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Loans
 3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans LOANS
The following table presents a summary of loans by category:
($ in thousands)March 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial$4,768,777 $4,674,056 
Real estate:  
Commercial - investor owned2,448,674 2,452,402 
Commercial - owner occupied2,349,292 2,344,117 
Construction and land development820,249 760,122 
Residential366,934 371,995 
Total real estate loans5,985,149 5,928,636 
Other278,611 285,653 
Loans, before unearned loan fees11,032,537 10,888,345 
Unearned loan fees, net(4,045)(4,227)
Loans, including unearned loan fees$11,028,492 $10,884,118 

The loan balance includes a net premium on acquired loans of $9.0 million and $9.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, loans and securities of $5.4 billion and $4.8 billion, respectively, were pledged to FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank.

Accrued interest totaled $71.2 million and $66.7 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and was reported in “Other Assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

SBA 7(a) guaranteed loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 2024 totaled $23.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $1.4 million. SBA 7(a) guaranteed loans sold during the three months ended March 31, 2023 totaled $8.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $0.5 million.

No consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate were in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2024, compared to $1.0 million at December 31, 2023.

A summary of the activity, by loan category, in the ACL on loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
($ in thousands)Commercial and industrialCRE - investor ownedCRE -
owner occupied		Construction and land developmentResidential real estateOtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Balance at December 31, 2023$58,886 $31,280 $23,405 $10,198 $6,142 $4,860 $134,771 
Provision (benefit) for credit losses4,978 140 1,500 (379)406 (54)6,591 
Charge-offs(5,353)(305)(112)— (497)(383)(6,650)
Recoveries203 81 14 6 428 54 786 
Balance at March 31, 2024$58,714 $31,196 $24,807 $9,825 $6,479 $4,477 $135,498 

($ in thousands)Commercial and industrialCRE - investor ownedCRE -
owner occupied		Construction and land developmentResidential real estateOtherTotal
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Balance at December 31, 2022$53,835 $36,191 $22,752 $11,444 $7,928 $4,782 $136,932 
Provision (benefit) for credit losses5,083 222 (440)(2,578)(1,151)(37)1,099 
Charge-offs(707)(170)— (9)(102)(192)(1,180)
Recoveries938 23 16 32 322 113 1,444 
Balance at March 31, 2023$59,149 $36,266 $22,328 $8,889 $6,997 $4,666 $138,295 
The ACL on sponsor finance loans, which is included in the categories above, represented $22.7 million and $23.0 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The CECL methodology incorporates various economic scenarios. The Company utilizes three forecasts in the model: Moody’s baseline, a stronger near-term growth upside and a moderate recession downside forecast. The Company weights these scenarios at 40%, 30%, and 30%, respectively, which added approximately $12.8 million to the ACL on loans over the baseline model at March 31, 2024. The baseline forecast incorporates an expectation that the federal funds rate has peaked at the range of 5.25% to 5.50% and will begin falling in the latter half of 2024. It is also assumed that the bank failures in early 2023 were not an indication of a broader problem in the industry. The Company has also recognized various risks posed by loans in certain segments, including the commercial office and agricultural sectors, by allocating additional reserves to those segments. Some of the key risks to the forecasts that could result in future provision for credit losses are market reactions to the Federal Reserve policy actions that could push the economy into a recession, persistently higher inflation, tightening in the credit markets, and further weakness in the financial system.

In addition to the CECL methodology, the Company incorporates qualitative adjustments into the ACL on loans to capture credit risks inherent within the loan portfolio that are not captured in the CECL model. Included in these risks are 1) changes in lending policies and procedures, 2) actual and expected changes in business and economic conditions, 3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio, 4) changes in lending management, 5) changes in volume and the severity of past due loans, 6) changes in the quality of the loan review system, 7) changes in the value of underlying collateral, 8) the existence and effect of concentrations of credit and 9) other factors such as the regulatory, legal and competitive environments and events such as natural disasters and pandemics. At March 31, 2024, the ACL on loans included a qualitative adjustment of approximately $40.3 million. Of this amount, approximately $14.4 million was allocated to Sponsor Finance loans due to their mostly unsecured nature.

