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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ |  | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024.

☐ |  | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______
Commission file number 001-15373
ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP
Incorporated in the State of Delaware
I.R.S. Employer Identification # 43-1706259
Address: 150 North Meramec
Clayton, MO 63105
Telephone: (314) 725-5500
___________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | EFSC |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market
Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of 5.00% Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A |  | EFSCP |  | Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act)
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 24, 2024, the Registrant had 37,491,713 shares of outstanding common stock, $0.01 par value per share.
This document is also available through our website at http://www.enterprisebank.com.

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 1
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 2
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 3
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 5
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 53
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 55
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 55
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 55
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 55
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 55
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 55
Item 5. Other Information | 55
Item 6. Exhibits | 56
Signatures | 58

Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Entities
The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in various sections of this Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in Item 2 and the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

ACL | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Federal Reserve | Federal Reserve Board
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification |  | FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank
ASU | Accounting Standards Update |  | GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)
Bank | Enterprise Bank & Trust |  | GDP | Gross Domestic Product
C&I | Commercial and Industrial |  | ICE | The Intercontinental Exchange
CCB | Capital Conservation Buffer |  | LIBOR | London Interbank Offered Rate
CECL | Current Expected Credit Loss |  | NIM | Net Interest Margin
Company | Enterprise Financial Services Corp and Subsidiaries |  | NM | Not meaningful
CRE | Commercial Real Estate |  | PPP | Paycheck Protection Program
EFSC | Enterprise Financial Services Corp and Subsidiaries |  | SBA | Small Business Administration
Enterprise | Enterprise Financial Services Corp and Subsidiaries |  | SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board |  | SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |  | We, Us, Our | Enterprise Financial Services Corp and Subsidiaries

PART I - ITEM 1 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

($ in thousands, except share data) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 157,697 |  |  | $ | 193,275 |
Federal funds sold | 1,045 |  |  | 2,880 |
Interest-earning deposits | 210,678 |  |  | 236,874 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 369,420 |  |  | 433,029 |
Interest-earning deposits greater than 90 days | 4,228 |  |  | 3,856 |
Securities available-for-sale | 1,611,883 |  |  | 1,618,273 |
Securities held-to-maturity, net | 758,017 |  |  | 750,434 |
Loans held-for-sale | 610 |  |  | 359 |
Loans | 11,028,492 |  |  | 10,884,118 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | (135,498) |  |  | (134,771) |
Total loans, net | 10,892,994 |  |  | 10,749,347 |
Other investments | 74,077 |  |  | 66,195 |
Fixed assets, net | 44,382 |  |  | 42,681 |
Goodwill | 365,164 |  |  | 365,164 |
Intangible assets, net | 11,271 |  |  | 12,318 |
Other assets | 481,292 |  |  | 476,934 |
Total assets | $ | 14,613,338 |  |  | $ | 14,518,590 |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts | $ | 3,805,334 |  |  | $ | 3,958,743 |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 2,956,282 |  |  | 2,950,259 |
Money market accounts | 3,430,454 |  |  | 3,399,280 |
Savings accounts | 576,248 |  |  | 595,175 |
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |
Brokered | 659,005 |  |  | 482,759 |
Customer | 826,378 |  |  | 790,155 |
Total deposits | 12,253,701 |  |  | 12,176,371 |
Subordinated debentures and notes | 156,124 |  |  | 155,984 |
FHLB advances | 125,000 |  |  | — |
Other borrowings | 195,246 |  |  | 297,829 |
Other liabilities | 151,542 |  |  | 172,338 |
Total liabilities | $ | 12,881,613 |  |  | $ | 12,802,522 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 5) |  |  |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; 75,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($1,000 per share liquidation preference) | 71,988 |  |  | 71,988 |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 75,000,000 shares authorized; 37,515,186 and 37,416,028 shares issued and outstanding, respectively | 375 |  |  | 374 |
Additional paid in capital | 995,969 |  |  | 995,208 |
Retained earnings | 778,784 |  |  | 749,513 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net | (115,391) |  |  | (101,015) |
Total shareholders' equity | 1,731,725 |  |  | 1,716,068 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 14,613,338 |  |  | $ | 14,518,590 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  |  |  |  | $ | 186,564 |  |  | $ | 152,606 |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  |  |  | 11,419 |  |  | 9,286 |
Nontaxable |  |  |  |  | 5,765 |  |  | 5,597 |
Interest-earning deposits |  |  |  |  | 3,569 |  |  | 1,195 |
Dividends on equity securities |  |  |  |  | 406 |  |  | 349 |
Total interest income |  |  |  |  | 207,723 |  |  | 169,033 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  |  |  | 64,473 |  |  | 24,661 |
Subordinated debentures and notes |  |  |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 2,409 |
FHLB advances |  |  |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 1,332 |
Other borrowings |  |  |  |  | 2,009 |  |  | 1,102 |
Total interest expense |  |  |  |  | 69,995 |  |  | 29,504 |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | 137,728 |  |  | 139,529 |
Provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | 5,756 |  |  | 4,183 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  |  |  |  | 131,972 |  |  | 135,346 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit service charges |  |  |  |  | 4,423 |  |  | 4,128 |
Wealth management revenue |  |  |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 2,516 |
Card services revenue |  |  |  |  | 2,412 |  |  | 2,338 |
Tax credit income (loss) |  |  |  |  | (2,190) |  |  | 1,813 |
Other income |  |  |  |  | 4,969 |  |  | 6,103 |
Total noninterest income |  |  |  |  | 12,158 |  |  | 16,898 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee compensation and benefits |  |  |  |  | 45,262 |  |  | 42,503 |
Deposit costs |  |  |  |  | 20,277 |  |  | 12,720 |
Occupancy |  |  |  |  | 4,326 |  |  | 4,061 |
Data processing |  |  |  |  | 4,339 |  |  | 3,710 |
Professional fees |  |  |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 1,631 |
Other expense |  |  |  |  | 17,862 |  |  | 16,358 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  |  |  | 93,501 |  |  | 80,983 |
Income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 50,629 |  |  | 71,261 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 10,228 |  |  | 15,523 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |
Dividends on preferred stock |  |  |  |  | 938 |  |  | 938 |
Net income available to common shareholders |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,463 |  |  | $ | 54,800 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.47 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | 1.46 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
2

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  | (11,073) |  |  | 23,978 |
Reclassification of gain on the sale of available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (285) |
Reclassification of gain on held-to-maturity securities |  |  |  |  | (626) |  |  | (638) |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | (2,942) |  |  | 1,275 |
Reclassification of loss on cash flow hedges |  |  |  |  | 265 |  |  | 27 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  | (14,376) |  |  | 24,357 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,025 |  |  | $ | 80,095 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Three months ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 75 |  |  | $ | 71,988 |  |  | 37,416 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  |  |  | $ | 995,208 |  |  | $ | 749,513 |  |  | $ | (101,015) |  |  | $ | 1,716,068 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 40,401 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,401 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,376) |  |  | (14,376) |
Common stock dividends ($0.25 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (9,378) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,378) |
Preferred stock dividends ($12.50 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (938) |  |  | — |  |  | (938) |
Issuance under equity compensation plans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | (1,614) |  |  | (814) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,427) |
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,375 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | 75 |  |  | $ | 71,988 |  |  | 37,515 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  |  |  | $ | 995,969 |  |  | $ | 778,784 |  |  | $ | (115,391) |  |  | $ | 1,731,725 |

Three months ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred |  | Common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands, except per share data) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 75 |  |  | $ | 71,988 |  |  | 37,253 |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  |  |  | 982,660 |  |  | 597,574 |  |  | (130,332) |  |  | 1,522,263 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 55,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,738 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,357 |  |  | 24,357 |
Common stock dividends ($0.25 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (9,328) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,328) |
Preferred stock dividends ($12.50 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (938) |  |  | — |  |  | (938) |
Issuance under equity compensation plans, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (848) |  |  | (893) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,741) |
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,469 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,469 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 75 |  |  | $ | 71,988 |  |  | 37,311 |  |  | $ | 373 |  |  |  |  | $ | 984,281 |  |  | $ | 642,153 |  |  | $ | (105,975) |  |  | $ | 1,592,820 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

| Three months ended March 31,
($ in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
Depreciation | 1,253 |  |  | 1,274 |
Provision for credit losses | 5,756 |  |  | 4,183 |
Deferred income taxes | 1,234 |  |  | 2,517 |
Net amortization of discount/premiums on debt securities | 1,027 |  |  | 1,070 |
Net amortization on loan discount/premiums | 822 |  |  | 1,606 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 1,047 |  |  | 1,239 |
Amortization of servicing assets | 316 |  |  | 493 |
Mortgage loans originated-for-sale | (7,035) |  |  | (2,918) |
Proceeds from mortgage loans sold | 6,818 |  |  | 3,884 |
Loss (gain) on: |  |  |
Sale of investment securities | — |  |  | (381) |
Sale of SBA loans | (1,394) |  |  | (501) |
Sale of other real estate | 2 |  |  | (90) |
Sale of state tax credits | (363) |  |  | (91) |
Share-based compensation | 2,375 |  |  | 2,469 |
Net change in other assets and liabilities | (22,370) |  |  | (1,316) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 29,889 |  |  | 69,176 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Net increase in loans | (177,362) |  |  | (285,158) |
Proceeds received from: |  |  |
Sale of debt securities, available-for-sale | — |  |  | 28,741 |
Paydown or maturity of debt securities, available-for-sale | 70,141 |  |  | 65,725 |
Paydown or maturity of debt securities, held-to-maturity | 1,483 |  |  | 2,037 |
Redemption of other investments | 26,409 |  |  | 41,109 |
Sale of SBA loans | 24,650 |  |  | 9,502 |
Sale of state tax credits held for sale | 2,031 |  |  | 504 |
Sale of other real estate | 207 |  |  | 360 |
Sale of fixed assets | — |  |  | 43 |
Payments for the purchase of: |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities | (78,702) |  |  | (86,737) |
Held-to-maturity debt securities | (10,265) |  |  | (14,602) |
Other investments | (35,870) |  |  | (39,123) |
State tax credits held for sale | (270) |  |  | (21) |
Fixed assets | (2,954) |  |  | (681) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (180,502) |  |  | (278,301) |

5

| Three months ended March 31,
($ in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Net decrease in noninterest-bearing deposit accounts | (153,409) |  |  | (450,209) |
Net increase in interest-bearing deposit accounts | 230,739 |  |  | 775,695 |
Net increase in FHLB advances | 125,000 |  |  | — |
Repayments of notes payable | (11,429) |  |  | (1,429) |
Net decrease in other borrowings | (91,154) |  |  | (109,201) |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | (9,378) |  |  | (9,328) |
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock | (938) |  |  | (938) |
Other | (2,427) |  |  | (1,741) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 87,004 |  |  | 202,849 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (63,609) |  |  | (6,276) |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 433,029 |  |  | 291,359 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 369,420 |  |  | $ | 285,083 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 70,796 |  |  | $ | 27,486 |
Income taxes | 22 |  |  | — |
Noncash investing and financing transactions: |  |  |
Transfer to other bank owned assets | 2,939 |  |  | — |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | 985 |  |  | 564 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
NOTE 1 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The significant accounting policies used by the Company in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements are summarized below:
Business and Consolidation
Enterprise is a financial holding company that provides a full range of banking and wealth management services to individuals and corporate customers primarily located in Arizona, California, Florida, Kansas, Missouri, Nevada, and New Mexico through its banking subsidiary, Enterprise Bank & Trust.
Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year ending December 31, 2024. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC.
Basis of Financial Statement Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. Except as disclosed herein, there has been no material change in the information disclosed in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for the fair presentation of the statements of financial position, results of operations, and cash flow for the interim periods.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
FASB ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. ASU 2022-03 was issued in June 2022 to (1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) amend a related illustrative example, and (3) introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2022-03 did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
FASB ASU 2023-02, Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. ASU 2023-02 was issued in March 2023 to allow reporting entities to consistently account for equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits and other income tax benefits. If certain conditions are met, a reporting entity may elect to account for its tax equity investments by using the proportional amortization method regardless of the program from which it receives income tax credits, instead of only low-income-housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) structures. This amendment also eliminates certain LIHTC-specific guidance
7

aligning the accounting with other equity investments in tax credit structures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2023-02 did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
FASB ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 was issued in November 2023 to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment disclosures. The amendments in this update require annual and interim disclosures on significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and require annual and interim disclosures on “other segment items” that comprise the difference between segment revenue less segment expense compared to the reported measure of segment profit or loss. In addition, the amendments will require all annual disclosures that are currently required to be reported on an interim basis and requires disclosure of the title and position of the chief operating decision maker and how that position uses the information to assess segment performance and the allocation of resources. ASU 2023-07 also requires entities that have a single reportable segment, such as the Company, to provide all disclosures required in this update and the existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the accounting and disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-07 and does not expect them to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
FASB ASU 2023-09, Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 was issued in December 2023 to require annual disclosures on specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. Annual disclosures are required on income taxes paid, including the amounts paid for federal, state and foreign taxes and the amount paid in individual jurisdictions if the amount is equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). Additional annual disclosures are required on pre-tax income from continuing operations and income tax expense, disaggregated by domestic and foreign amounts. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is evaluating the accounting and disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-09 and does not expect them to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 2 - EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per common share data is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method.
The following table presents a summary of per common share data and amounts for the periods indicated.

| Three months ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 39,463 |  |  | $ | 54,800 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding | 37,490 |  |  | 37,305 |
Additional dilutive common stock equivalents | 107 |  |  | 182 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding | 37,597 |  |  | 37,487 |
Basic earnings per common share: | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.47 |
Diluted earnings per common share: | 1.05 |  |  | 1.46 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, common stock equivalents of approximately 581,000 and 311,000, respectively, were excluded from the earnings per share calculations because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.
8

NOTE 3 - INVESTMENTS
The following tables present the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses and fair value of securities available for sale and held to maturity:

