when corroborated by evidence such as transactions in similar instruments, completed or pending third-party transactions in the underlying investment or comparable entities, subsequent rounds of financing, recapitalizations and other transactions across the capital structure, offerings in the equity or debt markets and changes in financial ratios or cash flows.
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The following tables sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis that were accounted for at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | March 31, 2022 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 117,635 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 117,635 |
Federal agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 225,612 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 225,612 |
State & municipal |  |  | - |  |  |  | 88,302 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 88,302 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 558,397 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 558,397 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 617,999 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 617,999 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,752 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,752 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 117,635 |  |  | $ | 1,545,062 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,662,697 |
Equity securities |  |  | 31,554 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32,554 |
Derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,486 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,486 |
Total |  | $ | 149,189 |  |  | $ | 1,595,548 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,744,737 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,088 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,088 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,088 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 49,088 |

(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury |  | $ | 73,069 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 73,069 |
Federal agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 239,931 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 239,931 |
State & municipal |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,088 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,088 |
Mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 606,675 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 606,675 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 621,595 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 621,595 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,003 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,003 |
Total AFS securities |  | $ | 73,069 |  |  | $ | 1,614,292 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,687,361 |
Equity securities |  |  | 32,550 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33,550 |
Derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,625 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 60,625 |
Total |  | $ | 105,619 |  |  | $ | 1,675,917 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,781,536 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 60,263 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 60,263 |
Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 60,263 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 60,263 |

GAAP requires disclosure of assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis such as goodwill, loans held for sale, other real estate owned, collateral-dependent impaired loans and HTM securities. The non-recurring fair value measurements recorded during the three month period ended March 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021 were related to impaired loans and write-downs of other real estate owned. The Company uses the fair value of underlying collateral, less costs to sell, to estimate the allowance for credit losses for individually evaluated collateral dependent loans. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses ranging from 10% to 50%. Based on the valuation techniques used, the fair value measurements for collateral dependent individually evaluated loans are classified as Level 3.
As of March 31, 2022, the Company had collateral dependent individually evaluated loans with a carrying value of $9.9 million, which had no estimated allowance for credit loss. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had collateral dependent individually evaluated loans with a carrying value of $10.2 million, which had no estimated allowance for credit loss.
The following table sets forth information with regard to estimated fair values of financial instruments. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. Financial instruments for which the fair value approximates carrying value include cash and cash equivalents, AFS securities, equity securities, accrued interest receivable, non-maturity deposits, short-term borrowings, accrued interest payable and derivatives.
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|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HTM securities |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 895,005 |  |  | $ | 851,635 |  |  | $ | 733,210 |  |  | $ | 735,260 |
Net loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 7,560,089 |  |  |  | 7,611,744 |  |  |  | 7,407,289 |  |  |  | 7,530,768 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 487,977 |  |  | $ | 480,294 |  |  | $ | 501,472 |  |  | $ | 500,717 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 13,971 |  |  |  | 13,983 |  |  |  | 13,995 |  |  |  | 14,260 |
Subordinated debt |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 102,218 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 107,402 |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 102,624 |  |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 107,569 |