The current year-to-date gross charge-offs by loan class and year of origination is presented in the following tables:
March 31, 2024
Term Loans by Origination Year
($ in thousands)2023202220212020PriorRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial and industrial$1 $1,413 $— $54 $244 $— $3,544 $5,256 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned— — 160 — 145 — — 305 
Commercial - owner occupied— — — 10 102 — — 112 
Residential— 94 — — 382 — 21 497 
Other— — 58 — 80 2 100 240 
Total charge-offs by origination year$1 $1,507 $218 $64 $953 $2 $3,665 $6,410 
Total gross charge-offs by performing status240 
Total gross charge-offs$6,650 
December 31, 2023
Term Loans by Origination Year
($ in thousands)20232022202120202019PriorRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial and industrial$600 $2,999 $1,940 $2,539 $— $— $12,533 $15,178 $35,789 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned— — 170 — 4,692 7 — — 4,869 
Construction and land development— — — — — 9 — — 9 
Residential— — — — — 480 176 — 656 
Other— 3 459 — — 319 12 — 793 
Total charge-offs by origination year$600 $3,002 $2,569 $2,539 $4,692 $815 $12,721 $15,178 $42,116 
Total gross charge-offs by performing status1,099 
Total gross charge-offs$43,215 

The following tables present the recorded investment in nonperforming loans by category, excluding government guaranteed balances:
March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)NonaccrualLoans over 90 days past due and still accruing interestTotal nonperforming loansNonaccrual loans with no allowance
Commercial and industrial$2,435 $115 $2,550 $2,315 
Real estate:  
    Commercial - investor owned19,380 — 19,380 16,240 
    Commercial - owner occupied12,481 — 12,481 8,333 
    Construction and land development1,205 — 1,205 463 
Other— 26 26 — 
       Total$35,501 $141 $35,642 $27,351 

December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)NonaccrualLoans over 90 days past due and still accruing interestTotal nonperforming loansNonaccrual loans with no allowance
Commercial and industrial$7,641 $115 $7,756 $6,179 
Real estate: 
    Commercial - investor owned20,404 — 20,404 19,466 
    Commercial - owner occupied12,972 363 13,335 9,010 
    Construction and land development1,205 64 1,269 464 
    Residential959 — 959 959 
Other— 5 5 — 
       Total$43,181 $547 $43,728 $36,078 
The nonperforming loan balances at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 exclude government guaranteed balances of $9.6 million and $10.7 million, respectively.

Interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans was immaterial during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Collateral-dependent nonperforming loans by class of loan is presented as of the dates indicated:
March 31, 2024
Type of Collateral
($ in thousands)Commercial Real EstateResidential Real EstateBlanket LienOther
Commercial and industrial$350 $1,864 $94 $— 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned18,443 — — — 
Commercial - owner occupied3,973 1,518 5,793 — 
Construction and land development— 742 — — 
Total$22,766 $4,124 $5,887 $— 

December 31, 2023
Type of Collateral
($ in thousands)Commercial Real EstateResidential Real EstateBlanket LienOther
Commercial and industrial$527 $1,864 $344 $3,445 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned19,467 — — — 
Commercial - owner occupied5,904 1,638 1,831 — 
Construction and land development528 741 — — 
Residential— 959 — — 
Total$26,426 $5,202 $2,175 $3,445 

The aging of the recorded investment in past due loans by class and category is presented as of the dates indicated.

March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)30-89 Days
 Past Due		90 or More
Days
Past Due		Total
Past Due		CurrentTotal
Commercial and industrial$20,996 $4,131 $25,127 $4,743,650 $4,768,777 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned1,657 18,395 20,052 2,428,622 2,448,674 
Commercial - owner occupied14,844 14,648 29,492 2,319,800 2,349,292 
Construction and land development973 1,675 2,648 817,601 820,249 
Residential1,112 — 1,112 365,822 366,934 
Other21 26 47 278,564 278,611 
Loans, before unearned loan fees$39,603 $38,875 $78,478 $10,954,059 $11,032,537 
Unearned loan fees, net(4,045)
Total$11,028,492 
December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)30-89 Days
 Past Due		90 or More
Days
Past Due		Total
Past Due		CurrentTotal
Commercial and industrial$3,445 $9,037 $12,482 $4,661,574 $4,674,056 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned1,905 18,395 20,300 2,432,102 2,452,402 
Commercial - owner occupied8,409 14,142 22,551 2,321,566 2,344,117 
Construction and land development770 1,908 2,678 757,444 760,122 
Residential1,620 959 2,579 369,416 371,995 
Other82 4 86 285,567 285,653 
Loans, before unearned loan fees$16,231 $44,445 $60,676 $10,827,669 $10,888,345 
Unearned loan fees, net(4,227)
Total$10,884,118 