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 316,638 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | (20,982) |  |  | $ | 295,802 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 500,206 |  |  | 41 |  |  | (77,268) |  |  | 422,979 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 767,508 |  |  | 393 |  |  | (63,710) |  |  | 704,191 |
U.S. Treasury bills | 184,367 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (3,275) |  |  | 181,100 |
Corporate debt securities | 8,750 |  |  | — |  |  | (939) |  |  | 7,811 |
Total securities available for sale | $ | 1,777,469 |  |  | $ | 588 |  |  | $ | (166,174) |  |  | $ | 1,611,883 |
Held-to-maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 583,972 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | (53,410) |  |  | $ | 535,601 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 51,276 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,779) |  |  | 45,497 |
Corporate debt securities | 123,119 |  |  | 230 |  |  | (9,673) |  |  | 113,676 |
Total securities held-to-maturity | $ | 758,367 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |  |  | $ | (68,862) |  |  | $ | 694,774 |
Allowance for credit losses | (350) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total securities held-to-maturity, net | $ | 758,017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 316,511 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |  | $ | (20,368) |  |  | $ | 296,446 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 500,881 |  |  | 57 |  |  | (68,767) |  |  | 432,171 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 758,283 |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | (59,083) |  |  | 700,381 |
U.S. Treasury Bills | 184,709 |  |  | 62 |  |  | (3,070) |  |  | 181,701 |
Corporate debt securities | 8,750 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,176) |  |  | 7,574 |
Total securities available for sale | $ | 1,769,134 |  |  | $ | 1,603 |  |  | $ | (152,464) |  |  | $ | 1,618,273 |
Held-to-maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | $ | 575,699 |  |  | $ | 7,078 |  |  | $ | (47,461) |  |  | $ | 535,316 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 52,100 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,424) |  |  | 46,676 |
Corporate debt securities | 123,420 |  |  | 216 |  |  | (8,981) |  |  | 114,655 |
Total securities held to maturity | $ | 751,219 |  |  | $ | 7,294 |  |  | $ | (61,866) |  |  | $ | 696,647 |
Allowance for credit losses | (785) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total securities held-to-maturity, net | $ | 750,434 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The balance of held-to-maturity securities in the “Amortized Cost” column in the table above includes a cumulative net unamortized unrealized gain of $13.3 million and $14.1 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the securities.
9

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity, other than U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises. The agency mortgage-backed securities are all issued by U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises. Securities of $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure deposits of public institutions and for other purposes as required by law or contract provisions, in addition to collateral securing borrowing bases with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The weighted average life of the mortgage-backed securities is approximately five years.

| Available for sale |  | Held to maturity
($ in thousands) | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 163,297 |  |  | $ | 161,711 |  |  | $ | 785 |  |  | $ | 783 |
Due after one year through five years | 303,371 |  |  | 284,316 |  |  | 103,383 |  |  | 96,428 |
Due after five years through ten years | 160,265 |  |  | 141,132 |  |  | 176,180 |  |  | 169,432 |
Due after ten years | 383,028 |  |  | 320,533 |  |  | 426,743 |  |  | 382,634 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 767,508 |  |  | 704,191 |  |  | 51,276 |  |  | 45,497 |
| $ | 1,777,469 |  |  | $ | 1,611,883 |  |  | $ | 758,367 |  |  | $ | 694,774 |

The following tables presents a summary of available-for-sale investment securities in an unrealized loss position:

| March 31, 2024
Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
($ in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 22,611 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 251,397 |  |  | $ | 20,910 |  |  | $ | 274,008 |  |  | $ | 20,982 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 479 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 420,164 |  |  | 77,266 |  |  | 420,643 |  |  | 77,268 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 125,634 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 531,490 |  |  | 62,470 |  |  | 657,124 |  |  | 63,710 |
U.S. Treasury bills | 59,562 |  |  | 109 |  |  | 109,451 |  |  | 3,166 |  |  | 169,013 |  |  | 3,275 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,811 |  |  | 939 |  |  | 7,811 |  |  | 939 |
| $ | 208,286 |  |  | $ | 1,423 |  |  | $ | 1,320,313 |  |  | $ | 164,751 |  |  | $ | 1,528,599 |  |  | $ | 166,174 |
| December 31, 2023
Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or more |  | Total
($ in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | 25,886 |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 247,027 |  |  | $ | 20,283 |  |  | $ | 272,913 |  |  | $ | 20,368 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 1,168 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 428,171 |  |  | 68,604 |  |  | 429,339 |  |  | 68,767 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 58,249 |  |  | 417 |  |  | 540,032 |  |  | 58,666 |  |  | 598,281 |  |  | 59,083 |
U.S. Treasury bills | 41,857 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 103,588 |  |  | 3,021 |  |  | 145,445 |  |  | 3,070 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,574 |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | 7,574 |  |  | 1,176 |
| $ | 127,160 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 1,326,392 |  |  | $ | 151,750 |  |  | $ | 1,453,552 |  |  | $ | 152,464 |

The unrealized losses at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were attributable primarily to changes in market interest rates after the securities were purchased. At each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities.
10

Accrued interest on held-to-maturity debt securities totaled $7.1 million and $6.5 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL on held-to-maturity securities was $0.4 million at March 31, 2024 and $0.8 million at December 31, 2023.
There were no sales of available-for-sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company sold $28.4 million of available-for-sale securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 for a gain of $0.4 million.
Other Investments
At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, other investments totaled $74.1 million and $66.2 million, respectively. As a member of the FHLB system administered by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, the Bank is required to maintain a minimum investment in capital stock with the FHLB consisting of membership stock and activity-based stock. The FHLB capital stock of $14.3 million at March 31, 2024 and $7.8 million at December 31, 2023 is recorded at cost, which represents redemption value, and is included in other investments in the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining amounts in other investments primarily include investments in Small Business Investment Companies, Community Development Financial Institutions, private equity investments, and the Company’s investment in unconsolidated trusts used to issue trust preferred securities to third parties.
11

NOTE 4 - LOANS
The following table presents a summary of loans by category:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial | $ | 4,768,777 |  |  | $ | 4,674,056 |
Real estate: |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 2,448,674 |  |  | 2,452,402 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 2,349,292 |  |  | 2,344,117 |
Construction and land development | 820,249 |  |  | 760,122 |
Residential | 366,934 |  |  | 371,995 |
Total real estate loans | 5,985,149 |  |  | 5,928,636 |
Other | 278,611 |  |  | 285,653 |
Loans, before unearned loan fees | 11,032,537 |  |  | 10,888,345 |
Unearned loan fees, net | (4,045) |  |  | (4,227) |
Loans, including unearned loan fees | $ | 11,028,492 |  |  | $ | 10,884,118 |

The loan balance includes a net premium on acquired loans of $9.0 million and $9.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, loans and securities of $5.4 billion and $4.8 billion, respectively, were pledged to FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank.
Accrued interest totaled $71.2 million and $66.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was reported in “Other Assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.
SBA 7(a) guaranteed loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 2024 totaled $23.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $1.4 million. SBA 7(a) guaranteed loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 2023 totaled $8.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $0.5 million.
No consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate were in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2024, compared to $1.0 million at December 31, 2023.
A summary of the activity, by loan category, in the ACL on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

($ in thousands) | Commercial and industrial |  | CRE - investor owned |  | CRE - owner occupied |  | Construction and land development |  | Residential real estate |  | Other |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 58,886 |  |  | $ | 31,280 |  |  | $ | 23,405 |  |  | $ | 10,198 |  |  | $ | 6,142 |  |  | $ | 4,860 |  |  | $ | 134,771 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 4,978 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 1,500 |  |  | (379) |  |  | 406 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 6,591 |
Charge-offs | (5,353) |  |  | (305) |  |  | (112) |  |  | — |  |  | (497) |  |  | (383) |  |  | (6,650) |
Recoveries | 203 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 786 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | $ | 58,714 |  |  | $ | 31,196 |  |  | $ | 24,807 |  |  | $ | 9,825 |  |  | $ | 6,479 |  |  | $ | 4,477 |  |  | $ | 135,498 |

($ in thousands) | Commercial and industrial |  | CRE - investor owned |  | CRE - owner occupied |  | Construction and land development |  | Residential real estate |  | Other |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 53,835 |  |  | $ | 36,191 |  |  | $ | 22,752 |  |  | $ | 11,444 |  |  | $ | 7,928 |  |  | $ | 4,782 |  |  | $ | 136,932 |
Provision (benefit) for credit losses | 5,083 |  |  | 222 |  |  | (440) |  |  | (2,578) |  |  | (1,151) |  |  | (37) |  |  | 1,099 |
Charge-offs | (707) |  |  | (170) |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (102) |  |  | (192) |  |  | (1,180) |
Recoveries | 938 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 1,444 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 59,149 |  |  | $ | 36,266 |  |  | $ | 22,328 |  |  | $ | 8,889 |  |  | $ | 6,997 |  |  | $ | 4,666 |  |  | $ | 138,295 |

12

The ACL on sponsor finance loans, which is included in the categories above, represented $22.7 million and $23.0 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
The CECL methodology incorporates various economic scenarios. The Company utilizes three forecasts in the model: Moody’s baseline, a stronger near-term growth upside and a moderate recession downside forecast. The Company weights these scenarios at 40%, 30%, and 30%, respectively, which added approximately $12.8 million to the ACL on loans over the baseline model at March 31, 2024. The baseline forecast incorporates an expectation that the federal funds rate has peaked at the range of 5.25% to 5.50% and will begin falling in the latter half of 2024. It is also assumed that the bank failures in early 2023 were not an indication of a broader problem in the industry. The Company has also recognized various risks posed by loans in certain segments, including the commercial office and agricultural sectors, by allocating additional reserves to those segments. Some of the key risks to the forecasts that could result in future provision for credit losses are market reactions to the Federal Reserve policy actions that could push the economy into a recession, persistently higher inflation, tightening in the credit markets, and further weakness in the financial system.
In addition to the CECL methodology, the Company incorporates qualitative adjustments into the ACL on loans to capture credit risks inherent within the loan portfolio that are not captured in the CECL model. Included in these risks are 1) changes in lending policies and procedures, 2) actual and expected changes in business and economic conditions, 3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio, 4) changes in lending management, 5) changes in volume and the severity of past due loans, 6) changes in the quality of the loan review system, 7) changes in the value of underlying collateral, 8) the existence and effect of concentrations of credit and 9) other factors such as the regulatory, legal and competitive environments and events such as natural disasters and pandemics. At March 31, 2024, the ACL on loans included a qualitative adjustment of approximately $40.3 million. Of this amount, approximately $14.4 million was allocated to Sponsor Finance loans due to their mostly unsecured nature.
The current year-to-date gross charge-offs by loan class and year of origination is presented in the following tables:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | Term Loans by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,544 |  |  | $ | 5,256 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 305 |
Commercial - owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |
Residential |  | — |  |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 382 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | 497 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 100 |  |  | 240 |
Total charge-offs by origination year |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,507 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  |  |  | $ | 953 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3,665 |  |  | $ | 6,410 |
Total gross charge-offs by performing status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 240 |
Total gross charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,650 |

13

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Term Loans by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 2,999 |  |  | $ | 1,940 |  |  | $ | 2,539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,533 |  |  | $ | 15,178 |  |  | $ | 35,789 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,692 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,869 |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Residential |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 480 |  |  | 176 |  |  | — |  |  | 656 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 459 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 319 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 793 |
Total charge-offs by origination year |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 3,002 |  |  | $ | 2,569 |  |  | $ | 2,539 |  |  | $ | 4,692 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |  | $ | 12,721 |  |  | $ | 15,178 |  |  | $ | 42,116 |
Total gross charge-offs by performing status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,099 |
Total gross charge-offs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,215 |

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonperforming loans by category, excluding government guaranteed balances:

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | Nonaccrual |  |  |  | Loans over 90 days past due and still accruing interest |  | Total nonperforming loans |  | Nonaccrual loans with no allowance
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,435 |  |  |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 2,550 |  |  | $ | 2,315 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 19,380 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 19,380 |  |  | 16,240 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 12,481 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 12,481 |  |  | 8,333 |
Construction and land development | 1,205 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | 463 |
Other | — |  |  |  |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 35,501 |  |  |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | 35,642 |  |  | $ | 27,351 |

| December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Nonaccrual |  |  |  | Loans over 90 days past due and still accruing interest |  | Total nonperforming loans |  | Nonaccrual loans with no allowance
Commercial and industrial | $ | 7,641 |  |  |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 7,756 |  |  | $ | 6,179 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 20,404 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 20,404 |  |  | 19,466 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 12,972 |  |  |  |  | 363 |  |  | 13,335 |  |  | 9,010 |
Construction and land development | 1,205 |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 464 |
Residential | 959 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 959 |  |  | 959 |
Other | — |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 43,181 |  |  |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 43,728 |  |  | $ | 36,078 |

14

The nonperforming loan balances at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 exclude government guaranteed balances of $9.6 million and $10.7 million, respectively.
Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was immaterial during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Collateral-dependent nonperforming loans by class of loan is presented as of the dates indicated:

| March 31, 2024
| Type of Collateral
($ in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Blanket Lien |  | Other
Commercial and industrial | $ | 350 |  |  | $ | 1,864 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 18,443 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial - owner occupied | 3,973 |  |  | 1,518 |  |  | 5,793 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | 742 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 22,766 |  |  | $ | 4,124 |  |  | $ | 5,887 |  |  | $ | — |

| December 31, 2023
| Type of Collateral
($ in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate |  | Residential Real Estate |  | Blanket Lien |  | Other
Commercial and industrial | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 1,864 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 3,445 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 19,467 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial - owner occupied | 5,904 |  |  | 1,638 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development | 528 |  |  | 741 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential | — |  |  | 959 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 26,426 |  |  | $ | 5,202 |  |  | $ | 2,175 |  |  | $ | 3,445 |

The aging of the recorded investment in past due loans by class and category is presented as of the dates indicated.

