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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

Commission File Number: 1-1927

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio |  | 34-0253240
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
200 Innovation Way, Akron, Ohio |  | 44316-0001
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (330) 796-2121

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Without Par Value |  | GT |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

|  | None |  |

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

|  | Yes | ☑ | No | ☐ |  |

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

|  | Yes | ☐ | No | ☑ |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

|  | Yes | ☑ | No | ☐ |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

|  | Yes | ☑ | No | ☐ |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer | ☑ |  | Accelerated Filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated Filer | ☐ |  | Smaller Reporting Company | ☐ |  | Emerging Growth Company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

|  | Yes | ☐ | No | ☑ |  |

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the last sales price of such common stock as of the closing of trading on June 30, 2020, was approximately $2.1 billion.

Shares of Common Stock, Without Par Value, outstanding at January 31, 2021:

|  | 233,220,098 |  |

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 12, 2021 are incorporated by reference in Part III.

Table of Contents

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020

Table of Contents

Item Number |  | Page Number
| PART I |
1 | Business | 1
1A | Risk Factors | 10
1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 19
2 | Properties | 20
3 | Legal Proceedings | 21
| PART II |
5 | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 22
6 | Selected Financial Data | 23
7 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 53
8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 55
9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 119
9A | Controls and Procedures | 119
9B | Other Information | 119
| PART III |
10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 120
11 | Executive Compensation | 120
12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 120
13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 120
14 | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 120
| PART IV |
15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 121
16 | Form 10-K Summary | 121
Index to Financial Statement Schedules | FS-1
Index of Exhibits | X-1
Signatures |  | S-1

Table of Contents

PART I.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

BUSINESS OF GOODYEAR

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Company”) is an Ohio corporation organized in 1898. Its principal offices are located at 200 Innovation Way, Akron, Ohio 44316-0001. Its telephone number is (330) 796-2121. The terms “Goodyear,” “Company” and “we,” “us” or “our” wherever used herein refer to the Company together with all of its consolidated U.S. and foreign subsidiary companies, unless the context indicates to the contrary.

We are one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, engaging in operations in most regions of the world. In 2020, our net sales were $12,321 million and Goodyear’s net loss was $1,254 million. We develop, manufacture, market and distribute tires for most applications. We also manufacture and market rubber-related chemicals for various applications. We are one of the world’s largest operators of commercial truck service and tire retreading centers. We operate approximately 1,000 retail outlets where we offer our products for sale to consumer and commercial customers and provide repair and other services. We manufacture our products in 46 manufacturing facilities in 21 countries, including the United States, and we have marketing operations in almost every country around the world. We employ approximately 62,000 full-time and temporary associates worldwide.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We make available free of charge on our website, http://www.goodyear.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish such reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in or considered to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

DESCRIPTION OF GOODYEAR’S BUSINESS

GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING OUR SEGMENTS

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific.

Our principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires and related products and services worldwide. We manufacture and market numerous lines of rubber tires for:

| • | automobiles

| • | trucks

| • | buses

| • | aircraft

| • | motorcycles

| • | earthmoving and mining equipment

| • | farm implements

| • | industrial equipment, and

| • | various other applications.

In each case, our tires are offered for sale to vehicle manufacturers for mounting as original equipment (“OE”) and for replacement worldwide. We manufacture and sell tires under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Kelly, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands and various other Goodyear owned “house” brands, and the private-label brands of certain customers. In certain geographic areas we also:

| • | retread truck, aviation and off-the-road ("OTR") tires,

| • | manufacture and sell tread rubber and other tire retreading materials,

| • | sell chemical products, and/or

| • | provide automotive and commercial repair services and miscellaneous other products and services.

Our principal products are new tires for most applications. Approximately 84% of our sales in 2020, 85% in 2019 and 84% in 2018 were for tire units. Sales of chemical products to unaffiliated customers were 3% in 2020, 3% in 2019 and 4% in 2018

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of our consolidated sales (5%, 5% and 7% of Americas total sales in 20 20, 201 9 and 201 8, respectively). The percentages of each segment’s sales attributable to tire units during the periods indicated were:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
Tire Unit Sales |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Americas |  |  | 78 | % |  |  | 80 | % |  |  | 78 | %
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 92 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 91 |

Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions.

Goodyear does not include motorcycle, aviation or race tires in reported tire unit sales.

Tire unit sales for each segment during the periods indicated were:

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — SEGMENT

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Americas |  |  | 56.7 |  |  |  | 70.4 |  |  |  | 70.9 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 44.5 |  |  |  | 55.1 |  |  |  | 57.8 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 24.8 |  |  |  | 29.8 |  |  |  | 30.5 |
Goodyear worldwide tire units |  |  | 126.0 |  |  |  | 155.3 |  |  |  | 159.2 |

Our replacement and OE tire unit sales during the periods indicated were:

GOODYEAR’S ANNUAL TIRE UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Replacement tire units |  |  | 95.0 |  |  |  | 115.0 |  |  |  | 115.1 |
OE tire units |  |  | 31.0 |  |  |  | 40.3 |  |  |  | 44.1 |
Goodyear worldwide tire units |  |  | 126.0 |  |  |  | 155.3 |  |  |  | 159.2 |

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors: Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France). Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper, Hankook, Kumho, Nexen, Pirelli, Sumitomo, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers.

We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price and terms, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. Goodyear and Dunlop branded tires enjoy a high recognition factor and have a reputation for performance and product design. The Kelly, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands and various house brand tire lines offered by us, and tires manufactured and sold by us to private brand customers, compete primarily on the basis of value and price.

We do not consider our tire businesses to be seasonal to any significant degree.

AMERICAS

Americas, our largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires and related products and services in North, Central and South America, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. Americas manufactures tires in five plants in the United States, two plants in Canada and five plants in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

Americas manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, aircraft, and various other applications.

Goodyear brand radial passenger tire lines sold throughout Americas include the Assurance family of product lines for the premium and mid-tier passenger and cross-over utility segments; the Eagle and EfficientGrip Performance families of product lines for the high-performance segment; the Wrangler family of product lines for the sport utility vehicle and light truck segments; as well as the WinterCommand and Ultra Grip family of winter tires. Additionally, we offer Dunlop brand radial

2

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tire lines including Signature and SP Sport for the passenger and performance segments; Grandtrek tire lines for the cross-over and sport utility vehicle and light truck segments; and SP Winter, Winter Maxx and Grandtrek tire lines for the winter tire segment. Americas also manufactures and sells several lines of Kelly brand radial tires for passenger cars and light trucks including the Kelly Edge A/S, Edge HP and Edge AT. Our Americas commercial business provides commercial truck tires, retreads, services and business solutions to trucking fleets. Americas also:

| • | manufactures tread rubber and other tire retreading materials for trucks, heavy equipment and aviation,

| • | retreads truck, aviation and OTR tires, primarily as a service to its commercial customers,

| • | sells products and installation services online through our websites, www.goodyear.com for consumer tires and www.goodyeartrucktires.com for commercial tires,

| • | provides automotive maintenance and repair services at approximately 570 Company-owned retail outlets primarily under the Goodyear or Just Tires names,

| • | provides trucking fleets with new tires, retreads, mechanical service, preventative maintenance and roadside assistance from approximately 220 Company-owned locations, primarily Goodyear Commercial Tire & Service Centers,

| • | sells automotive repair and maintenance items, automotive equipment and accessories and other items to dealers and consumers,

| • | sells chemical products and natural rubber to Goodyear’s other business segments and to unaffiliated customers, and

| • | provides miscellaneous other products and services.

In 2020, Americas launched several new consumer tires under the Goodyear brand, including the Goodyear WinterCommand Ultra. Americas commercial business launched new tires under the Goodyear FuelMax, Goodyear Endurance, Goodyear KMAX, Goodyear UrbanMax and Kelly Armorsteel lines to service our long haul, regional, mixed service and city service customers.

In 2018, we formed a 50/50 joint venture with Bridgestone Americas, Inc. (“Bridgestone”) that combined our Company-owned wholesale distribution business and Bridgestone’s tire wholesale warehouse business to create TireHub, LLC (“TireHub”), a national tire distributor in the United States.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by Americas during the periods indicated were:

AMERICAS UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Replacement tire units |  |  | 44.4 |  |  |  | 55.1 |  |  |  | 53.8 |
OE tire units |  |  | 12.3 |  |  |  | 15.3 |  |  |  | 17.1 |
Total tire units |  |  | 56.7 |  |  |  | 70.4 |  |  |  | 70.9 |

Americas is a major supplier of tires to most manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment that have production facilities located in the Americas.

Americas' primary competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin. Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper, Nexen, Pirelli, and imports from other regions, primarily Asia.

The principal channel for the sale of Goodyear brand tires in Americas is a large network of independent dealers. Goodyear, Dunlop and Kelly brand tires are also sold to numerous national and regional retailers, in Goodyear Company-owned stores in the United States, and through the wholesale channel, including through TireHub, our sole national wholesale tire distributor in the United States, and a network of aligned U.S. regional wholesale tire distributors.

Our products sold in the United States are subject to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (“FMVSS”) promulgated and enforced by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States and tires sold in a foreign country that are identical or substantially similar to tires sold in the United States. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having a defect related to motor vehicle safety or that do not comply with a motor vehicle safety standard. In addition, the Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act (the “TREAD Act”) imposes numerous reporting requirements with respect to the early warning reporting of warranty claims, property damage claims, and bodily injury and

3

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fatality claims. The FMVSS also require tire manufacturers to comply with rigorous tire testing standards. Compliance with the se regulations has increased the cost of producing and distributing tires in the United States.

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

Europe, Middle East and Africa, our second largest segment in terms of revenue, develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, motorcycles, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands and other house brands, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. EMEA manufactures tires in thirteen plants in France, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovenia, South Africa and Turkey. EMEA also:

| • | sells aviation tires and manufactures and sells retreaded aviation tires,

| • | provides various retreading and related services for truck and OTR tires, primarily for its commercial truck tire customers,

| • | offers automotive repair services at Company-owned retail outlets, and

| • | provides miscellaneous other products and services.

In 2020, EMEA launched a number of new consumer tires under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands, including the Goodyear EfficientGrip Performance 2 for the high performance segment and the Goodyear Vector 4Seasons Gen-3 and Dunlop Sport All Season tire for the all-season segment. EMEA also introduced a number of commercial truck tires, including line extensions of the FuelMax Gen-2 and KMAX Gen-2.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by EMEA during the periods indicated were:

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Replacement tire units |  |  | 34.0 |  |  |  | 41.5 |  |  |  | 42.9 |
OE tire units |  |  | 10.5 |  |  |  | 13.6 |  |  |  | 14.9 |
Total tire units |  |  | 44.5 |  |  |  | 55.1 |  |  |  | 57.8 |

EMEA is a significant supplier of tires to most vehicle manufacturers across the region.

EMEA’s primary competitors are Michelin, Bridgestone, Continental, Pirelli, several regional and local tire producers, and imports from other regions, primarily Asia.

Goodyear and Dunlop brand tires are sold for replacement in EMEA through various channels of distribution, principally independent multi-brand tire dealers. In some areas, Goodyear brand tires, as well as Dunlop, Debica, Sava and Fulda brand tires, are distributed through independent dealers, regional distributors and retail outlets, of which approximately 80 are owned by Goodyear. In 2020, we took actions to better align our European distribution network in order to capture the full value of our products and brands in the marketplace.

Our European operations are subject to regulation by the European Union. The Tire Safety Regulation sets performance standards that tires for cars and light and commercial trucks need to meet for rolling resistance, wet grip braking (passenger car tires only) and noise in order to be sold in the European Union. The Tire Labeling Regulation applies to all passenger car, light truck and commercial truck tires and requires that consumers be informed about the tire's fuel efficiency, wet grip and noise characteristics.

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A SIA P ACIFIC

Our Asia Pacific segment develops, manufactures, distributes and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, farm, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout the Asia Pacific region, and sells tires to various export markets, primarily through intersegment sales. Asia Pacific manufactures tires in seven plants in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. Asia Pacific also:

| • | retreads truck tires and aviation tires,

| • | manufactures tread rubber and other tire retreading materials for aviation tires,

| • | provides automotive maintenance and repair services at Company-owned retail outlets, and

| • | provides miscellaneous other products and services.

In 2020, Asia Pacific released new consumer tires under the Goodyear brand, including the Goodyear Eagle F1 Sport which builds on the 2019 launches of the Eagle F1 Asymmetric 5 and Eagle F1 SuperSport to complete the renewal of the Asia Pacific sport segment. Additionally, we released the EfficientGrip Performance 2 for the passenger luxury segment and, in Japan, the EfficientGrip ECO EG02 for the passenger broad market segment. Asia Pacific also launched two new commercial tires: the S800 to meet increasing mid-size urban bus requirements and the KMAX T210 to meet more demanding requirements of long haul logistics fleets.

Markets and Other Information

Tire unit sales to replacement and OE customers served by Asia Pacific during the periods indicated were:

ASIA PACIFIC UNIT SALES — REPLACEMENT AND OE

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Replacement tire units |  |  | 16.6 |  |  |  | 18.4 |  |  |  | 18.4 |
OE tire units |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |  | 11.4 |  |  |  | 12.1 |
Total tire units |  |  | 24.8 |  |  |  | 29.8 |  |  |  | 30.5 |

Asia Pacific’s major competitors are Bridgestone and Michelin along with many other global brands present in different parts of the region, including Continental, Dunlop, Hankook and a large number of regional and local tire producers.

Asia Pacific sells primarily Goodyear brand tires throughout the region and also sells the Dunlop brand in Australia and New Zealand. Other brands of tires, such as Remington, Kelly and Diamondback, are sold in smaller quantities. Tires are sold through a network of licensed and franchised retail stores and multi-brand retailers through a network of wholesale dealers as well as through an increasing number of on-line outlets. In Australia, we also operate a network of approximately 180 retail stores under the Beaurepaires brand.

GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

The principal raw materials used by Goodyear are synthetic and natural rubber. Synthetic rubber accounts for approximately 52% of all rubber consumed by us on an annual basis. Our plants located in Beaumont and Houston, Texas supply a major portion of our global synthetic rubber requirements. We purchase all of our requirements for natural rubber in the world market.

Other important raw materials and components we use are carbon black, steel cord, fabrics and petrochemical-based commodities. Substantially all of these raw materials and components are purchased from independent suppliers, except for certain chemicals we manufacture. We purchase most raw materials and components in significant quantities from several suppliers, except in those instances where only one or a few qualified sources are available. We anticipate the continued availability of all raw materials and components we will require during 2021, subject to spot shortages and unexpected disruptions caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, such as hurricanes, and other events.

Substantial quantities of fuel and other petrochemical-based commodities are used in the production of tires, synthetic rubber and other products. Supplies of such fuels and commodities have been and are expected to continue to be available to us in quantities sufficient to satisfy our anticipated requirements, subject to spot shortages.

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Human Capital Management

At December 31, 2020, we employed approximately 62,000 full-time and temporary associates throughout the world, including approximately 36,000 associates covered under collective bargaining agreements. During 2020, our employment of full-time and temporary associates decreased by approximately 1,000 people, primarily related to the permanent closure of our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility. Approximately 5,700 of our associates in the United States are covered by a master collective bargaining agreement with the United Steelworkers ("USW"), which expires in July 2022. In addition, approximately 800 of our associates in the United States are covered by other contracts with the USW and various other unions. Approximately 20,000 of our associates outside of the United States are covered by union contracts that currently have expired or that will expire in 2021, primarily in Germany, Luxembourg, China, Slovenia, France, Turkey, India and Mexico. Unions represent a major portion of our associates in the United States and Europe.

Engaging and enabling our associates to realize their full potential is one of our core strategies. This starts with attracting top diverse talent and is followed by fostering inclusion, offering opportunities for skill and career development, promoting health and wellness, providing a safe and healthy workplace, making a positive impact in our communities, and expecting our associates to know and comply with our compliance and ethics policies.

Talent Management — Our associates are the driving force behind our success. They underpin every aspect of our strategy and help us deliver value to our customers, shareholders and communities. We provide integrated talent management and learning solutions aimed at enabling our associates to reach their full personal and professional potential at Goodyear. We are guided by our talent strategy which focuses on talent attraction, talent development, talent engagement and retention, as well as succession planning. An example of how we attract talent is through campus recruiting into our intern and job rotational programs utilized by several of our functional teams. We offer a number of tools for talent development including The Goodyear Learning Center, which is our in-house collection of online courses available to all associates. In our manufacturing plants, one of the pillars of our plant optimization efforts is Continuous Skills Development, which focuses on developing problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Diversity and Inclusion — A diverse workforce is critical to our long-term success. Embracing and valuing differences allows us to attract top talent, improve associate satisfaction and engagement, foster innovation, and meld varying experiences and perspectives to drive enhanced customer service, business creativity and decision-making. Our goal is to create a work environment where people have a real sense of belonging and are able to thrive. Our commitment is reflected in the policies that govern our workforce, such as our Business Conduct Manual and Global Zero Tolerance policy and is evidenced in our recruiting strategies, succession planning, diversity and inclusion training and Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”), which are key to our inclusion efforts. Our ERGs provide associates access to coaching, mentoring and professional development, and include the Goodyear Black Network, Goodyear Veterans Association, Goodyear Women’s Network, Goodyear Pride Network, HOLA (Hispanic/Latino), Next Generation Leaders and Goodyear Asia India Middle East (AIM).

Health and Wellness — Our wellness initiatives take a holistic view of associate health, including physical, emotional, financial and social health, to enable our associates to thrive and bring their best selves to work each day. Goodyear strives to be at the forefront of corporate wellness, and that goal is the driver behind our “GoodLife” wellness program, which is led by our Chief Health Officer, in order to foster a culture of wellness for all Goodyear associates and their families. To meet the needs of our diverse workforce, retirees and their dependents, we offer varying robust benefits packages for our full-time and part-time associates globally.

Workforce Safety and Wellness — Our vision is to have the safest operations in the world. We have established a goal of eliminating all serious injuries and fatalities in our workplace. To reduce the risk of serious injuries we invest in systems that enable us to receive reliable and structured data to enable decision making. We also work to improve our industrial hygiene to prevent work-related illness from noise and the substances used in the manufacturing process and we focus on ergonomics using a six-step problem-solving process to reduce injuries and maximize workplace performance.

Community Engagement — Collaborating with community organizations energizes our associates and helps us build a better future. Our global strategy and efforts are an extension of our business and are aimed at safe mobility, inspiring students to reach their full potential and reducing our environmental impacts. We encourage our associates to participate in our Global Week of Volunteering.

Compliance and Ethics — To “Act with Integrity” is a core component of our global strategy. Each associate is responsible for acting with honesty, integrity and respect every day and everywhere we do business. Our Business Conduct Manual guides our Board of Directors, executive team and all associates globally. We require our global salaried associates to complete training

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annually on our Business Conduct Manual and periodically on subjects such as competition law, anti-corruption and anti-bribery, and being a compliance leader.

Refer to "Overview — Results of Operations" included in Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for information on the human capital management actions we have taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patents and Trademarks

We own approximately 1,800 product, process and equipment patents issued by the United States Patent Office and approximately 3,600 patents issued or granted in other countries around the world. We have approximately 400 applications for United States patents pending and approximately 800 patent applications on file in other countries around the world. While such patents and patent applications as a group are important, we do not consider any patent or patent application to be of such importance that the loss or expiration thereof would materially affect Goodyear or any business segment.

We own, control or use approximately 1,500 different trademarks, including several using the word “Goodyear” or the word “Dunlop.” Approximately 8,300 registrations and 300 pending applications worldwide protect these trademarks. While such trademarks as a group are important, the only trademarks we consider material to our business, or to the business of any of our segments, are those using the word “Goodyear,” and with respect to certain of our international business segments, those using the word “Dunlop.” We believe our trademarks are valid and most are of unlimited duration as long as they are adequately protected and appropriately used.

Compliance with Government Regulations

We are subject to extensive regulation under environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations worldwide. These laws and regulations relate to, among other things, air emissions, discharges to surface and underground waters, the generation, handling, storage, transportation and disposal of waste materials and hazardous substances, and workplace safety and health. We have several continuing programs designed to ensure compliance with foreign, federal, state and local environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. We expect capital expenditures for pollution control facilities and occupational safety and health projects to be approximately $40 million and $35 million in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

We also incur ongoing expenses to maintain and operate our pollution control facilities and conduct our other environmental activities, including the control and disposal of hazardous substances. These expenditures are expected to be sufficient to comply with existing environmental laws and regulations and are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our competitive position. In the future, we may incur increased costs and additional charges associated with environmental compliance and cleanup projects necessitated by the identification of new waste sites, the impact of new environmental laws and regulatory standards, or the availability of new technologies. Compliance with foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations in the future may require a material increase in our capital expenditures and could adversely affect our earnings and competitive position.

In addition, compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include import and export laws, anti-competition laws, anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, data privacy laws such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, tax laws, and accounting, internal control and disclosure requirements.

Refer to “Description of Goodyear’s Business – Americas” and “Description of Goodyear’s Business – Europe, Middle East and Africa” included in this Item 1, “Business” for information regarding compliance with government regulations in each of those segments.

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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Set forth below are: (1) the names and ages of all executive officers of the Company at February 9, 2021, (2) all positions with the Company presently held by each such person, and (3) the positions held by, and principal areas of responsibility of, each such person during the last five years.

Name |  | Position(s) Held |  | Age
Richard J. Kramer |  | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President |  | 57 |  |
Mr. Kramer was elected Chief Executive Officer and President in April 2010 and Chairman in October 2010. He is the principal executive officer of the Company. Mr. Kramer joined Goodyear in 2000 and has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (June 2004 to August 2007), President, North America (March 2007 to February 2010) and Chief Operating Officer (June 2009 to April 2010).
Darren R. Wells |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | 55 |  |
Mr. Wells was named Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in September 2018. He is Goodyear’s principal financial officer. Mr. Wells previously served as Goodyear’s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from October 2008 to November 2013. He first joined Goodyear in 2002 and has also served as President, Europe, Middle East and Africa (December 2013 to December 2015). Prior to rejoining Goodyear, Mr. Wells was an Executive in Residence and MBA Coach at the University of South Florida’s Muma College of Business from January 2018 to September 2018.
Stephen R. McClellan |  | President, Americas |  | 55 |  |
Mr. McClellan was named President, Americas in January 2016. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear's operations in North, Central and South America. Mr. McClellan joined Goodyear in 1988.
Christopher R. Delaney |  | President, Europe, Middle East and Africa |  | 59 |  |
Mr. Delaney was named President, Europe, Middle East and Africa in September 2017. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Mr. Delaney joined Goodyear as President-Elect, Asia Pacific in August 2015, and has served as President, Asia Pacific (January 2016 to September 2017).
Ryan G. Patterson |  | President, Asia Pacific |  | 47 |  |
Mr. Patterson was named President, Asia Pacific in September 2017. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s operations in Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Western Pacific. Mr. Patterson joined Goodyear in 2002 and has served as President, North America Consumer (September 2014 to September 2017).
Jonathan Bellissimo |  | Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Technology |  | 65 |  |
Mr. Bellissimo was named Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Technology in January 2019. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s global manufacturing, supply chain, sales and operations planning, engineering and product quality activities. Mr. Bellissimo joined Goodyear in 1977 and has served as General Director of the Goodyear Innovation Center in Akron, Ohio (January 2010 to August 2016) and Vice President, Americas Product Development & Chemical (September 2016 to December 2018).
Laura P. Duda |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Communications Officer |  | 51 |  |
Ms. Duda was named Senior Vice President and Chief Communications Officer in January 2019. She is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s communications activities worldwide. Ms. Duda joined Goodyear as Vice President, Corporate Communications in February 2016, and has served as Vice President, Communications, Americas (July 2016 to December 2018). Prior to joining Goodyear, Ms. Duda was Vice President, Communications at Exelon Corporation, a utility services holding company, from November 2008 to January 2016.