The allowance for credit losses on loans incorporates an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses and is recorded on each asset upon origination or acquisition. The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses on loans is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company uses a probability of default and loss given default model to determine the allowance for credit losses on loans.

An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. The effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses on loans because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance.

The most common concession the Company provides to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is a term extension. In limited circumstances, the Company may modify loans by providing principal forgiveness or an interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses on loans.

In some cases, the Company will modify a loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as an interest rate reduction or principal forgiveness, may be granted.

The following tables show the recorded investment at the end of the reporting period for loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by loan class and type of concession granted:
Term ExtensionPayment DelayTotal
Three months endedThree months endedThree months ended
($ in thousands)March 31, 2024Percent of Total Loan ClassMarch 31, 2024Percent of Total Loan ClassMarch 31, 2024Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial$44,641 0.94 %$567 0.01 %$45,208 0.95 %
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned8,409 0.34 %— — %8,409 0.34 %
Commercial - owner occupied94 NM— — %94 NM
Residential7,644 2.08 %— — %7,644 2.08 %
Total$60,788 $567 $61,355 
Term Extension
Three months ended
($ in thousands)March 31, 2023Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial$22,818 0.57 %
Real estate:
Construction and land development1,201 0.18 %
Total$24,019 

The following table summarizes the financial impacts of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and outstanding at the date indicated:
Weighted Average Term Extension (in months)Payment DelayWeighted Average Term Extension (in months)
Three months endedThree months ended
($ in thousands)March 31, 2024March 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial4$85 7
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned3— — 
Commercial - owner occupied3— — 
Construction and land development— — 9
Residential12— — 

The following table shows the aging of the recorded investment in modified loans in the last 12 months by class at the date indicated:

March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)Current30-89 Days
 Past Due		90 or More
Days
Past Due		Total
Commercial and industrial$28,512 $— $— $28,512 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned8,409 — — 8,409 
Commercial - owner occupied94 — — 94 
Construction and land development— 741 — 741 
Residential7,669 — — 7,669 
Other— — — — 
Total$44,684 $741 $— $45,425 

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, all loans were current under the modified terms.
The following table summarizes loans that experienced a default during the three months ended March 31, 2024, subsequent to being granted a modification in the preceding twelve months. All of these loans have been charged off during the current period. Default is defined as movement to nonperforming status, foreclosure or charge-off. Loans noted in the following table are categorized by type of original modification.

Term Extension
Three months ended
($ in thousands)March 31, 2024Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial and industrial$1,000 0.02 %
Real estate:
Construction and land development1,748 0.21 %
Other4 NM
Total$2,752 