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 or More Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 20,996 |  |  | $ | 4,131 |  |  | $ | 25,127 |  |  | $ | 4,743,650 |  |  | $ | 4,768,777 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 1,657 |  |  | 18,395 |  |  | 20,052 |  |  | 2,428,622 |  |  | 2,448,674 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 14,844 |  |  | 14,648 |  |  | 29,492 |  |  | 2,319,800 |  |  | 2,349,292 |
Construction and land development | 973 |  |  | 1,675 |  |  | 2,648 |  |  | 817,601 |  |  | 820,249 |
Residential | 1,112 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,112 |  |  | 365,822 |  |  | 366,934 |
Other | 21 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 278,564 |  |  | 278,611 |
Loans, before unearned loan fees | $ | 39,603 |  |  | $ | 38,875 |  |  | $ | 78,478 |  |  | $ | 10,954,059 |  |  | $ | 11,032,537 |
Unearned loan fees, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,045) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,028,492 |

15

| December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 or More Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 3,445 |  |  | $ | 9,037 |  |  | $ | 12,482 |  |  | $ | 4,661,574 |  |  | $ | 4,674,056 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 1,905 |  |  | 18,395 |  |  | 20,300 |  |  | 2,432,102 |  |  | 2,452,402 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 8,409 |  |  | 14,142 |  |  | 22,551 |  |  | 2,321,566 |  |  | 2,344,117 |
Construction and land development | 770 |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | 2,678 |  |  | 757,444 |  |  | 760,122 |
Residential | 1,620 |  |  | 959 |  |  | 2,579 |  |  | 369,416 |  |  | 371,995 |
Other | 82 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 285,567 |  |  | 285,653 |
Loans, before unearned loan fees | $ | 16,231 |  |  | $ | 44,445 |  |  | $ | 60,676 |  |  | $ | 10,827,669 |  |  | $ | 10,888,345 |
Unearned loan fees, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,227) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,884,118 |

The allowance for credit losses on loans incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses on loans is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company uses a probability of default and loss given default model to determine the allowance for credit losses on loans.
An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. The effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses on loans because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance.
The most common concession the Company provides to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is a term extension. In limited circumstances, the Company may modify loans by providing principal forgiveness or an interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses on loans.
In some cases, the Company will modify a loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as an interest rate reduction or principal forgiveness, may be granted.
The following tables show the recorded investment at the end of the reporting period for loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by loan class and type of concession granted:

| Term Extension |  | Payment Delay |  | Total
| Three months ended |  | Three months ended |  | Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | Percent of Total Loan Class |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Percent of Total Loan Class |  | March 31, 2024 |  | Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial | $ | 44,641 |  |  | 0.94 | % |  | $ | 567 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | $ | 45,208 |  |  | 0.95 | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 8,409 |  |  | 0.34 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 8,409 |  |  | 0.34 | %
Commercial - owner occupied | 94 |  |  | NM |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 94 |  |  | NM
Residential | 7,644 |  |  | 2.08 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 7,644 |  |  | 2.08 | %
Total | $ | 60,788 |  |  |  |  | $ | 567 |  |  |  |  | $ | 61,355 |  |  |

16

| Term Extension
| Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial | $ | 22,818 |  |  | 0.57 | %
Real estate: |  |  |
Construction and land development | 1,201 |  |  | 0.18 | %
Total | $ | 24,019 |  |  |

The following table summarizes the financial impacts of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and outstanding at the date indicated:

| Weighted Average Term Extension (in months) |  | Payment Delay |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (in months)
| Three months ended |  | Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | March 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial | 4 |  | $ | 85 |  |  | 7
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 3 |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial - owner occupied | 3 |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9
Residential | 12 |  | — |  |  | — |

The following table shows the aging of the recorded investment in modified loans in the last 12 months by class at the date indicated:

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | Current |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 or More Days Past Due |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 28,512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,512 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 8,409 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,409 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94 |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | 741 |  |  | — |  |  | 741 |
Residential | 7,669 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,669 |
Other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 44,684 |  |  | $ | 741 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,425 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, all loans were current under the modified terms.
17

The following table summarizes loans that experienced a default during the three months ended March 31, 2024, subsequent to being granted a modification in the preceding twelve months. All of these loans have been charged off during the current period. Default is defined as movement to nonperforming status, foreclosure or charge-off. Loans noted in the following table are categorized by type of original modification.

| Term Extension
| Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial | $ | 1,000 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Real estate: |  |  |
Construction and land development | 1,748 |  |  | 0.21 | %
Other | 4 |  |  | NM
Total | $ | 2,752 |  |  |

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, no loans experienced a default subsequent to being granted a modification in the prior twelve months.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company allocated an immaterial amount in specific reserves to loans that have been restructured.
18

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, payment experience, credit documentation, and current economic factors among other factors. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:
•Grades 1, 2, and 3 – Includes loans to borrowers with a continuous record of strong earnings, sound balance sheet condition and capitalization, ample liquidity with solid cash flow, and whose management team has experience and depth within their industry.
•Grade 4 – Includes loans to borrowers with positive trends in profitability, satisfactory capitalization and balance sheet condition, and sufficient liquidity and cash flow.
•Grade 5 – Includes loans to borrowers that may display fluctuating trends in sales, profitability, capitalization, liquidity, and cash flow.
•Grade 6 – Includes loans to borrowers where an adverse change or perceived weakness has occurred, but may be correctable in the near future. Alternatively, this rating category may also include circumstances where the borrower is starting to reverse a negative trend or condition, or has recently been upgraded from a 7, 8, or 9 rating.
•Grade 7 – Special Mention credits are borrowers that have experienced financial setback of a nature that is not determined to be severe or influence ‘ongoing concern’ expectations. Although possible, no loss is anticipated, due to strong collateral and/or guarantor support.
•Grade 8 – Substandard credits include those borrowers characterized by significant losses and sustained downward trends in balance sheet condition, liquidity, and cash flow. Repayment reliance may have shifted to secondary sources. Collateral exposure may exist and additional reserves may be warranted.
•Grade 9 – Doubtful credits include borrowers that may show deteriorating trends that are unlikely to be corrected. Collateral values may appear insufficient for full recovery, therefore requiring a partial charge-off, or debt renegotiation with the borrower. The borrower may have declared bankruptcy or bankruptcy is likely in the near term. All doubtful rated credits will be on non-accrual.
19

The recorded investment by risk category of the loans by class and year of origination is presented in the following tables as of the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2024
|  | Term Loans by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 354,420 |  |  | $ | 1,516,552 |  |  | $ | 875,052 |  |  | $ | 293,729 |  |  | $ | 172,943 |  |  | $ | 149,101 |  |  | $ | 21,206 |  |  | $ | 1,151,591 |  |  | $ | 4,534,594 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 14,069 |  |  | 41,417 |  |  | 5,911 |  |  | 1,876 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 874 |  |  | 4,320 |  |  | 17,911 |  |  | 86,748 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 8,631 |  |  | 7,779 |  |  | 11,908 |  |  | 8,334 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 45,053 |  |  | 82,834 |
Total Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 377,120 |  |  | $ | 1,565,748 |  |  | $ | 892,871 |  |  | $ | 303,939 |  |  | $ | 173,399 |  |  | $ | 150,891 |  |  | $ | 25,653 |  |  | $ | 1,214,555 |  |  | $ | 4,704,176 |
Commercial real estate-investor owned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 96,302 |  |  | $ | 455,256 |  |  | $ | 543,177 |  |  | $ | 482,141 |  |  | $ | 296,298 |  |  | $ | 373,990 |  |  | $ | 6,905 |  |  | $ | 52,655 |  |  | $ | 2,306,724 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 731 |  |  | 3,282 |  |  | 22,332 |  |  | 51,595 |  |  | 3,544 |  |  | 9,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 90,651 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 8,409 |  |  | — |  |  | 937 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 16,912 |  |  | 6,771 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,071 |
Total Commercial real estate-investor owned |  | $ | 105,442 |  |  | $ | 458,538 |  |  | $ | 566,446 |  |  | $ | 533,778 |  |  | $ | 316,754 |  |  | $ | 389,928 |  |  | $ | 6,905 |  |  | $ | 52,655 |  |  | $ | 2,430,446 |
Commercial real estate-owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 81,541 |  |  | $ | 398,179 |  |  | $ | 465,440 |  |  | $ | 482,241 |  |  | $ | 294,024 |  |  | $ | 464,931 |  |  | $ | 4,619 |  |  | $ | 31,104 |  |  | $ | 2,222,079 |
Special Mention (7) |  | — |  |  | 14,108 |  |  | 4,514 |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | 9,992 |  |  | 21,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | 56,885 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 1,189 |  |  | 2,924 |  |  | 3,741 |  |  | 1,128 |  |  | 3,055 |  |  | 32,475 |  |  | 5,057 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,569 |
Total Commercial real estate-owner occupied |  | $ | 82,730 |  |  | $ | 415,211 |  |  | $ | 473,695 |  |  | $ | 488,668 |  |  | $ | 307,071 |  |  | $ | 518,951 |  |  | $ | 9,676 |  |  | $ | 32,531 |  |  | $ | 2,328,533 |
Construction real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 76,195 |  |  | $ | 290,998 |  |  | $ | 317,302 |  |  | $ | 90,908 |  |  | $ | 31,100 |  |  | $ | 4,581 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 4,458 |  |  | $ | 815,551 |
Special Mention (7) |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 1,155 |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,069 |
Classified (8-9) |  | — |  |  | 741 |  |  | 580 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,796 |
Total Construction real estate |  | $ | 76,195 |  |  | $ | 291,779 |  |  | $ | 319,529 |  |  | $ | 92,063 |  |  | $ | 31,100 |  |  | $ | 5,283 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 4,458 |  |  | $ | 820,416 |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 8,364 |  |  | $ | 56,614 |  |  | $ | 38,611 |  |  | $ | 49,586 |  |  | $ | 30,020 |  |  | $ | 91,308 |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | 77,773 |  |  | $ | 353,610 |
Special Mention (7) |  | — |  |  | 335 |  |  | 586 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | — |  |  | 583 |  |  | 3,496 |
Classified (8-9) |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,526 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 7,501 |  |  | 9,408 |
Total residential real estate |  | $ | 8,364 |  |  | $ | 57,145 |  |  | $ | 39,310 |  |  | $ | 49,800 |  |  | $ | 30,089 |  |  | $ | 94,543 |  |  | $ | 1,406 |  |  | $ | 85,857 |  |  | $ | 366,514 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 7,804 |  |  | $ | 55,465 |  |  | $ | 64,294 |  |  | $ | 51,992 |  |  | $ | 29,604 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,225 |  |  | $ | 241,954 |
Special Mention (7) |  | — |  |  | 4,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,712 |  |  | 24,130 |
Classified (8-9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Total Other |  | $ | 570 |  |  | $ | 12,222 |  |  | $ | 55,465 |  |  | $ | 74,294 |  |  | $ | 51,992 |  |  | $ | 29,610 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,937 |  |  | $ | 266,090 |
Total loans classified by risk category |  | $ | 650,421 |  |  | $ | 2,800,643 |  |  | $ | 2,347,316 |  |  | $ | 1,542,542 |  |  | $ | 910,405 |  |  | $ | 1,189,206 |  |  | $ | 43,649 |  |  | $ | 1,431,993 |  |  | $ | 10,916,175 |
Total loans classified by performing status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112,317 |
Total loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,028,492 |

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|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Term Loans by Origination Year |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans |  | Revolving Loans |  | Total
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 1,567,738 |  |  | $ | 1,052,462 |  |  | $ | 345,292 |  |  | $ | 194,972 |  |  | $ | 123,425 |  |  | $ | 71,205 |  |  | $ | 12,163 |  |  | $ | 1,108,233 |  |  | $ | 4,475,490 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 52,523 |  |  | 6,845 |  |  | 8,597 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 242 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 19,590 |  |  | 89,066 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 12,824 |  |  | 19,306 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 812 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 45,830 |  |  | 81,815 |
Total Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 1,633,085 |  |  | $ | 1,078,613 |  |  | $ | 355,722 |  |  | $ | 196,328 |  |  | $ | 124,217 |  |  | $ | 71,810 |  |  | $ | 12,943 |  |  | $ | 1,173,653 |  |  | $ | 4,646,371 |
Commercial real estate-investor owned |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 495,131 |  |  | $ | 544,223 |  |  | $ | 492,974 |  |  | $ | 323,175 |  |  | $ | 165,343 |  |  | $ | 236,914 |  |  | $ | 5,222 |  |  | $ | 51,413 |  |  | $ | 2,314,395 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 3,626 |  |  | 22,725 |  |  | 51,851 |  |  | 1,657 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 5,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,549 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 9,411 |  |  | 1,034 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 15,838 |  |  | 2,831 |  |  | 4,919 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,124 |
Total Commercial real estate-investor owned |  | $ | 508,168 |  |  | $ | 567,982 |  |  | $ | 544,868 |  |  | $ | 340,670 |  |  | $ | 168,338 |  |  | $ | 247,359 |  |  | $ | 5,270 |  |  | $ | 51,413 |  |  | $ | 2,434,068 |
Commercial real estate-owner occupied |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 407,901 |  |  | $ | 486,701 |  |  | $ | 489,589 |  |  | $ | 301,399 |  |  | $ | 183,872 |  |  | $ | 313,474 |  |  | $ | 5,083 |  |  | $ | 30,036 |  |  | $ | 2,218,055 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 13,739 |  |  | 2,521 |  |  | 4,652 |  |  | 10,492 |  |  | 5,439 |  |  | 15,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,493 |  |  | 54,169 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 3,389 |  |  | 3,413 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  | 3,181 |  |  | 8,878 |  |  | 24,857 |  |  | 5,056 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,021 |
Total Commercial real estate-owner occupied |  | $ | 425,029 |  |  | $ | 492,635 |  |  | $ | 496,488 |  |  | $ | 315,072 |  |  | $ | 198,189 |  |  | $ | 354,164 |  |  | $ | 10,139 |  |  | $ | 31,529 |  |  | $ | 2,323,245 |
Construction real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 292,689 |  |  | $ | 325,010 |  |  | $ | 96,426 |  |  | $ | 30,956 |  |  | $ | 1,413 |  |  | $ | 3,408 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |  |  | $ | 753,612 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 42 |  |  | 2,958 |  |  | 1,046 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,493 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 1,137 |  |  | 704 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | 466 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,320 |
Total Construction real estate |  | $ | 293,868 |  |  | $ | 328,672 |  |  | $ | 97,472 |  |  | $ | 31,166 |  |  | $ | 1,549 |  |  | $ | 3,988 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |  |  | $ | 760,425 |
Residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 59,259 |  |  | $ | 41,956 |  |  | $ | 51,436 |  |  | $ | 30,713 |  |  | $ | 17,793 |  |  | $ | 77,327 |  |  | $ | 1,464 |  |  | $ | 78,351 |  |  | $ | 358,299 |
Special Mention (7) |  | 322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |  |  | 1,801 |  |  | — |  |  | 614 |  |  | 2,812 |
Classified (8-9) |  | 127 |  |  | 1,073 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1,492 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 10,365 |
Total residential real estate |  | $ | 59,708 |  |  | $ | 43,029 |  |  | $ | 51,505 |  |  | $ | 30,713 |  |  | $ | 17,898 |  |  | $ | 80,620 |  |  | $ | 1,538 |  |  | $ | 86,465 |  |  | $ | 371,476 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass (1-6) |  | $ | 10,071 |  |  | $ | 55,923 |  |  | $ | 67,766 |  |  | $ | 53,569 |  |  | $ | 9,382 |  |  | $ | 19,657 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 28,464 |  |  | $ | 244,839 |
Special Mention (7) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,472 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,645 |  |  | 26,117 |
Classified (8-9) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total Other |  | $ | 10,071 |  |  | $ | 55,923 |  |  | $ | 82,238 |  |  | $ | 53,569 |  |  | $ | 9,382 |  |  | $ | 19,665 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 40,109 |  |  | $ | 270,964 |
Total loans classified by risk category |  | $ | 2,929,929 |  |  | $ | 2,566,854 |  |  | $ | 1,628,293 |  |  | $ | 967,518 |  |  | $ | 519,573 |  |  | $ | 777,606 |  |  | $ | 29,907 |  |  | $ | 1,386,869 |  |  | $ | 10,806,549 |
Total loans classified by performing status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77,569 |
Total loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,884,118 |

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In the tables above, loan originations in 2024 and 2023 with a classification of “special mention” or “classified” primarily represent renewals or modifications initially underwritten and originated in prior years.
For certain loans, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status.
The following tables present the recorded investment on loans based on payment activity as of the dates indicated:

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | Performing |  | Non Performing |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 62,094 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 62,134 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 17,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,707 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 28,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,117 |
Residential | 704 |  |  | — |  |  | 704 |
Other | 3,629 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 3,655 |
Total | $ | 112,251 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 112,317 |

| December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Performing |  | Non Performing |  | Total
Commercial and industrial | $ | 26,076 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 26,188 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial - investor owned | 17,885 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,885 |
Commercial - owner occupied | 28,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,373 |
Residential | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 712 |
Other | 4,406 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4,411 |
Total | $ | 77,452 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 77,569 |