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Name |  | Position(s) Held |  | Age
Christopher P. Helsel |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer |  | 55 |  |
Mr. Helsel was named Vice President and Chief Technology Officer in September 2017 and became a Senior Vice President in February 2019. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s global research and development activities. Mr. Helsel joined Goodyear in 1996 and has served as Director, Retread (January 2013 to February 2017) and Director, North America Commercial and Global Off-Highway Technology (March 2017 to August 2017).
David E. Phillips |  | Senior Vice President and General Counsel |  | 45 |  |
Mr. Phillips was named Senior Vice President and General Counsel in June 2019. He is Goodyear's chief legal officer. Mr. Phillips joined Goodyear in 2011 and has served as Senior Legal Counsel (2011 to April 2016), Associate General Counsel, North America (May 2016 to August 2016) and Associate General Counsel, Americas (September 2016 to June 2019).
Gary S. VanderLind |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer |  | 58 |  |
Mr. VanderLind was named Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in February 2019. He is the executive officer responsible for Goodyear’s global human resources activities. Mr. VanderLind joined Goodyear in 1985 and has served as Vice President, Human Resources - North America (September 2007 to August 2016) and Vice President, Human Resources - Americas (September 2016 to January 2019).
Evan M. Scocos |  | Vice President and Controller |  | 49 |  |
Mr. Scocos was named Vice President and Controller in June 2016. He is Goodyear's principal accounting officer. Mr. Scocos joined Goodyear in 2004 and has served as Vice President and General Auditor (March 2014 to May 2016).

No family relationship exists between any of the above executive officers or between the executive officers and any director of the Company.

Each executive officer is elected by the Board of Directors of the Company at its annual meeting to a term of one year or until his or her successor is duly elected. In those instances where the person is elected at other than an annual meeting, such person’s term will expire at the next annual meeting.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

You should carefully consider the risks described below and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K when considering an investment decision with respect to our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. Any of the events discussed in the risk factors below may occur. If they do, our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity could be materially adversely affected. In such an instance, the trading price of our securities could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment.

Our results of operations have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our future results of operations, financial condition and liquidity are expected to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that impact may be material.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant volatility in the global economy and led to a dramatic reduction in economic activity worldwide. International, federal, state and local public health and governmental authorities have taken extraordinary actions to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 throughout most regions of the world, including travel bans, quarantines, “stay-at-home” orders and similar mandates that have caused many individuals to substantially restrict their daily activities and many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations.

The tire industry has been negatively impacted by this evolving situation, particularly earlier in 2020, which was characterized by a sudden and sharp decline in replacement tire demand and original equipment manufacturers suspending or severely limiting automobile production globally. Our results have been, and are likely to continue to be, adversely impacted by this economic disruption, including lower tire volume, sales, income and cash flow. In addition, our ability to continue implementing important strategic initiatives and capital expenditures may be reduced as we devote time and other resources to

responding to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In March 2020, we announced the suspension of production at our manufacturing facilities in Europe and the Americas due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Production was suspended or significantly limited at most of our manufacturing facilities around the world during parts of the first half of 2020. During the second quarter of 2020, we completed a phased restart of most of our manufacturing facilities. Most of our factories returned to full capacity by the end of the third quarter and remained at full capacity during the fourth quarter. Our decisions to change production levels in the future will be based on an evaluation of market demand signals, inventory and supply levels, as well as our ability to continue to safeguard the health of our associates. During 2021, we may experience unexpected delays or obstacles, such as disruptions in our supply chain or government mandates, that may hamper our ability to achieve planned production levels. Further, we will not be able to operate at optimal levels of efficiency given new work rules and procedures that were implemented to protect our associates and increased absenteeism as a result of community spread of COVID-19. Any suspension of production at our manufacturing facilities, or difficulties or inefficiencies in resuming or increasing production, is likely to adversely impact our future results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and that impact may be material.

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operating and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements and our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital. If the COVID-19 pandemic continues for an extended period of time or worsens, our liquidity position may deteriorate. While we actively monitor our liquidity and took a number of actions aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on our cash flows and liquidity, our cash flows from operating activities may decline if global economic activity remains low and we are unable to have sufficient access to credit or other capital. For example, the borrowing base under our first lien revolving credit facility is dependent, in significant part, on our eligible accounts receivable and inventory, which have declined as a result of our lower sales and production levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, our European revolving credit facility contains a leverage ratio covenant applicable to Goodyear Europe B.V. and its subsidiaries. While we are currently in compliance with this covenant, if we were unable to satisfy this covenant in the future or obtain a waiver from our lenders, we would no longer be able to access our €800 million European revolving credit facility or our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility.

The full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity will depend on future developments, such as the ultimate duration and scope of the pandemic, its impact on our customers and suppliers, how quickly normal economic conditions, operations and the demand for our products can resume, and whether the pandemic leads to recessionary conditions in any of our key markets. Government-sponsored liquidity or stimulus programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic may not be available to us or our customers or suppliers, and if available, may be insufficient to address

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the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the ultimate impact on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity cannot be determined at this time.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also exacerbated several of the risks disclosed below, including, but not limited to, the following (which are identified by their caption):

| • | If we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected.

| • | Our long term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results.

| • | Financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business.

| • | Our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner.

| • | We have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health.

| • | Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

| • | We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales.

If we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected.

Our results for 2020 were highly influenced by the severe economic disruption caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The tire industry has been negatively impacted by this evolving situation, particularly earlier in the year, which was characterized by a sudden and sharp decline in replacement tire demand and original equipment manufacturers suspending or severely limiting automobile production globally. Our results have been, and are likely to continue to be, adversely impacted by this economic disruption, including lower tire volume, sales, income and cash flow. In this environment, global tire industry demand continues to be difficult to predict.

We are pursuing important strategic initiatives, such as our operational excellence, sales and marketing excellence and innovation excellence initiatives. Our operational excellence initiatives are aimed at improving our manufacturing efficiency and creating an advantaged supply chain focused on reducing our total delivered costs, optimizing working capital levels and delivering best in industry customer service. Our sales and marketing excellence initiatives are intended to build the value of our brand, help our customers win in their markets, and become consumers' preferred choice. Our innovation excellence initiatives are designed to develop great products and services that anticipate and respond to the needs of consumers. If we fail to execute these initiatives successfully, we may fail to achieve our financial goals.

We believe that our manufacturing footprint is less cost-competitive than that of our principal competitors. To begin to address this competitive disadvantage, we are curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market and undertaking significant capital investments in building, expanding and modernizing manufacturing facilities around the world to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint and increase production of premium, large-rim diameter consumer tires. The failure to implement successfully this or our other important strategic initiatives may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

We continue to face distribution challenges in Europe which have adversely impacted our consumer replacement tire business in that region. In 2020, we continued to address these challenges by taking actions to better align our European distribution network in order to capture the full value of our products and brands in the marketplace. This project is ongoing and although significant progress has been made, the remaining changes we are pursuing to our distribution network in Europe could lead to continued disruption in our consumer replacement sales in 2021. If we fail to address the distribution challenges that we face, or our plans to align our distribution network in Europe do not achieve the desired result, our competitive position may deteriorate and our operating results, financial condition and liquidity could be adversely affected.

Our performance is also dependent on our ability to improve the volume and mix of higher margin tires we sell in our targeted market segments. In order to do so, we must be successful in developing, producing, marketing and selling products that consumers desire and that offer higher margins to us. Shifts in consumer demand away from higher margin tires could

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materially adversely affect our business. We have been capacity constrained from time to time with respect to the production of certain higher margin tires, particularly in the United States. When faced with these constraints, we try to alleviate them by utilizing our global manufacturing footprint to meet the demand for our tires and by adding manufacturing capacity. However, in spite of these initiatives, we may not be able to meet all of the demand for certain of our higher margin tires, which could harm our competitive position and limit our growth.

We cannot assure you that our strategic initiatives will be successful. If not, we may not be able to achieve or sustain future profitability, which would impair our ability to meet our debt and other obligations and would otherwise negatively affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

We face significant global competition and our market share could decline.

New tires are sold under highly competitive conditions throughout the world. We compete with other tire manufacturers on the basis of product design, performance, price and terms, reputation, warranty terms, customer service and consumer convenience. On a worldwide basis, we have two major competitors, Bridgestone (based in Japan) and Michelin (based in France), that have large shares of the markets of the countries in which they are based and are aggressively seeking to maintain or improve their worldwide market share. Other significant competitors include Continental, Cooper, Hankook, Kumho, Nexen, Pirelli, Sumitomo, Toyo, Yokohama and various regional tire manufacturers. Our competitors produce significant numbers of tires in low-cost countries, and have announced plans to further increase their production capacity in those countries as well as the United States. These increases in production capacity may result in even greater competition in the United States and elsewhere.

Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in significant part, on our ability to continue to innovate and manufacture the types of tires demanded by consumers, and to reduce costs by such means as reducing excess and high-cost capacity, leveraging global purchasing, improving productivity, eliminating redundancies and increasing production at low-cost supply sources. If we are unable to compete successfully, our market share may decline, materially adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the automotive industry may experience significant changes due to the introduction of new technologies, such as electric and autonomous vehicles, or new services, business models or methods of travel, such as ride sharing. As the automotive industry evolves, we may need to provide a wider range of products and services to remain competitive, including products that we do not currently have the capability to manufacture or services that we do not currently offer. The demand for our products may also decline if automotive production declines and/or total vehicle miles traveled declines. If we do not accurately predict, prepare for and respond to market developments, technological innovations and changing customer and consumer needs and preferences, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Raw material and energy costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Raw material costs have historically been volatile, and we may experience increases in the prices of natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black and petrochemical-based commodities. Market conditions, including actions by competitors, or contractual obligations may prevent us from passing any such increased costs on to our customers through timely price increases. Additionally, higher raw material and energy costs around the world may offset our efforts to reduce our cost structure. As a result, higher raw material and energy costs could result in declining margins and operating results and adversely affect our financial condition. The volatility of raw material costs may cause our margins, operating results and liquidity to fluctuate. In addition, lower raw material costs may put downward pressure on the price of tires, which could ultimately reduce our margins and adversely affect our results of operations.

If we fail to extend or renegotiate significant collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions as they expire from time to time, or if our unionized employees were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected.

We are a party to collective bargaining contracts with our labor unions, which represent a significant number of our employees. Our master collective bargaining agreement with the USW covers approximately 5,700 of our associates in the United States at December 31, 2020, and expires in July 2022. In addition, approximately 20,000 of our associates outside of the United States are covered by union contracts that have expired or are expiring in 2021, primarily in Germany, Luxembourg, China, Slovenia, France, Turkey, India and Mexico. Although we believe that our relations with our associates are satisfactory, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements as they expire from time to time. If we fail to extend or renegotiate our collective bargaining agreements, if disputes with our unions arise, or if our unionized workers engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, we could experience a significant

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disruption of, or inefficiencies in, our operations or incur higher labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We could be negatively impacted by the imposition of tariffs on imported tires and other goods.

The imposition of tariffs on certain tires imported from China or other countries may reduce our flexibility to utilize our global manufacturing footprint to meet demand for our tires around the world. In addition, the imposition of tariffs in the United States may result in the tires subject to such tariffs being diverted to other regions of the world, such as Europe, Latin America or Asia, or in retaliatory tariffs or other actions by affected countries. Broad-based tariffs and other trade restrictions could also increase costs for our suppliers who may increase prices to us. Finally, tariffs and other trade restrictions may weaken the economies of key markets for us, such as China, resulting in lower economic growth rates and weakened demand for our products and services. These factors, individually or together, could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

We have manufacturing and distribution facilities throughout the world. Our international operations are subject to certain inherent risks, including:

| • | exposure to local economic conditions;

| • | adverse foreign currency fluctuations;

| • | adverse currency exchange controls;

| • | withholding taxes and restrictions on the withdrawal of foreign investment and earnings;

| • | tax policies and regulations;

| • | labor regulations;

| • | tariffs;

| • | government price and profit margin controls;

| • | expropriations of property;

| • | adverse changes in the diplomatic relations of foreign countries with the United States;

| • | the potential instability of foreign governments;

| • | hostility from local populations and insurrections;

| • | risks of renegotiation or modification of existing agreements with governmental authorities;

| • | export and import restrictions; and

| • | other changes in laws or government policies.

The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on us vary from country to country and are unpredictable. Certain regions, including Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa, are inherently more economically and politically volatile and, as a result, our business units that operate in these regions could be subject to significant fluctuations in sales and operating income from quarter to quarter. Because a significant percentage of our operating income in recent years has come from these regions, adverse fluctuations in the operating results in these regions could have a significant impact on our results of operations in future periods.

In addition, compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include import and export laws, anti-competition laws, anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act, and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials, data privacy laws such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, tax laws, and accounting, internal control and disclosure requirements. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in civil and criminal fines, penalties and sanctions against

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us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our reputation, business and results of operations. In certain foreign jurisdictions, there is a higher risk of fraud or corruption and greater difficulty in maintaining effective internal controls and compliance programs. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to promote compliance with applicable laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors or agents will not violate our policies or applicable laws and regulations.

We have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

The financial position and results of operations of many of our international subsidiaries are initially recorded in various foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rate for inclusion in our financial statements. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies ordinarily has a negative impact on our reported sales and operating margin (and conversely, the weakening of the U.S. dollar against these foreign currencies has a positive impact). For the year ended December 31, 2020, foreign currency translation unfavorably affected sales by $233 million and unfavorably affected segment operating income by $2 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. The volatility of currency exchange rates may materially adversely affect our operating results.

Our long term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results.

The adequacy of our liquidity depends on our ability to achieve an appropriate combination of operating improvements, financing from third parties and access to capital markets. We may need to undertake additional financing actions in the capital markets in order to ensure that our future liquidity requirements are addressed or to implement strategic initiatives. These actions may include the issuance of additional debt or equity, or the factoring of our accounts receivable.

Our access to the capital markets cannot be assured and is dependent on, among other things, the ability and willingness of financial institutions to extend credit on terms that are acceptable to us or our suppliers, or to honor future draws on our existing lines of credit, and the degree of success we have in implementing our strategic initiatives. We have continued our use of supplier financing programs and the factoring of our accounts receivable in order to improve our working capital efficiency and reduce our costs. If these programs become unavailable or less attractive to us or our suppliers, our liquidity could be adversely affected.

Future liquidity requirements, or our inability to access cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, also may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. A substantial portion of our assets is subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness.

Our inability to access the capital markets or incur additional debt in the future could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations, and could require us to consider further measures, including deferring planned capital expenditures, reducing discretionary spending, selling additional assets and restructuring existing debt.

Financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business.

The tire industry has been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly earlier in 2020, which was characterized by a sudden and sharp decline in replacement tire demand and original equipment manufacturers suspending or severely limiting automobile production globally. As a result of the ongoing pandemic, automotive vehicle production and global tire industry demand continues to be difficult to predict.

Although sales to our OE customers accounted for approximately 17% of our net sales in 2020, demand for our products by OE customers and production levels at our facilities are impacted by automotive vehicle production. We may experience future declines in sales volume due to declines in new vehicle sales, the performance, discontinuation or sale of certain OE brands, platforms or programs, increased competition, or weakness in the demand for replacement tires, which could result in us incurring under-absorbed fixed costs at our production facilities or slowing the rate at which we are able to recover those costs.

Automotive production can also be affected by the ongoing pandemic, labor relation issues, financial difficulties or supply disruptions. Our OE customers could experience production disruptions resulting from their own or supplier labor, financial or supply difficulties, or from government actions to contain and combat the outbreak and spread of COVID-19. Such events may cause an OE customer to reduce or suspend vehicle production. Other customers, such as dealers, retailers or distributors, may

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experience similar disruptions to their operations. As a result, a customer could halt or significantly reduce purchases of our products, which would harm our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our suppliers could also experience production disruptions due to the ongoing pandemic or labor, financial or supply difficulties, or new environmental laws or stricter enforcement of existing environmental laws. Any such production disruptions may result in the unexpected closure of our suppliers' facilities or increases in the cost of our raw materials, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the bankruptcy, restructuring or consolidation of one or more of our major customers, dealers or suppliers could result in the write-off of accounts receivable, a reduction in purchases of our products or a supply disruption to our facilities, which could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner.

Our capital expenditures are limited by our liquidity and capital resources and the amount we have available for capital spending is limited by the need to pay our other expenses and to maintain adequate cash reserves and borrowing capacity to meet unexpected demands that may arise. In addition, we significantly reduced our capital expenditures in 2020 in order to preserve cash as part of our response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe that our ratio of capital expenditures to sales is lower than the comparable ratio for our principal competitors.

Productivity improvements and manufacturing cost improvements may be required to offset potential increases in labor and raw material costs and competitive price pressures. In addition, as part of our strategy to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and to increase our capacity to produce higher margin tires, we may need to modernize or expand our facilities. We are currently undertaking significant construction, expansion and modernization projects in the United States, Germany, Slovenia and Thailand.

We may not have sufficient resources to implement planned capital expenditures with minimal disruption to our existing manufacturing operations, or within desired time frames and budgets. Any disruption to our operations, delay in implementing capital improvements or unexpected costs may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to make sufficient capital expenditures, or to maximize the efficiency of the capital expenditures we do make, we may be unable to achieve productivity improvements, which may harm our competitive position, or to manufacture the products necessary to compete successfully in our targeted market segments. In addition, plant construction and modernization may temporarily disrupt our manufacturing operations and lead to temporary increases in our costs.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health.

We have a substantial amount of debt. As of December 31, 2020, our debt (including finance leases) on a consolidated basis was approximately $6.0 billion. Our substantial amount of debt and other obligations could have important consequences. For example, it could:

| • | make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations;

| • | impair our ability to obtain financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development, acquisitions or general corporate requirements;

| • | increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

| • | limit our ability to use cash flows from operating activities in other areas of our business or to return cash to shareholders because we would need to dedicate a substantial portion of these funds for payments on our indebtedness;

| • | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and

| • | place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors.

The agreements governing our debt, including our credit agreements, limit, but do not prohibit, us from incurring additional debt and we may incur a significant amount of additional debt in the future, including additional secured debt. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, our ability to satisfy our debt obligations may become more limited.

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Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our debt and other obligations will depend on our financial and operating performance, which, in turn, is subject to our ability to implement our strategic initiatives, prevailing economic conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service and other obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay expansion plans and capital expenditures, sell material assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt. We cannot assure you that our operating performance, cash flow and capital resources will be sufficient to pay our debt obligations when they become due. We cannot assure you that we would be able to dispose of material assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt or other obligations if necessary or, even if we were able to take such actions, that we could do so on terms that are acceptable to us.

Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.

The agreements governing our secured credit facilities, senior unsecured notes and our other outstanding indebtedness impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. These restrictions limit our ability to, among other things:

| • | incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock;

| • | pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments;

| • | incur liens;

| • | sell assets;

| • | incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us;

| • | enter into affiliate transactions;

| • | engage in sale/leaseback transactions; and

| • | engage in certain mergers or consolidations or transfers of substantially all of our assets.

Availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory, the value of our principal trademarks, the value of eligible machinery and equipment, and certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under that facility may decrease below its stated amount. In addition, if at any time the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under that facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess.

Our ability to comply with these covenants or to maintain our borrowing base may be affected by events beyond our control, including deteriorating economic conditions, and these events could require us to seek waivers or amendments of covenants or alternative sources of financing or to reduce expenditures. We cannot assure you that such waivers, amendments or alternative financing could be obtained, or if obtained, would be on terms acceptable to us.

A breach of any of the covenants or restrictions contained in any of our existing or future financing agreements, including the financial covenants in our secured credit facilities, could result in an event of default under those agreements. Such a default could allow the lenders under our financing agreements, if the agreements so provide, to discontinue lending, to accelerate the related debt as well as any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies, and/or to declare all borrowings outstanding thereunder to be due and payable. In addition, the lenders could terminate any commitments they have to provide us with further funds. If any of these events occur, we cannot assure you that we will have sufficient funds available to pay in full the total amount of obligations that become due as a result of any such acceleration, or that we will be able to find additional or alternative financing to refinance any such accelerated obligations. Even if we obtain additional or alternative financing, we cannot assure you that it would be on terms that would be acceptable to us.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with the covenants to which we are subject in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from our lenders or amend the covenants.

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Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, which would require us to use more of our available cash to service our indebtedness. There can also be no assurance that we will be able to enter into swap agreements or other hedging arrangements in the future if we desire to do so, or that any existing or future hedging arrangements will offset increases in interest rates. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $1.4 billion of variable rate debt outstanding.

We have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales.

We operate with significant operating and financial leverage. Significant portions of our manufacturing, selling, administrative and general expenses are fixed costs that neither increase nor decrease proportionately with sales. In addition, a significant portion of our interest expense is fixed. There can be no assurance that we would be able to reduce our fixed costs proportionately in response to a decline in our net sales and therefore our competitiveness could be significantly impacted. As a result, a decline in our net sales could result in a higher percentage decline in our income from operations and net income.

We may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters.

We have significant reserves for contingent liabilities and tax matters. The major categories of our contingent liabilities include workers' compensation and other employment-related claims, product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, and environmental matters. Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for our contingent liabilities are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur that we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs, or in future periods.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including with respect to transfer pricing. While we apply consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, support transfer prices through economic studies, seek advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believe our transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims.

If we wish to appeal any future adverse judgment in any of these proceedings, we may be required to post an appeal bond with the relevant court. If we were subject to a significant adverse judgment or experienced an interruption or reduction in the availability of bonding capacity, we may be required to provide letters of credit or post cash collateral, which may have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

We have significant deferred tax assets, including foreign tax credits. We must generate sufficient earnings of the appropriate character in order to utilize our deferred tax assets prior to any applicable expiration dates. If our earnings remain flat or decline over an extended period of time, we may not be able to utilize certain of our deferred tax assets prior to their expiration and we may need to record an additional valuation allowance against them that could materially adversely affect our results of operations in the period in which the valuation allowance is recorded.

For further information regarding our contingent liabilities and tax matters, refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, and No. 6, Income Taxes, in this Form 10-K. For further information regarding our accounting policies with respect to certain of our contingent liabilities and uncertain income tax positions, refer to “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies.”

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We are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results.

We are subject to regulation by the Department of Transportation through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA, which has established various standards and regulations applicable to tires sold in the United States and tires sold in a foreign country that are identical or substantially similar to tires sold in the United States. NHTSA has the authority to order the recall of automotive products, including tires, having safety-related defects or that do not comply with a motor vehicle safety standard.

The Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability, and Documentation Act, or TREAD Act, imposes numerous requirements with respect to the early warning reporting of warranty claims, property damage claims, and bodily injury and fatality claims and also requires tire manufacturers, among other things, to comply with revised and more rigorous tire testing standards. Compliance with the TREAD Act regulations has increased the cost of producing and distributing tires in the United States. We have been subject to recalls in the past and it is possible that a recall of our tires, including under the TREAD Act or in other countries under similar regulations, could occur in the future. A substantial recall could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, pursuant to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, NHTSA may establish a national tire fuel efficiency consumer information program. If a related rule-making process is completed, certain tires sold in the United States would be required to be rated for rolling resistance, traction and tread wear. While the federal law preempts state tire fuel efficiency laws adopted after January 1, 2006, we may become subject to additional tire fuel efficiency legislation, either in the United States or other countries.

Our European operations are subject to regulation by the European Union. In 2009, two regulations, the Tire Safety Regulation and the Tire Labeling Regulation, applicable to tires sold in the European Union were adopted. The Tire Safety Regulation sets performance standards that tires for cars and light and commercial trucks need to meet for rolling resistance, wet grip braking (passenger car tires only) and noise in order to be sold in the European Union. The Tire Labeling Regulation applies to all passenger car, light truck and commercial truck tires and requires that consumers be informed about the tire's fuel efficiency, wet grip and noise characteristics. Other countries, such as Brazil, have also adopted tire labeling regulations, and additional countries may also introduce similar regulations in the future.