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, the Company has a substantial wealth operation that contributes net fee income annually. The wealth management operation is not considered a financial instrument and its value has not been incorporated into the fair value estimates. Other significant assets and liabilities include the benefits resulting from the low-cost funding of deposit liabilities as compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimate of fair value.
HTM Securities
The fair value of the Company’s HTM securities is primarily measured using information from a third-party pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.
Net Loans
Net loans include portfolio loans and loans held for sale. Loans were first segregated by type and then further segmented into fixed and variable rate and loan quality categories. Expected future cash flows were projected based on contractual cash flows, adjusted for estimated prepayments, which also includes credit risk, illiquidity risk and other market factors to calculate the exit price fair value in accordance with ASC 820.
Time Deposits
The fair value of time deposits was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments. The fair values of the Company’s time deposit liabilities do not take into consideration the value of the Company’s long-term relationships with depositors, which may have significant value.
Long-Term Debt
The fair value of long-term debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow approach that applies prevailing market interest rates for similar maturity instruments.
Subordinated Debt
The fair value of subordinated debt has been measured using the observable market price as of the period reported.
Junior Subordinated Debt
The fair value of junior subordinated debt has been estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis.
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11. | Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit and certain agricultural real estate loans sold to investors with recourse, with the sold portion having a government guarantee that is assignable back to the Company upon repurchase of the loan in the event of default. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the commitments to extend credit, unused lines of credit, standby letters of credit and loans sold with recourse is represented by the contractual amount of those investments. The credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved with extending loans to customers and is subject to normal credit policies. Collateral may be obtained based on management’s assessment of the customer’s creditworthiness. Commitments to extend credit and unused lines of credit totaled $2.2 billion at March 31, 2022 and $2.3 billion at December 31, 2021.
Since many loan commitments, standby letters of credit and guarantees and indemnification contracts expire without being funded in whole or in part, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash flows. The Company does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit.
The Company guarantees the obligations or performance of customers by issuing standby letters of credit to third-parties. These standby letters of credit are generally issued in support of third-party debt, such as corporate debt issuances, industrial revenue bonds and municipal securities. The risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as the credit risk involved in extending loan facilities to customers and letters of credit are subject to the same credit origination, portfolio maintenance and management procedures in effect to monitor other credit and off-balance sheet products. Typically, these instruments have one year expirations with an option to renew upon annual review; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Standby letters of credit totaled $54.5 million at March 31, 2022 and $55.1 million at December 31, 2021. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit was not significant.
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NBT BANCORP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Item 2 - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to provide a concise description of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of NBT Bancorp Inc. (“NBT”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including NBT Bank, National Association (the “Bank”), NBT Financial Services, Inc. (“NBT Financial”) and NBT Holdings, Inc. (“NBT Holdings”) (collectively referred to herein as the “Company”). This discussion will focus on results of operations, financial condition, capital resources and asset/liability management. Reference should be made to the Company’s consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in this Form 10‑Q as well as to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for an understanding of the following discussion and analysis. Operating results for the three month period ending March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year ending December 31, 2022 or any future period.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this filing and future filings by the NBT Bancorp Inc. (the “Company”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), in the Company’s press releases or other public or stockholder communications or in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, contain forward-looking statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. These statements may be identified by the use of phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecasts,” “projects,” “will,” “can,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” or other similar terms. There are a number of factors, many of which are beyond the Company’s control that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements include, among others, the following possibilities: (1) local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on the Company and its customers and the Company’s assessment of that impact; (2) changes in the level of nonperforming assets and charge-offs; (3) changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements; (4) the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”); (5) inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations; (6) political instability; (7) acts of war, including international military conflicts, or terrorism; (8) the timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users; (9) changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits; (10) changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Company’s borrowers; (11) technological changes; (12) acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses; (13) the ability to increase market share and control expenses; (14) changes in the competitive environment among financial holding companies; (15) the effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance) with which the Company and its subsidiaries must comply, including those under the Dodd-Frank Act, Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, Consumer Protection Act of 2018, Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), and other legislative and regulatory responses to the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic; (16) the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and other accounting standard setters; (17) changes in the Company’s organization, compensation and benefit plans; (18) the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments including the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews; (19) greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the integration of new products and lines of business; (20) the adverse impact on the U.S. economy, including the markets in which we operate, of the COVID-19 global pandemic; and (21) the Company’s success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.
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Currently, one of the most significant factors that could cause actual outcomes to differ materially from the Company’s forward-looking statements is the potential adverse effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance of the Company, its customers and the global economy and financial markets. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts the Company will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, treatment developments, public adoption rates of COVID-19 vaccines, including booster shots, and their effectiveness against emerging variants of COVID-19, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s customers and demand for financial services, the actions governments, businesses and individuals take in response to the pandemic, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken in response to the pandemic on global and regional economies, national and local economic activity, and the pace of recovery when the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, among others. Moreover, investors are cautioned to interpret many of the risks identified under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 as being heightened as a result of the ongoing and numerous adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made, and advises readers that various factors, including, but not limited to, those described above and other factors discussed in the Company’s annual and quarterly reports previously filed with the SEC, could affect the Company’s financial performance and could cause the Company’s actual results or circumstances for future periods to differ materially from those anticipated or projected.
Unless required by law, the Company does not undertake, and specifically disclaims any obligations to, publicly release any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
Non-GAAP Measures
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Where non-GAAP disclosures are used in this Form 10-Q, the comparable GAAP measure, as well as a reconciliation to the comparable GAAP measure, is provided in the accompanying tables. Management believes that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information that is important to an understanding of the results of the Company’s core business as well as provide information standard in the financial institution industry. Non-GAAP measures should not be considered a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP and investors should consider the Company’s performance and financial condition as reported under GAAP and all other relevant information when assessing the performance or financial condition of the Company.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company has identified policies as being critical because they require management to make particularly difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. The judgment and assumptions made are based upon historical experience or other factors that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of the judgment and assumptions, actual results could differ from estimates, which could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. These policies relate to the allowance for credit losses, pension accounting and provision for income taxes.
The allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for credit losses and the allowance for losses on unfunded commitments. Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“CECL”) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL approach is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether the historical loss experience should be adjusted for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date that did not exist over the period from which historical experience was used. Finally, the Company considers forecasts about future economic conditions that are reasonable and supportable. The allowance for credit losses for loans, as reported in our consolidated statements of financial condition, is adjusted by an expense for credit losses, which is recognized in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. The allowance for losses on unfunded commitments represents the expected credit losses on off-balance sheet commitments such as unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. However, a liability is not recognized for commitments unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The allowance for losses on unfunded commitments is determined by estimating future draws and applying the expected loss rates on those draws.
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Management of the Company considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting estimate given the uncertainty in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of our loan portfolio. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in those future periods. While management’s current evaluation of the allowance for credit losses indicates that the allowance is appropriate, the allowance may need to be increased under adversely different conditions or assumptions. Going forward, the impact of utilizing the CECL approach to calculate the reserve for credit losses will be significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of our loan portfolio, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. Material changes to these and other relevant factors may result in greater volatility to the reserve for credit losses, and therefore, greater volatility to our reported earnings.
Management is required to make various assumptions in valuing the Company’s pension assets and liabilities. These assumptions include the expected rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate, the rate of increase in future compensation levels and interest rate of credit for cash balance plans. Changes to these assumptions could impact earnings in future periods. The Company takes into account the plan asset mix, funding obligations and expert opinions in determining the various rates used to estimate pension expense. The Company also considers market interest rates and discounted cash flows in setting the appropriate discount rate. In addition, the Company reviews expected inflationary and merit increases to compensation in determining the rate of increase in future compensation levels.
The Company is subject to examinations from various taxing authorities. These tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant government taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, we must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws. Quarterly, a review of income tax expense and the carrying value of deferred tax assets and liabilities is performed and balances are adjusted as appropriate. We must also make estimates about when in the future certain items will affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions. Although management believes that the assumptions and judgments used to record tax-related assets or liabilities have been reasonable and appropriate, actual results could differ and we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. Should tax laws change or the taxing authorities during their examinations determine that their assumptions differ from management’s and we do not prevail in a dispute over interpretations of tax laws, an adjustment may be required which could have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations.
The Company’s policies on the CECL method for allowance for credit losses, pension accounting and provision for income taxes are disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements presented in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. All accounting policies are important and as such, the Company encourages the reader to review each of the policies included in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements presented in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K to obtain a better understanding of how the Company’s financial performance is reported. Refer to Note 3 to the unaudited interim consolidated finance statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for recently adopted accounting standards.
Overview
Significant factors management reviews to evaluate the Company’s operating results and financial condition include, but are not limited to: net income and earnings per share, return on average assets and equity, net interest margin, noninterest income, operating expenses, asset quality indicators, loan and deposit growth, capital management, liquidity and interest rate sensitivity, enhancements to customer products and services, technology advancements, market share and peer comparisons. The Company’s results in 2022 and 2021 have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the CECL accounting methodology, including the estimated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on expected credit losses. The following information should be considered in connection with the Company’s results for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

| ● | net income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $39.1 million, up $1.8 million from the fourth quarter of 2021 and down $0.7 million from the first quarter of 2021;

| ● | diluted earnings per share of $0.90 for the three months ended March 31, 2022, up $0.04 from the fourth quarter of 2021 and down $0.01 from the first quarter of 2021;

| ● | noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $42.7 million, up $1.5 million from the fourth quarter of 2021 and up $5.6 million from the first quarter of 2021; represents 35% of total revenues;

| ● | period end loans were $7.6 billion, up 8%, annualized, from December 31, 2021 (11% excluding Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans);

| ● | strong credit quality metrics including net charge-offs to average loans of 0.14% annualized, and allowance for loan losses to total loans at 1.18%;

| ● | book value per share of $27.96 at March 31, 2022; tangible book value per share(1) was $21.25 at March 31, 2022, $22.26 at December 31, 2021 and $20.71 at March 31, 2021.