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NOTE 5 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
The Company issues financial instruments in the normal course of its business of meeting the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments may involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company’s extent of involvement and maximum potential exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is not more than the contractual amount of these instruments.
The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for financial instruments included on its consolidated balance sheets.
The contractual amounts of off-balance-sheet financial instruments are as follows:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 2,817,323 |  |  | $ | 2,937,760 |
Letters of credit | 121,183 |  |  | 107,082 |

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments usually have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses, may have significant usage restrictions, and may require payment of a fee. Of the total commitments to extend credit at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $184.5 million and $191.6 million, respectively, represent fixed rate loan commitments. Since certain of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon or may be revoked, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash obligations. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, premises and equipment, and real estate. Other liabilities includes $6.1 million and $6.6 million for estimated losses attributable to the unadvanced commitments at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These letters of credit are issued to support contractual obligations of the Company’s customers. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as the risk involved in extending loans to customers. As of March 31, 2024, the approximate remaining terms of standby letters of credit range from 1 month to 9 years.
Contingencies
The Company and its subsidiaries are, from time to time, parties to various legal proceedings arising out of their businesses. Management believes there are no such proceedings pending or threatened against the Company or its subsidiaries which, if determined adversely, would have a material adverse effect on the business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.
NOTE 6 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management
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of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s loans and borrowings. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy.
For hedges of the Company’s variable-rate loans, interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of fixed amounts and the Company making variable rate payments. The Company has executed cash flow hedges to reduce a portion of variability in cash flows on the Company’s prime based loan portfolio. Select terms of the hedges are as follows:

($ in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Notional |  | Fixed Rate |  | Effective Date |  | Maturity Date
$ | 50,000 |  |  | 6.56 | % |  | January 25, 2023 |  | February 1, 2027
$ | 100,000 |  |  | 6.63 | % |  | December 20, 2022 |  | January 1, 2028
$ | 100,000 |  |  | 6.66 | % |  | April 1, 2025 |  | April 1, 2030

In addition, the Company has a prime based interest rate collar with a notional amount of $100.0 million. The collar includes a cap of 8.14% and a floor of 5.25%. This transaction, commonly referred to as a zero cost collar, involves the Company selling an interest rate cap where payments will be made when the index exceeds the cap rate, and the purchase of a floor where payments will be received if the index falls below the floor. The collar became effective on October 27, 2022 and matures on October 1, 2029.
For hedges of the variable-rate liabilities, interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company has executed a series of cash flow hedges to fix the effective interest rate for payments due on $32.1 million of junior subordinated debentures to a weighted-average-fixed rate of 2.64%.
Select terms of the hedges are as follows:

($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Notional |  | Fixed Rate |  | Maturity Date
$ | 18,558 |  |  | 2.64 | % |  | March 15, 2026
$ | 13,506 |  |  | 2.64 | % |  | March 17, 2026

The gain or loss on derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into interest income or expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest income or expense as interest payments are paid on the Company’s variable-rate loans and debt. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates an additional $0.8 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense and $2.1 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest income.
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Non-designated Hedges
Derivatives not designated as hedges are not considered speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain customers. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. Those interest rate swaps are simultaneously hedged by offsetting derivatives the Company executes with a third party, such that the Company minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As the interest rate derivatives associated with this program do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer derivatives and the offsetting derivatives are recognized directly in earnings as a component of other noninterest income.
The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Balance Sheet:

| Notional Amount |  | Derivative Assets |  | Derivative Liabilities
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate swaps | $ | 282,064 |  |  | $ | 211,962 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 1,389 |  |  | $ | 2,700 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Interest rate collar | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 514 |  |  | 467 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 382,064 |  |  | $ | 311,962 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 1,903 |  |  | $ | 3,167 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate swaps | $ | 771,936 |  |  | $ | 779,152 |  |  | $ | 17,287 |  |  | $ | 15,886 |  |  | $ | 17,288 |  |  | $ | 15,951 |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 17,287 |  |  | $ | 15,886 |  |  | $ | 17,288 |  |  | $ | 15,951 |
Derivative assets are classified on the balance sheet in other assets. Derivative liabilities are classified on the balance sheet in other liabilities.

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The table below presents a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s financial instruments subject to offsetting. The gross amounts of assets or liabilities can be reconciled to the tabular disclosure of fair value. The fair value table above provides the location of financial assets and liabilities presented on the Balance Sheet.

As of March 31, 2024
|  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position |  |
($ in thousands) | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position |  | Net Amounts of Assets presented in the Statement of Financial Position |  | Financial Instruments |  | Fair Value Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 18,564 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,564 |  |  | $ | 3,209 |  |  | $ | 15,355 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 19,988 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 19,988 |  |  | $ | 3,209 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,779 |
Interest rate collar | 467 |  |  | — |  |  | 467 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 467 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 159,043 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,043 |  |  | — |  |  | 159,043 |  |  | — |
As of December 31, 2023
|  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position |  |
($ in thousands) | Gross Amounts Recognized |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position |  | Net Amounts of Assets presented in the Statement of Financial Position |  | Financial Instruments |  | Fair Value Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 17,275 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,275 |  |  | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | 16,170 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate collar | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | 514 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 514 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,079 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 250,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 250,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 250,197 |  |  | — |

As of March 31, 2024, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest, was $18.0 million. The Company has minimum collateral posting thresholds with certain of its derivative counterparties and posts collateral related to derivatives in a net liability position. The Company has received cash collateral from derivative counterparties on contracts in a net asset position as noted in the tables above.
26

NOTE 7 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The following table summarizes financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value:

| March 31, 2024
($ in thousands) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Fair Value
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | — |  |  | $ | 295,802 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 295,802 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 422,979 |  |  | — |  |  | 422,979 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 704,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 704,191 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 181,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 181,100 |
U.S. Treasury bills | — |  |  | 7,811 |  |  |  |  | 7,811 |
Total securities available for sale | — |  |  | 1,611,883 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,611,883 |
Other investments | — |  |  | 2,928 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,928 |
Derivatives | — |  |  | 18,564 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,564 |
Total assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,633,375 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,633,375 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,455 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,455 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,455 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,455 |

| December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Fair Value
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises | $ | — |  |  | $ | 296,446 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 296,446 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | — |  |  | 432,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 432,171 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 700,381 |  |  | — |  |  | 700,381 |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 181,701 |  |  | — |  |  | 181,701 |
U.S. Treasury bills | — |  |  | 7,574 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,574 |
Total securities available-for-sale | — |  |  | 1,618,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,618,273 |
Other investments | — |  |  | 2,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,941 |
Derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | 17,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,789 |
Total assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,639,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,639,003 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,184 |
Total liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,184 |

27

From time to time, the Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These include assets measured at the lower of cost or fair value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. The amounts reported in the following tables include balances measured at fair value during the reporting period and still held as of the reporting date.

| March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  |  |
Individually-evaluated loans | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate | 2,939 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,939 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 3,019 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,019 |  |  |  |  |

| December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) | Total Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  |  |
Individually-evaluated loans | $ | 5,138 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,138 |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate | 5,736 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,736 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 10,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,874 |  |  |  |  |

Following is a summary of the carrying amounts and fair values of certain financial instruments:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated fair value |  | Level |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated fair value |  | Level
Balance sheet assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity, net | $ | 758,017 |  |  | $ | 694,774 |  |  | Level 2 |  | $ | 750,434 |  |  | $ | 696,647 |  |  | Level 2
Other investments | 71,149 |  |  | 71,149 |  |  | Level 2 |  | 63,255 |  |  | 63,255 |  |  | Level 2
Loans held-for-sale | 610 |  |  | 610 |  |  | Level 2 |  | 359 |  |  | 359 |  |  | Level 2
Loans, net | 10,892,994 |  |  | $ | 10,603,064 |  |  | Level 3 |  | 10,749,347 |  |  | 10,392,551 |  |  | Level 3
State tax credits, held-for-sale | 20,547 |  |  | 22,102 |  |  | Level 3 |  | 22,115 |  |  | 23,897 |  |  | Level 3
Servicing asset | 3,031 |  |  | 4,157 |  |  | Level 2 |  | 2,861 |  |  | 3,799 |  |  | Level 2
Balance sheet liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit | $ | 1,485,383 |  |  | $ | 1,479,274 |  |  | Level 3 |  | $ | 1,272,914 |  |  | $ | 1,265,905 |  |  | Level 3
Subordinated debentures and notes | 156,124 |  |  | 154,738 |  |  | Level 2 |  | 155,984 |  |  | 154,354 |  |  | Level 2
FHLB advances | 125,000 |  |  | 125,000 |  |  | Level 2 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Level 2
Other borrowings | 195,246 |  |  | 175,915 |  |  | Level 2 |  | 297,829 |  |  | 274,658 |  |  | Level 2

For information regarding the methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments refer to Note 18 – Fair Value Measurements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC.
28

NOTE 8 - SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Shareholders’ Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) after-tax by component:

Three months ended
($ in thousands) | Net Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Unamortized Gain on Held-to-Maturity Securities |  | Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | (112,844) |  |  | $ | 10,580 |  |  | $ | 1,249 |  |  | $ | (101,015) |
Net change | (11,073) |  |  | (626) |  |  | (2,677) |  |  | (14,376) |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | (123,917) |  |  | $ | 9,954 |  |  | $ | (1,428) |  |  | $ | (115,391) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (144,549) |  |  | $ | 13,185 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | $ | (130,332) |
Net change | 23,693 |  |  | (638) |  |  | 1,302 |  |  | 24,357 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (120,856) |  |  | $ | 12,547 |  |  | $ | 2,334 |  |  | $ | (105,975) |

The following table presents the pre-tax and after-tax changes in the components of other comprehensive income (loss):

| Three months ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
($ in thousands) | Pre-tax |  | Tax effect |  | After-tax |  | Pre-tax |  | Tax effect |  | After-tax
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities | $ | (14,725) |  |  | $ | (3,652) |  |  | $ | (11,073) |  |  | $ | 32,056 |  |  | $ | 8,078 |  |  | $ | 23,978 |
Reclassification of gain on sale of available-for-sale securities(a) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (381) |  |  | (96) |  |  | (285) |
Reclassification of gain on held-to-maturity securities(a) | (832) |  |  | (206) |  |  | (626) |  |  | (852) |  |  | (214) |  |  | (638) |
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedges | (3,912) |  |  | (970) |  |  | (2,942) |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 1,275 |
Reclassification of loss on cash flow hedges(b) | 353 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 27 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (19,116) |  |  | $ | (4,740) |  |  | $ | (14,376) |  |  | $ | 32,564 |  |  | $ | 8,207 |  |  | $ | 24,357 |
(a)The pre-tax amount is reported in noninterest income/expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(b)The pre-tax amount is reported in interest income/expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

29

NOTE 9 - SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following table presents other income and other expense components that primarily exceed one percent of the aggregate of total interest income and noninterest income in one or more of the periods indicated:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
($ in thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |
Other income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank-owned life insurance | $ | 864 |  |  | $ | 791 |  |  |  |  |
Community development fees | 585 |  |  | 595 |  |  |  |  |
Gain on SBA loan sales | 1,415 |  |  | 501 |  |  |  |  |
Other income | 2,105 |  |  | 4,216 |  |  |  |  |
Total other noninterest income | $ | 4,969 |  |  | $ | 6,103 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | $ | 1,047 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |  |  |  |  |
Banking expenses | 1,806 |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |  |  |
FDIC and other insurance | 3,607 |  |  | 2,572 |  |  |  |  |
Loan, legal expenses | 2,108 |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  |  |
Outside services | 1,664 |  |  | 1,545 |  |  |  |  |
Other expenses | 7,630 |  |  | 7,250 |  |  |  |  |
Total other noninterest expenses | $ | 17,862 |  |  | $ | 16,358 |  |  |  |  |

30

ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Forward Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains information and statements that are considered “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company, and include, without limitation, statements about the Company’s plans, strategies, goals, objectives, expectations, or consequences of statements about the future performance, operations, products and services of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as statements about the Company’s expectations regarding revenue and asset growth, financial performance and profitability, loan and deposit growth, yields and returns, loan diversification and credit management, products and services, shareholder value creation and the impact of acquisitions. Forward-looking statements are typically identified with the use of terms such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “could,” “continue,” “intend,” and the negative and other variations of these terms and similar words and expressions, although some forward-looking statements may be expressed differently. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties and our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. You should be aware that our actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements.
While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include the following, without limitation: our ability to efficiently integrate acquisitions into our operations, retain the customers of these businesses and grow the acquired operations; credit risk; changes in the appraised valuation of real estate securing impaired loans; our ability to recover our investment in loans; fluctuations in the fair value of collateral underlying loans; outcomes of litigation and other contingencies; exposure to general and local economic and market conditions, including risk of recession, high unemployment rates, higher inflation and its impacts (including U.S. federal government measures to address higher inflation), U.S. fiscal debt, budget and tax matters, and any slowdown in global economic growth; risks associated with rapid increases or decreases in prevailing interest rates; changes in business prospects that could impact goodwill estimates and assumptions; consolidation within the banking industry; competition from banks and other financial institutions; the ability to attract and retain relationship officers and other key personnel; burdens imposed by federal and state regulation; changes in legislative or regulatory requirements, as well as current, pending or future legislation or regulation that could have a negative effect on our revenue and business, including rules and regulations relating to bank products and financial services; changes in accounting policies and practices or accounting standards; natural disasters; terrorist activities, war and geopolitical matters (including the war in Israel and potential for a broader regional conflict and the war in Ukraine and the imposition of additional sanctions and export controls in connection therewith), or pandemics, or other health emergencies and their effects on economic and business environments in which we operate, including the related disruption to the financial market and other economic activity; and other risks discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” under Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and other reports filed with the SEC, all of which could cause the Company’s actual results to differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. The Company cautions that the preceding list is not exhaustive of all possible risk factors and other factors could also adversely affect the Company’s results.
Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis and expectations only as of the date of such statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and the Company does not intend, and undertakes no obligation, to publicly revise or update forward-looking statements after the date of this report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by federal securities law. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all risk factors. Readers should carefully review all disclosures we file from time to time with the SEC which are available on our website at www.enterprisebank.com under “Investor Relations.”
31

Introduction
The following discussion describes the significant changes to the financial condition of the Company that have occurred during the first three months of 2024 compared to the financial condition as of December 31, 2023. In addition, this discussion summarizes the significant factors affecting the results of operations of the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to the linked fourth quarter of 2023 (“linked quarter”) and the results of operations, liquidity and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 (“prior year quarter”). In light of the nature of the Company’s business, the Company’s management believes that the comparison to the linked quarter is the most relevant to understand the financial results from management’s perspective. For purposes of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company is presenting a comparison to the corresponding year-to-date period in 2023. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report and the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company’s critical accounting policies are considered important to the understanding of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. These accounting policies require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. Because these estimates and judgments are based on current circumstances, they may change over time or prove to be inaccurate based on actual experience. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, and depending upon the severity of such changes, the possibility of a materially different financial condition and/or results of operations could reasonably be expected.
A full description of our critical accounting policies and the impact and any associated risks related to those policies on our business operations are discussed throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” where such policies affect our reported and expected financial results. For a detailed discussion on the application of these and other accounting policies, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company has prepared all of the consolidated financial information in this report in accordance with GAAP. The Company makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include the valuation of loans, goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets, along with assumptions used in the calculation of income taxes, among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using loss experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. We adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statement in future periods. There can be no assurances that actual results will not differ from those estimates.
32

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The Company maintains separate allowances for funded loans, unfunded loans, and held-to-maturity securities, collectively referred to as the ACL. The ACL is a valuation account to adjust the cost basis to the amount expected to be collected, based on management’s experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For purposes of determining the allowance for funded and unfunded loans, the portfolios are segregated into pools that share similar risk characteristics and are then further segregated by credit grades. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are not included in the collective evaluation. The Company estimates the amount of the allowance based on loan loss experience, adjusted for current and forecasted economic conditions, including unemployment, changes in GDP, and commercial and residential real estate prices. The Company’s forecast of economic conditions uses internal and external information and considers a weighted average of a baseline, upside, and downside scenarios. Because economic conditions can change and are difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated loan defaults and losses, and therefore the adequacy of the allowance, could change significantly and have a direct impact on the Company’s credit costs. The Company’s allowance for credit losses on loans was $135.5 million at March 31, 2024 based on the weighting of the different economic scenarios. As a hypothetical example, if the Company had only used the upside scenario, the allowance would have decreased $27.7 million. Conversely, the allowance would have increased $44.8 million using only the downside scenario.
33

Executive Summary
Below are highlights of the Company’s financial performance for the periods indicated.