Tires produced or sold in Europe also have to comply with various other standards, including environmental laws such as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances), which regulates the use of chemicals in the European Union. For example, REACH prohibits the use of highly aromatic oils in tires, which were used as compounding components to improve certain performance characteristics.

These U.S. and European regulations, rules adopted to implement these regulations, or other similar regulations that may be adopted in the United States, Europe or elsewhere in the future may require us to alter or increase our capital spending and research and development plans or cease the production of certain tires, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Laws and regulations governing environmental and occupational safety and health are complicated, change frequently and have tended to become stricter over time. As a manufacturing company, we are subject to these laws and regulations both inside and outside the United States. We may not be in complete compliance with such laws and regulations at all times. Our costs or liabilities relating to them may be more than the amount we have reserved, and that difference may be material.

In addition, our manufacturing facilities may become subject to further limitations on the emission of “greenhouse gases” due to public policy concerns regarding climate change issues or other environmental or health and safety concerns. While the form of any additional regulations cannot be predicted, a “cap-and-trade” system similar to the one adopted in the European Union could be adopted in the United States. Any such “cap-and-trade” system (including the system currently in place in the European Union) or other limitations imposed on the emission of “greenhouse gases” could require us to increase our capital expenditures, use our cash to acquire emission credits or restructure our manufacturing operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

Compliance with the laws and regulations described above or any of the myriad of applicable foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations currently in effect or that may be adopted in the future could materially adversely affect our competitive position, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

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We may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems.

We rely upon the capacity, reliability and security of our information technology, or IT, systems across all of our major business functions, including our research and development, manufacturing, retail, financial and administrative functions. We also face the challenge of supporting our older systems and implementing upgrades when necessary. Our security measures are focused on the prevention, detection and remediation of damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters and other similar disruptions. We may incur significant costs in order to implement the security measures that we feel are necessary to protect our IT systems. However, our IT systems may remain vulnerable to damage despite our implementation of security measures that we deem to be appropriate.

Any system failure, accident or security breach involving our IT systems could result in disruptions to our operations. A breach in the security of our IT systems could include the theft of our intellectual property or trade secrets, negatively impact our manufacturing or retail operations, or result in the compromise of personal information of our employees, customers or suppliers. While we have, from time to time, experienced system failures, accidents and security breaches involving our IT systems, these incidents have not had a material impact on our operations, and we are not aware of any resulting theft, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, material data or confidential information. To the extent that any system failure, accident or security breach results in material disruptions to our operations or the theft, loss or disclosure of, or damage to, material data or confidential information, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel our business could be materially adversely affected.

Our business substantially depends on the continued service of key members of our management. The loss of the services of a significant number of members of our management could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, such as engineering, marketing and senior management professionals. Competition for these employees is intense, and we could experience difficulty from time to time in hiring and retaining the personnel necessary to support our business. Our ability to attract and retain employees may be hampered due to the current cyclical downturn in the automotive and tire industries, which has resulted in reduced payments under our incentive compensation plans over the last several years. If we do not succeed in retaining our current employees and attracting new high quality employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters.

We manage businesses and facilities worldwide. Our facilities and operations, and the facilities and operations of our suppliers and customers, could be disrupted by events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters. Any such disruption could cause delays in the production and distribution of our products and the loss of sales and customers. We may not be insured against all such potential losses and, if insured, the insurance proceeds that we receive may not adequately compensate us for all of our losses. If the frequency or severity of natural disasters increases over time, we may experience a greater number of losses at certain of our facilities. Such losses could lead to an increase in the deductibles or cost of insurance for those facilities, or to the unavailability of insurance on terms that are acceptable to us.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We manufacture our products in 46 manufacturing facilities located around the world including 13 plants in the United States.

AMERICAS MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. Americas owns or leases and operates 23 manufacturing facilities in 7 countries, including:

| • | 12 t ire plants,

| • | 4 chemical plants,

| • | 1 tire mold plant,

| • | 2 tire retread plants,

| • | 3 aviation retread plants, and

| • | 1 mix plant.

EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. EMEA owns or leases and operates 15 manufacturing facilities in 8 countries, including:

| • | 13 tire plants,

| • | 1 tire retread plant, and

| • | 1 aviation retread plant.

ASIA PACIFIC MANUFACTURING FACILITIES. Asia Pacific owns and operates 8 manufacturing facilities in 6 countries, including 7 tire plants and 1 aviation retread plant.

PLANT UTILIZATION. Our worldwide tire capacity utilization rate was approximately 68% during 2020 compared to approximately 85% in 2019 and 87% in 2018. The decreased utilization rate in 2020 was driven by pandemic-related factory shutdowns earlier in the year. The majority of our plants returned to full capacity by the end of the third quarter and remained at full capacity during the fourth quarter. The reported capacity utilization is an overall average for the Company. Our utilization rate can vary significantly between product lines, depending on the complexity of the tires, and between consumer and commercial tires, and can also vary between business segments.

OTHER FACILITIES. We also own and operate two research and development facilities and technical centers, three development centers, one innovation lab, and seven tire proving grounds. We lease our Corporate and Americas headquarters and our research and development facility and technical center in Akron, Ohio. We operate approximately 1,000 retail outlets for the sale of our tires to consumer and commercial customers, approximately 50 tire retreading facilities and approximately 220 warehouse distribution facilities. Substantially all of these facilities are leased. We do not consider any one of these leased properties to be material to our operations. For additional information regarding leased properties, refer to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 13, Property, Plant and Equipment, and No. 14, Leases, in this Form 10-K. Certain of our manufacturing facilities are mortgaged as collateral for our secured credit facilities. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, in this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Asbestos Litigation

We are currently one of numerous defendants in legal proceedings in certain state and federal courts involving approximately 38,700 claimants at December 31, 2020 relating to their alleged exposure to materials containing asbestos in products allegedly manufactured by us or asbestos materials present at our facilities. We manufactured, among other things, rubber coated asbestos sheet gasket materials from 1914 through 1973 and aircraft brake assemblies containing asbestos materials prior to 1987. Some of the claimants are independent contractors or their employees who allege exposure to asbestos while working at certain of our facilities. It is expected that in a substantial portion of these cases there will be no evidence of exposure to a Goodyear manufactured product containing asbestos or asbestos in our facilities. The amount expended by us and our insurers on defense and claim resolution was $13 million during 2020. The plaintiffs in the pending cases allege that they were exposed to asbestos and, as a result of such exposure, suffer from various respiratory diseases, including in some cases mesothelioma and lung cancer. The plaintiffs are seeking unspecified actual and punitive damages and other relief. For additional information on asbestos litigation, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, in this Form 10-K.

Amiens Labor Claims

Approximately 850 former employees of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims totaling approximately €140 million ($172 million) against Goodyear France SAS. On May 28, 2020, Goodyear France SAS received a judgment from the labor court with respect to approximately 790 of these former employees. As a result of this ruling and settlement discussions to resolve these claims and other similar claims, we accrued approximately €27 million ($30 million) during 2020 for estimated additional termination benefits. We have appealed this ruling and will continue to defend ourselves against these claims and any additional claims that may be asserted against us.

Shareholder Derivative Litigation

On October 24, 2018, a purported shareholder of the Company filed a derivative action on behalf of the Company in the Court of Common Pleas for Summit County, Ohio against certain of our directors, our chief executive officer, and certain former officers and directors. The complaint also names the Company as a nominal defendant. The lawsuit alleges, among other things, breach of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets and fraudulent concealment in connection with certain G159 tires manufactured by us from 1996 until 2003. The lawsuit seeks unspecified monetary damages, an award of attorney’s fees and expenses, and other legal and equitable relief. On September 25, 2020, the Court of Common Pleas dismissed the derivative action and the purported shareholder has appealed that dismissal.

Other Matters

In addition to the legal proceedings described above, various other legal actions, indirect tax assessments, claims and governmental investigations and proceedings covering a wide range of matters are pending against us, including claims and proceedings relating to several waste disposal sites that have been identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and similar agencies of various states for remedial investigation and cleanup, which sites were allegedly used by us in the past for the disposal of industrial waste materials. Based on available information, we do not consider any such action, assessment, claim, investigation or proceeding to be material, within the meaning of that term as used in Item 103 of Regulation S-K and the instructions thereto. For additional information regarding our legal proceedings, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, in this Form 10-K.

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PART II.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

The principal market for our common stock is the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Stock Exchange Symbol: GT). At December 31, 2020, there were 11,971 holders of record of the 233,220,098 shares of our common stock then outstanding.

Set forth in the table below is certain information regarding the number of shares of our common stock that were subject to outstanding stock options or other compensation plan awards at December 31, 2020.

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

Plan Category |  | Number of Shares to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  |  | Number of Shares Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Shares Reflected in Column (a)) |  |
|  | (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders |  |  | 8,700,732 |  |  | $ | 15.97 |  |  |  | 6,659,546 |  | (1)
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |
Total |  |  | 8,700,732 |  |  | $ | 15.97 |  |  |  | 6,659,546 |  |

(1) | Under our equity compensation plans, up to a maximum of 1,010,448 performance shares in respect of performance periods ending on or subsequent to December 31, 2020, 103,492 shares of restricted stock and 2,568,873 restricted stock units have been awarded. In addition, up to 38,659 shares of common stock may be issued in respect of the deferred payout of awards made under our equity compensation plans. The number of performance shares indicated assumes the maximum possible payout that may be earned during the relevant performance periods.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

|  | Year Ended December 31,(1) |
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019(2) |  |  | 2018(2) |  |  | 2017(2) |  |  | 2016(2) |
Net Sales |  | $ | 12,321 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |  |  | $ | 15,475 |  |  | $ | 15,377 |  |  | $ | 15,158 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,250 | ) |  | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 708 |  |  | $ | 365 |  |  | $ | 1,284 |
Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 20 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,254 | ) |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | 693 |  |  | $ | 346 |  |  | $ | 1,264 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.92 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 4.81 |
Diluted |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.89 |  |  | $ | 1.37 |  |  | $ | 4.74 |
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 16,506 |  |  | $ | 17,185 |  |  | $ | 16,872 |  |  | $ | 17,064 |  |  | $ | 16,511 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases Due Within One Year |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 436 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases |  |  | 5,432 |  |  |  | 4,753 |  |  |  | 5,110 |  |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 4,798 |
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,078 |  |  |  | 4,351 |  |  |  | 4,864 |  |  |  | 4,603 |  |  |  | 4,507 |
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,259 |  |  |  | 4,545 |  |  |  | 5,070 |  |  |  | 4,850 |  |  |  | 4,725 |

(1) | Refer to “Basis of Presentation” and “Principles of Consolidation” in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 1, Accounting Policies.

(2) | Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted, using the modified retrospective adoption approach, an accounting standards update with new guidance relating to leases. Our adoption of this standards update resulted in adjustments that increased Total Assets by $873 million, increased Long Term Debt and Finance Leases by $14 million, and decreased Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity and Total Shareholders’ Equity by $23 million. Periods prior to 2019 have not been restated for the adoption of this standards update.

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ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

OVERVIEW

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, with one of the most recognizable brand names in the world and operations in most regions of the world. We have a broad global footprint with 46 manufacturing facilities in 21 countries, including the United States. We operate our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific.

This management's discussion and analysis provides comparisons of material changes in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. For a comparison of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, refer to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Results of Operations

Our results for 2020 were highly influenced by the severe economic disruption caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, based on recent favorable recovery trends, particularly in the U.S., Europe and China, the negative impacts of the pandemic on tire industry demand, auto production, miles driven and our tire volume have moderated and are expected to continue to improve. The tire industry has been negatively impacted by this evolving situation, particularly earlier in the year, which was characterized by a sudden and sharp decline in replacement tire demand and original equipment (“OE”) manufacturers suspending or severely limiting automobile production globally. This environment, which persisted throughout much of 2020, aggravated already challenging industry conditions in many of our key markets, including foreign currency headwinds due to a strong U.S. dollar, lower OE industry volume, softening demand in Europe, weak market conditions in China and economic volatility in Latin America, that were present throughout 2019.

We continue to take actions in response to COVID-19 to protect the health and wellbeing of our associates, customers and communities, which remain our top priority, to mitigate the near- and long-term financial impacts on our operating results, and to ensure adequate liquidity and capital resources are available to maintain our operations until the auto industry and replacement tire demand fully recovers.

Actions taken throughout 2020 included:

| • | In March 2020, we announced the suspension of production in Europe and the Americas. These temporary measures were implemented in a way that allowed us to safely and promptly resume production as public health and market conditions improved. We completed a phased restart of most of our manufacturing facilities during the second quarter of 2020, without any significant subsequent COVID-19 related disruptions.

| • | During parts of the first half of 2020, production was also temporarily suspended or significantly limited in several locations in Asia Pacific, most notably at our Pulandian, China manufacturing facility. Our Pulandian facility began operating with all of its workforce by the end of the first quarter.

| • | Throughout the third quarter of 2020, we continued to ramp up tire production across our manufacturing footprint and most of our factories returned to full capacity by the end of the third quarter and remained at full capacity during the fourth quarter. Our decisions to change production levels in the future will be based on an evaluation of market demand signals, inventory and supply levels, as well as our ability to continue to safeguard the health of our associates.

| • | As our business is deemed essential in the U.S. and most other parts of the world, in order to maintain customer service, warehouses, commercial truck service centers and retail operations remained largely operational throughout the year on a reduced staffing schedule, when necessary, and with strong social distancing practices in place. We continue to closely monitor local conditions surrounding these operations, as well as inventory and supply levels, to continue delivery of our products.

| • | We are following guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and have introduced a number of preventative measures at our facilities that are open, including limiting visitor access and business travel, remote working and social distancing practices, and increased frequency of disinfection.

| • | On April 2, 2020, we announced second quarter actions to reduce our payroll costs through a combination of furloughs, temporary salary reductions and salary deferrals covering over 9,000 of our corporate and business unit associates, including substantial salary reductions and deferrals for our CEO, officers and directors. These and other similar

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|  | actions reduced our expenses by approximately $65 million during the second quarter of 2020, while taking advantage of governmental income replacement programs to ensure our associates were supported.

| • | On April 9, 2020, we amended and restated our $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility, extending the maturity date from April 2021 to April 2025. The refinancing includes favorable adjustments to the calculation of the facility’s borrowing base, which improved our availability under the facility by approximately $230 million at December 31, 2020. In May 2020, we further strengthened our liquidity position by issuing $800 million of 9.5% senior notes due 2025, a portion of the proceeds of which were used to repay our $282 million 8.75% senior notes at maturity in August 2020. For further discussion related to these important sources of liquidity, refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

| • | On April 16, 2020, we announced that we suspended the quarterly dividend on our common stock. Previously, these dividends totaled approximately $37 million each quarter.

| • | We are leveraging governmental relief efforts when available to defer payroll and other tax payments, which benefited full-year cash flows by approximately $60 million in the U.S. alone. In addition, we benefited from a provision in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act that provided for a 50 percent refundable payroll tax credit on wages, including continuing health benefits, paid to U.S. employees retained but not working due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, during 2020, we recorded a benefit of $12 million as an offset to payroll tax expense.

| • | We have taken, and will continue to take, as necessary, other actions to reduce costs and preserve cash in order to successfully navigate the current economic environment, including limiting capital expenditures to $647 million for 2020 and reducing discretionary spending, including other selling, administrative and general expenses (“SAG”), which, in total, decreased by $131 million in 2020.

Additionally, on April 17, 2020, we reached a tentative bargaining agreement, which was ratified on May 1, 2020, and subsequently permanently closed our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility (“Gadsden”) as part of our continuing strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint by curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market. We estimate the total pre-tax charges associated with this plan to be $280 million to $295 million, of which $170 million to $180 million are expected to be cash charges. We recorded $189 million of these charges and made cash payments of $46 million during 2020. The remaining charges will be recorded and the remaining cash payments will be made primarily in 2021 and 2022. We expect the combined impact of this plan and the previously announced rationalization actions related to Gadsden will result in approximately $130 million in annual savings in 2021 when compared to 2019.

Our results for 2020 reflect an 18.9% decrease in tire unit shipments compared to 2019, as industry demand was significantly affected, particularly in the second quarter of 2020, by the actions governments, businesses and consumers took to slow the spread of COVID-19. More recently, the macroeconomic impacts of the pandemic have moderated and are expected to continue to improve. Our tire unit shipments were down 17.6%, 45.5%, 9.1% and 4.9% in the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively, compared to 2019. Our results for 2020 include a $394 million unfavorable impact due to higher conversion costs, primarily as a result of lower factory utilization and other period costs directly related to the suspension of production and subsequent ramp up at our manufacturing facilities, partially offset by cost savings of $370 million, including raw material cost saving measures of $61 million. Cost savings for 2020 include approximately $140 million of costs eliminated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including through furloughs and government support programs, most of which are expected to return in 2021.

Net sales were $12,321 million in 2020, compared to $14,745 million in 2019. Net sales decreased in 2020 primarily due to lower global tire volume, lower sales in other tire-related businesses, primarily due to lower aviation sales globally and a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas, and unfavorable foreign currency translation, primarily in Americas and EMEA. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix, primarily in EMEA and Americas.

Goodyear net loss in 2020 was $1,254 million, or $5.35 per diluted share, compared to Goodyear net loss of $311 million, or $1.33 per diluted share, in 2019. The increase in Goodyear net loss in 2020 was primarily driven by lower segment operating income and non-cash goodwill and other asset impairment charges, partially offset by lower income tax expense.

Our total segment operating loss for 2020 was $14 million, compared to income of $945 million in 2019. The $959 million decrease was primarily due to lower global tire volume of $571 million, higher conversion costs of $394 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA, and lower income from other tire-related businesses of $158 million, driven by lower aviation sales globally and lower third-party chemical sales in Americas. These decreases were partially offset by lower SAG of $100 million, primarily due to lower wages and benefits and lower advertising expense reflecting actions taken as a result of the COVID-19

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pandemic, lower raw material costs of $63 million, primarily in EMEA and Asia Pacific, and improvements in price and product mix of $38 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas, partially offset by unfavorable price and product mix in Asia Pacific. Refer to "Results of Operations — Segment Information” for additional information.

Liquidity

At December 31, 2020, we had $1,539 million in cash and cash equivalents as well as $3,881 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $908 million and $3,554 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. Cash and cash equivalents increased by $631 million from December 31, 2019 primarily due to cash flows from operating activities of $1,115 million and net borrowings of $250 million, partially offset by capital expenditures of $647 million and first quarter dividends paid of $37 million. Cash flows from operating activities reflect cash provided by working capital of $871 million. Cash flows from operating activities also reflect our net loss for the year of $1,250 million, which includes non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization of $859 million and goodwill and other asset impairments of $330 million, as well as current year changes in Balance Sheet Accounts for Other Assets and Liabilities and Compensation and Benefits totaling $290 million. Refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for additional information.

Outlook

The COVID-19 pandemic caused the temporary closure of many businesses throughout the world during 2020, which limited global business activity, particularly earlier in the year. Most of our manufacturing facilities around the world suspended or significantly limited production at times during the first half of 2020 in response to the pandemic. We completed a phased restart of most of our manufacturing facilities during the second quarter of 2020, returned to full capacity by the end of the third quarter, and remained at full capacity during the fourth quarter.

During the second half of 2020, tire demand in our major markets recovered faster than we anticipated. The stronger than planned volume exceeded our production. We expect to reinvest $450 million to $500 million in working capital during 2021 given the decrease in our inventory levels during 2020.

While markets have recovered considerably, we continue to face a high level of uncertainty as several governments around the globe have recently implemented, or are considering implementing, measures to slow the pandemic that have the potential to reduce economic activity and mobility. We expect volume in the first quarter of 2021 to remain below 2019 levels, reflecting lower auto production and continued softness in vehicle miles traveled.

During the first quarter of 2021, we expect our production to be approximately 3 million units higher than in the first quarter of 2020. Beyond the first quarter, our decisions to change production levels will be based on an evaluation of market demand signals, inventory and supply levels, as well as our ability to continue to safeguard the health of our associates.

Our other tire-related businesses have also been significantly affected by the weak economic environment. While our retail and chemical businesses largely stabilized in the second half of 2020, the decline in business and leisure travel is continuing to adversely impact our aviation business, which we expect will continue in 2021.

For the full year of 2021, we expect our raw material costs to increase $125 million to $175 million, including the benefit of raw material cost saving measures, primarily in the second half of the year. Natural and synthetic rubber prices and other commodity prices historically have been volatile, and this estimate could change significantly based on fluctuations in the cost of these and other key raw materials and foreign exchange rates. We are continuing to focus on price and product mix, to substitute lower cost materials where possible, to work to identify additional substitution opportunities, to reduce the amount of material required in each tire, and to pursue alternative raw materials.

In 2021, we expect our capital expenditures will be approximately $850 million, which includes spending for certain items that were deferred in 2020.

Refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and “Forward-Looking Information – Safe Harbor Statement” for a discussion of our use of forward-looking statements.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONSOLIDATED

All per share amounts are diluted and refer to Goodyear net income (loss).

Goodyear net loss in 2020 was $1,254 million, or $5.35 per share, compared to Goodyear net loss of $311 million, or $1.33 per share, in 2019. The increase in Goodyear net loss in 2020 was primarily driven by lower segment operating income and non-cash goodwill and other asset impairment charges, partially offset by lower income tax expense.

Net Sales

Net sales in 2020 of $12,321 million decreased $2,424 million, or 16.4%, compared to $14,745 million in 2019, primarily due to lower global tire volume of $2,387 million, lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $244 million, primarily due to lower aviation sales globally and a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas, and unfavorable foreign currency translation of $233 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $402 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas. Goodyear worldwide tire unit net sales were $10,339 million and $12,524 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $7,190 million and $2,636 million in 2020, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $8,835 million and $2,953 million in 2019, respectively.

The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions of tires) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | % Change |
Replacement Units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  | 31.4 |  |  |  | 40.3 |  |  |  | (22.1 | )%
International |  |  | 63.6 |  |  |  | 74.7 |  |  |  | (14.9 | )%
Total |  |  | 95.0 |  |  |  | 115.0 |  |  |  | (17.4 | )%
OE Units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  |  | 9.3 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | (16.9 | )%
International |  |  | 21.7 |  |  |  | 29.1 |  |  |  | (25.4 | )%
Total |  |  | 31.0 |  |  |  | 40.3 |  |  |  | (23.1 | )%
Goodyear worldwide tire units |  |  | 126.0 |  |  |  | 155.3 |  |  |  | (18.9 | )%

The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 29.3 million units, or 18.9%, compared to 2019, included a decrease of 20.0 million replacement tire units, or 17.4%, comprised primarily of a decrease in Americas and EMEA. OE tire units decreased by 9.3 million units, or 23.0%, primarily due to lower vehicle production globally. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2020 were 113.8 million and 10.6 million, respectively. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2019 were 141.9 million and 11.7 million, respectively.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold (“CGS”) was $10,337 million in 2020, decreasing $1,265 million, or 10.9%, from $11,602 million in 2019. CGS was 83.9% of sales in 2020 compared to 78.7% of sales in 2019. CGS in 2020 decreased primarily due to lower global tire volume of $1,816 million, foreign currency translation of $208 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA, lower costs in other tire-related businesses of $86 million, driven by lower aviation sales globally and lower third-party chemical sales in Americas, and lower raw material costs of $63 million, primarily in EMEA and Asia Pacific. These decreases were partially offset by higher conversion costs of $394 million, primarily due to lower factory utilization and other period costs, and the write-off of work-in-process inventory of approximately $26 million, both as a direct result of the suspension of production and subsequent ramp up at our manufacturing facilities, primarily in Americas and EMEA, and higher costs related to product mix of $364 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA. CGS in 2020 included pension expense of $16 million compared to $14 million in 2019. CGS in 2020 and 2019 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $107 million and $20 million, respectively.

