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Loans and Allowance | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Receivables [Abstract] |
Loans and Allowance | LOANS AND ALLOWANCE The Corporation's primary lending focus is small business and middle market commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate, which results in portfolio diversification. The following tables show the composition of the loan portfolio, the allowance for loan losses and credit quality characteristics by collateral classification, excluding loans held for sale. Loans held for sale at December 31, 2019 and 2018, were $9,037,000 and $4,778,000, respectively. The following table illustrates the composition of the Corporation’s loan portfolio by loan class for the years indicated:
| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 2,109,879 |  |  | $ | 1,726,664 |
Agricultural production financing and other loans to farmers | 93,861 |  |  | 92,404 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |
Construction | 787,568 |  |  | 545,729 |
Commercial and farmland | 3,052,698 |  |  | 2,832,102 |
Residential | 1,143,217 |  |  | 966,421 |
Home equity | 588,984 |  |  | 528,157 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 135,989 |  |  | 99,788 |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 547,114 |  |  | 433,202 |
Loans | 8,459,310 |  |  | 7,224,467 |
Allowance for loan losses | (80,284 | ) |  | (80,552 | )
Net Loans | $ | 8,379,026 |  |  | $ | 7,143,915 |
Allowance, Credit Quality and Loan Portfolio The Corporation maintains an allowance for loan losses to cover probable credit losses identified during its loan review process. Management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate to cover probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio at December 31, 2019. The process for determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is critical to the Corporation’s financial results. It requires management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments to estimate the effect of uncertain matters. The allowance for loan losses considers current factors, including economic conditions and ongoing internal and external examinations, and will increase or decrease as deemed necessary to ensure it remains adequate. In addition, the allowance as a percentage of charge-offs and nonperforming loans will change at different points in time based on credit performance, portfolio mix and collateral values. The allowance for loan losses is maintained through the provision for loan losses, which is a charge against earnings. The allowance is increased by provision expense and decreased by charge-offs less recoveries. All charge-offs are approved by the Bank's senior credit officers and in accordance with established policies. The Bank charges off a loan when a determination is made that all or a portion of the loan is uncollectible. The amount provided for loan losses in a given period may be greater than or less than net loan losses experienced during the period, and is based on management’s judgment as to the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. The determination of the provision amount is based on management’s ongoing review and evaluation of the loan portfolio, including an internally administered loan "watch" list and independent loan reviews. The evaluation takes into consideration identified credit problems, the possibility of losses inherent in the loan portfolio that are not specifically identified and management’s judgment as to the impact of the current environment and economic conditions on the portfolio. The allowance consists of specific impairment reserves as required by ASC 310-10-35, a component for historical losses in accordance with ASC 450 and the consideration of current environmental factors in accordance with ASC 450. A loan is deemed impaired when, based on current information or events, it is probable that all amounts due of principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected. The historical loss allocation for loans not deemed impaired according to ASC 450 is the product of the volume of loans within the non-impaired criticized and non-criticized risk grade classifications, each segmented by call code, and the historical loss factor for each respective classification and call code segment. The historical loss factors are based upon actual loss experience within each risk and call code classification. The historical look back period for non-criticized loans looks to the most recent rolling-four-quarter average and aligns with the look back period for non-impaired criticized loans. Each of the rolling four quarter periods used to obtain the average, include all charge-offs for the previous twelve-month period, therefore the historical look back period includes seven quarters. Criticized loans are grouped based on the risk grade assigned to the loan. Loans with a special mention grade are assigned a loss factor, and loans with a classified grade but not impaired are assigned a separate loss factor. The loss factor computation for this allocation includes a segmented historical loss migration analysis of risk grades to charge-off. In addition to the specific reserves and historical loss components of the allowance, consideration is given to various environmental factors to ensure that losses inherent in the portfolio are reflected in the allowance for loan losses. The environmental component adjusts the historical loss allocations for non-impaired loans to reflect relevant current conditions that, in management's opinion, have an impact on loss recognition. Environmental factors that management reviews in the analysis include: national and local economic trends and conditions; trends in growth in the loan portfolio and growth in higher risk areas; levels of, and trends in, delinquencies and non-accruals; experience and depth of lending management and staff; adequacy of, and adherence to, lending policies and procedures including those for underwriting; industry concentrations of credit; and adequacy of risk identification systems and controls through the internal loan