($ in thousands, except per share data) | Three months ended |  |
March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
EARNINGS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income | $ | 207,723 |  |  | $ | 207,083 |  |  | $ | 169,033 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 69,995 |  |  | 66,351 |  |  | 29,504 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 137,728 |  |  | 140,732 |  |  | 139,529 |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 5,756 |  |  | 18,053 |  |  | 4,183 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses | 131,972 |  |  | 122,679 |  |  | 135,346 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest income | 12,158 |  |  | 25,452 |  |  | 16,898 |  |  |  |  |
Total noninterest expense | 93,501 |  |  | 92,603 |  |  | 80,983 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense | 50,629 |  |  | 55,528 |  |  | 71,261 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 10,228 |  |  | 10,999 |  |  | 15,523 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | 44,529 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |  |  |  |  |
Preferred dividends | 938 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 938 |  |  |  |  |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 39,463 |  |  | $ | 43,592 |  |  | $ | 54,800 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 1.47 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 1.16 |  |  | $ | 1.46 |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets | 1.12 | % |  | 1.23 | % |  | 1.72 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted return on average assets 1 | 1.14 | % |  | 1.28 | % |  | 1.72 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average common equity | 9.52 | % |  | 10.94 | % |  | 14.85 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted return on average common equity 1 | 9.70 | % |  | 11.40 | % |  | 14.85 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average tangible common equity 1 | 12.31 | % |  | 14.38 | % |  | 19.93 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted return on average tangible common equity 1 | 12.53 | % |  | 14.98 | % |  | 19.93 | % |  |  |  |
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) | 4.13 | % |  | 4.23 | % |  | 4.71 | % |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio | 62.38 | % |  | 55.72 | % |  | 51.77 | % |  |  |  |
Core efficiency ratio 1 | 60.21 | % |  | 53.06 | % |  | 50.47 | % |  |  |  |
Book value per common share | $ | 44.24 |  |  | $ | 43.94 |  |  | $ | 40.76 |  |  |  |  |
Tangible book value per common share 1 | $ | 34.21 |  |  | $ | 33.85 |  |  | $ | 30.55 |  |  |  |  |
ASSET QUALITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) | $ | 5,864 |  |  | $ | 28,479 |  |  | $ | (264) |  |  |  |  |
Nonperforming loans | 35,642 |  |  | 43,728 |  |  | 11,972 |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans | 35,501 |  |  | 43,181 |  |  | 11,887 |  |  |  |  |
Classified assets | 185,150 |  |  | 185,389 |  |  | 110,384 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | 14,613,338 |  |  | 14,518,590 |  |  | 13,325,982 |  |  |  |  |
Total loans | 11,028,492 |  |  | 10,884,118 |  |  | 10,011,918 |  |  |  |  |
Classified assets to total assets | 1.27 | % |  | 1.28 | % |  | 0.83 | % |  |  |  |
Nonperforming loans to total loans | 0.32 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  | 0.12 | % |  |  |  |
Nonperforming assets to total assets | 0.30 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  |  |  |
ACL on loans to total loans | 1.23 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 1.38 | % |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (annualized) | 0.22 | % |  | 1.06 | % |  | (0.01) | % |  |  |  |
1 A non-GAAP measure. A reconciliation has been included in this section under the caption “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

34

Financial results and other notable items include:
•PPNR 1 of $57.4 million for the first quarter 2024 decreased $18.4 million from the linked quarter PPNR of $75.8 million and decreased $17.6 million from the prior year quarter PPNR of $75.0 million. The decrease from the linked quarter was primarily due to a decrease in net interest income due to one less day in the current quarter, higher interest expense, a decrease in tax credit income that is typically highest in the fourth quarter of each year, and an increase in compensation and benefits from annual payroll taxes and vacation along with merit increases. The decrease compared to the prior year quarter was primarily due to the higher interest rate environment that increased deposit interest expense and the cost of variable deposit services charges, which are influenced by current market rates.
•Net interest income of $137.7 million for the first quarter 2024 decreased $3.0 million and decreased $1.8 million from the linked and prior year-to-date period, respectively. Compared to the linked quarter, net interest income declined due to one less day in the current quarter and higher deposit interest expense, partially offset by higher average loan and investment balances. The decrease from the prior year quarter reflects higher interest expense on the deposit portfolio, as lagged deposit rates have increased, partially offset by the benefit of higher market interest rates on interest earning assets and organic growth. The NIM was 4.13% for the first quarter 2024, compared to 4.23% and 4.71% for the linked and prior year-to-date period, respectively.
•Noninterest income of $12.2 million for the first quarter 2024 decreased $13.3 million from the linked quarter and decreased $4.7 million from the prior year-to-date period. The decline from the linked and prior year quarters was primarily due to a decrease in tax credit income of $11.9 million and $4.0 million, respectively, on lower activity and an increase in market interest rates that reduced the fair value of certain tax credits.
•Noninterest expense of $93.5 million for the first quarter 2024 increased $0.9 million and increased $12.5 million from the linked quarter and prior year-to-date period, respectively. The increase from the linked quarter was primarily driven by employee compensation ($5.6 million), partially offset by a decrease in the FDIC special assessment ($1.8 million) and variable deposit servicing costs ($1.3 million). The increase from the prior year quarter was primarily due to variable deposit servicing costs ($7.6 million) and employee compensation ($2.8 million).
Balance sheet highlights:
•Loans – Total loans increased $144.4 million, or 1%, to $11.0 billion at March 31, 2024, compared to $10.9 billion at December 31, 2023. Average loans totaled $10.9 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $10.7 billion for the three months ended December 31, 2023.
•Deposits – Total deposits increased $77.3 million, to $12.3 billion at March 31, 2024 from $12.2 billion at December 31, 2023. Total estimated insured deposits 1, which includes collateralized deposits, reciprocal deposits and accounts that qualify for pass through insurance, totaled $8.7 billion at March 31, 2024, compared to $8.3 billion at December 31, 2023. Average deposits totaled $12.2 billion for both the quarter ended March 31, 2024 and the linked quarter. Noninterest deposit accounts represented 31.1% of total deposits and the loan to deposit ratio was 90.0% at March 31, 2024, compared to 33% and 89.39%, respectively, at December 31, 2023.
•Asset quality – The allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans was 1.23% at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.24% at December 31, 2023. The ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets was 0.30% at March 31, 2024 compared to 0.34% at December 31, 2023. A provision for credit losses of $5.8 million was recorded in the first quarter of 2024 compared to $18.1 million in the linked quarter and $4.2 million in the prior year quarter.
1 PPNR and total estimated insured deposits are non-GAAP measures. Refer to discussion and reconciliation of these measures in the accompanying financial tables.
35

•Shareholders’ equity – Total shareholders’ equity was $1.73 billion at March 31, 2024, compared to $1.72 billion at December 31, 2023, and the tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio 2 was 9.01% at March 31, 2024 compared to 8.96% at December 31, 2023. The Company and the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios exceeded the “well-capitalized” level at March 31, 2024.
The Company’s board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.26 per common share, payable on June 28, 2024 to shareholders of record as of June 14, 2024. The board of directors also declared a cash dividend of $12.50 per share of Series A Preferred Stock (or $0.3125 per depositary share) representing a 5% per annum rate for the period commencing (and including) March 15, 2024 to (but excluding) June 15, 2024. The dividend will be payable on June 15, 2024 and will be paid on June 17, 2024 to holders of record of Series A Preferred Stock as of June 3, 2024.
2 Tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio is a non-GAAP measure. Refer to discussion and reconciliation of these measures in the accompanying financial tables.
36

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin
Average Balance Sheet
The following tables present, for the periods indicated, certain information related to our average interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the corresponding interest rates earned and paid, all on a tax equivalent basis.

| Three months ended March 31, |  | Three months ended December 31, |  | Three months ended March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2023
($ in thousands) | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Yield/ Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/Expense |  | Average Yield/ Rate
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans 1, 2 | $ | 10,927,932 |  |  | $ | 186,703 |  |  | 6.87 | % |  | $ | 10,685,961 |  |  | $ | 184,982 |  |  | 6.87 | % |  | $ | 9,795,045 |  |  | $ | 152,762 |  |  | 6.33 | %
Taxable securities | 1,423,795 |  |  | 11,825 |  |  | 3.34 |  |  | 1,300,099 |  |  | 10,845 |  |  | 3.31 |  |  | 1,322,978 |  |  | 9,635 |  |  | 2.95 |
Non-taxable securities 2 | 976,776 |  |  | 7,666 |  |  | 3.16 |  |  | 976,816 |  |  | 7,540 |  |  | 3.06 |  |  | 965,473 |  |  | 7,482 |  |  | 3.14 |
Total securities | 2,400,571 |  |  | 19,491 |  |  | 3.27 |  |  | 2,276,915 |  |  | 18,385 |  |  | 3.20 |  |  | 2,288,451 |  |  | 17,117 |  |  | 3.03 |
Interest-earning deposits | 268,068 |  |  | 3,569 |  |  | 5.35 |  |  | 420,762 |  |  | 5,631 |  |  | 5.31 |  |  | 106,254 |  |  | 1,195 |  |  | 4.56 |
Total interest-earning assets | 13,596,571 |  |  | 209,763 |  |  | 6.20 |  |  | 13,383,638 |  |  | 208,998 |  |  | 6.20 |  |  | 12,189,750 |  |  | 171,074 |  |  | 5.69 |
Noninterest-earning assets | 959,548 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 949,166 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 941,445 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 14,556,119 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,332,804 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,131,195 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | $ | 2,924,276 |  |  | $ | 18,612 |  |  | 2.56 | % |  | $ | 2,844,847 |  |  | $ | 17,248 |  |  | 2.41 | % |  | $ | 2,201,910 |  |  | $ | 5,907 |  |  | 1.09 | %
Money market accounts | 3,401,802 |  |  | 31,357 |  |  | 3.71 |  |  | 3,342,979 |  |  | 30,579 |  |  | 3.63 |  |  | 2,826,836 |  |  | 15,471 |  |  | 2.22 |
Savings accounts | 587,113 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 609,645 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 0.17 |  |  | 732,256 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 0.13 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,341,990 |  |  | 14,201 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 1,373,808 |  |  | 14,241 |  |  | 4.11 |  |  | 670,521 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 1.85 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 8,255,181 |  |  | 64,473 |  |  | 3.14 |  |  | 8,171,279 |  |  | 62,336 |  |  | 3.03 |  |  | 6,431,523 |  |  | 24,661 |  |  | 1.56 |
Subordinated debentures and notes | 156,046 |  |  | 2,484 |  |  | 6.40 |  |  | 155,907 |  |  | 2,475 |  |  | 6.30 |  |  | 155,497 |  |  | 2,409 |  |  | 6.28 |
FHLB advances | 73,791 |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | 5.61 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110,928 |  |  | 1,332 |  |  | 4.87 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 204,898 |  |  | 1,804 |  |  | 3.54 |  |  | 150,827 |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 3.22 |  |  | 215,604 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 1.41 |
Other borrowings | 42,736 |  |  | 205 |  |  | 1.93 |  |  | 49,013 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 2.54 |  |  | 53,885 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 2.66 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 8,732,652 |  |  | 69,995 |  |  | 3.22 |  |  | 8,527,026 |  |  | 66,351 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 6,967,437 |  |  | 29,504 |  |  | 1.72 |
Noninterest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 3,925,522 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,992,067 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,481,966 |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 159,247 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 160,829 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 113,341 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 12,817,421 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,679,922 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,562,744 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity | 1,738,698 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,652,882 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,568,451 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & shareholders' equity | $ | 14,556,119 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,332,804 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13,131,195 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  | $ | 139,768 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 142,647 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 141,570 |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  |  |  | 2.98 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.11 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.97 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  | 4.13 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.23 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.71 | %
1 Average balances include nonaccrual loans. Interest income includes loan fees of $2.4 million, $3.1 million, and $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively.
2 Non-taxable income is presented on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of approximately 25%. The tax-equivalent adjustments were $2.0 million, $1.9 million, and $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2023, respectively.