CGS in 2020 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $105 million ($81 million after-tax and minority), primarily related to the permanent closure of Gadsden. CGS in 2019 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $15 million ($12 million after-tax and minority) and favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $11 million ($7 million after-tax and minority) and in the U.S. of $6 million ($5 million after-tax and minority).

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Selling, Administrative and General Expense

SAG was $2,192 million in 2020, decreasing $131 million, or 5.6%, from $2,323 million in 2019. SAG was 17.8% of sales in 2020 compared to 15.8% of sales in 2019. SAG decreased primarily due to lower wages and benefits of $42 million, lower advertising expense of $31 million and lower travel-related expenses of $30 million, reflecting global actions taken as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. SAG also decreased due to foreign currency translation of $23 million, primarily in Americas. SAG in 2020 included pension expense of $18 million compared to $15 million in 2019. SAG in 2020 and 2019 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $6 million and $17 million, respectively.

Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments

During 2020, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $182 million ($178 million after-tax and minority) related to goodwill of our EMEA reporting unit and $148 million ($113 million after-tax and minority) related to our investment in TireHub. For further information, refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 11, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, and No. 12, Other Assets and Investments, in this Form 10-K.

Rationalizations

We recorded net rationalization charges of $159 million ($127 million after-tax and minority) in 2020. Net rationalization charges include $94 million in Americas, primarily related to the permanent closure of Gadsden, and $59 million in EMEA, primarily related to additional termination benefits for associates at the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility.

We recorded net rationalization charges of $205 million ($165 million after-tax and minority) in 2019. Net rationalization charges include $115 million in EMEA, primarily related to a plan to modernize two of our manufacturing facilities in Germany, and $90 million in Americas, primarily related to the offer of voluntary buy-outs and other actions in 2019 related to Gadsden.

Upon completion of the 2020 plans, we estimate that annual segment operating income will improve by approximately $91 million ($73 million CGS and $18 million SAG). The savings realized in 2020 from rationalization plans totaled $113 million ($107 million CGS and $6 million SAG).

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs, in this Form 10-K.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $324 million in 2020, decreasing $16 million from $340 million in 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a lower average interest rate of 4.99% in 2020 compared to 5.31% in 2019, partially offset by a higher average debt balance of $6,495 million in 2020 compared to $6,408 million in 2019.

Other (Income) Expense

Other Expense was $119 million and $98 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The $21 million increase was primarily due to a decrease in net gains on asset sales of $18 million, a decrease in net foreign currency exchange gains of $13 million, interest income in 2019 on favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $8 million ($5 million after-tax and minority), and a net gain in 2019 on insurance recoveries of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority). These increases were partially offset by charges of $25 million ($25 million after-tax and minority) in 2019 related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility.

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $110 million in 2020 includes net pension settlement and curtailment charges of $18 million ($14 million after-tax and minority). Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $118 million in 2019 includes pension settlement charges of $5 million ($4 million after-tax and minority).

Net (gains) losses on asset sales were a loss of $2 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) in 2020 as compared to a gain of $16 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) in 2019.

Other (Income) Expense in 2020 included charges of $3 million ($2 million after-tax and minority), compared to charges of $5 million ($4 million after-tax and minority) in 2019, for non-asbestos legal claims related to discontinued products. Other (Income) Expense in 2019 included a net gain of $2 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) related to an acquisition and $2 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) of favorable foreign currency translation on indirect tax items.

For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense, in this Form 10-K.

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Income Taxes

Income tax expense in 2020 was $110 million on a loss before income taxes of $1,140 million. In 2020, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $305 million ($305 million after minority interest), including the establishment of a $295 million valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits during the first quarter of 2020 as discussed below. Discrete adjustments also reflect a net charge of $10 million, including a $15 million charge related to a U.S. valuation allowance for state loss carryforwards, a $13 million benefit to adjust our deferred tax assets in England for a third quarter enacted change in the tax rate, and various other net charges totaling $8 million.

Income tax expense in 2019 was $474 million on income before income taxes of $177 million. In 2019, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $386 million. Discrete adjustments were due to non-cash charges of $334 million related to an acceleration of royalty income in the U.S. from the sale of certain European royalty payments to Luxembourg and $150 million related to an increase in our valuation allowance on tax losses in Luxembourg, which were partially offset by a non-cash tax benefit of $98 million related to a reduction of our U.S. valuation allowance for foreign tax credits.

At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $368 million primarily for foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $300 million have limited lives and expire between 2025 and 2040. At December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $13 million. In the U.S., we have a cumulative loss for the three-year period ending December 31, 2020. However, as the three-year cumulative loss in the U.S. is driven by the business disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic, in assessing our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, we also considered objectively verifiable information including recent favorable recovery trends in the tire industry and our tire volume as well as the return to profitability of our U.S. business by the end of the fourth quarter and its expected continued improvement. While the COVID-19 related disruptions to our business are ultimately expected to be temporary, there is still considerable uncertainty around the extent and duration of these disruptions, as well as what additional actions federal, state or local governments may take to contain the pandemic. As such, an additional valuation allowance may be required against all, or a portion of, our U.S. net deferred tax assets in a future period.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, our U.S. deferred tax assets included $133 million and $403 million of foreign tax credits with limited lives, net of valuation allowances of $328 million and $3 million, respectively, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance of $295 million against all of these foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2024 and a portion of those expiring in 2025. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we increased our valuation allowance by $30 million with a corresponding increase to our deferred tax assets to reflect the impact of a decrease in foreign tax credits utilized on our 2019 income tax return. Due to the sudden and sharp decline in industry demand and the temporary suspension of production at our U.S. manufacturing facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have a significant U.S. tax loss for 2020. As loss carryforwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability, taking into consideration recent trends, along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030. Our sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border transactions, including sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries, and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability.

We consider our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits. As noted above, these forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future earnings will not be sufficient to fully utilize our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our remaining foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive, objectively verifiable evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, at December 31, 2020, our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances, will be fully utilized.

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At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had approximately $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of foreign deferred tax assets, respectively, and valuation allowances of $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of $97 8 million on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

For further information, refer to "Critical Accounting Policies" and Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes, in this Form 10-K.

Minority Shareholders’ Net Income

Minority shareholders’ net income was $4 million in 2020, compared to $14 million in 2019. The decrease primarily relates to a $17 million indirect tax benefit in EMEA during the first quarter of 2019.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SEGMENT INFORMATION

Segment information reflects our SBUs, which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition and are segmented on a regional basis.

Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net Sales less CGS (excluding asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges (credits), asset sales and certain other items.

Total segment operating loss in 2020 was $14 million, compared to total segment operating income of $945 million in 2019. Total segment operating margin (segment operating income (loss) divided by segment sales) in 2020 was (0.1%) compared to 6.4% in 2019.

Management believes that total segment operating income is useful because it represents the aggregate value of income created by our SBUs and excludes items not directly related to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes. Total segment operating income is the sum of the individual SBUs’ segment operating income. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Business Segments, in this Form 10-K, for further information and for a reconciliation of total segment operating income to Income (Loss) before Income Taxes.

Americas

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Tire Units |  |  | 56.7 |  |  |  | 70.4 |  |  |  | 70.9 |
Net Sales |  | $ | 6,556 |  |  | $ | 7,922 |  |  | $ | 8,168 |
Operating Income |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 654 |
Operating Margin |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 6.9 | % |  |  | 8.0 | %

Americas unit sales in 2020 decreased 13.7 million units, or 19.4%, to 56.7 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 10.7 million units, or 19.3%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States, Brazil and Canada, due to lower sales resulting from the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. OE tire volume decreased 3.0 million units, or 19.8%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States, Brazil and Canada, driven by lower vehicle production as a result of pandemic-related impacts at major OE manufacturers.

Net sales in 2020 were $6,556 million, decreasing $1,366 million, or 17.2%, compared to $7,922 million in 2019. The decrease in net sales was driven by lower volume of $1,231 million, lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $191 million, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products and lower aviation and retail sales, and unfavorable foreign currency translation of $165 million, primarily related to the Brazilian real. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $185 million, driven by higher proportionate sales of commercial tires, and $34 million ($26 million after-tax and minority) for a one-time legal settlement.

Operating income in 2020 was $9 million, decreasing $541 million, or 98.4%, from $550 million in 2019. The decrease in operating income was due to lower volume of $281 million, higher conversion costs of $215 million, primarily related to lower factory utilization and other period costs, and the write-off of work-in-process inventory of approximately $13 million, both as a direct result of the suspension of production and subsequent ramp up at our manufacturing facilities, and lower earnings in other tire-related businesses of $94 million, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products and lower aviation and retail sales. These decreases were partially offset by lower SAG of $37 million, primarily related to lower wages and benefits and travel-related expenses reflecting actions taken as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and improvements in price and product mix of $20 million. Operating income was also impacted by the $34 million one-time legal settlement noted above as well as a $13 million ($10 million after-tax and minority) charge for an environmental remediation liability at a closed facility. Conversion costs include savings from rationalization plans of $92 million in 2020, primarily related to Gadsden. Price and product mix includes TireHub equity losses of $36 million and $33 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Operating income in 2020 excluded the TireHub non-cash impairment charge of $148 million, as well as accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $103 million and rationalization charges of $94 million, primarily related to the permanent

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closure of Gadsden. Operating income in 2019 excluded rationalization charges of $90 million and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $13 million.

Americas' results are highly dependent upon the United States, which accounted for 82% and 81% of Americas' net sales in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Results of operations in the United States are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Americas' future performance.

Europe, Middle East and Africa

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Tire Units |  |  | 44.5 |  |  |  | 55.1 |  |  |  | 57.8 |
Net Sales |  | $ | 4,020 |  |  | $ | 4,708 |  |  | $ | 5,090 |
Operating Income (Loss) |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 363 |
Operating Margin |  |  | (1.8 | )% |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | 7.1 | %

Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in 2020 decreased 10.6 million units, or 19.3%, to 44.5 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 7.5 million units, or 18.2%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting decreased industry demand due to the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and expected declines resulting from our initiative to align distribution in Europe. OE tire volume decreased 3.1 million units, or 22.6%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by lower vehicle production as a result of pandemic-related impacts at major OE manufacturers and our continued exit of declining, less profitable market segments.

Net sales in 2020 were $4,020 million, decreasing $688 million, or 14.6%, compared to $4,708 million in 2019. Net sales decreased primarily due to lower volume of $825 million, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $52 million, driven by the weakening of the Turkish lira, South African rand and Russian ruble, partially offset by the strengthening of the euro, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $22 million, primarily due to lower aviation sales. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $210 million, driven by higher proportionate sales of commercial tires and our continued focus on 17-inch and above rim size consumer tires.

Operating loss in 2020 was $72 million, a change of $274 million, from operating income of $202 million in 2019. The change in operating income (loss) was primarily due to lower volume of $204 million, higher conversion costs of $143 million, primarily related to lower factory utilization and other period costs, and the write-off of work-in-process inventory of approximately $12 million, both as a direct result of the suspension of production and subsequent ramp up at our manufacturing facilities, lower earnings in other tire-related businesses of $27 million, primarily due to lower aviation and motorcycle sales, and higher start-up costs of $8 million, primarily related to our plant expansion projects in Europe. These decreases in operating income were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $58 million, lower raw material costs of $40 million, and lower SAG of $37 million, primarily related to lower advertising and travel-related expenses reflecting actions taken as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. SAG and conversion costs included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $4 million and $15 million, respectively.

Operating income (loss) in 2020 excluded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $182 million, net rationalization charges of $59 million, net losses on asset sales of $2 million, and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $2 million. Operating income (loss) in 2019 excluded net rationalization charges of $115 million, net gains on asset sales of $16 million, and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $2 million.

EMEA’s results are highly dependent upon Germany, which accounted for 18% and 21% of EMEA’s net sales in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Results of operations in Germany are expected to continue to have a significant impact on EMEA’s future performance.

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Asia Pacific

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Tire Units |  |  | 24.8 |  |  |  | 29.8 |  |  |  | 30.5 |
Net Sales |  | $ | 1,745 |  |  | $ | 2,115 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |
Operating Income |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 257 |
Operating Margin |  |  | 2.8 | % |  |  | 9.1 | % |  |  | 11.6 | %

Asia Pacific unit sales in 2020 decreased 5.0 million units, or 16.9%, to 24.8 million units. OE tire volume decreased 3.2 million units, or 27.8%, primarily in our consumer business in China and India, driven by lower vehicle production at major OE manufacturers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of discontinued fitments in China. Replacement tire volume decreased 1.8 million units, or 10.1%, primarily in our consumer business, reflecting decreased industry demand as a result of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Net sales in 2020 were $1,745 million, decreasing $370 million, or 17.5%, from $2,115 million in 2019. Net sales decreased due to lower volume of $331 million, lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $31 million, primarily due to lower aviation and retail sales, and unfavorable foreign currency translation of $16 million, primarily related to the weakening of the Indian rupee. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $7 million.

Operating income in 2020 was $49 million, decreasing $144 million, or 74.6%, from $193 million in 2019. Operating income decreased due to lower volume of $86 million, unfavorable price and product mix of $40 million, lower earnings in other tire-related businesses of $37 million, primarily due to lower aviation and retail sales, and higher conversion costs of $36 million, primarily due to the impact of lower factory utilization. These decreases were partially offset by lower raw material costs of $35 million and lower SAG of $26 million, primarily related to lower wages and benefits, advertising and travel-related expenses reflecting actions taken as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Operating income in 2020 excluded net rationalization charges of $4 million.

Asia Pacific’s results are highly dependent upon Australia and China. Australia accounted for 27% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in both 2020 and 2019, respectively. China accounted for 25% and 26% of Asia Pacific's net sales in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Results of operations in Australia and China are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Asia Pacific's future performance.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect our results of operations and financial position in future periods. Our critical accounting policies relate to:

| • | general and product liability and other litigation,

| • | workers’ compensation,

| • | goodwill,

| • | deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, and

| • | pensions and other postretirement benefits.

General and Product Liability and Other Litigation. We have recorded liabilities totaling $285 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2020. General and product liability and other litigation liabilities are recorded based on management’s assessment that a loss arising from these matters is probable. If the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the amount of the estimated loss. If the loss is estimated within a range and no point within the range is more probable than another, we record the minimum amount in the range. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Loss ranges are based upon the specific facts of each claim or class of claims and are determined after review by counsel. Court rulings on our cases or similar cases may impact our assessment of the probability and our estimate of the loss, which may have an impact on our reported results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We record receivables for insurance recoveries related to our litigation claims when it is probable that we will receive reimbursement from the insurer. Specifically, we are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products previously manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in federal and state courts.

We periodically, and at least annually, update, using actuarial analyses, our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or changed circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase may be significant. We had recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted asbestos claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $149 million at December 31, 2020.

We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. This determination is based on consultation with our outside legal counsel and takes into consideration agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers, and other relevant factors.

As of December 31, 2020, we recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $90 million, and we expect that approximately 60% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance through the period covered by the estimated liability. Of this amount, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2020. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. Although we believe these amounts are collectible under primary and certain excess policies today, future disputes with insurers could result in significant charges to operations.

Workers’ Compensation. We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, of $196 million for anticipated costs related to U.S. workers’ compensation claims at December 31, 2020. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. The liability is discounted using the risk-free rate of return.

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For further information on general and product liability and other litigation, and workers’ compensation, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, in this Form 10-K.

Goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as of October 31 or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. Goodwill totaled $408 million at December 31, 2020.

We test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis, with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of more than 50%) that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then an impairment charge is recorded for that difference, not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Our policy is to perform a quantitative assessment at least once every five years.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting decline in the macroeconomic environment, as well as a significant decrease in our market capitalization, we performed an interim impairment analysis as of March 31, 2020 utilizing a discounted cash flow model. Based on the results of this interim analysis, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $182 million related to our EMEA reporting unit in the first quarter of 2020. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the estimated fair value of our reporting units were the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic, the projected long-term operating margin and the discount rate. Since the date of our 2019 annual goodwill impairment assessment, which was conducted on a quantitative basis, the overall discount rate increased, reflecting an increase in the risk premium components of the rate partially offset by a decrease in the risk-free interest rate component, as a result of the macroeconomic environment. Also, we gave consideration to the expected near-term negative cash flow impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recovery, based on our forecasts at that time, as well as a decrease in our market capitalization.

Since the first quarter of 2020, our forecasts as well as our market capitalization have both improved and we have concluded that there were no additional triggering events during the remaining nine months of 2020. Likewise, our 2020 annual impairment analysis, which was also conducted on a quantitative basis, indicated no impairment and that the fair values substantially exceeded the carrying amounts for each reporting unit tested. There were no events or circumstances that indicated the quantitative impairment tests should be re-performed for any reporting unit at December 31, 2020.

Our estimates of future cash flows include assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions, including the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our sales, and may differ from actual future cash flows. Under the discounted cash flow approach, fair value is calculated as the sum of the projected discounted cash flows of the reporting unit over the next five years and the terminal value at the end of those five years and is dependent on estimates for future sales, operating margin, capital expenditures, rationalization activities and working capital changes, as well as expected long-term growth rates for cash flows and an appropriate discount rate. The risk adjusted discount rate used is consistent with the weighted average cost of capital for companies in the tire industry and is intended to represent a rate of return that would be expected by a market participant. The projected long term operating margin utilized in our fair value estimates is consistent with the reporting unit operating plan and is dependent on the successful execution of our business plan, overall industry growth rates and the competitive environment. As a result, the long term operating margin could be adversely impacted by our ability to execute our business plan as well as by volatile macroeconomic factors such as raw material prices, industry conditions, including the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, or competition. Our business plan includes rationalization programs, aligned distribution actions, and recovering past raw material cost increases by improving price and product mix, including through continued focus on higher margin tires. The discount rate could be adversely impacted by changes in the macroeconomic environment and volatility in the equity and debt markets. Although management believes its estimate of fair value is reasonable, if future financial performance falls below our expectations or there are negative revisions to significant assumptions, or if our market capitalization declines further and if such a decline becomes indicative that the fair value of our reporting units has declined below their carrying values, we may need to record a material, non-cash goodwill impairment charge in a future period.

Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances and Uncertain Income Tax Positions. At December 31, 2020, our valuation allowance on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $368 million, primarily related to foreign tax credits with limited lives, and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $1.1 billion. At December 31, 2019, our valuation allowance on certain U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $13 million and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $1.0 billion.

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We record a reduction to the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability, including the impact of tax planning strategies and the expiration date of the asset.

We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $368 million primarily for foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $300 million have limited lives and expire between 2025 and 2040. At December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $13 million. In the U.S., we have a cumulative loss for the three-year period ending December 31, 2020. However, as the three-year cumulative loss in the U.S. is driven by the business disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic, in assessing our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, we also considered objectively verifiable information including recent favorable recovery trends in the tire industry and our tire volume as well as the return to profitability of our U.S. business by the end of the fourth quarter and its expected continued improvement. While the COVID-19 related disruptions to our business are ultimately expected to be temporary, there is still considerable uncertainty around the extent and duration of these disruptions, as well as what additional actions federal, state or local governments may take to contain the pandemic. As such, an additional valuation allowance may be required against all, or a portion of, our U.S. net deferred tax assets in a future period.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, our U.S. deferred tax assets included $133 million and $403 million of foreign tax credits with limited lives, net of valuation allowances of $328 million and $3 million, respectively, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance of $295 million against all of these foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2024 and a portion of those expiring in 2025. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we increased our valuation allowance by $30 million with a corresponding increase to our deferred tax assets to reflect the impact of a decrease in foreign tax credits utilized on our 2019 income tax return. Due to the sudden and sharp decline in industry demand and the temporary suspension of production at our U.S. manufacturing facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have a significant U.S. tax loss for 2020. As loss carryforwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability, taking into consideration recent trends, along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030. Our sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border transactions, including sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries, and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability.

We consider our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits. As noted above, these forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future earnings will not be sufficient to fully utilize our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our remaining foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive, objectively verifiable evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, at December 31, 2020, our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances, will be fully utilized.

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At December 3 1, 2020 and 2019, we had approximately $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of foreign deferred tax assets, respectively, and valuation allowances of $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of $97 8 million on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

We recognize the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances in the period in which legislation is enacted. We remeasure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities considering the tax rates at which they will be realized. We also consider the effects of enacted tax laws in our analysis of the need for valuation allowances.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act subjects a U.S. parent to current tax on its global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI"). To the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions, we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including those for transfer pricing. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when, based on new information, we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities, resulting in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. To reduce our risk of an unfavorable transfer price settlement, the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports pricing with economic studies and seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. We report interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as income tax expense.

For additional information regarding uncertain income tax positions and valuation allowances, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes, in this Form 10-K.

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. We have recorded liabilities for pension and other postretirement benefits of $606 million and $236 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020. Our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for pensions and other postretirement benefits are based on a number of assumptions, including:

| • | life expectancies,

| • | retirement rates,

| • | discount rates,

| • | long term rates of return on plan assets,

| • | inflation rates,

| • | future compensation levels,

| • | future health care costs, and

| • | maximum company-covered benefit costs.

Certain of these assumptions are determined with the assistance of independent actuaries. Assumptions about life expectancies, retirement rates, future compensation levels and future health care costs are based on past experience and anticipated future trends. The discount rate for our U.S. plans is based on a yield curve derived from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA or higher as of December 31 and is reviewed annually. Our expected benefit payment cash flows are discounted based on spot rates developed from the yield curve. The mortality assumption for our U.S. plans is based on actual historical

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experience, an assumed long term rate of future improvement based on published actuarial tables, and current government regulations related to lump sum payment factors. The long term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is based on estimates of future long term rates of return similar to the target allocation of substantially all fixed income securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a monthly basis and the pension fund is rebalanced to target ranges on an as-needed basis. These assumptions are reviewed regularly and revised when appropriate. Changes in one or more of them may affect the amount of our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for these benefits. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. If actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position, results of operations and liquidity in future periods may be affected.

The weighted average discount rate used in estimating the total liability for our U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans was 2.42% and 2.34%, respectively, at December 31, 2020, compared to 3.22% and 3.14%, respectively, at December 31, 2019. The decrease in the discount rate at December 31, 2020 was due primarily to lower yields on highly rated corporate bonds. Interest cost included in our U.S. net periodic pension cost was $126 million in 2020, compared to $173 million in 2019 and $157 million in 2018. Interest cost included in our worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost was $8 million in 2020, compared to $11 million in 2019 and $12 million in 2018.

The following table presents the sensitivity of our U.S. projected pension benefit obligation and accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation to the indicated increase/decrease in the discount rate:

|  |  |  | + / − Change at December 31, 2020 |
(Dollars in millions) |  | Change |  | PBO/ABO |  |  | Annual Expense |
Assumption: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  | +/- 0.5% |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Other Postretirement Benefits |  | +/- 0.5% |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |

Changes in general interest rates and corporate (AA or better) credit spreads impact our discount rate and thereby our U.S. pension benefit obligation. Our U.S. pension plans are invested in a portfolio of substantially all fixed income securities designed to offset the impact of future discount rate movements on liabilities for these plans. If corporate (AA or better) interest rates increase or decrease in parallel (i.e., across all maturities), the investment portfolio described above is designed to mitigate a substantial portion of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. For example, if corporate (AA or better) interest rates increased or decreased by 0.5%, the investment portfolio described above would be expected to mitigate more than 85% of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation.

