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Regulatory Capital and Dividends | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Banking and Thrift [Abstract] |
Regulatory Capital and Dividends | REGULATORY CAPITAL AND DIVIDENDS Regulatory Capital Capital adequacy is an important indicator of financial stability and performance. The Corporation and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies and are assigned to a capital category. The assigned capital category is largely determined by four ratios that are calculated according to the regulations: total risk-based capital, tier 1 risk-based capital, common equity tier 1 capital, and tier 1 leverage ratios. The ratios are intended to measure capital relative to assets and credit risk associated with those assets and off-balance sheet exposures of the entity. The capital category assigned to an entity can also be affected by qualitative judgments made by regulatory agencies about the risk inherent in the entity's activities that are not part of the calculated ratios. There are five capital categories defined in the regulations, ranging from well capitalized to critically undercapitalized. Classification of a bank in any of the undercapitalized categories can result in actions by regulators that could have a material effect on a bank's operations. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total and tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of tier 1 capital to average assets, or leverage ratio, all of which are calculated as defined in the regulations. Banks with lower capital levels are deemed to be undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized, depending on their actual levels. The appropriate federal regulatory agency may also downgrade a bank to the next lower capital category upon a determination that the bank is in an unsafe or unsound practice. Banks are required to monitor closely their capital levels and to notify their appropriate regulatory agency of any basis for a change in capital category. Basel III was effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2015. Basel III requires the Corporation and the Bank to maintain a minimum ratio of CET1 capital to risk weighted assets, as defined in the regulation. Under the new Basel III rules, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividends, the Corporation must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio. The capital conservation buffer was phased in from zero percent in 2015 to the fully-implemented 2.50 percent in 2019. During 2018, the Corporation was required to hold a capital conservation buffer of 1.875 percent, which amount increases by 0.625 percent for 2019, the final year of the phase-in. Under Basel III, the Corporation and Bank elected to opt-out of including AOCI in regulatory capital. As of December 31, 2018, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to be considered well capitalized. There is no threshold for well capitalized status for bank holding companies. The Corporation's and Bank's actual and required capital ratios as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:
|  |  |  |  | Prompt Corrective Action Thresholds
| Actual |  | Adequately Capitalized |  | Well Capitalized
December 31, 2018 | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 1,177,725 |  |  | 14.61 | % |  | $ | 644,871 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 1,092,602 |  |  | 13.46 |  |  | 649,531 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | $ | 811,914 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 1,032,173 |  |  | 12.80 | % |  | $ | 483,653 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 1,012,050 |  |  | 12.47 |  |  | 487,148 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | 649,531 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 966,032 |  |  | 11.98 | % |  | $ | 362,740 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 1,012,050 |  |  | 12.47 |  |  | 365,361 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | $ | 527,744 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 1,032,173 |  |  | 10.91 | % |  | $ | 378,379 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 1,012,050 |  |  | 10.70 |  |  | 378,397 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 472,996 |  |  | 5.00 | %
|  |  |  |  | Prompt Corrective Action Thresholds
| Actual |  | Adequately Capitalized |  | Well Capitalized
December 31, 2017 | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 1,048,757 |  |  | 13.69 | % |  | $ | 612,848 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 1,016,355 |  |  | 13.17 |  |  | 617,477 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | $ | 771,847 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 908,725 |  |  | 11.86 | % |  | $ | 459,636 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 941,323 |  |  | 12.20 |  |  | 463,108 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | 617,477 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 842,806 |  |  | 11.00 | % |  | $ | 344,727 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 941,323 |  |  | 12.20 |  |  | 347,331 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | $ | 501,700 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Merchants Corporation | $ | 908,725 |  |  | 10.43 | % |  | $ | 348,407 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Merchants Bank | 941,323 |  |  | 10.83 |  |  | 347,794 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 434,742 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Management believes that all of the above capital ratios are meaningful measurements for evaluating the safety and soundness of the Corporation. Traditionally, the banking regulators have assessed bank and bank holding company capital adequacy based on both the amount and the composition of capital, the calculation of which is prescribed in federal banking regulations. The Federal Reserve focuses its assessment of capital adequacy on a component of Tier 1 capital known as CET1. Because the Federal Reserve has long indicated that voting common shareholders' equity (essentially Tier 1 risk-based capital less preferred stock and non-controlling interest in subsidiaries) generally should be the dominant element in Tier 1 risk-based capital, this focus on CET1 is consistent with existing capital adequacy categories. Tier I regulatory capital consists primarily of total stockholders’ equity and subordinated debentures issued to business trusts categorized as qualifying borrowings, less non-qualifying intangible assets and unrealized net securities gains or losses. Because these measures are not defined in GAAP, they are considered non-GAAP financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied, and are not audited. Although these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by investors to evaluate a company, they have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP. For a reconciliation of GAAP measures to regulatory measures (non-GAAP), see additional details within the “Capital” section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included as Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Dividends The Corporation's principal source of funds for dividend payments to shareholders is dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the maximum amount of dividends that a bank may pay without requesting prior approval of regulatory agencies. Under these regulations, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the bank’s retained net income (as defined) for the current year plus those for the previous two years, subject to the capital requirements described above. As of December 31, 2018, the amount available without prior regulatory approval for 2019 dividends from the Corporation’s subsidiaries (both banking and non-banking) was $192,712,000. Additionally, the Corporation has a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, enabling stockholders to elect to have their cash dividends on all shares automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Corporation’s common stock. In addition, stockholders may elect to make optional cash payments up to an aggregate of $2,500 per quarter for the purchase of additional shares of common stock. The stock is credited to participant accounts at fair market value. Dividends are reinvested on a quarterly basis. Stock Repurchase Program On February 9, 2016, the Board of Directors of the Corporation approved a stock repurchase program of up to $15 million of the outstanding shares of the Corporation's common stock. The shares may be purchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices in accordance with federal securities laws. The Corporation is not obligated to purchase any shares under the program, and the program may be discontinued at any time. The actual timing, number and share price of shares purchased under the repurchase program will be determined by the Corporation at its discretion and will depend upon such factors as the market price of the stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for banks, savings institutions, and credit unions, for regulatory capital requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) or for any state imposed capital requirements, as applicable. The disclosure may include (1) a description of regulatory capital requirements (a) for capital adequacy purposes and (b) established by the prompt corrective action provisions of Section 38 of the Federal Depository Insurance Act; (2) the actual or possible material effects of noncompliance with such requirements; (3) whether the entity is in compliance with the regulatory capital requirements including (a) required and actual ratios and amounts of Tier 1 leverage, Tier 1 risk-based, and total risk-based capital, tangible capital (for savings institutions), and Tier 3 capital for market risk (for certain banks and bank holding companies), (b) factors that may significantly affect capital adequacy; (4) the prompt corrective action category in which the entity was classified as of its most recent notification; (5) whether management believes any conditions or events since notification have changed the entity's category. Also may include additional information that might be disclosed in situations where substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1C -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958572-112826 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1D -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958573-112826 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1B -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958570-112826 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1A -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958569-112826 Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1G -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958577-112826 Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1F -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958575-112826 Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1E -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958574-112826 Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=SL5958568-112826 Reference 9: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 505 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1H -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84167132&loc=d3e65071-112826 + Details
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