37

Rate/Volume
The following table sets forth, on a tax-equivalent basis for the periods indicated, a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in yield/rates and volume.

| Three months ended March 31, 2024 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2024
| compared to |  | compared to
| Three months ended December 31, 2023 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2023
| Increase (decrease) due to |  | Increase (decrease) due to
($ in thousands) | Volume 1 |  | Rate 2 |  | Net |  | Volume 1 |  | Rate 2 |  | Net
Interest earned on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans | $ | 1,734 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 1,721 |  |  | 19,455 |  |  | 14,486 |  |  | 33,941 |
Taxable securities | 410 |  |  | 570 |  |  | 980 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 1,390 |  |  | 2,190 |
Non-taxable securities 3 | — |  |  | 126 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 184 |
Interest-earning deposits | (2,514) |  |  | 452 |  |  | (2,062) |  |  | 2,131 |  |  | 243 |  |  | 2,374 |
Total interest-earning assets | $ | (370) |  |  | $ | 1,135 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 22,505 |  |  | $ | 16,184 |  |  | $ | 38,689 |
Interest paid on: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand accounts | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 1,364 |  |  | $ | 2,486 |  |  | $ | 10,219 |  |  | $ | 12,705 |
Money market accounts | 20 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 3,695 |  |  | 12,191 |  |  | 15,886 |
Savings accounts | (11) |  |  | 46 |  |  | 35 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 126 |  |  | 73 |
Certificates of deposit | (288) |  |  | 248 |  |  | (40) |  |  | 4,845 |  |  | 6,303 |  |  | 11,148 |
Subordinated debentures and notes | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 75 |
FHLB advances | 1,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | (76) |  |  | (227) |  |  | (303) |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 111 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 578 |  |  | (40) |  |  | 1,095 |  |  | 1,055 |
Other borrowed funds | (35) |  |  | (74) |  |  | (109) |  |  | (64) |  |  | (84) |  |  | (148) |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 854 |  |  | 2,790 |  |  | 3,644 |  |  | 10,805 |  |  | 29,686 |  |  | 40,491 |
Net interest income | $ | (1,224) |  |  | $ | (1,655) |  |  | $ | (2,879) |  |  | $ | 11,700 |  |  | $ | (13,502) |  |  | $ | (1,802) |

1 Change in volume multiplied by yield/rate of prior period.
2 Change in yield/rate multiplied by volume of prior period.
3 Nontaxable income is presented on a tax equivalent basis.
NOTE: The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to rate and volume changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.
Net interest income on a tax equivalent basis for the first quarter 2024 was $139.8 million, a decrease of $2.9 million and a decrease of $1.8 million compared to the linked quarter and prior year quarter, respectively. The decrease from the linked quarter was primarily due to the impact of competitive pricing, continued remixing into higher cost deposit categories and an increase in wholesale borrowings. The decrease from the prior year quarter reflects higher interest expense on the deposit portfolio, as lagged deposit rates have increased, partially offset by the benefit of higher market interest rates on interest earning assets and organic growth. The effective federal funds rate for the first three months of 2024 was 5.33%, an increase of 81 basis points compared to the first three months of 2023.
Total tax equivalent interest income increased $0.8 million from the linked quarter primarily due to an increase of $242.0 million in average loans, an increase of $123.7 million in investments, and a 7 basis point increase in the average investment yield. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in interest on cash accounts due to a decline in average balances. The average interest rate of new loan originations in the first quarter 2024 was 7.84%.
Interest expense increased $3.6 million from the linked quarter primarily due to a $2.1 million increase in deposit interest expense and a $1.5 million increase in interest expense on borrowings. The increase in deposit interest expense reflects a shift in the deposit mix from demand deposits to interest-bearing deposits, particularly money market accounts and interest-bearing demand accounts, as well as higher rates paid on deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits was 3.14%, an increase of 11 basis points compared to the linked quarter. The total cost of
38

deposits, including noninterest-bearing demand accounts, was 2.13% during the first quarter 2024, compared to 2.03% in the linked quarter. The increase in interest expense on other borrowings was primarily due to higher average borrowings to fund net loan growth.
NIM, on a tax equivalent basis, was 4.13% in the first quarter 2024, a decrease of 10 basis points and 58 basis points from the linked and prior year quarters, respectively.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents a comparative summary of the major components of noninterest income for the periods indicated.

| Linked quarter comparison |  | Prior year comparison
| Quarter ended |  | Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease)
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 4,423 |  |  | $ | 4,334 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | 2 | % |  | $ | 4,128 |  |  | $ | 295 |  |  | 7 | %
Wealth management revenue | 2,544 |  |  | 2,428 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 2,516 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 1 | %
Card services revenue | 2,412 |  |  | 2,666 |  |  | (254) |  |  | (10) | % |  | 2,338 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 3 | %
Tax credit income (loss) | (2,190) |  |  | 9,688 |  |  | (11,878) |  |  | (123) | % |  | 1,813 |  |  | (4,003) |  |  | (221) | %
Other income | 4,969 |  |  | 6,336 |  |  | (1,367) |  |  | (22) | % |  | 6,103 |  |  | (1,134) |  |  | (19) | %
Total noninterest income | $ | 12,158 |  |  | $ | 25,452 |  |  | $ | (13,294) |  |  | (52) | % |  | $ | 16,898 |  |  | $ | (4,740) |  |  | (28) | %

Total noninterest income for the first quarter 2024 was $12.2 million, a decrease of $13.3 million from the linked quarter and a decrease of $4.7 million from the prior year quarter. The decrease from the linked and prior year quarters was primarily due to a decrease in tax credit income. Tax credit income is typically highest in the fourth quarter of each year and will vary in other periods based on transaction volumes and fair value changes on credits carried at fair value. The decrease in other income from the linked and prior year quarters was primarily driven by lower community development and private equity distributions, and servicing fees. Community development and private equity distributions are not consistent sources of income and fluctuate based on distributions from the underlying funds. Servicing fee income fluctuates based on prepayment experience and changes to the discount rate used in the valuation of the servicing rights. These decreases were partially offset by a $1.4 million gain on the sale of SBA loans in the first quarter 2024.
39

Noninterest Expense
The following table presents a comparative summary of the major components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated.

| Linked quarter comparison |  | Prior year comparison
| Quarter ended |  | Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease)
Employee compensation and benefits | $ | 45,262 |  |  | $ | 39,651 |  |  | $ | 5,611 |  |  | 14 | % |  | $ | 42,503 |  |  | $ | 2,759 |  |  | 6 | %
Deposit costs | 20,277 |  |  | 21,606 |  |  | (1,329) |  |  | (6) | % |  | 12,720 |  |  | 7,557 |  |  | 59 | %
Occupancy | 4,326 |  |  | 4,313 |  |  | 13 |  |  | — | % |  | 4,061 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 7 | %
Data processing | 4,339 |  |  | 3,995 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 3,710 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 17 | %
Professional fees | 1,435 |  |  | 1,115 |  |  | 320 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 1,631 |  |  | (196) |  |  | (12) | %
Other expense | 17,862 |  |  | 21,923 |  |  | (4,061) |  |  | (19) | % |  | 16,358 |  |  | 1,504 |  |  | 9 | %
Total noninterest expense | $ | 93,501 |  |  | $ | 92,603 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | 1 | % |  | $ | 80,983 |  |  | $ | 12,518 |  |  | 15 | %
Efficiency ratio | 62.38 | % |  | 55.72 | % |  | 6.66 | % |  |  |  | 51.77 | % |  | 10.61 | % |  |
Core efficiency ratio3 | 60.21 | % |  | 53.06 | % |  | 7.15 | % |  |  |  | 50.47 | % |  | 9.74 | % |  |

Noninterest expense was $93.5 million for the first quarter 2024, an increase of $0.9 million from $92.6 million in the linked quarter and an increase of $12.5 million from $81.0 million in the prior year quarter. Employee compensation and benefits increased $5.6 million from the linked quarter primarily due to the annual reset of payroll taxes and vacation, along with annual merit increases that became effective March 1, 2024. The FDIC special assessment of $0.6 million and $2.4 million in the current and linked quarters, respectively, is an assessment from the FDIC to recover estimated losses in the Deposit Insurance Fund related to bank failures in 2023. The assessment may change in future periods as the FDIC updates its loss estimates. Deposit costs relate to certain specialized deposit businesses that receive an earnings credit allowance for deposit related expenses that are impacted by interest rates and average balances. Deposit costs decreased $1.3 million from the linked quarter primarily due to the expiration of certain allowances that were not used.
The increase in noninterest expense of $12.5 million from the prior year quarter was primarily due to an increase in the associate base, merit increases throughout 2023 and 2024, and an increase in variable deposit costs due to higher earnings credit rates and average balances.
Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate was 20.2% for the first quarter 2024, compared to 19.8% and 21.8% for the linked quarter and prior year-to-date period, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate from the linked quarter was driven by a state apportionment adjustment that lowered the effective tax rate in that period, while the decrease from the prior year quarter was driven by tax credit opportunities the Company has deployed as part of its tax planning strategy.
3 Core efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure. Refer to discussion and reconciliation of this measure in the accompanying financial tables.
40

Summary Balance Sheet

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease) |  |  |  |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 369,420 |  |  | $ | 433,029 |  |  | $ | (63,609) |  |  | (15) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities, net | 2,369,900 |  |  | 2,368,707 |  |  | 1,193 |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans | 11,028,492 |  |  | 10,884,118 |  |  | 144,374 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | 14,613,338 |  |  | 14,518,590 |  |  | 94,748 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 12,253,701 |  |  | 12,176,371 |  |  | 77,330 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 12,881,613 |  |  | 12,802,522 |  |  | 79,091 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,731,725 |  |  | 1,716,068 |  |  | 15,657 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Total assets were $14.6 billion at March 31, 2024, an increase of $94.7 million from December 31, 2023. Cash and cash equivalents decreased primarily due to funding loan growth in the first quarter. Total liabilities of $12.9 billion, increased $79.1 million from December 31, 2023 primarily due to a $77.3 million increase in deposits.
Investment Securities
At March 31, 2024, investment securities were $2.4 billion, or 16%, of total assets, compared to $2.4 billion, or 16%, of total assets as of December 31, 2023. The portfolio is comprised of both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities.
The table below sets forth the carrying value of investment securities, excluding the allowance for credit losses:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
($ in thousands) | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  |  |  |
Obligations of U.S. Government sponsored enterprises | $ | 295,802 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | $ | 296,446 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions | 1,006,952 |  |  | 42.5 | % |  | 1,007,870 |  |  | 42.5 | % |  |  |  |
Agency mortgage-backed securities | 755,467 |  |  | 31.9 | % |  | 752,481 |  |  | 31.8 | % |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury Bills | 181,099 |  |  | 7.6 | % |  | 181,701 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | 130,930 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 130,994 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 2,370,250 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,369,492 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |

Net Unrealized Losses |
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities | $ | (165,586) |  |  | $ | (150,861) |
Held-to-maturity securities | (63,593) |  |  | (54,572) |
Total | $ | (229,179) |  |  | $ | (205,433) |

Investment securities increased $1.2 million from the prior year end, primarily due to a reinvestment of cash flows, partially offset by decrease in the fair value of the available-for-sale securities. Investment purchases in the first quarter 2024 had a weighted average, tax equivalent yield of 5.21%.
The average duration of the investment portfolio was 5.7 years at March 31, 2024. The Company leverages the investment portfolio to lengthen the overall duration of the balance sheet, primarily using high-quality municipal securities. The expected cash flow from pay downs, maturities and interest over the next 12 months is approximately $341 million.
41

Loans by Type
The Company has a diversified loan portfolio, with no particular concentration of credit in any one economic sector; however, a substantial portion of the portfolio, including the C&I category, is secured by real estate. The ability of the Company’s borrowers to honor their contractual obligations is partially dependent upon the local economy and its effect on the real estate market.
The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio by type of loans

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease) |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 4,766,310 |  |  | $ | 4,672,559 |  |  | $ | 93,751 |  |  | 2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - investor owned | 2,448,153 |  |  | 2,451,953 |  |  | (3,800) |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied | 2,356,650 |  |  | 2,351,618 |  |  | 5,032 |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | 820,416 |  |  | 760,425 |  |  | 59,991 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential real estate | 367,218 |  |  | 372,188 |  |  | (4,970) |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 269,745 |  |  | 275,375 |  |  | (5,630) |  |  | (2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Total loans | $ | 11,028,492 |  |  | $ | 10,884,118 |  |  | $ | 144,374 |  |  | 1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

The following table provides additional information on certain categories of specialty loans that are included in total loans above:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease) |  |  |  |
SBA Loans | 1,274,780 |  |  | 1,281,632 |  |  | (6,852) |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Sponsor finance | 865,180 |  |  | 872,264 |  |  | (7,084) |  |  | (1) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance premium financing | 1,003,597 |  |  | 956,162 |  |  | 47,435 |  |  | 5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax credits | 718,383 |  |  | 734,594 |  |  | (16,211) |  |  | (2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |

Loans totaled $11.0 billion at March 31, 2024 compared to $10.9 billion at December 31, 2023. In the first quarter 2024, C&I loans increased $77.6 million, construction loans increased $56.2 million and specialty loans increased $17.3 million, primarily due to growth in life insurance premium financing loans. Loan sales of $23.1 million mitigated growth in the SBA category during the current quarter. Average line draw utilization was 44% for the first three months of 2024, compared to 43% for the full year of 2023.
Specialty lending products, including sponsor finance, life insurance premium financing, and tax credits, consist primarily of C&I loans. These loans are sourced through relationships developed with estate planning firms and private equity funds and are not bound geographically by our markets. These specialized loan products offer opportunities to expand and diversify geographically by entering new markets. The Company continues to focus on originating high-quality C&I relationships, as they typically have variable interest rates and allow for cross selling opportunities involving other banking products. Life insurance premium financing and tax credits are typically lower risk products due to the high collateral value securing the loans.
SBA loans are also generated on a national basis, and primarily consist of loans collateralized by first lien, owner-occupied real estate properties. These loans predominantly have a 75% guarantee from the SBA. The Company may sell the guaranteed portion of the loan and retain servicing rights, and in the first quarter 2024, SBA loans totaling $23.1 million were sold.
42

Provision and Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table presents the components of the provision for credit losses:

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Provision for credit losses on loans | $ | 6,591 |  |  | $ | 21,117 |  |  | $ | 1,099 |
Provision (benefit) for available-for-sale securities | — |  |  | (795) |  |  | 4,826 |
Benefit for off-balance sheet commitments | (507) |  |  | (3,164) |  |  | (1,914) |
Provision (benefit) for held-to-maturity securities | (435) |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |
Charge-offs of accrued interest | 107 |  |  | 895 |  |  | 35 |
Provision for credit losses | $ | 5,756 |  |  | $ | 18,053 |  |  | $ | 4,183 |

The provision for credit losses, which includes a provision for losses on unfunded commitments, is a charge to earnings to maintain the ACL on loans at a level consistent with management’s assessment of expected losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The Company also records reversals of interest on nonaccrual loans and interest recoveries directly through the provision of credit losses.
A provision for credit losses of $5.8 million was recognized for the first quarter 2024, compared to $18.1 million and $4.2 million in the linked and prior year quarters, respectively. The provision for credit losses in the first quarter 2024 was primarily related to net charge-offs, and updates to qualitative factors used in the allowance calculation. The decrease in the provision for credit losses from the linked quarter was primarily related to the higher level of net charge-offs in the linked quarter. The provision for credit losses in the prior year quarter was driven by the impairment of an available for sale investment security.
The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL on loans:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
($ in thousands) | Allowance |  | Percent of loans in each category to total loans |  | Allowance |  | Percent of loans in each category to total loans |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 58,714 |  |  | 43.2 | % |  | $ | 58,886 |  |  | 42.9 | % |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 56,003 |  |  | 43.6 | % |  | 54,685 |  |  | 44.1 | % |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | 9,825 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 10,198 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  |  |
Residential | 6,479 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 6,142 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  |  |
Other | 4,477 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 4,860 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  |  |  |
Total | $135,498 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $134,771 |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |

The ACL on loans was 1.23% of total loans at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.24% of loans at December 31, 2023. The decrease in the ratio of ACL on loans to total loans is primarily due to the charge-off of impaired loans and a decrease in reserves on impaired loans. Excluding guaranteed loans, the ACL on loans to total loans was 1.34%4 at March 31, 2024, compared to 1.35% at December 31, 2023.
4 ACL on loans to total loans adjusted for guaranteed loans is a non-GAAP measure. Refer to discussion and reconciliation of this measure in the accompanying financial tables.
43

The following table is a summary of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans for the periods indicated:

| Quarter ended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
($ in thousands) | Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)/Average Loans(2) |  | Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans(1) |  | Net Charge-offs (Recoveries)/Average Loans(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial | $ | 5,150 |  |  | $ | 4,707,968 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | $ | 29,044 |  |  | $ | 4,526,787 |  |  | 2.55 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | 322 |  |  | 4,750,876 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | (219) |  |  | 4,753,969 |  |  | (0.02) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | (6) |  |  | 797,669 |  |  | NM |  | (9) |  |  | 729,779 |  |  | NM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | 69 |  |  | 370,438 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | (157) |  |  | 375,637 |  |  | (0.17) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other | 329 |  |  | 299,856 |  |  | 0.44 | % |  | (180) |  |  | 299,246 |  |  | (0.24) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 5,864 |  |  | $ | 10,926,807 |  |  | 0.22 | % |  | $ | 28,479 |  |  | $ | 10,685,418 |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Excludes loans held for sale.
(2)Annualized.
To the extent the Company does not recognize charge-offs and economic forecasts improve in future periods, the Company could recognize provision reversals. Conversely, if economic conditions and the Company’s forecast worsens and charge-offs increase, the Company could recognize elevated levels of provision for credit losses. The provision is also reflective of charge-offs (recoveries) in the period.
Nonperforming assets
The following table presents the categories of nonperforming assets and other ratios, excluding government guaranteed portions, as of the dates indicated.