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, no loans experienced a default subsequent to being granted a modification in the prior twelve months.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company allocated an immaterial amount in specific reserves to loans that have been restructured.
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, payment experience, credit documentation, and current economic factors among other factors. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:
•Grades 1, 2, and 3 – Includes loans to borrowers with a continuous record of strong earnings, sound balance sheet condition and capitalization, ample liquidity with solid cash flow, and whose management team has experience and depth within their industry.
•Grade 4 – Includes loans to borrowers with positive trends in profitability, satisfactory capitalization and balance sheet condition, and sufficient liquidity and cash flow.
•Grade 5 – Includes loans to borrowers that may display fluctuating trends in sales, profitability, capitalization, liquidity, and cash flow.
•Grade 6 – Includes loans to borrowers where an adverse change or perceived weakness has occurred, but may be correctable in the near future. Alternatively, this rating category may also include circumstances where the borrower is starting to reverse a negative trend or condition, or has recently been upgraded from a 7, 8, or 9 rating.
•Grade 7 – Special Mention credits are borrowers that have experienced financial setback of a nature that is not determined to be severe or influence ‘ongoing concern’ expectations. Although possible, no loss is anticipated, due to strong collateral and/or guarantor support.
•Grade 8 – Substandard credits include those borrowers characterized by significant losses and sustained downward trends in balance sheet condition, liquidity, and cash flow. Repayment reliance may have shifted to secondary sources. Collateral exposure may exist and additional reserves may be warranted.
•Grade 9 – Doubtful credits include borrowers that may show deteriorating trends that are unlikely to be corrected. Collateral values may appear insufficient for full recovery, therefore requiring a partial charge-off, or debt renegotiation with the borrower. The borrower may have declared bankruptcy or bankruptcy is likely in the near term. All doubtful rated credits will be on non-accrual.
The recorded investment by risk category of the loans by class and year of origination is presented in the following tables as of the dates indicated:
March 31, 2024
Term Loans by Origination Year
($ in thousands)20242023202220212020PriorRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass (1-6)$354,420 $1,516,552 $875,052 $293,729 $172,943 $149,101 $21,206 $1,151,591 $4,534,594 
Special Mention (7)14,069 41,417 5,911 1,876 370 874 4,320 17,911 86,748 
Classified (8-9)8,631 7,779 11,908 8,334 86 916 127 45,053 82,834 
Total Commercial and industrial$377,120 $1,565,748 $892,871 $303,939 $173,399 $150,891 $25,653 $1,214,555 $4,704,176 
Commercial real estate-investor owned
Pass (1-6)$96,302 $455,256 $543,177 $482,141 $296,298 $373,990 $6,905 $52,655 $2,306,724 
Special Mention (7)731 3,282 22,332 51,595 3,544 9,167 — — 90,651 
Classified (8-9)8,409 — 937 42 16,912 6,771 — — 33,071 
Total Commercial real estate-investor owned$105,442 $458,538 $566,446 $533,778 $316,754 $389,928 $6,905 $52,655 $2,430,446 
Commercial real estate-owner occupied
Pass (1-6)$81,541 $398,179 $465,440 $482,241 $294,024 $464,931 $4,619 $31,104 $2,222,079 
Special Mention (7)— 14,108 4,514 5,299 9,992 21,545 — 1,427 56,885 
Classified (8-9)1,189 2,924 3,741 1,128 3,055 32,475 5,057 — 49,569 
Total Commercial real estate-owner occupied$82,730 $415,211 $473,695 $488,668 $307,071 $518,951 $9,676 $32,531 $2,328,533 
Construction real estate
Pass (1-6)$76,195 $290,998 $317,302 $90,908 $31,100 $4,581 $9 $4,458 $815,551 
Special Mention (7)— 40 1,647 1,155 — 227 — — 3,069 
Classified (8-9)— 741 580 — — 475 — — 1,796 
Total Construction real estate$76,195 $291,779 $319,529 $92,063 $31,100 $5,283 $9 $4,458 $820,416 
Residential real estate