(1) Non-GAAP measure - Refer to non-GAAP reconciliation below.
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COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic and countermeasures taken to contain its spread have caused economic and financial disruptions globally. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s results of operations and the ultimate effect of the pandemic will depend on numerous factors that are highly uncertain, including how long restrictions for business and individuals will last, further information around the severity of the virus and any variants, additional actions taken by federal, state and local governments to contain and treat COVID-19 and what, if any, additional government relief will be provided. The expected impact of the pandemic on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and its customers has not fully manifested. The pandemic appears to be slowly receding, and thus becoming less disruptive on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, and its clients as of March 31, 2022. However, economic uncertainty remains high and volatility is expected to continue in 2022. The Company believes its historically strong underwriting practices, diverse and granular portfolios and geographic footprint will help to mitigate any adverse impact to the Company.
The Company has participated in the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) PPP, a loan guarantee program created under the CARES Act and the Consolidated Appropriation Act targeted to provide small businesses with support to cover payroll and certain other expenses. Loans made under the PPP are fully guaranteed by the SBA, whose guarantee is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. PPP covered loans also afford borrowers forgiveness up to the principal amount of the PPP covered loan, plus accrued interest, if the loan proceeds are used to retain workers and maintain payroll or to make certain mortgage interest, lease and utility payments, and certain other criteria are satisfied. The SBA will reimburse PPP lenders for any amount of a PPP covered loan that is forgiven, and PPP lenders will not be held liable for any representations made by PPP borrowers in connection with their requests for loan forgiveness. Lenders receive pre-determined fees for processing and servicing PPP loans. In addition, PPP loans are risk-weighted at zero percent under the generally applicable Standardized Approach used to calculate risk-weighted assets for regulatory capital purposes.
The Company processed approximately 6,100 loans totaling $835 million in relief. The Company is supporting the forgiveness process under the PPP with online resources, educational webinars and a partnership with a certified public accounting firm. As of March 31, 2022, the Company has received payment from the SBA on 5,479 of our loans totaling $754 million and total forgiveness and paydown is equal to 94% of the original balance.
Results of Operations
The Company reported net income of $39.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, up $1.8 million from the fourth quarter of 2021 and down $0.7 million from the first quarter of 2021. Net interest income was $80.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, down $4.8 million, or 5.7%, from the fourth quarter of 2021 and up $1.3 million or 1.6% from the first quarter of 2021. Average interest-earning assets were up $71.9 million, or 0.7%, from the prior quarter and grew $0.9 billion, or 9.3%, from the first quarter of 2021. The provision for loan losses was $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as compared with $3.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 and a net benefit of $2.8 million in the first quarter of 2021.
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The following table sets forth certain financial highlights:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021
Performance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.91 |
Return on average assets(2) |  |  | 1.32 | % |  |  | 1.23 | % |  |  | 1.46 | %
Return on average equity(2) |  |  | 12.78 | % |  |  | 11.89 | % |  |  | 13.57 | %
Return on average tangible common equity(2) |  |  | 16.87 | % |  |  | 15.70 | % |  |  | 18.24 | %
Net interest margin, fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”)(2) |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  | 3.08 | % |  |  | 3.17 | %
Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity to assets |  |  | 9.90 | % |  |  | 10.41 | % |  |  | 10.32 | %
Tangible equity ratio |  |  | 7.70 | % |  |  | 8.20 | % |  |  | 8.00 | %
Book value per share |  | $ | 27.96 |  |  | $ | 28.97 |  |  | $ | 27.43 |
Tangible book value per share |  | $ | 21.25 |  |  | $ | 22.26 |  |  | $ | 20.71 |
Leverage ratio |  |  | 9.52 | % |  |  | 9.41 | % |  |  | 9.60 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 12.23 | % |  |  | 12.25 | % |  |  | 12.13 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 13.39 | % |  |  | 13.43 | % |  |  | 13.38 | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  |  | 15.64 | % |  |  | 15.73 | % |  |  | 15.92 | %

The following tables provide non-GAAP reconciliations:

|  | Three Months Ended
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021
Net income |  | $ | 39,126 |  |  | $ | 37,310 |  |  | $ | 39,846 |
Amortization of intangible assets (net of tax) |  |  | 477 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 609 |
Net income, excluding intangible amortization |  | $ | 39,603 |  |  | $ | 37,798 |  |  | $ | 40,455 |
Average stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,241,188 |  |  | $ | 1,244,751 |  |  | $ | 1,191,280 |
Less: average goodwill and other intangibles |  |  | 289,218 |  |  |  | 289,834 |  |  |  | 291,921 |
Average tangible common equity |  | $ | 951,970 |  |  | $ | 954,917 |  |  | $ | 899,359 |
Return on average tangible common equity(2) |  |  | 16.87 | % |  |  | 15.70 | % |  |  | 18.24 | %

|  | Three Months Ended
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021
Stockholder’s equity |  | $ | 1,202,250 |  |  | $ | 1,250,453 |  |  | $ | 1,190,981 |
Intangibles |  |  | 288,832 |  |  |  | 289,468 |  |  |  | 291,464 |
Assets |  | $ | 12,147,833 |  |  | $ | 12,012,111 |  |  | $ | 11,537,253 |
Tangible equity ratio |  |  | 7.70 | % |  |  | 8.20 | % |  |  | 8.00 | %

|  | Three Months Ended
(In thousands, except share and per share data) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021
Stockholder’s equity |  | $ | 1,202,250 |  |  | $ | 1,250,453 |  |  | $ | 1,190,981 |
Intangibles |  |  | 288,832 |  |  |  | 289,468 |  |  |  | 291,464 |
Tangible equity |  | $ | 913,418 |  |  | $ | 960,985 |  |  | $ | 899,517 |
Diluted common shares outstanding |  |  | 42,992 |  |  |  | 43,168 |  |  |  | 43,425 |
Tangible book value |  | $ | 21.25 |  |  | $ | 22.26 |  |  | $ | 20.71 |

(2) Annualized.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets, primarily loans and securities and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits and borrowings. Net interest income is affected by the interest rate spread, the difference between the yield on interest-earning assets and cost of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the volumes of such assets and liabilities. Net interest income is one of the key determining factors in a financial institution’s performance as it is the principal source of earnings.
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Net interest income was $80.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, down $4.8 million, or 5.7%, from the previous quarter. PPP loan interest and fees recognized into interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $2.0 million compared to $7.5 million for the previous quarter. The FTE net interest margin was 2.95% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of 13 bps from the previous quarter. Interest income decreased $5.1 million, or 5.7%, as the yield on average interest-earning assets decreased 14 bps from the prior quarter to 3.09%, while average interest-earning assets of $11.1 billion increased $71.9 million from the prior quarter, primarily due to an increase in average investment securities partly offset by a decrease in short-term interest-bearing accounts (“excess liquidity”). Interest expense was down $0.3 million, or 6.6%, as the cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 1 bps to 0.23% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, driven by interest-bearing deposit costs decreasing 2 bps.
Net interest income was $80.3 million for the first quarter of 2022, up $1.3 million, or 1.6%, from the first quarter of 2021. PPP loan interest and fees recognized into interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $2.0 million compared to $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The FTE net interest margin was 2.95% for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of 22 bps from the first quarter of 2021. Interest income decreased $0.1 million, or 0.1%, as the yield on average interest-earning assets decreased 29 bps from the same period in 2021 to 3.09%, while average interest-earning assets increased $0.9 billion, or 9.3%, from the first quarter of 2021, primarily due to excess liquidity and an increase in average investment securities. Interest expense decreased $1.4 million, or 26.7%, as the cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 11 bps to 0.23% for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, driven by interest-bearing deposit costs decreasing 10 bps.
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Average Balances and Net Interest Income
The following tables include the condensed consolidated average balance sheet, an analysis of interest income/expense and average yield/rate for each major category of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities on a taxable equivalent basis.