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Nonaccrual loans | $ | 35,501 |  |  | $ | 43,181 |  |  |
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest | 141 |  |  | 547 |  |  |
Total nonperforming loans | 35,642 |  |  | 43,728 |  |  |
Other real estate | 8,466 |  |  | 5,736 |  |  |
Total nonperforming assets | $ | 44,108 |  |  | $ | 49,464 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 14,613,338 |  |  | $ | 14,518,590 |  |  |
Total loans | 11,028,492 |  |  | 10,884,118 |  |  |
Total ACL on loans | 135,498 |  |  | 134,771 |  |  |
ACL on loans to nonaccrual loans | 382 | % |  | 312 | % |  |
ACL on loans to nonperforming loans | 380 | % |  | 308 | % |  |
ACL on loans to total loans | 1.23 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  |
Nonaccrual loans to total loans | 0.32 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  |
Nonperforming loans to total loans | 0.32 | % |  | 0.40 | % |  |
Nonperforming assets to total assets | 0.30 | % |  | 0.34 | % |  |

44

Nonperforming loans based on loan type were as follows:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial | $ | 2,550 |  |  | $ | 7,756 |
Commercial real estate | 31,861 |  |  | 33,739 |
Construction and land development | 1,205 |  |  | 1,269 |
Residential real estate | — |  |  | 959 |
Other | 26 |  |  | 5 |
Total | $ | 35,642 |  |  | $ | 43,728 |

The following table summarizes the changes in nonperforming loans:

| Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024
Nonperforming loans, beginning of period | $ | 43,728 |
Additions to nonaccrual loans | 2,984 |
Charge-offs | (6,650) |
Principal payments | (2,255) |
Moved to other real estate and repossessed assets | (2,165) |
Nonperforming loans, end of period | $ | 35,642 |

Nonperforming loans at March 31, 2024 decreased $8.1 million, or 18%, when compared to December 31, 2023. The decreased in nonperforming loans during the first quarter 2024 was primarily due to gross charge-offs of $6.7 million and principal payments of $2.3 million. The charge-offs of nonperforming loans included $4.8 million on two relationships that moved to nonperforming status in the fourth quarter 2023. Included in that amount, was $3.4 million related to the Agricultural relationship that was disclosed in the fourth quarter 2023, and has now been fully charged-off.
Other real estate
The following table summarizes the changes in other real estate:

| Three months ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024
Other real estate, beginning of period | $ | 5,736 |
Additions | 2,939 |
Sales | (209) |
Other real estate, end of period | $ | 8,466 |

45

Deposits
The following table shows the breakdown of deposits by type:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Increase (decrease)
Noninterest-bearing demand accounts | $ | 3,805,334 |  |  | $ | 3,958,743 |  |  | $ | (153,409) |  |  | (4) | %
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 2,956,282 |  |  | 2,950,259 |  |  | 6,023 |  |  | — | %
Money market accounts | 3,430,454 |  |  | 3,399,280 |  |  | 31,174 |  |  | 1 | %
Savings accounts | 576,248 |  |  | 595,175 |  |  | (18,927) |  |  | (3) | %
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered | 659,005 |  |  | 482,759 |  |  | 176,246 |  |  | 37 | %
Customer | 826,378 |  |  | 790,155 |  |  | 36,223 |  |  | 5 | %
Total deposits | $ | 12,253,701 |  |  | $ | 12,176,371 |  |  | $ | 77,330 |  |  | 1 | %
Demand deposits / total deposits | 31 | % |  | 33 | % |  |  |  |

The following table shows the average balance and average rate of the Company’s deposits by type:

| Quarter ended
| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
($ in thousands) | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid |  | Average Balance |  | Average Rate Paid
Noninterest-bearing deposit accounts | $ | 3,925,522 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 3,992,067 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 4,481,966 |  |  | — | %
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 2,924,276 |  |  | 2.56 |  |  | 2,844,847 |  |  | 2.41 |  |  | 2,201,910 |  |  | 1.09 |
Money market accounts | 3,401,802 |  |  | 3.71 |  |  | 3,342,979 |  |  | 3.63 |  |  | 2,826,836 |  |  | 2.22 |
Savings accounts | 587,113 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 609,645 |  |  | 0.17 |  |  | 732,256 |  |  | 0.13 |
Certificates of deposit | 1,341,990 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 1,373,808 |  |  | 4.11 |  |  | 670,521 |  |  | 1.85 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | $ | 8,255,181 |  |  | 3.14 |  |  | $ | 8,171,279 |  |  | 3.03 |  |  | $ | 6,431,523 |  |  | 1.56 |
Total average deposits | $ | 12,180,703 |  |  | 2.13 |  |  | $ | 12,163,346 |  |  | 2.03 |  |  | $ | 10,913,489 |  |  | 0.92 |

Total deposits excluding brokered certificates of deposits, were $11.6 billion at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $98.9 million from December 31, 2023. The decrease in demand and money market accounts in the first quarter 2024 was primarily related to normal, seasonal deposit outflows. Brokered certificates of deposit at March 31, 2024 increased $176.2 million from December 31, 2023 to help support loan growth and seasonal deposit outflows in the first quarter 2024. The Company has a specialty deposit portfolio focusing on property management, community associations, and escrow industries, in addition to deposits related to its specialty lending products. These deposits totaled $2.9 billion at March 31, 2024 and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2023.
To provide customers a deposit product with enhanced FDIC insurance, the Company participates in several programs through third parties that provide full FDIC insurance on deposit amounts by exchanging or reciprocating larger depository relationships with other member banks. Total reciprocal deposits were $1.1 billion at March 31, 2024, compared to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023. The Company considers reciprocal accounts as customer-related deposits due to the customer relationship that generated the transaction.
At March 31, 2024, estimated uninsured/uncollateralized deposits totaled $3.5 billion, or 29% of total deposits, compared to $3.8 billion, or 31% of total deposits, at December 31, 2023. The decrease in estimated uninsured deposits was the result of an increase in reciprocal deposits and accounts that qualify for pass-through insurance.
46

The total cost of deposits was 2.13% for the current quarter, compared to 2.03% for the linked quarter.
Shareholders’ Equity
Shareholders’ equity totaled $1.7 billion at March 31, 2024, an increase of $15.7 million from December 31, 2023. Significant activity during the first three months of 2024 was as follows:
•Increase from net income of $40.4 million,
•Decrease in fair value of securities and cash flow hedges of $14.4 million, and
•Decrease from dividends paid on common and preferred stock of $10.3 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
The objective of liquidity management is to ensure we have the ability to generate sufficient cash or cash equivalents in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet our commitments as they become due. Typical demands on liquidity are changes in deposit levels, maturing time deposits which are not renewed, and fundings under credit commitments to customers. Funds are available from a number of sources, such as the core deposit base and loan and security repayments and maturities.
Additionally, liquidity is provided from lines of credit with the FHLB, the Federal Reserve, and correspondent banks; the ability to acquire large and brokered deposits, sales of the securities portfolio, and the ability to sell loans or loan participations to other banks. These alternatives are an important part of our liquidity plan and provide flexibility and efficient execution of the asset-liability management strategy.
The Company’s Asset-Liability Management Committee oversees our liquidity position, the parameters of which are approved by the Bank’s Board of Directors. Our liquidity position is monitored daily. Our liquidity management framework includes measurement of several key elements, such as the loan to deposit ratio, a liquidity ratio, and a dependency ratio. The Company’s liquidity framework also incorporates contingency planning to assess the nature and volatility of funding sources and to determine alternatives to these sources. While core deposits and loan and investment repayments are principal sources of liquidity, funding diversification is another key element of liquidity management and is achieved by strategically varying depositor types, terms, funding markets, and instruments.
Liquidity from assets is available primarily from cash balances and the investment portfolio. Cash and interest-bearing deposits with other banks totaled $369.4 million at March 31, 2024 and $433.0 million at December 31, 2023. Investment securities are another important tool in liquidity planning. Securities totaled $2.4 billion at both March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and included $1.2 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, pledged as collateral for deposits of public institutions, loan notes and other requirements. The unpledged portion of the securities portfolio could be pledged or sold to enhance liquidity, if necessary. The Company also has a portfolio of SBA guaranteed loans, a portion of which could be sold in the secondary market to generate earnings and liquidity. SBA loans totaling $23.1 million were sold during the first quarter 2024.
47

Available on- and off-balance sheet liquidity sources include the following items:

($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024
Federal Reserve Bank borrowing capacity | $ | 2,572,380 |
FHLB borrowing capacity | 1,332,877 |
Unpledged securities | 1,133,207 |
Federal funds lines (6 correspondent banks) | 120,000 |
Cash and interest-bearing deposits | 369,420 |
Holding Company line of credit | 25,000 |
Total | $ | 5,552,884 |

Liability liquidity funding sources are available to increase financial flexibility. In addition to amounts borrowed at March 31, 2024, the Company could borrow an additional $1.3 billion from the FHLB of Des Moines under blanket loan pledges and has additional real estate loans that could be pledged. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company pledged an additional $495 million of loans to the FHLB to increase the borrowing capacity. The Company also has $2.6 billion available from the Federal Reserve Bank under a pledged loan agreement. In the first quarter 2024, the Federal Reserve Bank borrowing capacity declined due to the expiration of the Bank Term Funding Program. On January 24, 2024, the Federal Reserve announced that the program would cease making new loans on March 11, 2024. The Company also has unsecured federal funds lines with six correspondent banks totaling $120 million.
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into certain forms of off-balance sheet transactions, including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. These transactions are managed through the Company’s various risk management processes. Management considers both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet transactions in its evaluation of the Company’s liquidity. The Company has $2.9 billion in unused commitments to extend credit as of March 31, 2024. However, the nature of these commitments is such that the likelihood of funding them in the aggregate at any one time is low.
At the holding company level, the primary funding sources are dividends and payments from the Bank and proceeds from the issuance of equity (i.e. stock option exercises, stock offerings) and debt instruments. The main use of this liquidity is to provide the funds necessary to pay dividends to shareholders, service debt, invest in subsidiaries as necessary, and satisfy other operating requirements. The holding company maintains a revolving line of credit for an aggregate amount up to $25 million, all of which was available at March 31, 2024. The line of credit has a one-year term and was renewed in February 2024 for an additional one-year term. The proceeds can be used for general corporate purposes. In the first quarter 2024, the Company repaid an $11.4 million term note that matured.
The Company has an effective automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3 allowing for the issuance of various forms of equity and debt securities. The Company’s ability to offer securities pursuant to the registration statement depends on market conditions and the Company’s continuing eligibility to use the Form S-3 under rules of the SEC.
Strong capital ratios, credit quality and core earnings are essential to retaining cost-effective access to the wholesale funding markets. Deterioration in any of these factors could have a negative impact on the Company’s ability to access these funding sources and, as a result, these factors are monitored on an ongoing basis as part of the liquidity management process. The Bank is subject to regulations and, among other things, may be limited in its ability to pay dividends or transfer funds to the parent company. Accordingly, consolidated cash flows as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows may not represent cash immediately available for the payment of cash dividends to the Company’s shareholders or for other cash needs.
Through the normal course of operations, the Company has entered into certain contractual obligations and other commitments. Such obligations relate to funding operations through deposits or debt issuances, as well as leases for premises and equipment. As a financial services provider, the Company routinely enters into commitments to extend credit. While contractual obligations represent future cash requirements of the Company, a significant
48

portion of commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon. Such commitments are subject to the same credit policies and approval process accorded to loans made by the Company. The Company also enters into derivative contracts under which the Company either receives cash from or pays cash to counterparties depending on changes in interest rates. Derivative contracts are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with the fair value representing the net present value of expected future cash receipts or payments based on market interest rates as of the balance sheet date. The fair value of these contracts changes daily as market interest rates change.
Capital Resources
The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and its bank affiliate must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The banking affiliate’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total, Tier 1, and common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. To be categorized as “well capitalized”, banks must maintain minimum total risk-based (10%), Tier 1 risk-based (8%), common equity tier 1 risk-based (6.5%), and Tier 1 leverage ratios (5%). In addition, the Company must maintain an additional CCB above the regulatory minimum ratio requirements. The CCB is designed to insulate banks from periods of stress and impose constraints on dividends, share repurchases and discretionary bonus payments when capital levels fall below prescribed levels. As of March 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and exceeded the amounts required to be “well capitalized”.
The following table summarizes the Company’s various capital ratios:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |
($ in thousands) | EFSC | Bank |  | EFSC | Bank |  | To Be Well-Capitalized | Minimum Ratio with CCB
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to Risk Weighted Assets | 11.4 | % | 12.1 | % |  | 11.3 | % | 12.2 | % |  | 6.5 | % | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital to Risk Weighted Assets | 12.8 | % | 12.1 | % |  | 12.7 | % | 12.2 | % |  | 8.0 | % | 8.5 | %
Total Capital to Risk Weighted Assets | 14.3 | % | 13.2 | % |  | 14.2 | % | 13.2 | % |  | 10.0 | % | 10.5 | %
Leverage Ratio (Tier 1 Capital to Average Assets) | 11.0 | % | 10.5 | % |  | 11.0 | % | 10.6 | % |  | 5.0 | % | N/A
Tangible common equity to tangible assets 1 | 9.01 | % |  |  | 8.96 | % |  |  |  |
1 Not a required regulatory capital ratio. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The Company believes the tangible common equity ratio is an important measure of capital strength, even though it is considered a non-GAAP measure. A reconciliation has been included in this section under the caption “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
49