Pass (1-6)$8,364 $56,614 $38,611 $49,586 $30,020 $91,308 $1,334 $77,773 $353,610 
Special Mention (7)— 335 586 214 69 1,709 — 583 3,496 
Classified (8-9)— 196 113 — — 1,526 72 7,501 9,408 
Total residential real estate$8,364 $57,145 $39,310 $49,800 $30,089 $94,543 $1,406 $85,857 $366,514 
Other
Pass (1-6)$570 $7,804 $55,465 $64,294 $51,992 $29,604 $— $32,225 $241,954 
Special Mention (7)— 4,418 — 10,000 — — — 9,712 24,130 
Classified (8-9)— — — — — 6 — — 6 
Total Other$570 $12,222 $55,465 $74,294 $51,992 $29,610 $— $41,937 $266,090 
Total loans classified by risk category$650,421 $2,800,643 $2,347,316 $1,542,542 $910,405 $1,189,206 $43,649 $1,431,993 $10,916,175 
Total loans classified by performing status112,317 
Total loans$11,028,492 
December 31, 2023
Term Loans by Origination Year
($ in thousands)20232022202120202019PriorRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass (1-6)$1,567,738 $1,052,462 $345,292 $194,972 $123,425 $71,205 $12,163 $1,108,233 $4,475,490 
Special Mention (7)52,523 6,845 8,597 544 453 242 272 19,590 89,066 
Classified (8-9)12,824 19,306 1,833 812 339 363 508 45,830 81,815 
Total Commercial and industrial$1,633,085 $1,078,613 $355,722 $196,328 $124,217 $71,810 $12,943 $1,173,653 $4,646,371 
Commercial real estate-investor owned
Pass (1-6)$495,131 $544,223 $492,974 $323,175 $165,343 $236,914 $5,222 $51,413 $2,314,395 
Special Mention (7)3,626 22,725 51,851 1,657 164 5,526 — — 85,549 
Classified (8-9)9,411 1,034 43 15,838 2,831 4,919 48 — 34,124 
Total Commercial real estate-investor owned$508,168 $567,982 $544,868 $340,670 $168,338 $247,359 $5,270 $51,413 $2,434,068 
Commercial real estate-owner occupied
Pass (1-6)$407,901 $486,701 $489,589 $301,399 $183,872 $313,474 $5,083 $30,036 $2,218,055 
Special Mention (7)13,739 2,521 4,652 10,492 5,439 15,833 — 1,493 54,169 
Classified (8-9)3,389 3,413 2,247 3,181 8,878 24,857 5,056 — 51,021 
Total Commercial real estate-owner occupied$425,029 $492,635 $496,488 $315,072 $198,189 $354,164 $10,139 $31,529 $2,323,245 
Construction real estate
Pass (1-6)$292,689 $325,010 $96,426 $30,956 $1,413 $3,408 $10 $3,700 $753,612 
Special Mention (7)42 2,958 1,046 210 123 114 — — 4,493 
Classified (8-9)1,137 704 — — 13 466 — — 2,320 
Total Construction real estate$293,868 $328,672 $97,472 $31,166 $1,549 $3,988 $10 $3,700 $760,425 
Residential real estate
Pass (1-6)$59,259 $41,956 $51,436 $30,713 $17,793 $77,327 $1,464 $78,351 $358,299 
Special Mention (7)322 — — — 75 1,801 — 614 2,812 
Classified (8-9)127 1,073 69 — 30 1,492 74 7,500 10,365 
Total residential real estate$59,708 $43,029 $51,505 $30,713 $17,898 $80,620 $1,538 $86,465 $371,476 
Other
Pass (1-6)$10,071 $55,923 $67,766 $53,569 $9,382 $19,657 $7 $28,464 $244,839 
Special Mention (7)— — 14,472 — — — — 11,645 26,117 
Classified (8-9)— — — — — 8 — — 8 
Total Other$10,071 $55,923 $82,238 $53,569 $9,382 $19,665 $7 $40,109 $270,964 
Total loans classified by risk category$2,929,929 $2,566,854 $1,628,293 $967,518 $519,573 $777,606 $29,907 $1,386,869 $10,806,549 
Total loans classified by performing status77,569 
Total loans$10,884,118 
In the tables above, loan originations in 2024 and 2023 with a classification of “special mention” or “classified” primarily represent renewals or modifications initially underwritten and originated in prior years.

For certain loans, the Company evaluates credit quality based on the aging status.

The following tables present the recorded investment on loans based on payment activity as of the dates indicated:

March 31, 2024
($ in thousands)PerformingNon PerformingTotal
Commercial and industrial$62,094 $40 $62,134 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned17,707 — 17,707 
Commercial - owner occupied28,117 — 28,117 
Residential704 — 704 
Other3,629 26 3,655 
Total$112,251 $66 $112,317 

December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)PerformingNon PerformingTotal
Commercial and industrial$26,076 $112 $26,188 
Real estate:
Commercial - investor owned17,885 — 17,885 
Commercial - owner occupied28,373 — 28,373 
Residential712 — 712 
Other4,406 5 4,411 
Total$77,452 $117 $77,569