Three Months Ended |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | March 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest |  |  | Yield/ Rates |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term interest-bearing accounts |  | $ | 990,319 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | $ | 1,145,794 |  |  | $ | 465 |  |  |  | 0.16 | % |  | $ | 587,358 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  |  | 0.09 | %
Securities taxable(1) |  |  | 2,284,578 |  |  |  | 9,407 |  |  |  | 1.67 | % |  |  | 2,081,796 |  |  |  | 8,251 |  |  |  | 1.57 | % |  |  | 1,768,945 |  |  |  | 7,931 |  |  |  | 1.82 | %
Securities tax-exempt(1)(3) |  |  | 258,513 |  |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  | 1.84 | % |  |  | 257,320 |  |  |  | 1,199 |  |  |  | 1.85 | % |  |  | 184,842 |  |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | 2.76 | %
Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock |  |  | 25,026 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 1.98 | % |  |  | 25,149 |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 2.74 | % |  |  | 25,606 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 2.45 | %
Loans(2)(3) |  |  | 7,530,674 |  |  |  | 73,382 |  |  |  | 3.95 | % |  |  | 7,507,165 |  |  |  | 79,510 |  |  |  | 4.20 | % |  |  | 7,574,337 |  |  |  | 75,131 |  |  |  | 4.02 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 11,089,110 |  |  | $ | 84,486 |  |  |  | 3.09 | % |  | $ | 11,017,224 |  |  | $ | 89,599 |  |  |  | 3.23 | % |  | $ | 10,141,088 |  |  | $ | 84,612 |  |  |  | 3.38 | %
Other assets |  |  | 947,578 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 982,136 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 960,994 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 12,036,688 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,999,360 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,102,082 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market deposit accounts |  | $ | 2,720,338 |  |  | $ | 1,022 |  |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | $ | 2,678,477 |  |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  |  | 0.16 | % |  | $ | 2,484,120 |  |  | $ | 1,391 |  |  |  | 0.23 | %
NOW deposit accounts |  |  | 1,583,091 |  |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 1,551,846 |  |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 1,358,955 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 0.05 | %
Savings deposits |  |  | 1,794,549 |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 0.03 | % |  |  | 1,725,004 |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 0.05 | % |  |  | 1,547,983 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 0.05 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 494,632 |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 537,875 |  |  |  | 626 |  |  |  | 0.46 | % |  |  | 615,343 |  |  |  | 1,417 |  |  |  | 0.93 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | $ | 6,592,610 |  |  | $ | 1,842 |  |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 6,493,202 |  |  | $ | 2,132 |  |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | $ | 6,006,401 |  |  | $ | 3,172 |  |  |  | 0.21 | %
Federal funds purchased |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 72,768 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 0.09 | % |  |  | 97,389 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 0.11 | % |  |  | 109,904 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 0.16 | %
Short-term borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,278 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 2.00 | %
Long-term debt |  |  | 13,979 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 2.52 | % |  |  | 14,004 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 2.49 | % |  |  | 19,913 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 2.53 | %
Subordinated debt |  |  | 98,531 |  |  |  | 1,359 |  |  |  | 5.59 | % |  |  | 98,422 |  |  |  | 1,360 |  |  |  | 5.48 | % |  |  | 98,095 |  |  |  | 1,359 |  |  |  | 5.62 | %
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 2.20 | % |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 518 |  |  |  | 2.03 | % |  |  | 101,196 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 2.12 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 6,879,084 |  |  | $ | 3,853 |  |  |  | 0.23 | % |  | $ | 6,804,279 |  |  | $ | 4,126 |  |  |  | 0.24 | % |  | $ | 6,340,787 |  |  | $ | 5,255 |  |  |  | 0.34 | %
Demand deposits |  |  | 3,710,124 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,719,070 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,319,024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 206,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 231,260 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 250,991 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,241,188 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,244,751 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,191,280 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 12,036,688 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,999,360 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,102,082 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,633 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 85,473 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,357 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.86 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.99 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.04 | %
Net interest margin (FTE) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.95 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.17 | %
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,348 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 85,181 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,055 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Securities are shown at average amortized cost.

(2) | For purposes of these computations, nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale are included in the average loan balances outstanding.

(3) | Interest income for tax-exempt securities and loans have been adjusted to a FTE basis using the statutory Federal income tax rate of 21%.

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The following table presents changes in interest income and interest expense attributable to changes in volume (change in average balance multiplied by prior year rate), changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by prior year volume) and the net change in net interest income. The net change attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate has been allocated to each in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of change.

Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) 2022 over 2021 |
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Total |
Short-term interest-bearing accounts |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 267 |
Securities taxable |  |  | 2,164 |  |  |  | (688 | ) |  |  | 1,476 |
Securities tax-exempt |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | (498 | ) |  |  | (87 | )
Federal Reserve Bank and FHLB stock |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (33 | )
Loans |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (1,318 | ) |  |  | (1,749 | )
Total FTE interest income |  | $ | 2,268 |  |  | $ | (2,394 | ) |  | $ | (126 | )
Money market deposit accounts |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | (492 | ) |  | $ | (369 | )
NOW deposit accounts |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 23 |
Savings deposits |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (52 | )
Time deposits |  |  | (237 | ) |  |  | (695 | ) |  |  | (932 | )
Repurchase agreements |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Short-term borrowings |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (26 | )
Long-term debt |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | )
Subordinated debt |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | - |
Junior subordinated debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |
Total FTE interest expense |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | (1,287 | ) |  | $ | (1,402 | )
Change in FTE net interest income |  | $ | 2,383 |  |  | $ | (1,107 | ) |  | $ | 1,276 |

Noninterest Income
Noninterest income is a significant source of revenue for the Company and an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth information by category of noninterest income for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  | $ | 3,688 |  |  | $ | 3,027 |
Card services income |  |  | 8,695 |  |  |  | 7,550 |
Retirement plan administration fees |  |  | 13,279 |  |  |  | 10,098 |
Wealth management |  |  | 8,640 |  |  |  | 7,910 |
Insurance services |  |  | 3,788 |  |  |  | 3,461 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 1,654 |  |  |  | 1,381 |
Net securities (losses) gains |  |  | (179 | ) |  |  | 467 |
Other |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  | 3,144 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 42,659 |  |  | $ | 37,038 |

Noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $42.7 million, up $1.5 million, or 3.8%, from the prior quarter and up $5.6 million, or 15.2%, from the first quarter of 2021. Excluding net securities (losses) gains, noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $42.8 million, up $1.7 million, or 4.2% from the prior quarter and up $6.3 million, or 17.1% from the first quarter of 2021. The increase from the prior quarter was primarily driven by an increase in retirement plan administration fees driven by higher activity-based fees, continued organic growth as well as the impact of positive equity market returns over the past year. The increase from the first quarter of 2021 was primarily due to an increase in retirement plan administration fees driven by higher activity-based fees, continued organic growth as well as the impact of positive equity market returns over the past year, higher wealth management fees aided by market performance and additional new customers, higher card services income due to increased volume and higher per transaction rates and higher service charges on deposit accounts as the volume of transactions has normalized to near pre-pandemic levels.
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Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expenses are also an important factor in the Company’s results of operations. The following table sets forth the major components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | $ | 45,508 |  |  | $ | 41,601 |
Technology and data services |  |  | 8,547 |  |  |  | 8,892 |
Occupancy |  |  | 6,793 |  |  |  | 6,889 |
Professional fees and outside services |  |  | 4,276 |  |  |  | 3,589 |
Office supplies and postage |  |  | 1,424 |  |  |  | 1,499 |
FDIC expenses |  |  | 802 |  |  |  | 808 |
Advertising |  |  | 654 |  |  |  | 451 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 812 |
Loan collection and other real estate owned, net |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 590 |
Other |  |  | 3,119 |  |  |  | 2,757 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 72,143 |  |  | $ | 67,888 |

Noninterest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $72.1 million, down $3.0 million, or 3.9%, from the prior quarter and up $4.3 million, or 6.3%, from the first quarter of 2021. The decrease from the prior quarter was primarily driven by lower other expenses due principally to the seasonal timing of certain items, lower professional fees and outside services due to timing of cost associated with several digital and other technology-related initiatives, lower loan collection and other real estate owned due to the gain on the sale of a property in the first quarter of 2022 and a write-down of a property in the prior quarter. The decrease from the prior quarter was partly offset by the increase in salaries and employee benefits due to seasonally higher payroll taxes and stock-based compensation expenses, partly offset by two less payroll days. The increase from the first quarter of 2021 was due to higher salaries and employee benefits due to increased salaries and wages including merit pay increases and higher levels of incentive compensation and higher professional fees and outside services due to timing of cost associated with several digital and other technology-related initiatives.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $11.1 million, up $0.4 million from the prior quarter and comparable to the first quarter of 2021. The effective tax rate was 22.2% for the first quarter of 2022 compared to 22.4% for the fourth quarter of 2021 and 21.9% for the first quarter of 2021.
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ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
Securities
Total securities increased $136.1 million, or 5.5%, from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. The securities portfolio represents 21.3% of total assets as of March 31, 2022 as compared to 20.4% of total assets as of December 31, 2021.
The following table details the composition of securities available for sale, securities held to maturity and regulatory investments for the periods indicated:

|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
With maturities 15 years or less |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | 18 | %
With maturities greater than 15 years |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 8 | %
Collateral mortgage obligations |  |  | 34 | % |  |  | 34 | %
Municipal securities |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 17 | %
U.S. agency notes |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 20 | %
Corporate |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 2 | %
Equity securities |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 1 | %
Total |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

The Company’s mortgage-backed securities, U.S. agency notes and collateralized mortgage obligations are all guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Farm Credit Banks or Ginnie Mae (“GNMA”). GNMA securities are considered similar in credit quality to U.S. Treasury securities, as they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Currently, there are no subprime mortgages in our investment portfolio.
Loans
A summary of the loan portfolio by major categories(1), net of deferred fees and origination costs, for the periods indicated follows:

(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Commercial |  | $ | 1,214,834 |  |  | $ | 1,155,240 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 2,709,611 |  |  |  | 2,655,367 |
Paycheck protection program |  |  | 50,977 |  |  |  | 101,222 |
Residential real estate |  |  | 1,584,551 |  |  |  | 1,571,232 |
Indirect auto |  |  | 890,643 |  |  |  | 859,454 |
Specialty lending |  |  | 835,546 |  |  |  | 778,291 |
Home equity |  |  | 319,180 |  |  |  | 330,357 |
Other consumer |  |  | 44,484 |  |  |  | 47,296 |
Total loans |  | $ | 7,649,826 |  |  | $ | 7,498,459 |