At December 31, 2020, our net actuarial loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss ("AOCL") related to global pension plans was $2,989 million, $2,353 million of which related to our U.S. pension plans. The net actuarial loss included in AOCL related to our U.S. pension plans is primarily due to declines in U.S. discount rates and plan asset losses that occurred prior to 2015, plus the impact of prior increases in estimated life expectancies. For purposes of determining our 2020 U.S. pension total benefits cost, we recognized $109 million of the net actuarial losses in 2020. We will recognize approximately $110 million of net actuarial losses in 2021 U.S. net periodic pension cost. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2020, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2021 before it begins to gradually decline. In addition, if annual lump sum payments from a pension plan exceed annual service and interest cost for that plan, accelerated recognition of net actuarial losses will be required through a settlement in total benefits cost.

The actual rate of return on our U.S. pension fund was 13.20%, 15.90% and (1.90)% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as compared to the expected rate of 4.22%, 5.25% and 4.58% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We use the fair value of our pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all of our U.S. pension plans.

The weighted average amortization period for our U.S. pension plans is approximately 17 years.

Service cost of pension plans was recorded in CGS, as part of the cost of inventory sold during the period, or SAG in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, based on the specific roles (i.e., manufacturing vs. non-manufacturing) of employee groups covered by each of our pension plans. In 2020, 2019 and 2018, approximately 45% and 55% of service cost was included in CGS and SAG, respectively. Non-service related net periodic pension costs were recorded in Other (Income) Expense.

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Globally, we expect our 202 1 net periodic pension cost to be $8 0 million to $1 0 0 million, including approximately $35 million of service cost, compared to $117 million in 20 20, which included $34 million of service cost. The decrease in expected net periodic pension cost is primarily due to lower interest cost for our U.S. pension plans from decreases in interest rates.

We experienced a decrease in our U.S. discount rate at the end of 2020 and a large portion of the $30 million net actuarial loss included in AOCL for our worldwide other postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2020 is a result of the overall decline in U.S. discount rates over time. For purposes of determining 2020 worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost, we recognized $4 million of net actuarial losses in 2020. We will recognize approximately $3 million of net actuarial losses in 2021. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2020, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2021 before it begins to gradually decline.

For further information on pensions and other postretirement benefits, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans, in this Form 10-K.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operating and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements and our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital.

In April 2020, we amended and restated our $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. Changes to the facility include extending the maturity to April 9, 2025 and increasing the borrowing base for the facility by increasing the amount attributable to the value of our principal trademarks and adding the value of eligible machinery and equipment, which improved our availability under the facility by approximately $230 million at December 31, 2020. The interest rate for loans under the facility increased by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 175 basis points, based on our current liquidity, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

In May 2020, we further enhanced our liquidity position by issuing $800 million of 9.5% senior notes due 2025. We used the net proceeds from the issuance of these notes for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of our $282 million 8.75% notes at their maturity in August 2020.

For further information on the other initiatives we pursued in 2020, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview.”

At December 31, 2020, we had $1,539 million of Cash and Cash Equivalents, compared to $908 million at December 31, 2019. The increase in cash and cash equivalents of $631 million was primarily due to cash flows from operating activities of $1,115 million, driven by cash from working capital of $871 million, and cash flows from financing activities of $203 million, primarily due to net borrowings of $250 million, partially offset by cash used for first quarter dividends of $37 million. These sources of cash were partially offset by cash used by investing activities of $667 million, reflecting capital expenditures of $647 million.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $3,881 million and $3,554 million, respectively, of unused availability under our various credit agreements. The table below provides unused availability by our significant credit facilities as of December 31:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
First lien revolving credit facility |  | $ | 1,535 |  |  | $ | 1,662 |
European revolving credit facility |  |  | 982 |  |  |  | 899 |
Chinese credit facilities |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 290 |
Mexican credit facilities |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | — |
Other domestic and international debt facilities |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | 338 |
Short term credit arrangements |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 365 |
|  | $ | 3,881 |  |  | $ | 3,554 |

The borrowing base under our first lien revolving credit facility is dependent, in significant part, on our eligible accounts receivable and inventory, which have declined as a result of our lower sales and production levels due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A decline in our borrowing base would reduce our availability under the first lien revolving credit facility. Additionally, the amounts available to us from our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility and other accounts receivable factoring programs have declined since December 31, 2019 due to the decline in our accounts receivable as a result of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our sales.

We actively monitor our liquidity and took a number of actions aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on our cash flows and liquidity, such as suspending production at most of our manufacturing facilities during parts of the first half of 2020, reducing our second quarter payroll costs through a combination of furloughs, temporary salary reductions and salary deferrals, refinancing our first lien revolving credit facility to extend its maturity and increase its borrowing base, issuing $800 million of 9.5% senior notes due 2025, suspending the quarterly dividend on our common stock, reducing capital expenditures and discretionary spending, and using governmental relief efforts to defer payroll and other tax payments globally. We intend to operate the business in a way that allows us to address our cash flow needs with our existing cash and available credit if they cannot be funded by cash generated from operating or other financing activities. We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities for the next twelve months and to provide us with the ability to respond to further changes in the business environment.

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Our ability to service debt and operational requirements is also dependent, in part, on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions of cash to various other entities in our consolidated group, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In certain countries where we operate, such as China, South Africa and Argentina, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans, advances or payments to third-party or affiliated suppliers are generally or periodically subject to certain requirements, such as obtaining approval from the foreign government and/or currency exchange board before net assets can be transferred out of the country. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make distributions of cash. Thus, we would have to repay and/or amend these credit agreements and other debt instruments in order to use this cash to service our consolidated debt. Because of the inherent uncertainty of satisfactorily meeting these requirements or limitations, we do not consider the net assets of our subsidiaries, including our Chin ese, South Africa n and Argentin ian subsidiaries, which are subject to such requirements or limitations, to be integral to our liquidity or our ability to service our debt and operational requirements. At December 31, 20 20, approximately $6 80 million of net assets, including $185 million of cash and cash equivalents, were subject to such requirements. The requirements we must comply with to transfer funds out of China, South Africa and Argentina have not adversely impacted our ability to make transfers out of those countries.

We expect our 2021 cash flow needs to include capital expenditures of approximately $850 million. We also expect interest expense to be $350 million to $375 million, rationalization payments to be approximately $175 million, income tax payments to be $125 million to $150 million, which include payments deferred from 2020, and contributions to our funded non-U.S. pension plans to be $25 million to $50 million. We expect working capital to be a use of cash of $450 million to $500 million in 2021. We intend to operate the business in a way that allows us to address these needs with our existing cash and available credit if they cannot be funded by cash generated from operations.

Cash Position

At December 31, 2020, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts:

| • | $387 million or 25% in Asia Pacific, primarily China and Japan ($337 million or 37% at December 31, 2019),

| • | $387 million or 25% in EMEA, primarily Belgium ($214 million or 24% at December 31, 2019), and

| • | $384 million or 25% in Americas, primarily Brazil, Canada and Chile ($190 million or 21% at December 31, 2019).

We have deposited our cash and cash equivalents and entered into various credit agreements and derivative contracts with financial institutions that we considered to be substantial and creditworthy at the time of such transactions. We seek to control our exposure to these financial institutions by diversifying our deposits, credit agreements and derivative contracts across multiple financial institutions, by setting deposit and counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these financial institutions on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to financial institutions in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of loss due to nonperformance by a financial institution. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not experience losses or delays in accessing our deposits or lines of credit due to the nonperformance of a financial institution. Our inability to access our cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, or the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations in the period in which it occurs.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,115 million in 2020, decreasing $92 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $1,207 million in 2019.

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was driven by a decrease in operating income from our SBUs of $959 million and higher cash payments for rationalizations of $127 million, primarily due to cash payments made during 2020 related to Gadsden. These uses of cash were partially offset by an increase in cash provided by working capital of $789 million and a decrease in cash income tax payments of $97 million, primarily due to our lower earnings. In addition, current year cash flows from operating activities were favorably impacted by a net year-over-year change of $109 million in Other Assets and Liabilities, Compensation and Benefits and Other Current Liabilities on the Balance Sheet, driven by governmental relief efforts to defer payroll tax payments as well as insurance proceeds related to hurricane damage suffered in previous years.

The net increase in cash provided by working capital includes increases in cash provided by Inventory of $707 million and Accounts Receivable of $61 million, driven by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which included lower sales volume as

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well as mitigating actions taken by us, such as the suspension of production and subsequent ramp up at our manufacturing facilities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used by investing activities was $667 million in 2020, compared to $800 million in 2019. Capital expenditures were $647 million in 2020, compared to $770 million in 2019. Beyond expenditures required to sustain our facilities, capital expenditures in 2020 and 2019 primarily related to investments in additional 17-inch and above capacity around the world.

Financing Activities

Net cash flows provided from financing activities were $203 million in 2020, compared to net cash used by financing activities of $307 million in 2019. The $510 million year-over-year change reflects net borrowings of $250 million in 2020 in order to enhance our liquidity and cash position in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, versus net debt repayments of $119 million in 2019. In addition, cash paid for dividends decreased $111 million from $148 million in 2019 to $37 million in 2020, as a result of us suspending the quarterly dividend on our common stock on April 16, 2020.

Credit Sources

In aggregate, we had total credit arrangements of $9,707 million available at December 31, 2020, of which $3,881 million were unused, compared to $9,054 million available at December 31, 2019, of which $3,554 million were unused. At December 31, 2020, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,632 million, of which $3,242 million were unused, compared to $8,320 million and $3,189 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2020, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $1,075 million, of which $639 million were unused, compared to $734 million and $365 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. The continued availability of the short term uncommitted arrangements is at the discretion of the relevant lender and may be terminated at any time.

Outstanding Notes

At December 31, 2020, we had $3,860 million of outstanding notes, compared to $3,311 million at December 31, 2019. In May 2020, we issued $800 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.5% senior notes due 2025, a portion of the proceeds of which were used to pay in full our $282 million 8.75% senior notes at maturity on August 17, 2020.

$2.0 Billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2025

On April 9, 2020, we amended and restated our $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. Changes to the facility include extending the maturity to April 9, 2025 and increasing the borrowing base for the facility by increasing the amount attributable to the value of our principal trademarks by $100 million and adding the value of eligible machinery and equipment. The interest rate for loans under the facility increased by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 175 basis points, based on our current liquidity, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit. Up to $800 million in letters of credit and $50 million of swingline loans are available for issuance under the facility. Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, (ii) the value of our principal trademarks in an amount not to exceed $400 million, (iii) the value of eligible machinery and equipment, and (iv) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2020, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under the facility was $454 million below the facility's stated amount of $2.0 billion.

At December 31, 2020, we had no borrowings and $11 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2019, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility.

At December 31, 2020, we had $341 million in letters of credit issued under bilateral credit agreements.

Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025

Our amended and restated second lien term loan facility matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In

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addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. "Total Leverage Ratio" has the meaning given it in the facility.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million.

€800 Million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2024

Our amended and restated European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €180 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €620 million all-borrower tranche that is available to Goodyear Europe B.V. (“GEBV”), GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €175 million of swingline loans and €75 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Amounts drawn under this facility will bear interest at LIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in euros, and undrawn amounts under the facility are subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to €200 million.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the European revolving credit facility.

Each of our first lien revolving credit facility and our European revolving credit facility have customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2019 under the first lien facility and December 31, 2018 under the European facility.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet)

GEBV and certain other of our European subsidiaries are parties to a pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility that expires in 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 18, 2018 through October 15, 2020, the designated maximum amount of the facility was €320 million. For the period from October 16, 2020 through October 18, 2021, the designated maximum amount of the facility was decreased to €280 million.

The facility involves the ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GEBV subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances.

The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 18, 2021.

At December 31, 2020, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $291 million (€237 million). At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $327 million (€291 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Finance Leases.

Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet)

We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2020, the gross amount of receivables sold was $451 million, compared to $548 million at December 31, 2019.

Supplier Financing

We have entered into payment processing agreements with several financial institutions. Under these agreements, the financial institution acts as our paying agent with respect to accounts payable due to our suppliers. These agreements also allow our suppliers to sell their receivables to the financial institutions at the sole discretion of both the supplier and the financial institution on terms that are negotiated between them. We are not always notified when our suppliers sell receivables under these programs. Our obligations to our suppliers, including the amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by our suppliers' decisions to sell their receivables under the program. Agreements for such supplier financing programs totaled up to $500 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019.

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Further Information

On November 30, 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, with the support of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, announced plans to consult on ceasing the publication of USD LIBOR on December 31, 2021 for only the one week and two month USD LIBOR tenors, and on June 30, 2023 for all other USD LIBOR tenors. In the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rates include proposals by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee that has been convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to encourage market participants’ use of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, known as SOFR. Additionally, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. launched a consultation on technical issues related to new benchmark fallbacks for derivative contracts that reference certain interbank offered rates, including LIBOR. We cannot currently predict the effect of the discontinuation of, or other changes to, LIBOR or any establishment of alternative reference rates in the United States, the European Union or elsewhere on the global capital markets. The uncertainty regarding the future of LIBOR, as well as the transition from LIBOR to any alternative reference rate or rates, could have adverse impacts on floating rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives and other financial instruments that currently use LIBOR as a benchmark rate. We have identified and evaluated our financing obligations and other contracts that refer to LIBOR and expect to be able to transition those obligations and contracts to an alternative reference rate in the event of the discontinuation of LIBOR. Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility, our second lien term loan facility and our European revolving credit facility, which constitute the most significant of our LIBOR-based debt obligations, contain “fallback” provisions that address the potential discontinuation of LIBOR and facilitate the adoption of an alternate rate of interest. We have not issued any long term floating rate notes. Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility and second lien term loan facility also contain express provisions for the use, at our option, of an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). We do not believe that the discontinuation of LIBOR, or its replacement with an alternative reference rate or rates, will have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

For a further description of the terms of our outstanding notes, first lien revolving credit facility, second lien term loan facility, European revolving credit facility and pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, in this Form 10-K.

Covenant Compliance

Our first and second lien credit facilities and some of the indentures governing our notes contain certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, incur liens, sell assets, incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, enter into affiliate transactions, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. Our first and second lien credit facilities and the indentures governing our notes also have customary defaults, including cross-defaults to material indebtedness of Goodyear and its subsidiaries.

We have additional financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are currently not applicable. We only become subject to these financial covenants when certain events occur. These financial covenants and related events are as follows:

| • | We become subject to the financial covenant contained in our first lien revolving credit facility when the aggregate amount of our Parent Company (The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and guarantor subsidiaries cash and cash equivalents (“Available Cash”) plus our availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is less than $200 million. If this were to occur, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense may not be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for the most recent period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. As of December 31, 2020, our unused availability under this facility of $1,535 million plus our Available Cash of $408 million totaled $1,943 million, which is in excess of $200 million.

| • | We become subject to a covenant contained in our second lien credit facility upon certain asset sales. The covenant provides that, before we use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien credit facility unless our ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA (Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is equal to or less than 3.0 to 1.0.

In addition, our European revolving credit facility contains non-financial covenants similar to the non-financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are described above and a financial covenant applicable only to GEBV and its

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subsidiaries. This financial covenant provides that we are not permitted to allow GEBV’s ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness is determined net of the sum of cash and cash equivalents in excess of $100 million held by GEBV and its subsidiaries, cash and cash equivalents in excess of $150 million held by the Parent Company and its U.S. subsidiaries, and availability under our first lien revolving credit facility if the ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense described above is not applicable and the conditions to borrowing under the first lien revolving credit facility are met. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness also excludes loans from other consolidated Goodyear entities. This financial covenant is also included in our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. At December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with this financial covenant.

Our credit facilities also state that we may only incur additional debt or make restricted payments that are not otherwise expressly permitted if, after giving effect to the debt incurrence or the restricted payment, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense for the prior four fiscal quarters would exceed 2.0 to 1.0. Certain of our senior note indentures have substantially similar limitations on incurring debt and making restricted payments. Our credit facilities and indentures also permit the incurrence of additional debt through other provisions in those agreements without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test described above. We believe that these other provisions provide us with sufficient flexibility to incur additional debt necessary to meet our operating, investing and financing needs without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test.

Covenants could change based upon a refinancing or amendment of an existing facility, or additional covenants may be added in connection with the incurrence of new debt.

As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with the currently applicable material covenants imposed by our principal credit facilities and indentures.

The terms “Available Cash,” “EBITDA,” “Consolidated Interest Expense,” “Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness,” “Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio,” “Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness” and “Consolidated GEBV EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the respective credit facilities.

Potential Future Financings

In addition to our previous financing activities, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions which could include restructuring bank debt or capital markets transactions, possibly including the issuance of additional debt or equity. Given the inherent uncertainty of market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured.

Our future liquidity requirements may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. However, a substantial portion of our assets are already subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness. In addition, no assurance can be given as to our ability to raise additional unsecured debt.

Dividends and Common Stock Repurchase Program

Under our primary credit facilities and some of our note indentures, we are permitted to pay dividends on and repurchase our capital stock (which constitute restricted payments) as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities or indentures following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied.

During 2020, 2019 and 2018, we paid cash dividends of $37 million, $148 million and $138 million, respectively, on our common stock. This excludes dividends earned on stock-based compensation plans of $1 million, $2 million and $1 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. On April 16, 2020, we announced that we have suspended the quarterly dividend on our common stock.

From time to time, we repurchase shares of our common stock under programs approved by the Board of Directors. During 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. During 2018, we repurchased shares totaling approximately $220 million under a program that expired on December 31, 2019.

The restrictions imposed by our credit facilities and indentures did not affect our ability to pay the dividends on or repurchase our capital stock as described above, and are not expected to affect our ability to pay similar dividends or make similar repurchases in the future.

Asset Dispositions

The restrictions on asset sales imposed by our material indebtedness have not affected our ability to divest non-core businesses, and those divestitures have not affected our ability to comply with those restrictions.

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Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

Certain of our subsidiaries, which are listed on Exhibit 22.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are generally holding companies or smaller operating companies, have guaranteed our obligations under the $1.0 billion outstanding principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023, the $800 million outstanding principal amount of 9.5% senior notes due 2025, the $900 million outstanding principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 and the $700 million outstanding principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 (collectively, the “Notes”).

The Notes have been issued by The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Parent Company”) and are its senior unsecured obligations. The Notes rank equally in right of payment with all of our existing and future senior unsecured obligations and senior to any of our future subordinated indebtedness. The Notes are effectively subordinated to our existing and future secured indebtedness to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under certain of our senior secured credit facilities (such guarantees, the “Guarantees”; and, such guaranteeing subsidiaries, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). The Guarantees are senior unsecured obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors and rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior unsecured obligations of our Subsidiary Guarantors. The Guarantees are effectively subordinated to existing and future secured indebtedness of the Subsidiary Guarantors to the extent of the assets securing that indebtedness.

The Notes are structurally subordinated to all of the existing and future debt and other liabilities, including trade payables, of our subsidiaries that do not guarantee the Notes (the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”). The Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries will have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay amounts due under the Notes or to make funds available to pay those amounts. Certain Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries are limited in their ability to remit funds to us by means of dividends, advances or loans due to required foreign government and/or currency exchange board approvals or limitations in credit agreements or other debt instruments of those subsidiaries.

The Subsidiary Guarantors, as primary obligors and not merely as sureties, jointly and severally irrevocably and unconditionally guarantee on a senior unsecured basis the performance and full and punctual payment when due of all obligations of the Parent Company under the Notes and the related indentures, whether for payment of principal of or interest on the Notes, expenses, indemnification or otherwise. The Guarantees of the Subsidiary Guarantors are subject to release in limited circumstances only upon the occurrence of certain customary conditions.

Although the Guarantees provide the holders of Notes with a direct unsecured claim against the assets of the Subsidiary Guarantors, under U.S. federal bankruptcy law and comparable provisions of U.S. state fraudulent transfer laws, in certain circumstances a court could cancel a Guarantee and order the return of any payments made thereunder to the Subsidiary Guarantor or to a fund for the benefit of its creditors.

A court might take these actions if it found, among other things, that when the Subsidiary Guarantors incurred the debt evidenced by their Guarantee (i) they received less than reasonably equivalent value or fair consideration for the incurrence of the debt and (ii) any one of the following conditions was satisfied:

| • | the Subsidiary Guarantor was insolvent or rendered insolvent by reason of the incurrence;

| • | the Subsidiary Guarantor was engaged in a business or transaction for which its remaining assets constituted unreasonably small capital; or

| • | the Subsidiary Guarantor intended to incur, or believed (or reasonably should have believed) that it would incur, debts beyond its ability to pay as those debts matured.

In applying the above factors, a court would likely find that a Subsidiary Guarantor did not receive fair consideration or reasonably equivalent value for its Guarantee, except to the extent that it benefited directly or indirectly from the issuance of the Notes. The determination of whether a guarantor was or was not rendered “insolvent” when it entered into its guarantee will vary depending on the law of the jurisdiction being applied. Generally, an entity would be considered insolvent if the sum of its debts (including contingent or unliquidated debts) is greater than all of its assets at a fair valuation or if the present fair salable value of its assets is less than the amount that will be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent or unliquidated debts, as they mature.

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Under Canadian federal bankruptcy and insolvency laws and comparable provincial laws on preferences, fraudulent conveyances or other challengeable or voidable transactions, the Guarantees could be challenged as a preference, fraudulent conveyance, transfer at undervalue or other challengeable or voidable transaction. The test to be applied varies among the different pieces of legislation, but as a general matter these types of challenges may arise in circumstances where:

| • | such action was intended to defeat, hinder, delay, defraud or prejudice creditors or others;

| • | such action was taken within a specified period of time prior to the commencement of proceedings under Canadian bankruptcy, insolvency or restructuring legislation in respect of a Subsidiary Guarantor, the consideration received by the Subsidiary Guarantor was conspicuously less than the fair market value of the consideration given, and the Subsidiary Guarantor was insolvent or rendered insolvent by such action and (in some circumstances, or) such action was intended to defraud, defeat or delay a creditor;

| • | such action was taken within a specified period of time prior to the commencement of proceedings under Canadian bankruptcy, insolvency or restructuring legislation in respect of a Subsidiary Guarantor and such action was taken, or is deemed to have been taken, with a view to giving a creditor a preference over other creditors or, in some circumstances, had the effect of giving a creditor a preference over other creditors; or

| • | a Subsidiary Guarantor is found to have acted in a manner that was oppressive, unfairly prejudicial to or unfairly disregarded the interests of any shareholder, creditor, director, officer or other interested party.

In addition, in certain insolvency proceedings a Canadian court may subordinate claims in respect of the Guarantees to other claims against a Subsidiary Guarantor under the principle of equitable subordination if the court determines that (1) the holder of Notes engaged in some type of inequitable or improper conduct, (2) the inequitable or improper conduct resulted in injury to other creditors or conferred an unfair advantage upon the holder of Notes and (3) equitable subordination is not inconsistent with the provisions of the relevant solvency statute.

If a court canceled a Guarantee, the holders of Notes would no longer have a claim against that Subsidiary Guarantor or its assets.

Each Guarantee is limited, by its terms, to an amount not to exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed by the applicable Subsidiary Guarantor without rendering the Guarantee, as it relates to that Subsidiary Guarantor, voidable under applicable law relating to fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally.

Each Subsidiary Guarantor is a consolidated subsidiary of the Parent Company at the date of the balance sheet presented. The following tables present summarized financial information for the Parent Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in any Non-Guarantor Subsidiary.

|  | Summarized Balance Sheet |
(In millions) |  | December 31, 2020 |
Total Current Assets(1) |  | $ | 4,662 |
Total Non-Current Assets |  |  | 5,426 |
Total Current Liabilities |  | $ | 1,960 |
Total Non-Current Liabilities |  |  | 7,538 |

(1) | Includes receivables due from Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries of $2,428 million as of December 31, 2020.