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and the prevailing practices in the banking industry. However, the Company provides other financial measures, such as tangible common equity, adjusted ROAA, adjusted return on average common equity, ROATCE, adjusted ROATCE, ACL on loans to total loans adjusted for guaranteed loans, core efficiency ratio, PPNR, estimated insured deposits, tangible book value per common share and the tangible common equity ratio, in this report that are considered “non-GAAP financial measures.” Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s financial performance, financial position, or cash flows that exclude (or include) amounts that are included in (or excluded from) the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
The Company considers its tangible common equity, adjusted ROAA, adjusted return on average common equity, ROATCE, adjusted ROATCE, ACL on loans to total loans adjusted for guaranteed loans, core efficiency ratio, PPNR, estimated insured deposits, tangible book value per common share and the tangible common equity ratio, collectively “core performance measures,” presented in this report and the included tables as important measures of financial performance, even though they are non-GAAP measures, as they provide supplemental information by which to evaluate the impact of certain non-comparable items, and the Company’s operating performance on an ongoing basis. Core performance measures exclude certain other income and expense items, such as merger-related expenses, facilities charges, and the gain or loss on sale of investment securities, that the Company believes to be not indicative of or useful to measure the Company’s operating performance on an ongoing basis. The attached tables contain a reconciliation of these core performance measures to the GAAP measures. The Company believes that the tangible common equity ratio provides useful information to investors about the Company’s capital strength even though it is considered to be a non-GAAP financial measure and is not part of the regulatory capital requirements to which the Company is subject.
The Company believes these non-GAAP measures and ratios, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP measures and ratios, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s performance and capital strength. The Company’s management uses, and believes that investors benefit from referring to, these non-GAAP measures and ratios in assessing the Company’s operating results and related trends and when forecasting future periods. However, these non-GAAP measures and ratios should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or preferable to, ratios prepared in accordance with GAAP. In the attached tables, the Company has provided a reconciliation of, where applicable, the most comparable GAAP financial measures and ratios to the non-GAAP financial measures and ratios, or a reconciliation of the non-GAAP calculation of the financial measures for the periods indicated.
50

Core Efficiency Ratio

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Net interest income (GAAP) | $ | 137,728 |  |  | $ | 140,732 |  |  | $ | 139,529 |
Tax-equivalent adjustment | 2,040 |  |  | 1,915 |  |  | 2,041 |
Net interest income - FTE (non-GAAP) | $ | 139,768 |  |  | $ | 142,647 |  |  | $ | 141,570 |
Noninterest income (GAAP) | 12,158 |  |  | 25,452 |  |  | 16,898 |
Less gain on sale of investment securities | — |  |  | 220 |  |  | 381 |
Less gain (loss) on sale of other real estate owned | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 90 |
Core revenue (non-GAAP) | $ | 151,928 |  |  | $ | 167,879 |  |  | $ | 157,997 |
Noninterest expense (GAAP) | $ | 93,501 |  |  | $ | 92,603 |  |  | $ | 80,983 |
Less FDIC special assessment | 625 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  | — |
Less core conversion expense | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less amortization on intangibles | 1,047 |  |  | 1,108 |  |  | 1,239 |
Core noninterest expense (non-GAAP) | $ | 91,479 |  |  | $ | 89,083 |  |  | $ | 79,744 |
Core efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) | 60.21 | % |  | 53.06 | % |  | 50.47 | %

Tangible Common Equity, Tangible Book Value per Share, and Tangible Common Equity Ratio

(in thousands, except per share data) | March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | December 31, 2023
Shareholders' equity (GAAP) | $ | 1,731,725 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,716,068 |
Less preferred stock | 71,988 |  |  |  |  | 71,988 |
Less goodwill | 365,164 |  |  |  |  | 365,164 |
Less intangible assets | 11,271 |  |  |  |  | 12,318 |
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,283,302 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,266,598 |
Common shares outstanding | 37,515 |  |  |  |  | 37,416 |
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP) | $ | 34.21 |  |  |  |  | $ | 33.85 |
Total assets (GAAP) | $ | 14,613,338 |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,518,590 |
Less goodwill | 365,164 |  |  |  |  | 365,164 |
Less intangible assets | 11,271 |  |  |  |  | 12,318 |
Tangible assets (non-GAAP) | $ | 14,236,903 |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,141,108 |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP) | 9.01 | % |  |  |  | 8.96 | %

51

Return on Average Common Equity and Return on Average Tangible Common Equity (ROATCE)

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Average shareholder’s equity (GAAP) | $ | 1,738,698 |  |  | $ | 1,652,882 |  |  | $ | 1,568,451 |
Less average preferred stock | 71,988 |  |  | 71,988 |  |  | 71,988 |
Less average goodwill | 365,164 |  |  | 365,164 |  |  | 365,164 |
Less average intangible assets | 11,770 |  |  | 12,858 |  |  | 16,247 |
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP) | $ | 1,289,776 |  |  | $ | 1,202,872 |  |  | $ | 1,115,052 |
Net income available to common shareholders (GAAP) | $ | 39,463 |  |  | $ | 43,592 |  |  | $ | 54,800 |
FDIC special assessment (after tax) | 470 |  |  | 1,814 |  |  | — |
Core conversion expense (after tax) | 263 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income available to common shareholders adjusted (non-GAAP) | $ | 40,196 |  |  | $ | 45,406 |  |  | $ | 54,800 |
Return on average common equity (GAAP) | 9.52 | % |  | 10.94 | % |  | 14.85 | %
Adjusted return on average common equity (non-GAAP) | 9.70 | % |  | 11.40 | % |  | 14.85 | %
ROATCE (non-GAAP) | 12.31 | % |  | 14.38 | % |  | 19.93 | %
Adjusted ROATCE (non-GAAP) | 12.53 | % |  | 14.98 | % |  | 19.93 | %

Return on Average Assets (ROAA)

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Net income (GAAP) | $ | 40,401 |  |  | $ | 44,529 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |
FDIC special assessment (after tax) | 470 |  |  | 1,814 |  |  | — |
Core conversion expense (after tax) | 263 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income adjusted (non-GAAP) | $ | 41,134 |  |  | $ | 46,343 |  |  | $ | 55,738 |
Average assets | $ | 14,556,119 |  |  | $ | 14,332,804 |  |  | $ | 13,131,195 |
ROAA (GAAP) | 1.12 | % |  | 1.23 | % |  | 1.72 | %
Adjusted ROAA (non-GAAP) | 1.14 | % |  | 1.28 | % |  | 1.72 | %

ACL on Loans to Total Loans Adjusted for Guaranteed Loans

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023
Total loans (GAAP) | $ | 11,028,492 |  |  | $ | 10,884,118 |  |  | $ | 10,011,918 |
Less: Guaranteed loans, net | 924,633 |  |  | 932,118 |  |  | 963,311 |
Total adjusted loans (non-GAAP) | $ | 10,103,859 |  |  | $ | 9,952,000 |  |  | $ | 9,048,607 |
ACL on loans | $ | 135,498 |  |  | $ | 134,771 |  |  | $ | 138,295 |
ACL on loans to total loans | 1.23 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 1.38 | %
ACL on loans to total adjusted loans | 1.34 | % |  | 1.35 | % |  | 1.53 | %

52

Pre-Provision Net Revenue (PPNR)

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | March 31, 2023
Net interest income | $ | 137,728 |  |  | $ | 140,732 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 139,529 |
Noninterest income | 12,158 |  |  | 25,452 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,898 |
FDIC special assessment | 625 |  |  | 2,412 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Core conversion expense | 350 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Less gain on sale of investment securities | — |  |  | 220 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 381 |
Less gain (loss) on sale of other real estate owned | (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90 |
Less noninterest expense | 93,501 |  |  | 92,603 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80,983 |
PPNR (non-GAAP) | $ | 57,362 |  |  | $ | 75,773 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 74,973 |

Calculation of Estimated Insured Deposits

| Quarter ended
($ in thousands) | March 31, 2024
Estimated uninsured deposits per Call Report | $ | 4,062,505 |
Collateralized/affiliate deposits | (515,439) |
Accrued interest on deposits | (5,542) |
Adjusted uninsured/uncollateralized deposits | 3,541,524 |
Estimated insured/collateralized deposits | 8,712,177 |
Total deposits | $ | 12,253,701 |

ITEM 3: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements in the introduction to Item 2 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other cautionary statements set forth elsewhere in this report.
Interest Rate Risk
Our interest rate risk management practices are aimed at optimizing net interest income, while guarding against deterioration that could be caused by certain interest rate scenarios. Interest rate sensitivity varies with different types of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. We attempt to maintain interest-earning assets, comprised primarily of both loans and investments, and interest-bearing liabilities, comprised primarily of deposits, maturing or repricing in similar time horizons in order to manage any impact from market interest rate changes according to our risk tolerances. The Company uses a simulation model to measure the sensitivity to changing rates on earnings.
The Company determines the sensitivity of its short-term future earnings to a hypothetical plus or minus 100 to 300 basis point parallel rate shock through the use of simulation modeling. The simulation includes the modeling of the balance sheet as an ongoing entity. Future business assumptions involving administered rate products, prepayments for future rate-sensitive balances, and the reinvestment of maturing assets and liabilities are included. These items are then modeled to project net interest income based on a hypothetical change in interest rates. The resulting net interest income for the next 12-month period is compared to the baseline amounts calculated using flat rates. The difference represents the Company’s sensitivity to a positive or negative 100 basis points parallel rate shock.
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The following table summarizes the expected impact of interest rate shocks on net interest income at March 31, 2024:

Rate Shock | Annual % change in net interest income |
+ 300 bp | 9.7% |
+ 200 bp | 6.5% |
+ 100 bp | 3.3% |
- 100 bp | (3.4)% |
- 200 bp | (7.2)% |
- 300 bp | (11.1)% |

In addition to the rate shocks shown in the table above, the Company models net interest income under various dynamic interest rate scenarios. In general, changes in interest rates are positively correlated with changes in net interest income.
The Company occasionally uses interest rate derivative instruments as an asset/liability management tool to hedge mismatches in interest rate exposure indicated by the net interest income simulation described above. They are used to modify the Company’s exposures to interest rate fluctuations and provide more stable spreads between loan yields and the rate on their funding sources. At March 31, 2024, the Company had derivative contracts to manage interest rate risk, including $350.0 million in notional value on derivatives to hedge the cash flows on floating rate loans and $32.1 million in notional value on derivative on floating rate debt. Derivative financial instruments are also discussed in “Item 1. Note 6 – Derivative Financial Instruments.”
The Financial Conduct Authority has announced that the most common USD LIBOR settings (overnight, 1-month. 3-month, 6-month and 12-month) will cease publication after September 30, 2024. LIBOR was the most liquid and common interest rate index in the world and was commonly referenced in financial instruments. With the cessation of LIBOR, the Company has selected term SOFR as the replacement index for the majority of its variable rate loans and began providing customer notifications in early 2023. The Company ceased using LIBOR and ICE swap rates in new contracts and began issuing SOFR based loans in December 2021.
The Company had $6.8 billion in variable rate loans at March 31, 2024. Of these loans, $4.4 billion have an interest rate floor and nearly all of those loans were at or above the floor. Variable rate loans include $2.8 billion indexed to the prime rate, $2.8 billion indexed to SOFR, $294.9 million indexed to LIBOR, and $812.9 million indexed to other rates.
At March 31, 2024, the Company’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities totaled $1.6 billion and $758.0 million, respectively. These portfolios consist primarily of fixed-rate securities that are subject to changes in market value due to changes in interest rates. At March 31, 2024, net unrealized losses were $165.6 million and $63.6 million on the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment portfolios, respectively.
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ITEM 4: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) and the Chief Financial Officer (the “CFO”), management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15, as of March 31, 2024. Disclosure controls and procedures include without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 to provide reasonable assurance of the achievement of the objectives described above.
Changes to Internal Controls
There were no changes during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, those controls.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company and its subsidiaries are, from time to time, parties to various legal proceedings arising out of their businesses. Management believes there are no such legal proceedings pending or threatened against the Company or its subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business, directly, indirectly, or in the aggregate that, if determined adversely, would have a material adverse effect on the business, consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company or any of its subsidiaries.
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
For information regarding risk factors affecting the Company, please see the cautionary language regarding forward-looking statements in the introduction to Item 2 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and Part I, Item 1A of our Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes to the risk factors described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
ITEM 2: UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.

ITEM 3: DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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ITEM 5: OTHER INFORMATION
During the quarter ended March 31, 2024, no officer or director of the company adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the company’s common stock that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Securities Exchange Act Rule 10b5-1(c) or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement as defined in 17 CFR § 229.408(c).
ITEM 6: EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Description
3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant, (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on December 16, 1996 (File No. 333-14737)).
3.2 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on July 1, 1999 (File No. 333-82087)).
3.3 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 1999 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.4 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2002 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.5 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to Registrant's Proxy Statement on Form 14-A filed on November 20, 2008 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.6 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ending June 30, 2014 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.7 Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.8 to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 26, 2019 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.8 Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.9 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on July 30, 2021 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.9 Certificate of Designations of Registrant for Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, dated December 17, 2008 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2008 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.10 Certificate of Elimination of Registrant’s Certificate of Designation, Preferences, and Rights of the Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, dated November 9, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2021 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.11 Certificate of Designation of Registrant of Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, dated November 16, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2021 (File No. 001-15373)).
3.12 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 12, 2015 (File No. 001-15373)).
4.1 Long-term borrowing instruments are omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K. The Company undertakes to furnish copies of such instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
*31.1 Chief Executive Officer’s Certification required by Rule 13(a)-14(a).
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*31.2 Chief Financial Officer’s Certification required by Rule 13(a)-14(a).
**32.1 Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to section § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32.2 Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to section § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document.
104 The cover page of Enterprise Financial Services Corp’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (contained in Exhibit 101).
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith. Notwithstanding any incorporation of this Quarterly Statement on Form 10-Q in any other filing by the Registrant, Exhibits furnished herewith and designated with two (**) shall not be deemed incorporated by reference to any other filing unless specifically otherwise set forth herein or therein.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Clayton, State of Missouri, on the day of April 26, 2024.

| ENTERPRISE FINANCIAL SERVICES CORP
| By: | /s/ James B. Lally |
|  | James B. Lally |
|  | Chief Executive Officer |
| By: | /s/ Keene S. Turner |
|  | Keene S. Turner |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |

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