(1) Loans are summarized by business line which do not align to how the Company assesses credit risk in the estimate for credit losses under CECL.
Total loans increased by $151.4 million, or 8.2% annualized, from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Total PPP loans as of March 31, 2022 were $51.0 million (net of unamortized fees). The following PPP loan activity occurred during three months ended March 31, 2022; there were no PPP loan originations, $48.4 million of loans forgiven and $2.0 million of interest and fees recognized into interest income. Excluding PPP loans, period end loans increased $201.6 million from December 31, 2021. Commercial and industrial loans increased $59.6 million to $1.2 billion; commercial real estate loans increased $54.2 million to $2.7 billion; and total consumer loans increased $87.8 million to $3.7 billion. Total loans represent approximately 63.0% of assets as of March 31, 2022, as compared to 62.4% as of December 31, 2021.
Allowance for Credit Losses, Provision for Loan Losses and Nonperforming Assets
Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses to be a critical accounting policy given the degree of judgment exercised in evaluating the level of the allowance required to estimate expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of our loan portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the consolidated results of operations.
The CECL approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). It replaces the incurred loss approach’s threshold that required recognition of a credit loss when it was probable a loss event was incurred. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net, lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off.
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Required additions or reductions to the allowance for credit losses are made periodically by charges or credits to the provision for loan losses. These are necessary to maintain the allowance at a level which management believes is reasonably reflective of the overall loss expected over the contractual life of the loan portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, additions or reductions to the allowance may fluctuate from one reporting period to another. These fluctuations are reflective of changes in risk associated with portfolio content and/or changes in management’s assessment of any or all of the determining factors discussed above. Management considers the allowance for credit losses to be appropriate based on evaluation and analysis of the loan portfolio.
Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Company historical loss experience was supplemented with peer information when there was insufficient loss data for the Company. Significant management judgment is required at each point in the measurement process.
The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis, with both a quantitative and qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis, when similar risk characteristics exist. The respective quantitative allowance for each segment is measured using an econometric, discounted PD/LGD modeling methodology in which distinct, segment-specific multi-variate regression models are applied to multiple, probabilistically weighted external economic forecasts. Under the discounted cash flows methodology, expected credit losses are estimated over the effective life of the loans by measuring the difference between the net present value of modeled cash flows and amortized cost basis. After quantitative considerations, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the allowance for credit loss is reflective of the estimate of lifetime losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.
Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Upon adoption of CECL, management revised the manner in which loans were pooled for similar risk characteristics. Management developed segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral which is generally based upon federal call report segmentation and have been combined or subsegmented as needed to ensure loans of similar risk profiles are appropriately pooled.
Additional information about our Allowance for Loan Losses is included in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s management considers the allowance for credit losses to be appropriate based on evaluation and analysis of the loan portfolio.
The allowance for credit losses totaled $90.0 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $92.0 million at December 31, 2021 and $105.0 million at March 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of loans was 1.18% (1.18% excluding PPP loans) at March 31, 2022, compared to 1.23% (1.24% excluding PPP loans) at December 31, 2021 and 1.38% (1.48% excluding PPP loans) at March 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses was 324.25% of nonperforming loans at March 31, 2022, compared to 280.98% at December 31, 2021 and 230.50% at March 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses was 348.68% of nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2022, compared to 303.78% of nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2021 and compared to 241.94% at March 31, 2021. The decrease in allowance for credit losses from December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022 was primarily due to the improved economic conditions in the CECL forecast, partly offset by providing for the increase in loan balances.
The provision for loan losses was $0.6 million for three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to $3.1 million in the prior quarter and a net benefit of $2.8 million for the same period in the prior year. Provision expense decreased from the prior quarter due to reductions in the reserve due to improved economic conditions in the CECL forecast, partly offset by providing for the increase in loan balances and a decline in net charge-offs in the current quarter. Provision expense increased from the same period in the prior year due primarily to the stable economic condition forecast in the current quarter as compared to improvements in the significantly deteriorated economic conditions that took place at the end of first quarter in 2020 due to COVID-19.
Net charge-offs totaled $2.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to net charge-offs of $4.1 million during the fourth quarter of 2021 and $2.2 million in the first quarter of 2021. Net charge-offs to average loans was 14 bps for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to 22 bps for the fourth quarter of 2021 and 12 bps for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
As of March 31, 2022, the unfunded commitment reserve totaled $4.8 million, compared to $5.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and $5.9 million as of March 31, 2021.
Nonperforming assets consist of nonaccrual loans, loans over 90 days past due and still accruing, restructured loans, other real estate owned (“OREO”) and nonperforming securities. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual when principal or interest payments become 90 days past due, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Loans may also be placed on nonaccrual when circumstances indicate that the borrower may be unable to meet the contractual principal or interest payments. The threshold for evaluating classified and nonperforming loans specifically evaluated for impairment is $1.0 million. OREO represents property acquired through foreclosure and is valued at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less any estimated disposal costs.
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|  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | % |  |  | Amount |  |  | % |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | 15,505 |  |  |  | 60 | % |  | $ | 15,942 |  |  |  | 53 | %
Residential |  |  | 5,530 |  |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 8,862 |  |  |  | 29 | %
Consumer |  |  | 1,906 |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 1,511 |  |  |  | 5 | %
Troubled debt restructured loans |  |  | 2,871 |  |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 3,970 |  |  |  | 13 | %
Total nonaccrual loans |  | $ | 25,812 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 30,285 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Loans over 90 days past due and still accruing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |
Residential |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 29 | % |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | 33 | %
Consumer |  |  | 1,382 |  |  |  | 71 | % |  |  | 1,650 |  |  |  | 67 | %
Total loans over 90 days past due and still accruing |  | $ | 1,944 |  |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  |  | 100 | %
Total nonperforming loans |  | $ | 27,756 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,743 |  |  |  |  |
OREO |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 27,756 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32,910 |  |  |  |  |
Total nonaccrual loans to total loans |  |  | 0.34 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming loans to total loans |  |  | 0.36 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  | 0.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.27 | % |  |  |  |
Total allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming loans |  |  | 324.25 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 280.98 | % |  |  |  |
Total allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans |  |  | 348.68 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  | 303.78 | % |  |  |  |

Total nonperforming assets were $27.8 million at March 31, 2022, compared to $32.9 million at December 31, 2021 and $46.9 million at March 31, 2021. Nonperforming loans at March 31, 2022 were $27.8 million, or 0.36% of total loans (0.37% excluding PPP loan originations), compared with $32.7 million, or 0.44% of total loans (0.44% excluding PPP loan originations) at December 31, 2021 and $45.6 million, or 0.60% of total loans (0.64% excluding PPP loan originations) at March 31, 2021. The decrease in nonperforming loans primarily resulted from a reduction in commercial and residential mortgage nonaccrual loans. Total nonaccrual loans were $25.8 million or 0.33% of total loans at March 31, 2022, compared to $30.3 million or 0.40% of total loans at December 31, 2021 and compared to $43.4 million or 0.57% of total loans at March 31, 2021. Past due loans as a percentage of total loans was 0.24% at March 31, 2022 (0.25% excluding PPP loan originations), down from 0.29% at December 31, 2021 (0.29% excluding PPP loan originations) and up slightly from 0.22% at March 31, 2021 (0.23% excluding PPP loan originations).
In addition to nonperforming loans discussed above, the Company has also identified approximately $66.7 million in potential problem loans at March 31, 2022 as compared to $74.9 million at December 31, 2021 and $136.7 million at March 31, 2021. Potential problem loans are loans that are currently performing, with a possibility of loss if weaknesses are not corrected. Such loans may need to be disclosed as nonperforming at some time in the future. Potential problem loans are classified by the Company’s loan rating system as “substandard.” The decrease in potential problem loans from March 31, 2021 is primarily due to the improved economic conditions which resulted in loans coming off deferral and returning to payment. Higher risk industries include entertainment, restaurants, retail, healthcare and accommodations. As of March 31, 2022, 8.8% of the Company’s outstanding loans were in higher risk industries due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Management cannot predict the extent to which economic conditions may worsen or other factors, which may impact borrowers and the potential problem loans. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that other loans will not become over 90 days past due, be placed on nonaccrual, become restructured or require increased allowance coverage and provision for loan losses. To mitigate this risk the Company maintains a diversified loan portfolio, has no significant concentration in any particular industry and originates loans primarily within its footprint.
Deposits
Total deposits were $10.5 billion at March 31, 2022, up $227.2 million, or 2.2%, from December 31, 2021. Total average deposits increased $1.0 billion, or 10.5%, from the same period last year. The growth was driven primarily by an increase of $391.1 million, or 11.8%, in demand deposits, combined with an increase in interest-bearing deposits of $586.2 million, or 9.8%, due to growth in money market deposit account (“MMDA”), NOW deposit account and savings deposit accounts, partly offset by a decrease in time accounts. The high rate of deposit growth was primarily due to funding of PPP loans and various government support programs.
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Borrowed Funds
The Company’s borrowed funds consist of short-term borrowings and long-term debt. Short-term borrowings totaled $65.0 million at March 31, 2022 compared to $97.8 million at December 31, 2021. Long-term debt was $14.0 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
For more information about the Company’s borrowing capacity and liquidity position, see “Liquidity Risk” below.
Subordinated Debt
On June 23, 2020, the Company issued $100.0 million of 5.00% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030. The subordinated notes, which qualify as Tier 2 capital, bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00%, payable semi-annually in arrears commencing on January 1, 2021, and a floating rate of interest equivalent to the three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a spread of 4.85%, payable quarterly in arrears commencing on October 1, 2025. The subordinated debt issuance cost, which is being amortized on a straight-line basis, was $2.2 million. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the subordinated debt net of unamortized issuance costs was $98.6 million and $98.5 million, respectively.
Capital Resources
Stockholders’ equity of $1.2 billion represented 9.90% of total assets at March 31, 2022 compared with $1.3 billion, or 10.41% of total assets, as of December 31, 2021. Stockholders’ equity decreased $48.2 million from December 31, 2021 as net income of $39.1 million for the three months ending March 31, 2022 was offset by a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income of $68.0 million due to the change in the market value of securities available for sale, dividends declared of $12.1 million during the period and repurchase of common stock of $8.2 million. The deferred tax asset related to the unrealized losses in investment securities decreased $22.8 million from December 31, 2021.
The Company purchased 217,100 shares of its common stock during the first quarter of 2022 at an average price of $37.55 per share under its previously announced share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2022, there were 1,782,900 shares available for repurchase under this plan authorized on December 20, 2021 and set to expire on December 31, 2023.
As the capital ratios in the following table indicate, the Company remained “well capitalized” at March 31, 2022 under applicable bank regulatory requirements. Capital measurements are well in excess of regulatory minimum guidelines and meet the requirements to be considered well capitalized for all periods presented. To be considered well capitalized, tier 1 leverage, common equity tier 1 capital, tier 1 capital and total risk-based capital ratios must be 5%, 6.5%, 8% and 10%, respectively.