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|  | Summarized Statement of Operations |
(In millions) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2020 |
Net Sales |  | $ | 6,114 |
Cost of Goods Sold |  |  | 5,277 |
Selling, Administrative and General Expense |  |  | 1,094 |
Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments |  |  | 148 |
Rationalizations |  |  | 95 |
Interest Expense |  |  | 257 |
Other (Income) Expense |  |  | (58 | )
Income (Loss) before Income Taxes(2) |  | $ | (699 | )
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (806 | )
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (806 | )

(2) | Includes income from intercompany transactions with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries of $527 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily from royalties, dividends, interest and intercompany product sales.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2020:

(In millions) |  | Total |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | Beyond 2025 |
Debt Obligations(1) |  | $ | 5,769 |  |  | $ | 539 |  |  | $ | 472 |  |  | $ | 1,696 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 1,216 |  |  | $ | 1,759 |
Finance Lease Obligations(2) |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 225 |
Interest Payments(3) |  |  | 1,727 |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 263 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 548 |
Operating Lease Obligations(4) |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 376 |
Pension Benefits(5) |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  | NA |
Other Postretirement Benefits(6) |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 68 |
Workers’ Compensation(7) |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 163 |
Binding Commitments(8) |  |  | 2,054 |  |  |  | 1,294 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 143 |
Uncertain Income Tax Positions(9) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 11,671 |  |  | $ | 2,499 |  |  | $ | 1,253 |  |  | $ | 2,366 |  |  | $ | 616 |  |  | $ | 1,655 |  |  | $ | 3,282 |

(1) | Debt obligations include Notes Payable and Overdrafts, and excludes the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts.

(2) | The minimum lease payments for finance lease obligations are $796 million.

(3) | These amounts represent future interest payments related to our existing debt obligations and finance leases based on fixed and variable interest rates specified in the associated debt and lease agreements. The amounts provided relate only to existing debt obligations and do not assume the refinancing or replacement of such debt or future changes in variable interest rates.

(4) | Operating lease obligations have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $10 million, $8 million, $6 million, $4 million, $2 million and $4 million in each of the periods above, respectively, for a total of $34 million. Payments, net of minimum sublease rentals, total $1,117 million. The present value of the net operating lease payments, including sublease rentals, is $853 million. The operating leases relate to, among other things, real estate, vehicles, data processing equipment and miscellaneous other assets. No asset is leased from any related party.

(5) | The obligation related to pension benefits is actuarially determined and is reflective of obligations as of December 31, 2020. Although subject to change, the amounts set forth in the table represent the mid-point of the range of our expected contributions for funded U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, plus expected cash funding of direct participant payments to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans.

We made significant contributions to fully fund our U.S. pension plans in 2013 and 2014. We have no minimum funding requirements for our funded U.S. pension plans under current ERISA law or the provisions of our USW collective bargaining agreement, which requires us to maintain an annual ERISA funded status for the hourly U.S. pension plan of at least 97%.

Future U.S. pension contributions will be affected by our ability to offset changes in future interest rates with asset returns from our fixed income portfolio and any changes to ERISA law. For further information on the U.S. pension investment strategy, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans, in this Form 10-K.

Future non-U.S. contributions are affected by factors such as:

| • | future interest rate levels,

| • | the amount and timing of asset returns, and

| • | how contributions in excess of the minimum requirements could impact the amount and timing of future contributions.

(6) | The payments presented above are expected payments for the next 10 years. The payments for other postretirement benefits reflect the estimated benefit payments of the plans using the provisions currently in effect. Under the relevant summary plan descriptions or plan documents we have the right to modify or terminate the plans. The obligation related to other postretirement benefits is actuarially determined on an annual basis.

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(7) | The payments for workers’ compensation obligations are based upon recent historical payment patterns on claims. The present value of anticipated claims payments for workers’ compensation is $196 million.

(8) | Binding commitments are for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities, and various other types of contracts. The obligations to purchase raw materials include supply contracts at both fixed and variable prices. Those with variable prices are based on index rates for those commodities at December 31, 2020.

(9) | These amounts primarily represent expected payments with interest for uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2020. We have reflected them in the period in which we believe they will be ultimately settled based upon our experience with these matters.

Additional other long term liabilities include items such as general and product liabilities, environmental liabilities and miscellaneous other long term liabilities. These other liabilities are not contractual obligations by nature. We cannot, with any degree of reliability, determine the years in which these liabilities might ultimately be settled. Accordingly, these other long term liabilities are not included in the above table.

In addition, pursuant to certain long term agreements, we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers' production levels. These contingent contractual obligations, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, are not included in the table above.

We do not engage in the trading of commodity contracts or any related derivative contracts. We generally purchase raw materials and energy through short term, intermediate and long term supply contracts at fixed prices or at formula prices related to market prices or negotiated prices. We may, however, from time to time, enter into contracts to hedge our energy costs.

At December 31, 2020, we had an agreement to provide a revolving loan commitment to TireHub of up to $100 million. As of December 31, 2020, $14 million was drawn on this commitment.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has:

| • | made guarantees,

| • | retained or held a contingent interest in transferred assets,

| • | undertaken an obligation under certain derivative instruments, or

| • | undertaken any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the company.

We have entered into certain arrangements under which we have provided guarantees that are off-balance sheet arrangements. Those guarantees totaled $73 million at December 31, 2020. For further information about our guarantees, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities, in this Form 10-K.

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION — SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

Certain information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (other than historical data and information) may constitute forward-looking statements regarding events and trends that may affect our future operating results and financial position. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of similar meaning, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including:

| • | our future results of operations, financial condition and liquidity are expected to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that impact may be material;

| • | if we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected;

| • | we face significant global competition and our market share could decline;

| • | deteriorating economic conditions in any of our major markets, or an inability to access capital markets or third-party financing when necessary, may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

| • | raw material and energy costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition;

| • | if we experience a labor strike, work stoppage or other similar event our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected;

| • | our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

| • | we have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity;

| • | our long term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results;

| • | financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business;

| • | our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner;

| • | we have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health;

| • | any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations;

| • | our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly;

| • | we have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales;

| • | we may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters;

| • | our reserves for contingent liabilities and our recorded insurance assets are subject to various uncertainties, the outcome of which may result in our actual costs being significantly higher than the amounts recorded;

| • | we are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results;

| • | we may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems due to computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters or other similar disruptions;

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| • | if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected; and

| • | we may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters.

It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors. We will not revise or update any forward-looking statement or disclose any facts, events or circumstances that occur after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

Commodity Price Risk

The raw materials costs to which our operations are principally exposed include the cost of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, carbon black, fabrics, steel cord and other petrochemical-based commodities. Approximately two-thirds of our raw materials are petroleum-based, the cost of which may be affected by fluctuations in the price of oil. We currently do not hedge commodity prices. We do, however, use various strategies to partially offset cost increases for raw materials, including centralizing purchases of raw materials through our global procurement organization in an effort to leverage our purchasing power, expanding our capabilities to substitute lower cost raw materials, and reducing the amount of material required in each tire.

Interest Rate Risk

We continuously monitor our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Within defined limitations, we manage the mix using refinancing. At December 31, 2020, 24% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 2.79% compared to 32% at an average rate of 3.81% at December 31, 2019.

The following table presents information about long term fixed rate debt, excluding finance leases, at December 31:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Carrying amount — liability |  | $ | 4,094 |  |  | $ | 3,434 |
Fair value — liability |  |  | 4,283 |  |  |  | 3,558 |
Pro forma fair value — liability |  |  | 4,353 |  |  |  | 3,629 |

The pro forma information assumes an 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated fair value of fixed rate debt outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our fixed rate debt to changes in interest rates was determined using current market pricing models.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to reduce the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation.

The following table presents foreign currency derivative information at December 31:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Fair value — asset (liability) |  | $ | (33 | ) |  | $ | (8 | )
Pro forma decrease in fair value |  |  | (167 | ) |  |  | (199 | )
Contract maturities |  | 1/21-12/21 |  |  | 1/20-12/21 |

The pro forma decrease in fair value assumes a 10% adverse change in underlying foreign exchange rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated change in the fair value of contracts outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our foreign currency positions to changes in exchange rates was determined using current market pricing models.

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Fair values are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31 as follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Current asset (liability): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | (18 | )
Long term asset (liability): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Other long term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )

For further information on foreign currency contracts, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, in this Form 10-K.

Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of our management of counterparty risk.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENT S AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  |  | Page
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 56
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 57
Consolidated Financial Statements of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company: |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020 | 60
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020 | 61
| Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 | 62
| Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020 | 63
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020 | 66
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 67
Supplementary Data (unaudited) | 117
Financial Statement Schedule: |
| The following consolidated financial statement schedule of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company: |
|  | Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020 | FS-2

Schedules not listed above have been omitted since they are not applicable or are not required, or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 using the framework specified in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.

The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes and financial statement schedule, of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as listed in the index appearing under Item 8 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases as of January 1, 2019.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Goodwill Impairment – EMEA Reporting Unit

As described in Notes 1 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $408 million as of December 31, 2020, and the goodwill associated with the Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) reporting unit was $250 million. Goodwill is assessed for impairment annually with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount. In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting decline in the macroeconomic environment, as well as a significant decrease in the Company’s market capitalization, management performed an interim impairment analysis as of March 31, 2020 utilizing a discounted cash flow model. Based on the results of management’s interim quantitative assessment, management recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $182 million for the EMEA reporting unit during the first quarter of 2020. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the estimated fair value of the Company’s EMEA reporting unit are the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic, the projected long term operating margin, and the discount rate.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment of the EMEA reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s significant assumptions for the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic, the projected long term operating margin, and the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s EMEA reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value of the EMEA reporting unit, (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model, (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the model, and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic, the projected long term operating margin, and the discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic and the projected long term operating margin involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow model and the discount rate assumption.

Income Taxes - Valuation of U.S. Deferred Tax Assets

As described in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2020, the Company has approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $368 million primarily for foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $300 million have limited lives and expire between 2025 and 2040. Management records valuation allowances unless it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will be realized. As disclosed by management, the valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability, including the impact of tax planning strategies and the expiration date of the asset. During the first quarter of 2020, management established a valuation

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allowance of $295 million against all of the foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2024 and a portion of those expiring in 2025 due to the significant U.S. tax loss in 2020 driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the temporary suspension of production at the Company’s U.S. manufacturing facilities. As loss carryforwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, management concluded that it was no longer more likely than not that they will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. During 2020, the Company’s U.S. business went into a cumulative three-year loss position due to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s 2020 results. Management concluded that the Company’s future taxable income provides positive, objectively verifiable information to conclude that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to utilize the remaining deferred tax assets expiring from 2025 onward.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the income taxes - valuation of U.S. deferred tax assets is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in determining whether the net deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized in the future, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s assessment of the realization of net deferred tax assets.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment of the realization of net deferred tax assets, including controls over projected taxable income. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the positive and negative evidence available in management’s assessment of the realization of net deferred tax assets, testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in management’s assessment, and evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumption related to projected taxable income. Evaluating management’s assumption related to projected taxable income involved evaluating whether the assumption used by management was reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Company’s U.S. business, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, (iii) evaluating whether tax planning strategies are prudent and feasible, and (iv) whether the assumption was consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Cleveland, Ohio

February 9, 2021

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1898.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net Sales (Note 2) |  | $ | 12,321 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |  |  | $ | 15,475 |
Cost of Goods Sold |  |  | 10,337 |  |  |  | 11,602 |  |  |  | 11,961 |
Selling, Administrative and General Expense |  |  | 2,192 |  |  |  | 2,323 |  |  |  | 2,312 |
Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments (Notes 11 and 12) |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Rationalizations (Note 3) |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 44 |
Interest Expense (Note 4) |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 321 |
Other (Income) Expense (Note 5) |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | (174 | )
Income (Loss) before Income Taxes |  |  | (1,140 | ) |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 1,011 |
United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Note 6) |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 474 |  |  |  | 303 |
Net Income (Loss) |  |  | (1,250 | ) |  |  | (297 | ) |  |  | 708 |
Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 15 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,254 | ) |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | 693 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.92 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 237 |
Diluted |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.89 |
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 239 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,250 | ) |  | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 708 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation, net of tax of $4 in 2020 ($4 in 2019, ($10) in 2018) |  |  | (134 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (264 | )
Defined benefit plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost, net of tax of $35 in 2020 ($33 in 2019, $34 in 2018) |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 105 |
(Increase)/decrease in net actuarial losses, net of tax of ($10) in 2020 (($42) in 2019, $1 in 2018) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  | 16 |
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures, net of tax of $7 in 2020 ($2 in 2019, $5 in 2018) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 20 |
Prior service credit (cost) from plan amendments, net of tax of ($1) in 2020 ($1 in 2019, ($3) in 2018) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (12 | )
Deferred derivative gains (losses), net of tax of $0 in 2020 ($0 in 2019, $3 in 2018) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income, net of tax of $0 in 2020 ($0 in 2019, $0 in 2018) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 7 |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (119 | )
Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | (1,256 | ) |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 589 |
Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,253 | ) |  | $ | (371 | ) |  | $ | 593 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |
(In millions, except share data) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Cash Equivalents (Note 1) |  | $ | 1,539 |  |  | $ | 908 |
Accounts Receivable (Note 9) |  |  | 1,691 |  |  |  | 1,941 |
Inventories (Note 10) |  |  | 2,153 |  |  |  | 2,851 |
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 234 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 5,620 |  |  |  | 5,934 |
Goodwill (Note 11) |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 565 |
Intangible Assets (Note 11) |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 137 |
Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) |  |  | 1,467 |  |  |  | 1,527 |
Other Assets (Note 12) |  |  | 952 |  |  |  | 959 |
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets (Note 14) |  |  | 851 |  |  |  | 855 |
Property, Plant and Equipment (Note 13) |  |  | 7,073 |  |  |  | 7,208 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 16,506 |  |  | $ | 17,185 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Payable — Trade |  | $ | 2,945 |  |  | $ | 2,908 |
Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) |  |  | 540 |  |  |  | 536 |
Other Current Liabilities |  |  | 865 |  |  |  | 734 |
Notes Payable and Overdrafts (Note 15) |  |  | 406 |  |  |  | 348 |
Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year (Note 14) |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 199 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year (Notes 14 and 15) |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 562 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 5,106 |  |  |  | 5,287 |
Operating Lease Liabilities (Note 14) |  |  | 684 |  |  |  | 668 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases (Notes 14 and 15) |  |  | 5,432 |  |  |  | 4,753 |
Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 1,334 |
Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 90 |
Other Long Term Liabilities |  |  | 471 |  |  |  | 508 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 13,247 |  |  |  | 12,640 |
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock, no par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized, 450 million shares, Outstanding shares — 233 million (233 million in 2019) |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 233 |
Capital Surplus |  |  | 2,171 |  |  |  | 2,141 |
Retained Earnings |  |  | 4,809 |  |  |  | 6,113 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Note 21) |  |  | (4,135 | ) |  |  | (4,136 | )
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,078 |  |  |  | 4,351 |
Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 194 |
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,259 |  |  |  | 4,545 |
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  | $ | 16,506 |  |  | $ | 17,185 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minority |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Goodyear |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Equity — Non- |  |  | Shareholders' |
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |  |  | Redeemable |  |  | Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 38,308,825 common treasury shares) |  |  | 240,154,602 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 2,295 |  |  | $ | 6,044 |  |  | $ | (3,976 | ) |  | $ | 4,603 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | 4,850 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 693 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 693 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 708 |
Foreign currency translation (net of tax of ($10)) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (264 | )
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $34) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 105 |
Decrease in net actuarial losses (net of tax of $1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |
Prior service cost from plan amendments (net of tax of ($3)) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (119 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 589 |
Adoption of new accounting standard |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1 | )
Stock-based compensation plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (8,936,302 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (211 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (220 | )
Dividends declared |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (139 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (139 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (147 | )
Common stock issued from treasury |  |  | 952,743 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Purchase of minority shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 46,292,384 common treasury shares) |  |  | 232,171,043 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 2,111 |  |  | $ | 6,597 |  |  | $ | (4,076 | ) |  | $ | 4,864 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 5,070 |

We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.58 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2018.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minority |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Goodyear |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Equity — Non- |  |  | Shareholders' |
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |  |  | Redeemable |  |  | Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 46,292,384 common treasury shares) |  |  | 232,171,043 |  |  | $ | 232 |  |  | $ | 2,111 |  |  | $ | 6,597 |  |  | $ | (4,076 | ) |  | $ | 4,864 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 5,070 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (311 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (311 | ) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (297 | )
Foreign currency translation (net of tax of $4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 5 |
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $33) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 104 |
Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($42)) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  | (169 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (169 | )
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |
Prior service credit from plan amendments (net of tax of $1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (59 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (371 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (356 | )
Adoption of new accounting standard |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23 | )
Stock-based compensation plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 |
Dividends declared |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (155 | )
Common stock issued from treasury |  |  | 479,275 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |
Purchase of minority shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (21 | )
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 45,813,109 common treasury shares) |  |  | 232,650,318 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 2,141 |  |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | (4,136 | ) |  | $ | 4,351 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 4,545 |

We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.64 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  | Minority |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  | Goodyear |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Total |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  | Shareholders' |  |  | Equity — Non- |  |  | Shareholders' |
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Surplus |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Loss |  |  | Equity |  |  | Redeemable |  |  | Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 45,813,109 common treasury shares) |  |  | 232,650,318 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 2,141 |  |  | $ | 6,113 |  |  | $ | (4,136 | ) |  | $ | 4,351 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 4,545 |
Comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (1,250 | )
Foreign currency translation (net of tax of $4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (134 | )
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $35) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 109 |
Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($10)) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22 |
Prior service cost from plan amendments (net of tax of ($1)) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | )
Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,253 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (1,256 | )
Adoption of new accounting standard (Note 1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Stock-based compensation plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32 |
Dividends declared |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (48 | )
Common stock issued from treasury |  |  | 569,780 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(after deducting 45,243,329 common treasury shares) |  |  | 233,220,098 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 2,171 |  |  | $ | 4,809 |  |  | $ | (4,135 | ) |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 3,259 |

We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.16 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,250 | ) |  | $ | (297 | ) |  | $ | 708 |
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income (Loss) to Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and Amortization |  |  | 859 |  |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | 778 |
Amortization and Write-Off of Debt Issuance Costs |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 15 |
Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments (Notes 11 and 12) |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Provision for Deferred Income Taxes |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 131 |
Net Pension Curtailments and Settlements (Note 17) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 22 |
Net Rationalization Charges (Note 3) |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 44 |
Rationalization Payments |  |  | (186 | ) |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (174 | )
Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales (Note 5) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs (Note 5) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (272 | )
Operating Lease Expense (Note 14) |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | — |
Operating Lease Payments (Note 14) |  |  | (268 | ) |  |  | (267 | ) |  |  | — |
Pension Contributions and Direct Payments |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | (74 | )
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Asset Acquisitions and Dispositions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Receivable |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | (172 | )
Inventories |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (171 | )
Accounts Payable — Trade |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 223 |
Compensation and Benefits |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | (26 | )
Other Current Liabilities |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (181 | )
Other Assets and Liabilities |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 66 |
Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  | 1,115 |  |  |  | 1,207 |  |  |  | 916 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital Expenditures |  |  | (647 | ) |  |  | (770 | ) |  |  | (811 | )
Asset Dispositions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2 |
Short Term Securities Acquired |  |  | (96 | ) |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (68 | )
Short Term Securities Redeemed |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 68 |
Notes Receivable |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Other Transactions |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  | (667 | ) |  |  | (800 | ) |  |  | (867 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred |  |  | 1,651 |  |  |  | 1,880 |  |  |  | 1,944 |
Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid |  |  | (1,593 | ) |  |  | (1,933 | ) |  |  | (1,795 | )
Long Term Debt Incurred |  |  | 6,251 |  |  |  | 5,942 |  |  |  | 6,455 |
Long Term Debt Paid |  |  | (6,059 | ) |  |  | (6,008 | ) |  |  | (6,469 | )
Common Stock Issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |
Common Stock Repurchased (Note 20) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (220 | )
Common Stock Dividends Paid (Note 20) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | (138 | )
Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (31 | )
Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 7 |
Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | (307 | ) |  |  | (243 | )
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (43 | )
Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash |  |  | 650 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | (237 | )
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Period |  |  | 974 |  |  |  | 873 |  |  |  | 1,110 |
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of the Period |  | $ | 1,624 |  |  | $ | 974 |  |  | $ | 873 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Note 1. Accounting Policies

A summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows:

Basis of Presentation

We maintain a robust business continuity plan to adequately respond to situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, including a framework for remote work arrangements, in order to effectively maintain operations, including financial reporting systems, internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.

Effective January 1, 2020, we early adopted, as permitted, SEC amendments to the financial disclosure requirements for registered debt securities with subsidiary guarantees. The amendments replace the condensed consolidating financial information with summarized financial information of the issuers and guarantors, require expanded qualitative disclosures with respect to information about guarantors, the terms and conditions of guarantees and the factors that may affect payment, and permit these disclosures to be provided outside the footnotes to the parent company’s audited annual and interim consolidated financial statements. We have elected to provide this information in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance on accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. The new guidance includes an impairment model for estimating credit losses that is based on expected losses, rather than incurred losses. As a result of using the modified retrospective adoption approach, $12 million was recorded as a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease Retained Earnings, with Accounts Receivable decreasing by $15 million and Deferred Income Taxes increasing by $3 million.

The following table presents the balance of allowances for credit losses, which represents our allowance for doubtful accounts associated with accounts receivable, and the changes during the year ended December 31, 2020:

(In millions) |  | Americas |  |  | Europe, Middle East & Africa |  |  | Asia Pacific |  |  | Total |
Balance at January 1, 2020 |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 126 |
Current period provision |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 30 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11 | )
Translation |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 5 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 150 |

Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance requiring a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset. The adoption of this standards update did not impact our consolidated financial statements.

Effective April 1, 2020, we early adopted, as permitted, an accounting standards update with new guidance that changes the accounting for certain income tax transactions. The adoption of this standards update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In January 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued an accounting standards update which eliminates differences in practice among fair value accounting for investments in equity securities, equity method investments and certain derivative instruments. The new standard is expected to increase comparability of the accounting for these items. The standards update is effective prospectively for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standards update will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all legal entities in which we hold a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest generally arises from our ownership of a majority of the voting shares of our subsidiaries. We

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would also hold a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities if we are considered to be the primary beneficiary. Investments in companies in which we do not own a majority interest and we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in other companies are carried at cost. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, including those related to:

| • | general and product liabilities and other litigation,

| • | workers’ compensation,

| • | goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets,

| • | deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions,

| • | pension and other postretirement benefits, and

| • | various other operating allowances and accruals, based on currently available information.

Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect results of operations and financial position in future periods.

Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable Valuation

Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control is transferred. This generally occurs with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract, or when services have been rendered. Sales are measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The amount of consideration we receive and sales we recognize can vary due to changes in sales incentives, rebates, rights of return or other items we offer our customers, for which we estimate the expected amounts based on an analysis of historical experience, or as the most likely amount in a range of possible outcomes. Payment terms with customers vary by region and customer, but are generally 30-90 days or at the point of sale for our consumer retail locations. Net sales exclude sales, value added and other taxes. Costs to obtain contracts are generally expensed as incurred due to the short term nature of individual contracts. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense as incurred. We have elected to recognize the costs incurred for transportation of products to customers as a component of cost of goods sold ("CGS").