review and internal audit processes. In conformance with ASC 805 and ASC 820, loans purchased after December 31, 2008 are recorded at the acquisition date fair value. Such loans are included in the allowance to the extent a specific impairment is identified that exceeds the fair value adjustment on an impaired loan or the historical loss and environmental factor analysis indicates losses inherent in a purchased portfolio exceeds the fair value adjustment on the portion of the purchased portfolio not deemed impaired. At December 31, 2019, the allowance for loan losses was $80,284,000, a decrease of $268,000 from the December 31, 2018 balance of $80,552,000. Net charge-offs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, were $3,068,000, an increase of $1,361,000 from the same period in 2018. The provision for loan losses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was $2,800,000, a decrease of $4,427,000 from the same period in 2018. The determination of the provision for loan losses in any period is based on management’s continuing review and evaluation of the loan portfolio, and its judgment as to the impact of current economic conditions on the portfolio. The following tables summarize changes in the allowance for loan losses by loan segment for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances, December 31, 2018 | $ | 32,657 |  |  | $ | 29,609 |  |  | $ | 3,964 |  |  | $ | 14,322 |  |  | $ | 80,552 |
Provision for losses | 733 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 2,800 |
Recoveries on loans | 1,244 |  |  | 1,289 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 3,553 |
Loans charged off | (1,732 | ) |  | (3,675 | ) |  | (569 | ) |  | (645 | ) |  | (6,621 | )
Balances, December 31, 2019 | $ | 32,902 |  |  | $ | 28,778 |  |  | $ | 4,035 |  |  | $ | 14,569 |  |  | $ | 80,284 |
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances, December 31, 2017 | $ | 30,420 |  |  | $ | 27,343 |  |  | $ | 3,732 |  |  | $ | 13,537 |  |  | $ | 75,032 |
Provision for losses | 2,097 |  |  | 2,482 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 1,969 |  |  | 7,227 |
Recoveries on loans | 2,456 |  |  | 2,525 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 6,276 |
Loans charged off | (2,316 | ) |  | (2,741 | ) |  | (749 | ) |  | (2,177 | ) |  | (7,983 | )
Balances, December 31, 2018 | $ | 32,657 |  |  | $ | 29,609 |  |  | $ | 3,964 |  |  | $ | 14,322 |  |  | $ | 80,552 |
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balances, December 31, 2016 | $ | 27,698 |  |  | $ | 23,661 |  |  | $ | 2,923 |  |  | $ | 11,755 |  |  | $ | 66,037 |
Provision for losses | 2,515 |  |  | 3,159 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 2,391 |  |  | 9,143 |
Recoveries on loans | 1,590 |  |  | 2,260 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 4,880 |
Loans charged off | (1,383 | ) |  | (1,737 | ) |  | (593 | ) |  | (1,315 | ) |  | (5,028 | )
Balances, December 31, 2017 | $ | 30,420 |  |  | $ | 27,343 |  |  | $ | 3,732 |  |  | $ | 13,537 |  |  | $ | 75,032 |
The tables below show the Corporation’s allowance for loan losses and loan portfolio by loan segment for the years indicated.
| December 31, 2019
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Allowance balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 458 |  |  | $ | 689 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 32,902 |  |  | 28,547 |  |  | 4,035 |  |  | 14,111 |  |  | 79,595 |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 32,902 |  |  | $ | 28,778 |  |  | $ | 4,035 |  |  | $ | 14,569 |  |  | $ | 80,284 |
Loan balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | 8,728 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2,520 |  |  | $ | 11,709 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 2,748,681 |  |  | 3,821,660 |  |  | 135,985 |  |  | 1,727,966 |  |  | 8,434,292 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 1,716 |  |  | 9,878 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,715 |  |  | 13,309 |
Loans | $ | 2,750,854 |  |  | $ | 3,840,266 |  |  | $ | 135,989 |  |  | $ | 1,732,201 |  |  | $ | 8,459,310 |
| December 31, 2018
| Commercial |  | Commercial Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Residential |  | Total
Allowance balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,435 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 32,657 |  |  | 28,174 |  |  | 3,963 |  |  | 13,886 |  |  | 78,680 |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 32,657 |  |  | $ | 29,609 |  |  | $ | 3,964 |  |  | $ | 14,322 |  |  | $ | 80,552 |
Loan balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for impairment | $ | 1,838 |  |  | $ | 17,756 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 2,413 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | 2,248,330 |  |  | 3,347,686 |  |  | 99,770 |  |  | 1,490,872 |  |  | 7,186,658 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 2,102 |  |  | 12,389 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,293 |  |  | 15,784 |
Loans | $ | 2,252,270 |  |  | $ | 3,377,831 |  |  | $ | 99,788 |  |  | $ | 1,494,578 |  |  | $ | 7,224,467 |
Loans individually evaluated for impairment are comprised of commercial and consumer loans deemed impaired in accordance with ASC 310-10. This includes loans acquired with subsequent deterioration of credit quality totaling $2,819,000 with $124,000 of related allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2019 and $1,541,000 with no related allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2018. The risk characteristics of the Corporation’s material portfolio segments are as follows: Commercial Commercial lending is primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the tangible assets being financed such as equipment or real estate or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee. Other loans may be unsecured, secured but under-collateralized or otherwise made on the basis of the enterprise value of an organization. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Commercial real estate These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans versus non-owner occupied loans. Consumer and Residential With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences, which are typically owner occupied, the Corporation generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Home equity loans are secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences, and consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer loans, such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit, are unsecured. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment on loans secured by 1-4 family residences can be impacted by changes in property values. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers. Loans are reclassified to a non-accruing status when, in management’s judgment, the collateral value and financial condition of the borrower do not justify accruing interest. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against earnings when considered uncollectible. Payments subsequently received on non-accrual loans are applied to principal. A loan is returned to accrual status when principal and interest are no longer past due and collectability is probable, typically after a minimum of six consecutive months of performance. Payments received on impaired accruing or delinquent loans are applied to interest income as accrued. The following table summarizes the Corporation’s non-accrual loans by loan class for the years indicated:
| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 183 |  |  | 679 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |
Construction | 977 |  |  | 8,667 |
Commercial and farmland | 7,007 |  |  | 8,156 |
Residential | 5,062 |  |  | 4,966 |
Home equity | 1,421 |  |  | 1,481 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 44 |  |  | 42 |
Public Finance and other commercial loans | — |  |  | 354 |
Total | $ | 15,949 |  |  | $ | 26,148 |
Impaired loans include loans deemed impaired according to the guidance set forth in ASC 310-10. Commercial loans under $500,000 and consumer loans, with the exception of troubled debt restructures, are not individually evaluated for impairment. Allowable methods for determining the amount of impairment include estimating fair value using the fair value of the collateral for collateral dependent loans. If the impaired loan is identified as collateral dependent, then the fair value method for measuring the amount of impairment is utilized. This method requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral and applying a discount factor, which includes selling costs if applicable, to the value. The fair value of real estate is generally based on appraisals by qualified licensed appraisers. The appraisers typically determine the value of the real estate by utilizing an income or market valuation approach. If an appraisal is not available, the fair value may be determined by using a cash flow analysis. Fair value on other collateral such as business assets is typically ascertained by assessing, either singularly or some combination of, asset appraisals, accounts receivable aging reports, inventory listings and or customer financial statements. Both appraised values and values based on borrower’s financial information are discounted as considered appropriate based on age and quality of the information and current market conditions. The following tables show the composition of the Corporation’s impaired loans, related allowance and interest income recognized while impaired by loan class for the years indicated:
| December 31, 2019
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
Impaired loans with no related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 320 |  |  | $ | — |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 299 |  |  | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | 298 |  |  | — |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 1,206 |  |  | 970 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | — |
Commercial and farmland | 8,037 |  |  | 5,849 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 156 |
Residential | 93 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 9,955 |  |  | $ | 7,352 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,924 |  |  | $ | 159 |
Impaired loans with related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and farmland | $ | 2,648 |  |  | $ | 1,909 |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 1,909 |  |  | $ | — |
Residential | 2,070 |  |  | 2,044 |  |  | 383 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | 63 |
Home equity | 417 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 409 |  |  | 12 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | 5,139 |  |  | $ | 4,357 |  |  | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | 4,405 |  |  | $ | 75 |
Total Impaired Loans | $ | 15,094 |  |  | $ | 11,709 |  |  | $ | 689 |  |  | $ | 12,329 |  |  | $ | 234 |
| December 31, 2018
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
Impaired loans with no related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | 806 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 833 |  |  | $ | — |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 679 |  |  | 679 |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |  |  | — |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 1,352 |  |  | 614 |  |  | — |  |  | 835 |  |  | — |
Commercial and farmland | 11,176 |  |  | 8,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,975 |  |  | 165 |
Residential | 118 |  |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 3 |
Home equity | 49 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 353 |  |  | 353 |  |  | — |  |  | 353 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 14,555 |  |  | $ | 11,594 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,824 |  |  | $ | 168 |
Impaired loans with related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | 7,978 |  |  | $ | 7,977 |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 7,977 |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and farmland | 171 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |
Residential | 1,958 |  |  | 1,907 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 1,915 |  |  | 57 |