Capital Measurements |  | March 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  |  | 9.52 | % |  |  | 9.41 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 12.23 | % |  |  | 12.25 | %
Tier 1 capital ratio |  |  | 13.39 | % |  |  | 13.43 | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  |  | 15.64 | % |  |  | 15.73 | %
Cash dividends as a percentage of net income |  |  | 30.88 | % |  |  | 30.82 | %
Per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Book value |  | $ | 27.96 |  |  | $ | 28.97 |
Tangible book value (1) |  | $ | 21.25 |  |  | $ | 22.26 |
Tangible equity ratio (2) |  |  | 7.70 | % |  |  | 8.20 | %

(1) | Stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets divided by common shares outstanding.

(2) | Non-GAAP measure - Stockholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets divided by total assets less goodwill and intangible assets.

In March 2020, the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) announced an interim final rule to delay the estimated impact on regulatory capital stemming from the implementation of CECL. Under the modified CECL transition provision, the regulatory capital impact of the January 1, 2020 CECL adoption date adjustment to the allowance for credit losses (after-tax) has been deferred and will phase into regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022. For the ongoing impact of CECL, the Company is allowed to defer the regulatory capital impact of the allowance for credit losses in an amount equal to 25% of the change in the allowance for credit losses (pre-tax) recognized through earnings for each period between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. The cumulative adjustment to the allowance for credit losses between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021, will also phase into regulatory capital at 25% per year commencing January 1, 2022. The Company adopted the capital transition relief over the permissible five-year period.
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Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity Management
Market Risk
Interest rate risk is the most significant market risk affecting the Company. Other types of market risk, such as foreign currency exchange rate risk and commodity price risk, do not arise in the normal course of the Company’s business activities or are immaterial to the results of operations.
Interest rate risk is defined as an exposure to a movement in interest rates that could have an adverse effect on the Company’s net interest income. Net interest income is susceptible to interest rate risk to the degree that interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice on a different basis than earning assets. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than earning assets in a given period, a significant increase in market rates of interest could adversely affect net interest income. Similarly, when earning assets mature or reprice more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could result in a decrease in net interest income.
To manage the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates, management monitors the Company’s interest rate risk. The Management’s Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) meets monthly to review the Company’s interest rate risk position and profitability and to recommend strategies for consideration by the Board of Directors. Management also reviews loan and deposit pricing and the Company’s securities portfolio, formulates investment and funding strategies and oversees the timing and implementation of transactions to assure attainment of the Board’s objectives in the most effective manner. Notwithstanding the Company’s interest rate risk management activities, the potential for changing interest rates is an uncertainty that can have an adverse effect on net income.
In adjusting the Company’s asset/liability position, the Board and management aim to manage the Company’s interest rate risk while minimizing net interest margin compression. At times, depending on the level of general interest rates, the relationship between long and short-term interest rates, market conditions and competitive factors, the Board and management may determine to increase the Company’s interest rate risk position somewhat in order to increase its net interest margin. The Company’s results of operations and net portfolio values remain vulnerable to changes in interest rates and fluctuations in the difference between long and short-term interest rates.
The primary tool utilized by the ALCO to manage interest rate risk is earnings at risk modeling (interest rate sensitivity analysis). Information, such as principal balance, interest rate, maturity date, cash flows, next repricing date (if needed) and current rates are uploaded into the model to create an ending balance sheet. In addition, the ALCO makes certain assumptions regarding prepayment speeds for loans and mortgage related investment securities along with any optionality within the deposits and borrowings. The model is first run under an assumption of a flat rate scenario (i.e. no change in current interest rates) with a static balance sheet. Three additional models are run in which a gradual increase of 200 bps, a gradual increase of 100 bps and a gradual decrease of 50 bps takes place over a 12-month period with a static balance sheet. Under these scenarios, assets subject to prepayments are adjusted to account for faster or slower prepayment assumptions. Any investment securities or borrowings that have callable options embedded in them are handled accordingly based on the interest rate scenario. The resulting changes in net interest income are then measured against the flat rate scenario. The Company also runs other interest rate scenarios to highlight potential interest rate risk.
In the declining rate scenario, net interest income is projected to decrease when compared to the forecasted net interest income in the flat rate scenario through the simulation period. The decrease in net interest income is a result of earning assets rolling over at lower yields while interest-bearing liabilities remain at or near their floors. In the rising rate scenarios, net interest income is projected to experience a modest increase from the flat rate scenario; however, the potential impact on earnings may be affected by the ability to lag deposit repricing on NOW, savings, MMDA and time accounts. Net interest income for the next twelve months in the +200/+100/-50 bp scenarios, as described above, is within the internal policy risk limits of not more than a 7.5% change in net interest income. The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income in the rising and declining rate scenarios over a 12-month period from the forecasted net interest income in the flat rate scenario using the March 31, 2022 balance sheet position:
Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

Change in interest rates (in basis points) | Percent change in net interest income
+200 | 5.64%
+100 | 3.07%
-50 | (1.53%)