Appropriate provisions are made for uncollectible accounts based on historical loss experience, portfolio duration, economic conditions and credit risk, considering both expected future losses as well as current incurred losses. The adequacy of the allowances are assessed quarterly.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs include, among other things, materials, equipment, compensation and contract services. These costs are expensed as incurred and included as a component of CGS. Research and development expenditures were $390 million, $430 million and $424 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Warranty

Warranties are provided on the sale of certain of our products and services and an accrual for estimated future claims is recorded at the time revenue is recognized. Tire replacement under most of the warranties we offer is on a prorated basis. Warranty reserves are based on past claims experience, sales history and other considerations. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

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Environmental Cleanup Matters

We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. We determine our liability on a site by site basis and record a liability at the time when it is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Our estimated liability is reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of the relevant costs. Our estimated liability is not discounted or reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Legal Costs

We record a liability for estimated legal and defense costs related to pending general and product liability claims, environmental matters and workers’ compensation claims. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

Advertising Costs

Costs incurred for producing and communicating advertising are generally expensed when incurred as a component of selling, administrative and general expense ("SAG"). Costs incurred under our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees are generally recorded as reductions of sales as related revenues are recognized. Advertising costs, including costs for our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees, were $304 million, $353 million and $345 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Rationalizations

We record costs for rationalization actions implemented to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs. Associate-related costs include severance, supplemental unemployment compensation and benefits, medical benefits, pension curtailments, postretirement benefits, and other termination benefits. For ongoing benefit arrangements, a liability is recognized when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For one-time benefit arrangements, a liability is incurred and must be accrued at the date the plan is communicated to employees, unless they will be retained beyond a minimum retention period. In this case, the liability is calculated at the date the plan is communicated to employees and is accrued ratably over the future service period. For voluntary benefit arrangements, a liability is not estimable and is not recognized until eligible associates apply for the benefit and we accept the applications. Other costs generally include non-cancelable lease, contract termination and relocation costs. A liability for these costs is recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. Rationalization charges related to accelerated depreciation and asset impairments are recorded in CGS or SAG. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income, with deferred taxes being provided for temporary differences between carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such carrying values as measured under applicable tax laws. The effect on deferred tax assets or liabilities of a change in the tax law or tax rate is recognized in the period the change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The calculation of our tax liabilities also involves considering uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on our estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required and we report related interest and penalties as income taxes. To the extent that we incur expense under the global intangible low-taxed income provisions we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes.

Cash and Cash Equivalents / Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less. Substantially all of our cash and short-term investment securities are held with investment grade rated counterparties. At December 31, 2020, our cash investments with any single counterparty did not exceed approximately $345 million.

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Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of identifiable transactions or events are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the related hedged items. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are classified as operating activities. Bank overdrafts, if any, are recorded within Notes Payable and Overdrafts. Cash flows associated with bank overdrafts are classified as financing activities.

Customer prepayments for products and government grants received that predominately relate to operations are reported as operating activities. Government grants received that are predominately related to capital expenditures are reported as investing activities. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented net of finance leases of $3 million, $36 million and $6 million originating in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and accrued capital expenditures financed with extended terms of $15 million in 2020. Cash flows from investing activities in 2020 exclude $224 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2020, and include payment for $243 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2019. Cash flows from investing activities in 2019 exclude $243 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2019, and include payment for $266 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2018. Cash flows from investing activities in 2018 exclude $266 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2018, and include payment for $265 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2017.

Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash as reported within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

|  | December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents |  | $ | 1,539 |  |  | $ | 908 |  |  | $ | 801 |
Restricted Cash |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 72 |
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash |  | $ | 1,624 |  |  | $ | 974 |  |  | $ | 873 |

Restricted Cash, which is included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, primarily represents amounts required to be set aside in connection with accounts receivable factoring programs. The restrictions lapse when cash from factored accounts receivable is remitted to the purchaser of those receivables.

Restricted Net Assets

In certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans or advances are generally or periodically subject to various governmental regulations. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make cash distributions. At December 31, 2020, approximately $680 million of net assets were subject to such regulations or limitations.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out or the average cost method. Costs include direct material, direct labor and applicable manufacturing and engineering overhead. We allocate fixed manufacturing overheads based on normal production capacity and recognize abnormal manufacturing costs as period costs. We determine a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on management’s review of inventories on hand compared to estimated future usage and sales. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 10, Inventories.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is recorded when the cost of acquired businesses exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are assessed for impairment annually with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible to its carrying amount. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value is less than

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the carrying amount, then an impairment loss will be recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value. We perform a quantitative assessment at least once every five years.

In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives would be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over such finite lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 11, Goodwill and Intangible Assets.

Investments

Investments in marketable securities are stated at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period and, when appropriate, exchange rates at that date. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are recorded in earnings. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCL”), net of tax. Our investment in TireHub, LLC (“TireHub”), a distribution joint venture in the U.S., is accounted for under the equity method.

We regularly review our investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below their recorded amount is other than temporary. If the decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary, the investment is written down to fair value and the amount of the write-down is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Other Assets and Investments, No. 16, Fair Value Measurements, and No. 21, Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Additions and improvements that substantially extend the useful life of property, plant and equipment, and interest costs incurred during the construction period of major projects are capitalized. Government grants to us that are predominately related to capital expenditures are recorded as reductions of the cost of the associated assets. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment was $857 million, $793 million and $776 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 4, Interest Expense, and No. 13, Property, Plant and Equipment.

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted, using the modified retrospective adoption approach, an accounting standards update with new guidance relating to leases. Our adoption of this standards update resulted in adjustments that increased Total Assets by $873 million, increased Long Term Debt and Finance Leases by $14 million, and decreased Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity and Total Shareholders’ Equity by $23 million. Periods prior to 2019 have not been restated for the adoption of this standards update.

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. We enter into leases primarily for our distribution facilities, manufacturing equipment, administrative offices, retail stores, vehicles and data processing equipment under varying terms and conditions. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to approximately 50 years. Most of our leases include options to extend the lease, with renewal terms ranging from 1 to 50 years or more, and some include options to terminate the lease within 1 year. If it is reasonably certain that an option to extend or terminate a lease will be exercised, that option is considered in the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and we recognize short-term lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Certain of our lease agreements include variable lease payments, generally based on consumer price indices. Variable lease payments that are assigned to an index are determined based on the initial index at commencement, and the variability based on changes in the index is accounted for as it changes. The variable portion of payments is not included in the initial measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability due to the uncertainty of the payment amount and are recorded as lease expense in the period incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

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Operating leases are included in Operating Lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets, Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year and Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in Property, Plant and Equipment, Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year, and Long Term Debt and Finance Leases on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Generally, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments, unless there is a rate stated in the lease agreement. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 14, Leases.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency for most subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. The U.S. dollar is used as the functional currency in countries with a history of high inflation and in countries that predominantly sell into the U.S. dollar export market. For all operations, gains or losses from remeasuring foreign currency transactions into the functional currency are included in Other (Income) Expense. Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCL. Income taxes are generally not provided for foreign currency translation adjustments.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

To qualify for hedge accounting, hedging instruments must be designated as hedges and meet defined correlation and effectiveness criteria. These criteria require that the anticipated cash flows and/or changes in fair value of the hedging instrument substantially offset those of the position being hedged.

Derivative contracts are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts Receivable, Other Assets, Other Current Liabilities or Other Long Term Liabilities. Deferred gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded net of tax in AOCL.

Interest Rate Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income as Interest Expense in the same period that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges are recognized in income in the current period as Interest Expense. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are recorded in the current period in Other (Income) Expense.

Foreign Currency Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income in the same period and on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges, excluding premiums and discounts, are recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are also recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. We do not include premiums or discounts on forward currency contracts in our assessment of hedge effectiveness. Premiums and discounts on contracts designated as hedges are recorded in AOCL. The amounts are recognized in the Statement of Operations on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in the Statement of Operations.

Net Investment Hedging — Nonderivative instruments denominated in foreign currencies are used from time to time to hedge net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred and recorded in AOCL as Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments. These gains and losses are only recognized in income upon the complete or partial sale of the related investment or the complete liquidation of the investment.

Termination of Contracts — Gains and losses (including deferred gains and losses in AOCL) are recognized in Other (Income) Expense when contracts are terminated concurrently with the termination of the hedged position. To the extent that such position remains outstanding, gains and losses are amortized to Interest Expense or to Other (Income) Expense over the remaining life of that position. Gains and losses on contracts that we temporarily continue to hold after the early termination

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of a hedged position, or that otherwise no longer qualify for hedge accounting, are recognized in Other (Income) Expense. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure compensation cost arising from the grant of stock-based awards to employees at fair value and recognize such cost in income over the period during which the service is provided, usually the vesting period. We recognize compensation expense using the straight-line approach.

Stock-based awards to employees include grants of performance share units, restricted stock units and stock options. We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units and restricted stock units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants.

We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Assumptions used to estimate compensation expense are determined as follows:

| • | Expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on our historical experience of option exercises;

| • | Expected volatility is measured using the weighted average of historical daily changes in the market price of our common stock over the expected term of the award and implied volatility calculated for our exchange traded options with an expiration date greater than one year;

| • | Risk-free interest rate is equivalent to the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards; and

| • | Forfeitures are based substantially on the history of cancellations of similar awards granted in prior years.

Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Stock Compensation Plans.

Earnings Per Share of Common Stock

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share primarily reflects the dilutive impact of outstanding stock options and other stock based awards. All earnings per share amounts in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are diluted, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Earnings Per Share.

Fair Value Measurements

Valuation Hierarchy

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date.

| • | Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

| • | Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

| • | Level 3 — Valuation is based upon other unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows:

Investments

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government bonds, certain mortgage products and exchange-traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the security, and would be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

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In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Exchange-traded derivative financial instruments that are valued using quoted prices would be classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments valued using internally-developed models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters, and that are normally traded less actively, would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, and No. 16, Fair Value Measurements.

Reclassifications and Adjustments

Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Note 2. Net Sales

The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2020:

(In millions) |  | Americas |  |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | Asia Pacific |  |  | Total |
Tire unit sales(1) |  | $ | 5,138 |  |  | $ | 3,611 |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 10,339 |
Other tire and related sales |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 956 |
Retail services and service related sales |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 688 |
Chemical sales |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 317 |
Other |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 21 |
Net Sales by reportable segment |  | $ | 6,556 |  |  | $ | 4,020 |  |  | $ | 1,745 |  |  | $ | 12,321 |

(1) | Americas tire unit sales for 2020 include a gain of $34 million for a one-time legal settlement.

The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2019:

(In millions) |  | Americas |  |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | Asia Pacific |  |  | Total |
Tire unit sales |  | $ | 6,300 |  |  | $ | 4,300 |  |  | $ | 1,924 |  |  | $ | 12,524 |
Other tire and related sales |  |  | 659 |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 1,139 |
Retail services and service related sales |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 644 |
Chemical sales |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 403 |
Other |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 35 |
Net Sales by reportable segment |  | $ | 7,922 |  |  | $ | 4,708 |  |  | $ | 2,115 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |

The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2018:

(In millions) |  | Americas |  |  | Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | Asia Pacific |  |  | Total |
Tire unit sales |  | $ | 6,381 |  |  | $ | 4,670 |  |  | $ | 2,009 |  |  | $ | 13,060 |
Other tire and related sales |  |  | 656 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 1,162 |
Retail services and service related sales |  |  | 564 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 675 |
Chemical sales |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 554 |
Other |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 24 |
Net Sales by reportable segment |  | $ | 8,168 |  |  | $ | 5,090 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | $ | 15,475 |

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Tire unit sales consist of consumer, commercial, farm and off-the-road tire sales, including the sale of new Company-branded tires through Company-owned retail channels. Other tire and related sales consist of aviation, race and motorcycle tire sales, retread sales and other tire related sales. Sales of tires in this category are not included in reported tire unit information. Retail services and service related sales consist of automotive services performed for customers through our Company-owned retail channels, and includes service related products. Chemical sales relate to the sale of synthetic rubber and other chemicals to third parties, and exclude intercompany sales. Other sales include items such as franchise fees and ancillary tire parts.

When we receive consideration from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Deferred revenue included in Other Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $23 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019. Deferred revenue included in Other Long Term Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $27 million and $31 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We recognize deferred revenue after we have transferred control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met.

The following table presents the balances of deferred revenue related to contracts with customers, and changes during the years ended December 31:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 78 |
Revenue deferred during period |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 155 |
Revenue recognized during period |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | (179 | )
Impact of foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | 54 |

Note 3. Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs

In order to maintain our global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs.

The following table presents the roll-forward of the liability balance between periods:

(In millions) |  | Associate- Related Costs |  |  | Other Costs |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 213 |
2018 charges(1) |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 64 |
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(3) million and $0 million, respectively |  |  | (158 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (177 | )
Reversed to the Statement of Operations |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 81 |
2019 charges(1) |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 204 |
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(2) million and $0 million, respectively |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (61 | )
Reversed to the Statement of Operations |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4 | )
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 220 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 220 |
2020 charges(1) |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 156 |
Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $12 million and $0 million, respectively |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (174 | )
Reversed to the Statement of Operations |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | )
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200 |

(1) | Charges of $156 million, $204 million and $64 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, exclude $5 million, $5 million and $(1) million, respectively, of benefit plan curtailments and settlements recorded in Rationalizations in the Statements of Operations.

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On April 17, 2020, we reached a tentative bargaining agreement, which was ratified on May 1, 2020, and subsequently permanently closed our Gadsden, Alabama tire manufacturing facility (“Gadsden”) as part of our continuing strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint by curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market. The plan will result in approximately 470 job reductions. We have $32 million accrued related to this plan at December 31, 2020, which is expected to be substantially paid through 2021.

During the first quarter of 2019, we approved a plan to modernize two of our tire manufacturing facilities in Germany. We have $89 million accrued related to this plan at December 31, 2020, which is expected to be substantially paid through 2022.

The remainder of the accrual balance at December 31, 2020 is expected to be substantially utilized in the next 12 months and includes $35 million related to the closed Amiens, France tire manufacturing facility, $11 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount, $9 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA, and $7 million related to a plan primarily to offer voluntary buy-outs to certain associates at Gadsden.

The following table shows net rationalization charges included in Income (Loss) before Income Taxes:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Current Year Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Associate severance and other related costs |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 183 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Benefit plan curtailment and special termination benefits |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |
Other exit and non-cancelable lease costs |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |
Current Year Plans - Net Charges |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 40 |
Prior Year Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Associate severance and other related costs |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (11 | )
Benefit plan curtailment and special termination benefits |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other exit and non-cancelable lease costs |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 16 |
Prior Year Plans - Net Charges |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Total Net Charges |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 4 |

Substantially all of the new charges in 2020 related to future cash outflows. Net current year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily related to the permanent closure of Gadsden.

Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2020 include $30 million related to additional termination benefits for associates at the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. In addition, prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 include $19 million related to the plan to modernize two of our manufacturing facilities in Germany, $5 million related to a plan primarily to offer voluntary buy-outs to certain associates at Gadsden, a curtailment credit of $4 million for a postretirement benefit plan related to the exit of employees under an approved rationalization plan, and $3 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 also include reversals of $2 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes.

Ongoing rationalization plans had approximately $990 million in charges through 2020 and approximately $80 million is expected to be incurred in future periods.

Approximately 800 associates will be released under new plans initiated in 2020, of which approximately 600 were released through December 31, 2020, primarily related to the permanent closure of Gadsden. In 2020, approximately 1,200 associates were released under plans initiated in prior years. Approximately 450 associates remain to be released under all ongoing rationalization plans.

Rationalization activities initiated in 2019 include current year charges of $105 million related to the plan to modernize two of our manufacturing facilities in Germany, $76 million related to the Gadsden voluntary buy-out plan, and $18 million related to separate plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in Americas and EMEA. Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 include $10 million primarily related to EMEA manufacturing plans. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2019 also include reversals of $4 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes.

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Rationalization activities initiated in 2018 include current year charges of $28 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount and $13 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA. Current year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 also include reversals of $1 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 include charges of $15 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $3 million related to a plan to reduce manufacturing headcount in EMEA, and $3 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 also include reversals of $18 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes.

Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2020 and 2019 primarily related to Gadsden. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2018 primarily related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges for all periods were recorded in CGS.

Note 4. Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest and the amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discounts, less amounts capitalized, as follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Interest expense before capitalization |  | $ | 339 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | 335 |
Capitalized interest |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
|  | $ | 324 |  |  | $ | 340 |  |  | $ | 321 |

Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized, were $315 million, $324 million and $331 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Note 5. Other (Income) Expense

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (272 | )
Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits costs |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 121 |
Interest income on indirect tax settlements in Brazil |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (38 | )
Financing fees and financial instruments expense |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 36 |
Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
General and product liability expense - discontinued products |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 9 |
Royalty income |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (20 | )
Net (gains) losses on asset sales |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Interest income |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
Miscellaneous (income) expense |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 23 |
|  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | (174 | )

Gain on TireHub transaction represented the difference between the initial fair value of the equity interest received and the net book value of the assets and liabilities contributed in connection with the formation of TireHub in 2018, net of transaction costs. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a gain of $286 million and incurred transaction costs of $14 million.

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost included net pension settlement and curtailment charges of $18 million, $6 million and $21 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans.

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We previously filed claims with the Brazilian tax authorities challenging the legality of the calculation of certain indirect taxes for the years 2001 through 2018. During 2018, we received favorable rulings related to these claims. As a result of the rulings, we recorded a gain of $53 million in CGS and related interest income of $38 million in Other (Income) Expense for the year ended December 31, 2018. During 2019, there were additional favorable rulings related to these claims. As a result, we recorded an additional gain of $11 million in CGS and related interest income of $8 million in Other (Income) Expense.

Miscellaneous expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes expenses of $25 million incurred by the Company as a direct result of flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility during the third quarter of 2019. Miscellaneous expense in 2018 includes $12 million related to expenses incurred by the Company as a direct result of hurricanes Harvey and Irma during 2017.

Other (Income) Expense also includes financing fees and financial instruments expense which consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions; net foreign currency exchange (gains) and losses; general and product liability expense - discontinued products, which consists of charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries; royalty income which is derived primarily from licensing arrangements; net (gains) and losses on asset sales, and interest income.

Note 6. Income Taxes

The components of Income (Loss) before Income Taxes follow:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
U.S. |  | $ | (993 | ) |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | 439 |
Foreign |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 572 |
|  | $ | (1,140 | ) |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |

A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. statutory rate to United States and Foreign Tax Expense follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
U.S. federal income tax expense (benefit) at the statutory rate of 21% |  | $ | (239 | ) |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 212 |
Net establishment (release) of U.S. valuation allowances |  |  | 310 |  |  |  | (98 | ) |  |  | 25 |
Net foreign losses (income) with no tax due to valuation allowances |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 7 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred tax impact of enacted tax rate and law changes |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
U.S. charges (benefits) related to foreign tax credits, R&D and foreign derived intangible deduction |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 20 |
Adjustment for foreign income taxed at different rates |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 30 |
Net establishment of uncertain tax positions |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 18 |
Federal and state tax on accelerated royalty income transaction |  |  | — |  |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | — |
Net establishment (release) of foreign valuation allowances |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | (5 | )
Other |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (3 | )
United States and Foreign Tax Expense |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 303 |

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The components of United States and Foreign Tax Expense by taxing jurisdiction, follow:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (15 | )
Foreign |  |  | 95 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 188 |
State |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (1 | )
|  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 172 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 120 |
Foreign |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 6 |
State |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 5 |
|  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 323 |  |  |  | 131 |
United States and Foreign Tax Expense |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  | $ | 303 |

Income tax expense in 2020 was $110 million on a loss before income taxes of $1,140 million. In 2020, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $305 million, including the establishment of a $295 million valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits during the first quarter of 2020 as discussed below. Discrete adjustments also reflect a net charge of $10 million, including a $15 million charge related to a U.S. valuation allowance for state loss carryforwards, a $13 million benefit to adjust our deferred tax assets in England for a third quarter enacted change in the tax rate, and various other net charges totaling $8 million.

In 2019, income tax expense of $474 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $386 million. Discrete adjustments were due to non-cash charges of $334 million related to an acceleration of royalty income in the U.S. from the sale of certain European royalty payments to Luxembourg and $150 million related to an increase in our valuation allowance on tax losses in Luxembourg, which were partially offset by a non-cash tax benefit of $98 million related to a reduction of our U.S. valuation allowance for foreign tax credits.

In 2018, income tax expense of $303 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $65 million. Discrete adjustments were primarily due to charges totaling $135 million related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits, including the establishment of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits of $98 million, partially offset by a tax benefit of $88 million related to a worthless stock deduction created by permanently ceasing operations of our Venezuelan subsidiary during the fourth quarter of 2018. Income tax expense in 2018 also included net charges of $18 million for various other discrete tax adjustments, including those related to finalizing our accounting for certain provisional items related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized.

At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $368 million primarily for foreign tax credits with limited lives. Approximately $900 million of these U.S. net deferred tax assets have unlimited lives and approximately $300 million have limited lives and expire between 2025 and 2040. At December 31, 2019, we had approximately $1.2 billion of U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances totaling $13 million. In the U.S., we have a cumulative loss for the three-year period ending December 31, 2020. However, as the three-year cumulative loss in the U.S. is driven by the business disruption created by the COVID-19 pandemic, in assessing our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets, we also considered objectively verifiable information including recent favorable recovery trends in the tire industry and our tire volume as well as the return to profitability of our

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U.S. business by the end of the fourth quarter and its expected continued improvement. While the COVID-19 related disruptions to our business are ultimately expected to be temporary, there is still considerable uncertainty around the extent and duration of these disruptions, as well as what additional actions federal, state or local governments may take to contain the pandemic. As such, an additional valuation allowance may be required against all, or a portion of, our U.S. net deferred tax assets in a future period.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, our U.S. deferred tax assets included $133 million and $403 million of foreign tax credits with limited lives, net of valuation allowances of $328 million and $3 million, respectively, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance of $295 million against all of these foreign tax credits with expiration dates through 2024 and a portion of those expiring in 2025. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2020, we increased our valuation allowance by $30 million with a corresponding increase to our deferred tax assets to reflect the impact of a decrease in foreign tax credits utilized on our 2019 income tax return. Due to the sudden and sharp decline in industry demand and the temporary suspension of production at our U.S. manufacturing facilities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have a significant U.S. tax loss for 2020. As loss carryforwards must be utilized prior to foreign tax credits in offsetting future income for tax purposes, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability, taking into consideration recent trends, along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence that we will be able to utilize our remaining foreign tax credits that expire between 2025 and 2030. Our sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border transactions, including sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries, and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability.

We consider our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits. As noted above, these forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future earnings will not be sufficient to fully utilize our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our remaining foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive, objectively verifiable evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that, at December 31, 2020, our U.S. net deferred tax assets, including our foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances, will be fully utilized.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had approximately $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion of foreign deferred tax assets, respectively, and valuation allowances of $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of these net foreign deferred tax assets. Most notably, in Luxembourg, we maintain a valuation allowance of $978 million on all of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period, we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months.

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Temporary differences and carryforwards giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 follow:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Tax loss carryforwards and credits |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  | $ | 1,159 |
Prepaid royalty income |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 576 |
Capitalized research and development expenditures |  |  | 421 |  |  |  | 416 |
Accrued expenses deductible as paid |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 347 |
Postretirement benefits and pensions |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 221 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 75 |
Rationalizations and other provisions |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 38 |
Vacation and sick pay |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 23 |
Other |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 106 |
|  |  | 3,348 |  |  |  | 2,961 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (1,469 | ) |  |  | (982 | )
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 1,879 |  |  |  | 1,979 |
Property basis differences |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | (467 | )
Right-of-use assets |  |  | (75 | ) |  |  | (74 | )
Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Total net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 1,383 |  |  | $ | 1,437 |

At December 31, 2020, we had $704 million of tax assets for net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards related to certain foreign subsidiaries. These carryforwards are primarily from countries with unlimited carryforward periods, but include $69 million of tax credit carryforwards in various European countries that are subject to expiration from 2021 to 2030. A valuation allowance totaling $1,101 million has been recorded against these and other deferred tax assets where recovery of the asset or carryforward is uncertain. In addition, we had $767 million of federal and $99 million of state tax assets for net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The federal carryforwards include $461 million of foreign tax credits that are subject to expiration from 2022 to 2030 and $92 million of tax assets related to research and development credits and other federal credits that are subject to expiration from 2030 to 2040. The state carryforwards include $87 million that are subject to expiration from 2021 to 2040. A valuation allowance of $368 million has been recorded against federal and state deferred tax assets where recovery is uncertain.