Home equity | 376 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 10 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 18 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 1 |
Total | $ | 10,501 |  |  | $ | 10,431 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | $ | 10,448 |  |  | $ | 68 |
Total Impaired Loans | $ | 25,056 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | $ | 26,272 |  |  | $ | 236 |
| December 31, 2017
| Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Related Allowance |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
Impaired loans with no related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 7,611 |  |  | $ | 1,536 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,839 |  |  | $ | — |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 732 |  |  | 700 |  |  | — |  |  | 762 |  |  | — |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and farmland | 16,758 |  |  | 15,163 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,495 |  |  | 360 |
Residential | 833 |  |  | 519 |  |  | — |  |  | 635 |  |  | — |
Home equity | 40 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 25,979 |  |  | $ | 17,931 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,752 |  |  | $ | 360 |
Impaired loans with related allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | 812 |  |  | 782 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 1,517 |  |  | — |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 357 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 327 |  |  | — |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and farmland | 2,988 |  |  | 2,269 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 2,379 |  |  | — |
Residential | 1,616 |  |  | 1,572 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 1,580 |  |  | 28 |
Home equity | 350 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 11 |
Total | $ | 6,123 |  |  | $ | 5,280 |  |  | $ | 1,637 |  |  | $ | 6,135 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Total Impaired Loans | $ | 32,102 |  |  | $ | 23,211 |  |  | $ | 1,637 |  |  | $ | 28,887 |  |  | $ | 399 |
Impaired loans in the above tables do not include loans accounted for under ASC 310-30, or any other loan, unless deemed impaired in accordance with ASC 310-10. As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Corporation's loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to: (i) the level of criticized commercial loans, (ii) net charge-offs, (iii) non-performing loans, (iv) covenant failures and (v) the general national and local economic conditions. The Corporation utilizes a risk grading of pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss to assess the overall credit quality of large commercial loans. All large commercial credit grades are reviewed at a minimum of once a year for pass grade loans. Loans with grades below pass are reviewed more frequently depending on the grade. A description of the general characteristics of these grades is as follows:
• | Pass - Loans that are considered to be of acceptable credit quality.
• | Special Mention - Loans which possess some credit deficiency or potential weakness, which deserves close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Corporation's credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the Corporation to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. The key distinctions of this category's classification are that it is indicative of an unwarranted level of risk; and weaknesses are considered “potential”, not “defined”, impairments to the primary source of repayment. Examples include businesses that may be suffering from inadequate management, loss of key personnel or significant customer or litigation.
• | Substandard - A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified have a well-defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Other characteristics may include:
| o | the likelihood that a loan will be paid from the primary source of repayment is uncertain or financial deterioration is underway and very close attention is warranted to ensure that the loan is collected without loss,
| o | the primary source of repayment is gone, and the Corporation is forced to rely on a secondary source of repayment, such as collateral liquidation or guarantees,
| o | loans have a distinct possibility that the Corporation will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected,
| o | unusual courses of action are needed to maintain a high probability of repayment,
| o | the borrower is not generating enough cash flow to repay loan principal; however, it continues to make interest payments,
| o | the Corporation is forced into a subordinated or unsecured position due to flaws in documentation,
| o | loans have been restructured so that payment schedules, terms and collateral represent concessions to the borrower when compared to the normal loan terms,
| o | the Corporation is seriously contemplating foreclosure or legal action due to the apparent deterioration of the loan, and
| o | there is significant deterioration in market conditions to which the borrower is highly vulnerable.
• | Doubtful - Loans that have all of the weaknesses of those classified as Substandard. However, based on currently existing facts, conditions and values, these weaknesses make full collection of principal highly questionable and improbable. Other credit characteristics may include the primary source of repayment is gone or there is considerable doubt as to the quality of the secondary sources of repayment. The possibility of loss is high, but because of certain important pending factors that may strengthen the loan, loss classification is deferred until the exact status of repayment is known.
• | Loss – Loans that are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuing to carry them as an asset is not warranted. Loans will be classified as Loss when it is neither practical or desirable to defer writing off or reserving all or a portion of a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be possible at some time in the future.