The Company anticipates that the trajectory of net interest income will depend significantly on the timing and path of the recovery from the recent economic downturn, related inflationary pressures and FOMC monetary policy. In response to the economic impact of the pandemic, the federal funds rate was reduced by 150 bps in March 2020, term interest rates fell sharply across the yield curve and the Company reduced deposit rates. Inflationary pressures have resulted in a higher overall yield curve and expectations for material increases to short term interest rates. With deposit rates near their historic lows, the Company will focus on managing deposit expense in a rising rate environment while allowing assets to reprice upward. It is important to note that the current competitive lending environment may limit the Company’s ability to increase asset yields commensurate with relative interest rates.
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Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk arises from the possibility that we may not be able to satisfy current or future financial commitments or may become unduly reliant on alternate funding sources. The objective of liquidity management is to ensure the Company can fund balance sheet growth, meet the cash flow requirements of depositors wanting to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs. ALCO is responsible for liquidity management and has developed guidelines, which cover all assets and liabilities, as well as off-balance sheet items that are potential sources or uses of liquidity. Liquidity policies must also provide the flexibility to implement appropriate strategies, regular monitoring of liquidity and testing of the contingent liquidity plan. Requirements change as loans grow, deposits and securities mature and payments on borrowings are made. Liquidity management includes a focus on interest rate sensitivity management with a goal of avoiding widely fluctuating net interest margins through periods of changing economic conditions. Loan repayments and maturing investment securities are a relatively predictable source of funds. However, deposit flows, calls of investment securities and prepayments of loans and mortgage-related securities are strongly influenced by interest rates, the housing market, general and local economic conditions, and competition in the marketplace. Management continually monitors marketplace trends to identify patterns that might improve the predictability of the timing of deposit flows or asset prepayments.
The primary liquidity measurement the Company utilizes is called “Basic Surplus,” which captures the adequacy of its access to reliable sources of cash relative to the stability of its funding mix of average liabilities. This approach recognizes the importance of balancing levels of cash flow liquidity from short and long-term securities with the availability of dependable borrowing sources, which can be accessed when necessary. At March 31, 2022, the Company’s Basic Surplus measurement was 25.3% of total assets or approximately $3.1 billion as compared to the December 31, 2021 Basic Surplus of 28.5% or $3.4 billion, and was above the Company’s minimum of 5% (calculated at $607.4 million and $600.6 million, of period end total assets at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively) set forth in its liquidity policies.
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances outstanding totaled $14.0 million. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Bank had $8.0 million and $81.0 million, respectively, of collateral encumbered by municipal letters of credit. The Bank is a member of the FHLB system and had additional borrowing capacity from the FHLB of approximately $1.8 billion at March 31, 2022 and $1.7 billion at December 31, 2021. In addition, unpledged securities could have been used to increase borrowing capacity at the FHLB by an additional $827.0 million and $999.1 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, or used to collateralize other borrowings, such as repurchase agreements. The Company also has the ability to issue brokered time deposits and to borrow against established borrowing facilities with other banks (federal funds), which could provide additional liquidity of $2.1 billion at March 31, 2022 and $2.0 billion at December 31, 2021. In addition, the Bank has a “Borrower-in-Custody” program with the FRB with the addition of the ability to pledge automobile loans as collateral. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Bank had the capacity to borrow $574.2 million and $580.8 million, respectively, from this program. The Company’s internal policies authorize borrowings up to 25% of assets. Under this policy, remaining available borrowing capacity totaled $3.0 billion at March 31, 2022 and $2.9 billion at December 31, 2021.
This Basic Surplus approach enables the Company to appropriately manage liquidity from both operational and contingency perspectives. By tempering the need for cash flow liquidity with reliable borrowing facilities, the Company is able to operate with a more fully invested and, therefore, higher interest income generating securities portfolio. The makeup and term structure of the securities portfolio is, in part, impacted by the overall interest rate sensitivity of the balance sheet. Investment decisions and deposit pricing strategies are impacted by the liquidity position. The Company considered its Basic Surplus position to be strong. However, certain events may adversely impact the Company’s liquidity position in 2022. The large inflow of deposits experienced since the second quarter of 2020 could reverse itself and flow out. In the current economic environment, draws against lines of credit could drive asset growth higher. Disruptions in wholesale funding markets could spark increased competition for deposits. These scenarios could lead to a decrease in the Company’s Basic Surplus measure below the minimum policy level of 5%. Significant monetary and fiscal policy actions taken by the federal government have helped to mitigate these risks. Enhanced liquidity monitoring was put in place to quickly respond to the changing environment during the COVID-19 pandemic including increasing the frequency of monitoring and adding additional sources of liquidity.
At March 31, 2022, a portion of the Company’s loans and securities were pledged as collateral on borrowings. Therefore, once on-balance-sheet liquidity is depleted, future growth of earning assets will depend upon the Company’s ability to obtain additional funding, through growth of core deposits and collateral management and may require further use of brokered time deposits or other higher cost borrowing arrangements.
The Company’s primary source of funds is the Bank. Certain restrictions exist regarding the ability of the subsidiary bank to transfer funds to the Company in the form of cash dividends. The approval of the OCC is required to pay dividends when a bank fails to meet certain minimum regulatory capital standards or when such dividends are in excess of a subsidiary bank’s earnings retained in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years as specified in applicable OCC regulations. At March 31, 2022, approximately $109.5 million of the total stockholders’ equity of the Bank was available for payment of dividends to the Company without approval by the OCC. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is also subject to the Bank being in compliance with regulatory capital requirements. The Bank is currently in compliance with these requirements. Under the State of Delaware General Corporation Law, the Company may declare and pay dividends either out of accumulated net retained earnings or capital surplus.
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Item 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Information called for by Item 3 is contained in the Liquidity and Interest Rate Sensitivity Management section of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2022, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
There are no material legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is subject, except as described in the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 1A – RISK FACTORS
There are no material changes to the risk factors as previously discussed in Part I, Item 1A of our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) | Not applicable

(b) | Not applicable

(c) | The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases made by the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a) (3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) of our common stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2022:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (1) |
1/1/22 - 1/31/22 |  |  | 30,258 |  |  | $ | 37.95 |  |  |  | 30,258 |  |  |  | 1,969,742 |
2/1/22 - 2/28/22 |  |  | 50,732 |  |  |  | 37.34 |  |  |  | 50,732 |  |  |  | 1,919,010 |
3/1/22 - 3/31/22 |  |  | 136,110 |  |  |  | 37.54 |  |  |  | 136,110 |  |  |  | 1,782,900 |
Total |  |  | 217,100 |  |  | $ | 37.55 |  |  |  | 217,100 |  |  |  | 1,782,900 |

(1) The Company purchased 217,100 shares of its common stock during the first quarter of 2022 at an average price of $37.55 per share under its previously announced share repurchase program. As of March 31, 2022, there were 1,782,900 shares available for repurchase under this plan announced on December 20, 2021 and set to expire on December 31, 2023.
Item 3 – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None
Item 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None
Item 5 – OTHER INFORMATION
None
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Item 6 – EXHIBITS

3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of NBT Bancorp Inc. as amended through July 1, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 10-Q, filed on August 10, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of NBT Bancorp Inc. effective May 22, 2018 (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on May 23, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference).
3.3 |  | Certificate of Designation of the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on November 18, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference).
31.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 |  | Certification by the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13(a)-14(a)/15(d)-14(e) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 |  | Certification by the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized, this 9th day of May 2022.

| NBT BANCORP INC.
By: | /s/ Scott A. Kingsley
| Scott A. Kingsley
| Executive Vice President
| Chief Financial Officer

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