The following tables summarize the credit quality of the Corporation’s loan portfolio, by loan class for the years indicated. Consumer non-performing loans include accruing consumer loans 90-days or more delinquent and consumer non-accrual loans. The entire balance of a loan is considered delinquent if the minimum payment contractually required to be made is not received by the specified date. Loans that evidenced deterioration of credit quality since origination and the probability, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected are included in the applicable categories below.
| December 31, 2019
| Commercial Pass |  | Commercial Special Mention |  | Commercial Substandard |  | Commercial Doubtful |  | Commercial Loss |  | Consumer Performing |  | Consumer Non Performing |  | Total
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 1,956,985 |  |  | $ | 81,179 |  |  | $ | 71,715 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,109,879 |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 78,558 |  |  | 5,626 |  |  | 9,677 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,861 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 749,249 |  |  | 1,613 |  |  | 1,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,072 |  |  | — |  |  | 787,568 |
Commercial and farmland | 2,894,366 |  |  | 57,776 |  |  | 98,575 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,981 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,052,698 |
Residential | 196,710 |  |  | 877 |  |  | 8,075 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 932,743 |  |  | 4,812 |  |  | 1,143,217 |
Home equity | 24,211 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 682 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 562,507 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 588,984 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 135,944 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 135,989 |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 547,114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 547,114 |
Loans | $ | 6,447,193 |  |  | $ | 147,328 |  |  | $ | 190,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,668,247 |  |  | $ | 6,184 |  |  | $ | 8,459,310 |
| December 31, 2018
| Commercial Pass |  | Commercial Special Mention |  | Commercial Substandard |  | Commercial Doubtful |  | Commercial Loss |  | Consumer Performing |  | Consumer Non Performing |  | Total
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 1,660,879 |  |  | $ | 23,246 |  |  | $ | 42,539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,726,664 |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 78,446 |  |  | 5,966 |  |  | 7,992 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92,404 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 492,358 |  |  | 2,185 |  |  | 24,224 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,419 |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | 545,729 |
Commercial and farmland | 2,669,491 |  |  | 76,037 |  |  | 84,288 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,285 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,832,102 |
Residential | 170,075 |  |  | 7,373 |  |  | 2,076 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 782,080 |  |  | 4,817 |  |  | 966,421 |
Home equity | 24,653 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 500,996 |  |  | 1,516 |  |  | 528,157 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99,741 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 99,788 |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 432,849 |  |  | — |  |  | 353 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 433,202 |
Loans | $ | 5,528,751 |  |  | $ | 115,342 |  |  | $ | 161,929 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,410,521 |  |  | $ | 7,924 |  |  | $ | 7,224,467 |
The tables below show a past due aging of the Corporation’s loan portfolio, by loan class, for the years indicated:
| December 31, 2019
| Current |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Loans 90 Days or More Past Due And Accruing |  | Non-Accrual |  | Total Past Due & Non-Accrual |  | Total
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 2,105,445 |  |  | $ | 3,039 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 1,255 |  |  | $ | 4,434 |  |  | $ | 2,109,879 |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 93,678 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 183 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 93,861 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 784,961 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 977 |  |  | 2,607 |  |  | 787,568 |
Commercial and farmland | 3,043,318 |  |  | 2,324 |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,007 |  |  | 9,380 |  |  | 3,052,698 |
Residential | 1,133,476 |  |  | 4,290 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 5,062 |  |  | 9,741 |  |  | 1,143,217 |
Home equity | 584,023 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 1,421 |  |  | 4,961 |  |  | 588,984 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 135,399 |  |  | 440 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 590 |  |  | 135,989 |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 547,114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 547,114 |
Loans | $ | 8,427,414 |  |  | $ | 14,683 |  |  | $ | 1,195 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 15,949 |  |  | $ | 31,896 |  |  | $ | 8,459,310 |
| December 31, 2018
| Current |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Loans 90 Days or More Past Due And Accruing |  | Non-Accrual |  | Total Past Due & Non-Accrual |  | Total
Commercial and industrial loans | $ | 1,723,337 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 3,327 |  |  | $ | 1,726,664 |
Agriculture production financing and other loans to farmers | 89,440 |  |  | 2,285 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |  |  | 2,964 |  |  | 92,404 |
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | 535,520 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,478 |  |  | 8,667 |  |  | 10,209 |  |  | 545,729 |
Commercial and farmland | 2,822,515 |  |  | 1,253 |  |  | 178 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,156 |  |  | 9,587 |  |  | 2,832,102 |
Residential | 959,252 |  |  | 1,756 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 4,966 |  |  | 7,169 |  |  | 966,421 |
Home equity | 524,198 |  |  | 2,164 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 3,959 |  |  | 528,157 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 99,499 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 99,788 |
Public finance and other commercial loans | 432,848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 354 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 433,202 |
Loans | $ | 7,186,609 |  |  | $ | 8,794 |  |  | $ | 1,061 |  |  | $ | 1,855 |  |  | $ | 26,148 |  |  | $ | 37,858 |  |  | $ | 7,224,467 |
On occasion, borrowers experience declines in income and cash flow. As a result, these borrowers seek to reduce contractual cash outlays including debt payments. Concurrently, in an effort to preserve and protect its earning assets, specifically troubled loans, the Corporation works to maintain its relationship with certain customers who are experiencing financial difficulty by contractually modifying the borrower's debt agreement with the Corporation. In certain loan restructuring situations, the Corporation may grant a concession to a debtor experiencing financial difficulty, resulting in a trouble debt restructuring. A concession is deemed to be granted when, as a result of the restructuring, the Corporation does not expect to collect all original amounts due, including interest accrued at the original contract rate. If the payment of principal at original maturity is primarily dependent on the value of collateral, the current value of the collateral is considered in determining whether the principal will be paid. The following tables summarize troubled debt restructures in the Corporation's loan portfolio that occurred during the periods ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
| December 31, 2019
| Pre-Modification Recorded Balance |  | Post-Modification Recorded Balance |  | Number of Loans
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | 11 |
Home equity | 56 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 2 |
Total | $ | 692 |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | 13 |
| December 31, 2018
| Pre-Modification Recorded Balance |  | Post-Modification Recorded Balance |  | Number of Loans
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and farmland | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | 1 |
Residential | 490 |  |  | 487 |  |  | 11 |
Home equity | 81 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 3 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 65 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 3 |
Total | $ | 721 |  |  | $ | 719 |  |  | 18 |
The following tables summarize the recorded investment of troubled debt restructures as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, by modification type, that occurred during the years indicated:
| December 31, 2019
| Term Modification |  | Rate Modification |  | Combination |  | Total Modification
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | 614 |
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 61 |
Total | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 493 |  |  | $ | 675 |
| December 31, 2018
| Term Modification |  | Rate Modification |  | Combination |  | Total Modification
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and farmland | $ | 85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 85 |
Residential | — |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | 448 |
Home equity | 106 |  |  | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | 180 |
Individuals' loans for household and other personal expenditures | 58 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 64 |
Total | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 239 |  |  | $ | 777 |
Loans secured by 1- 4 family residential real estate made up 100 percent of the post-modification balances of the troubled debt restructured loans that occurred during the twelve months ending December 31, 2019. The same classification made up 79 percent of the post-modification balance of the troubled debt restructured loans for the twelve months ending December 31, 2018. The following tables summarize troubled debt restructures that occurred during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, that subsequently defaulted during the period indicated and remained in default at period end. For purposes of this schedule, a loan is considered in default if it is 30-days or more past due.
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019
| Number of Loans |  | Recorded Balance
Real estate loans: |  |  |
Residential | 1 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Total | 1 |  |  | $ | 37 |
| Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018
| Number of Loans |  | Recorded Balance
Real estate loans: |  |  |
Residential | 2 |  |  | $ | 75 |
Total | 2 |  |  | $ | 75 |
For potential consumer loan restructures, impairment evaluation occurs prior to modification. Any subsequent impairment is addressed through the charge-off process or through a specific reserve. Consumer troubled debt restructures are generally included in the general historical allowance for loan loss at the post modification balance. Consumer non-accrual and delinquent troubled debt restructures are also considered in the calculation of the non-accrual and delinquency trend environmental allowance allocation. Consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $1,033,000 and $800,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Commercial troubled debt restructured loans risk graded special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss are individually evaluated for impairment under ASC 310. Any resulting specific reserves are included in the allowance for loan losses. Commercial 30 - 89 day delinquent troubled debt restructures are included in the calculation of the delinquency trend environmental allowance allocation. With the exception of the acquired loans excluded from the allowance for loan losses, all commercial non-impaired loans, including non-accrual and 90-days or more delinquents, are included in the ASC 450 loss estimate.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for claims held for amounts due a entity, excluding financing receivables. Examples include, but are not limited to, trade accounts receivables, notes receivables, loans receivables. Includes disclosure for allowance for credit losses. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2196772 + Details
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