At December 31, 2020, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $85 million that if recognized, would have a favorable impact on our tax expense of $58 million. We had accrued interest of $2 million as of December 31, 2020. If not favorably settled, $9 million of the unrecognized tax benefits and all the accrued interest would require the use of our cash. We do not expect changes during 2021 to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations. A summary of our unrecognized tax benefits and changes during the year follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Increases related to prior year tax positions |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 9 |
Decreases related to prior year tax positions |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Settlements |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Foreign currency impact |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Increases related to current year tax positions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21 |
Lapse of statute of limitations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | )
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 71 |

We are open to examination in the U.S. for 2020 and in Germany from 2018 onward. Generally, for our remaining tax jurisdictions, years from 2015 onward are still open to examination.

We have undistributed earnings and profits of our foreign subsidiaries totaling approximately $2.3 billion at December 31, 2020. We have concluded that no provision for tax in the U.S. is required because substantially all of the remaining undistributed earnings and profits have been or will be reinvested in property, plant and equipment and working capital outside

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of the U.S. A foreign withholding tax charge of approximately $85 million (net of foreign tax credits) would be required if these earnings and profits were to be distributed to the U.S.

On March 27, 2020, the President signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), a substantial tax and spending package intended to provide economic stimulus to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act allows corporations with net operating losses generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 to elect to carryback those losses for a period of five years and relaxes the limitation for business interest deductions for 2019 and 2020. These provisions did not have a material impact on our operating results. We did, however, benefit from a CARES Act provision that accelerates the ability of corporations to claim a refund of alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards. Under this provision, we received a refund of $5 million during the third quarter of 2020 that would otherwise have been received in two equal annual installments in 2021 and 2022.

Net cash payments for income taxes were $45 million, $142 million and $178 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Note 7. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are calculated to reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts were exercised or converted into common stock.

Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated as follows:

(In millions, except per share amounts) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Earnings (loss) per share — basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodyear net income (loss) |  | $ | (1,254 | ) |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | 693 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 237 |
Earnings (loss) per common share — basic |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.92 |
Earnings (loss) per share — diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodyear net income (loss) |  | $ | (1,254 | ) |  | $ | (311 | ) |  | $ | 693 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 237 |
Dilutive effect of stock options and other dilutive securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 239 |
Earnings (loss) per common share — diluted |  | $ | (5.35 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | ) |  | $ | 2.89 |

Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted for 2020 excludes approximately 9 million equivalent shares related to options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common shares (i.e., “underwater” options). There were approximately 2 million equivalent shares related to underwater options for both 2019 and 2018. Additionally, weighted average shares outstanding — diluted for 2019 excludes the dilutive effect of approximately 3 million equivalent shares related primarily to options with exercise prices less than the average market price of our common shares (i.e., "in-the-money" options), as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive due to the Goodyear net loss. There were no in-the-money options for 2020.

Note 8. Business Segments

Segment information reflects our strategic business units (“SBUs”), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. Segment information is reported on the basis used for reporting to our Chief Executive Officer. Each of the three regional business segments is involved in the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires. Certain of the business segments also provide related products and services, which include retreads and automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services. Each segment also exports tires to other segments.

Americas manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, aircraft, and for various other applications throughout North, Central and South America. Americas also provides related products and

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services including retreaded tires, tread rubber, and automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services, as well as sells chemical and natural rubber products to our other business segments and to unaffiliated customers.

EMEA manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, motorcycles, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. EMEA also sells retreaded aviation tires, retreading and related services for commercial truck and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, and automotive maintenance and repair services.

Asia Pacific manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, aircraft, farm, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific also provides related products and services including retreaded truck and aviation tires, tread rubber, and automotive maintenance and repair services.

The following table presents segment sales and operating income (loss), and the reconciliation of segment operating income (loss) to Income (Loss) before Income Taxes:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 6,556 |  |  | $ | 7,922 |  |  | $ | 8,168 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 4,020 |  |  |  | 4,708 |  |  |  | 5,090 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 1,745 |  |  |  | 2,115 |  |  |  | 2,217 |
Net Sales |  | $ | 12,321 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |  |  | $ | 15,475 |
Segment Operating Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | 654 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 363 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 257 |
Total Segment Operating Income (Loss) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 945 |  |  | $ | 1,274 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments (Notes 11 and 12) |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Rationalizations (Note 3) |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 44 |
Interest expense (Note 4) |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 321 |
Other (income) expense (Note 5) |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | (174 | )
Asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation (Note 3) |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 4 |
Corporate incentive compensation plans |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 13 |
Retained expenses of divested operations |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 9 |
Other(1) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 46 |
Income (Loss) before Income Taxes |  | $ | (1,140 | ) |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 1,011 |

(1) | Primarily represents unallocated corporate costs and the elimination of $17 million, $17 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of royalty income attributable to the strategic business units.

The following table presents segment assets at December 31:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 6,666 |  |  | $ | 7,606 |  |  |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 4,825 |  |  |  | 4,724 |  |  |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 2,725 |  |  |  | 2,711 |  |  |
Total Segment Assets |  |  | 14,216 |  |  |  | 15,041 |  |  |
Corporate(1) |  |  | 2,290 |  |  |  | 2,144 |  |  |
|  | $ | 16,506 |  |  | $ | 17,185 |  |  |

(1) | Corporate includes substantially all of our U.S. net deferred tax assets.

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Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net sales less CGS (excluding asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges, asset sales, and certain other items.

The following table presents geographic information. Net sales by country were determined based on the location of the selling subsidiary. Long-lived assets consisted of property, plant and equipment. Besides Germany, management did not consider the net sales of any other individual countries outside the United States to be significant to the consolidated financial statements. For long-lived assets, only China and Germany were considered to be significant.

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 5,424 |  |  | $ | 6,489 |  |  | $ | 6,692 |
Germany(1) |  |  | 705 |  |  |  | 979 |  |  |  | 1,691 |
Other international |  |  | 6,192 |  |  |  | 7,277 |  |  |  | 7,092 |
|  | $ | 12,321 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |  |  | $ | 15,475 |
Long-Lived Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 2,517 |  |  | $ | 2,681 |  |  |  |  |
China |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  |  |
Germany |  |  | 729 |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  |  |
Other international |  |  | 3,085 |  |  |  | 3,152 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 7,073 |  |  | $ | 7,208 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The decrease in net sales from 2018 primarily related to a business reorganization that centralized our OE sales for EMEA in Luxembourg.

At December 31, 2020, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts:

| • | $387 million or 25% in Asia Pacific, primarily China and Japan ($337 million or 37% at December 31, 2019),

| • | $387 million or 25% in EMEA, primarily Belgium ($214 million or 24% at December 31, 2019), and

| • | $384 million or 25% in Americas, primarily Brazil, Canada and Chile ($190 million or 21% at December 31, 2019).

Goodwill and other asset impairments, as described in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 11, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, and No. 12, Other Assets and Investments; rationalizations, as described in Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs; net (gains) losses on asset sales, as described in Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense, and asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation were not charged (credited) to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes but were attributable to the SBUs as follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Segment Goodwill and Other Asset Impairments |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Rationalizations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 36 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |
Total Segment Rationalizations |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 42 |
Corporate |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |
|  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  | $ | 44 |

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas(1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (275 | )
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 2 |
Total Segment Asset Sales |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (273 | )

(1) | Americas Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes the gain of $272 million related to the TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs.

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Asset Write-Offs and Accelerated Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |
Total Segment Asset Write-Offs and Accelerated Depreciation |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 4 |

The following tables present segment capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Capital Expenditures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 406 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 180 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 188 |
Total Segment Capital Expenditures |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | 774 |
Corporate |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 37 |
|  | $ | 647 |  |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | 811 |

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Depreciation and Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 490 |  |  | $ | 430 |  |  | $ | 414 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 201 |  |  |  | 197 |  |  |  | 201 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 131 |
Total Segment Depreciation and Amortization |  | $ | 824 |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 746 |
Corporate |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 32 |
|  | $ | 859 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | 778 |

The following table presents segment equity in the net income (loss) of investees accounted for by the equity method:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Equity in (Income) Loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Americas |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total Segment Equity in (Income) Loss |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 10 |

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N

Note 9. Accounts Receivable

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 1,841 |  |  | $ | 2,052 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (111 | )
|  | $ | 1,691 |  |  | $ | 1,941 |

Note 10. Inventories

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 517 |  |  | $ | 530 |
Work in process |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 143 |
Finished goods |  |  | 1,493 |  |  |  | 2,178 |
|  | $ | 2,153 |  |  | $ | 2,851 |

Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by segment, and changes during 2020:

(In millions) |  | Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | Acquisitions |  |  | Divestitures |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Translation |  |  | Balance at December 31, 2020 |
Americas |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 411 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 250 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 67 |
|  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (182 | ) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 408 |

The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by segment, and changes during 2019:

(In millions) |  | Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | Acquisitions |  |  | Divestitures |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Translation |  |  | Balance at December 31, 2019 |
Americas |  | $ | 91 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91 |
Europe, Middle East and Africa |  |  | 415 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 411 |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 63 |
|  | $ | 569 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | 565 |

The following table presents information about intangible assets:

|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
(In millions) |  | Gross Carrying Amount(1) |  |  | Accumulated Amortization(1) |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount(1) |  |  | Accumulated Amortization(1) |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |
Intangible assets with indefinite lives |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 118 |
Trademarks and patents |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 5 |
Other intangible assets |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 14 |
|  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | (36 | ) |  | $ | 137 |

(1) | Includes impact of foreign currency translation.

Intangible assets are primarily comprised of the rights to use the Dunlop brand name and related trademarks and certain other brand names and trademarks.

Amortization expense for intangible assets totaled $2 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018. We estimate that annual amortization expense related to intangible assets will be $2 million in 2021, and $1 million in 2022 through 2025. The weighted average remaining amortization period is approximately 20 years.

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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting decline in the macroeconomic environment, as well as a significant decrease in our market capitalization, we performed an interim impairment analysis as of March 31, 2020 utilizing a discounted cash flow model. Based on the results of this interim analysis, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $182 million related to our EMEA reporting unit in the first quarter of 2020. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the estimated fair value of our reporting units were the timing of the recovery in sales from the COVID-19 pandemic, the projected long-term operating margin and the discount rate. Since the date of our 2019 annual quantitative goodwill impairment assessment, the overall discount rate increased, reflecting an increase in the risk premium components of the rate partially offset by a decrease in the risk-free interest rate component, as a result of the macroeconomic environment. Also, we gave consideration to the expected near-term negative cash flow impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recovery, based on our forecasts at that time, as well as a decrease in our market capitalization.

Since the first quarter of 2020, our forecasts as well as our market capitalization have both improved and we have concluded that there were no additional triggering events during the remaining nine months of 2020. Likewise, our 2020 annual impairment analysis as of October 31, 2020 indicated no impairment of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives. Our annual impairment analyses for 2019 and 2018 also indicated no impairment of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives. Our quantitative goodwill analysis as of October 31, 2020 concluded that the fair values substantially exceeded the carrying amounts for each reporting unit tested. There were no events or circumstances that indicated the quantitative impairment tests should be re-performed for goodwill or for intangible assets with indefinite lives for any reporting unit at December 31, 2020. Nonetheless, if we make future adverse revisions to our significant assumptions, including as a result of business performance or market conditions, or if our market capitalization declines and if such decline becomes indicative that the fair value of our reporting units has declined below their carrying values, we may need to record a material, non-cash impairment charge in a future period.

Note 12. Other Assets and Investments

Dividends received from our consolidated subsidiaries were $155 million, $43 million and $608 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Dividends received in 2020 were primarily from Singapore, Peru and Brazil and paid to the United States. Dividends received in 2019 were primarily from Singapore and Brazil and paid to the United States. Dividends received in 2018 were primarily from Singapore and Japan and paid to the United States. Dividends received from our affiliates accounted for using the equity method were $5 million, $4 million and $5 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Investment in TireHub

The carrying value of our investment in TireHub was $77 million and $262 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was included in Other Assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, we have an outstanding loan receivable from TireHub of $14 million as of December 31, 2020, which is also included in Other Assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our investment in TireHub is accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, as such, includes our 50% share of the net losses of TireHub, which totaled $36 million, $33 million and $15 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

We regularly review our investment in TireHub for potential impairment and will recognize an impairment charge if the estimated fair value of our investment declines below its recorded amount and such decline is determined to be other-than temporary. The most critical assumptions used in our discounted cash flow model for estimating the fair value of our investment are forecasted tire volume for TireHub, including the extent and duration of, as well as the timing of the recovery from, the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the discount rate.

Our TireHub joint venture was initially formed during the second quarter of 2018 and, as previously disclosed, its net losses included higher than expected start-up expenses and additional costs incurred to build out TireHub’s distribution footprint for future growth. These additional costs as well as TireHub’s net losses were expected to be temporary and moderate in 2020. However, higher than expected net losses for TireHub continued into 2020, driven by the severe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Accordingly, we evaluated our investment and concluded that there had been an other-than-temporary decline in the fair value of our investment during the second quarter of 2020. As such, we conducted an impairment assessment and estimated the fair value of our investment utilizing updated forecasts of TireHub’s volume, revised expectations as to the extent and duration of, as well as the timing of the recovery from, the COVID-19 pandemic, and an updated discount rate reflective of current market

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conditions at that time. As a result, during the second quarter of 2020, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $148 million.

During the second half of 2020, we concluded that there was no additional other-than-temporary decline in the fair value of our investment in TireHub. Nonetheless, there remains a high degree of uncertainty as to the extent and duration of, as well as timing of the recovery from, the COVID-19 pandemic. If we make future adverse revisions to these or our other significant assumptions, including as a result of business performance or market conditions, we may need to record an additional material, non-cash impairment charge in a future period.

Other Assets

Other Assets at December 31, 2020 included a $30 million trade receivable from a customer that was refinanced into a

collateral-backed note receivable in the second quarter of 2020.

Note 13. Property, Plant and Equipment

|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
(In millions) |  | Owned |  |  | Finance Leases |  |  | Total |  |  | Owned |  |  | Finance Leases |  |  | Total |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 437 |  |  | $ | 425 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 426 |
Buildings |  |  | 2,467 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 2,699 |  |  |  | 2,431 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 2,658 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 13,893 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 13,922 |  |  |  | 13,624 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 13,654 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 737 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 737 |  |  |  | 681 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 682 |
|  |  | 17,533 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 17,795 |  |  |  | 17,161 |  |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | 17,420 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (10,931 | ) |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (10,991 | ) |  |  | (10,438 | ) |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (10,488 | )
|  |  | 6,602 |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 6,804 |  |  |  | 6,723 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 6,932 |
Spare parts |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 276 |
|  | $ | 6,871 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 7,073 |  |  | $ | 6,999 |  |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 7,208 |

The range of useful lives of property used in arriving at the annual amount of depreciation is as follows: buildings and improvements, 3 to 45 years; and machinery and equipment, 3 to 40 years.

Note 14. Leases

The components of lease expense included in Income (Loss) before Income Taxes for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  |
Operating Lease Expense |  | $ | 286 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  |
Finance Lease Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of ROU assets |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |
Short Term Lease Expense |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |
Variable Lease Expense |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |
Sublease Income |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |
Total Lease Expense |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 322 |  |  |

Net rental expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 is comprised of the following:

(In millions) |  |  |  |  |  | 2018 |
Gross rental expense |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 333 |
Sublease rental income |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 317 |

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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

(In millions) |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Cash Flows for Operating Leases |  |  |  | $ | 268 |  |  | $ | 267 |
Operating Cash Flows for Finance Leases |  |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 21 |
Financing Cash Flows for Finance Leases |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
ROU Assets Obtained in Exchange for Lease Obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Leases |  |  |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 197 |
Finance Leases |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 34 |

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

(In millions, except lease term and discount rate) |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Operating Leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Lease ROU Assets |  |  |  | $ | 851 |  |  | $ | 855 |
Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year |  |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 199 |
Operating Lease Liabilities |  |  |  |  | 684 |  |  |  | 668 |
Total Operating Lease Liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 867 |
Finance Leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, Plant and Equipment, at cost |  |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Accumulated Depreciation |  |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (50 | )
Property, Plant and Equipment, net |  |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 209 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year |  |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 6 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases |  |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 243 |
Total Finance Lease Liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 249 |

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (years) |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Leases |  |  |  | 7.3 |  | 7.2
Finance Leases |  |  |  | 30.9 |  | 31.6
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating Leases |  |  |  | 6.85% |  | 6.69%
Finance Leases |  |  |  | 8.48% |  | 8.46%

Future maturities of our lease liabilities, excluding subleases, as of December 31, 2020 are as follows:

(In millions) |  |  |  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |
2021 |  |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 38 |
2022 |  |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | 23 |
2023 |  |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 21 |
2024 |  |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 21 |
2025 |  |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 22 |
Thereafter |  |  |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | 671 |
Total Lease Payments |  |  |  |  | 1,151 |  |  |  | 796 |
Less: Imputed Interest |  |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 546 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | 250 |

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As of December 31, 2020, we have additional operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced for which the present value of lease payments over the respective lease terms totals $23 million. Accordingly, these leases are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020. These leases will commence in 2021 and 2022 with lease terms of 7 years to 15 years.

Note 15. Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments

At December 31, 2020, we had total credit arrangements of $9,707 million, of which $3,881 million were unused. At that date, 24% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 2.79%.

Notes Payable and Overdrafts, Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year and Short Term Financing Arrangements

At December 31, 2020, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $1,075 million, of which $639 million were unused. These arrangements are available primarily to certain of our foreign subsidiaries through various banks at quoted market interest rates.

The following table presents amounts due within one year:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Chinese credit facilities |  | $ | 163 |  |  | $ | 118 |
Other domestic and foreign debt |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | 230 |
Notes Payable and Overdrafts |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 348 |
Weighted average interest rate |  |  | 4.52 | % |  |  | 4.92 | %
Chinese credit facilities |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 95 |
8.75% due 2020 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 280 |
Other domestic and foreign debt (including finance leases) |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 187 |
Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 562 |
Weighted average interest rate |  |  | 3.87 | % |  |  | 6.58 | %
Total obligations due within one year |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | 910 |

Long Term Debt and Finance Leases and Financing Arrangements

At December 31, 2020, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,632 million, of which $3,242 million were unused.

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The following table presents long term debt and finance leases, net of unamortized discounts, and interest rates:

|  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |
(In millions) |  | Amount |  |  | Interest Rate |  |  | Amount |  |  | Interest Rate |
Notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
8.75% due 2020 |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 280 |  |  |  |  |
5.125% due 2023 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  |
3.75% Euro Notes due 2023 |  |  | 307 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 281 |  |  |  |  |
9.5% due 2025 |  |  | 803 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
5% due 2026 |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 900 |  |  |  |  |
4.875% due 2027 |  |  | 700 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  |  |
7% due 2028 |  |  | 150 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  |  |
Credit Facilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First lien revolving credit facility due 2025 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Second lien term loan facility due 2025 |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 2.15 | % |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 3.97 | %
European revolving credit facility due 2024 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Pan-European accounts receivable facility |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 1.18 | % |  |  | 327 |  |  |  | 0.98 | %
Mexican credit facilities |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 1.87 | % |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 3.44 | %
Chinese credit facilities |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 4.49 | % |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 4.87 | %
Other foreign and domestic debt(1) |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 3.22 | % |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 4.02 | %
|  |  | 5,366 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,094 |  |  |  |  |
Unamortized deferred financing fees |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  |  |
|  |  | 5,334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,066 |  |  |  |  |
Finance lease obligations(2) |  |  | 250 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 249 |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 5,584 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,315 |  |  |  |  |
Less portion due within one year |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (562 | ) |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 5,432 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,753 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Interest rates are weighted average interest rates related to various foreign credit facilities with customary terms and conditions.

(2) | Includes non-cash financing additions of $3 million during the twelve month period ended December 31, 2020.

NOTES

$282 million 8.75% Senior Notes due 2020

On August 17, 2020, we repaid in full our $282 million 8.75% senior notes at maturity.

$1.0 billion 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023

At December 31, 2020, $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on November 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below.

We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price of 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, including Goodyear Europe B.V. ("GEBV"), to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. For example, if these notes are assigned an

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investment grade rating from at least two of Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch and no default has occurred and is continuing, certain covenants will be suspended and we may elect to suspend the subsidiary guarantees. The indenture has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries.

€250 million 3.75% Senior Notes due 2023 of GEBV

At December 31, 2020, €250 million aggregate principal amount of GEBV’s 3.75% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on December 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations of GEBV and are guaranteed, on an unsecured senior basis, by the Company and our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below.

We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price of 100%, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above.

$800 million 9.5% Senior Notes due 2025

On May 18, 2020, we issued $600 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.5% senior notes due 2025. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on May 31, 2025. On May 22, 2020, we issued $200 million in aggregate principal amount of additional notes, which were sold at 101.75% of the principal amount at an effective yield of 9.056%. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below.

We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after May 31, 2022 at a redemption price of 104.75%, 102.375% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on May 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. Prior to May 31, 2022, we may redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. In addition, prior to May 31, 2022, we may redeem up to 35% of the original aggregate principal amount of these notes from the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 109.5% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above.

$900 million 5% Senior Notes due 2026

At December 31, 2020, $900 million aggregate principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on May 31, 2026. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below.

We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after May 31, 2021 at a redemption price of 102.5%, 101.667%, 100.833% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on May 31, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. Prior to May 31, 2021, we may redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above.

$700 million 4.875% Senior Notes due 2027

At December 31, 2020, $700 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on March 15, 2027. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below.

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We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to their maturity. If we elect to redeem the notes prior to December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the notes redeemed, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. If we elect to redeem the notes on or after December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur certain liens, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications.

$150 million 7% Senior Notes due 2028

At December 31, 2020, $150 million aggregate principal amount of 7% notes due 2028 were outstanding. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and will mature on March 15, 2028.

We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount thereof or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments thereon, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 15 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date.

The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur secured debt, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications.

CREDIT FACILITIES

$2.0 billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2025

On April 9, 2020, we amended and restated our $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. Changes to the facility include extending the maturity to April 9, 2025 and increasing the borrowing base for the facility by increasing the amount attributable to the value of our principal trademarks by $100 million and adding the value of eligible machinery and equipment. The interest rate for loans under the facility increased by 50 basis points to LIBOR plus 175 basis points, based on our current liquidity as described below, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit. Up to $800 million in letters of credit and $50 million of swingline loans are available for issuance under the facility. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $250 million.

Our obligations under the facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries. Our obligations under the facility and our subsidiaries' obligations under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions:

| • | U.S. and Canadian accounts receivable and inventory;

| • | certain of our U.S. manufacturing facilities;

| • | equity interests in our U.S. subsidiaries and up to 65% of the voting equity interests in most of our directly owned foreign subsidiaries; and

| • | substantially all other tangible and intangible assets, including equipment, contract rights and intellectual property.

Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, after adjusting for customary factors that are subject to modification from time to time by the administrative agent or the majority lenders at their discretion (not to be exercised unreasonably), (ii) the value of our principal trademarks in an amount not to exceed $400 million, (iii) the value of eligible machinery and equipment, and (iv) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. Modifications are based on the results of periodic collateral and borrowing base evaluations and appraisals. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable, inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters

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of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 20 20, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under this facility was $454 million below the facility's stated amount of $2.0 billion.

The facility, which matures on April 9, 2025, contains covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. In addition, in the event that the availability under the facility plus the aggregate amount of our Available Cash is less than $200 million, we will not be permitted to allow our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense to be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. “Available Cash,” “EBITDA” and “Consolidated Interest Expense” have the meanings given them in the facility.

The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2019. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries.

If Available Cash (as defined in the facility) plus the availability under the facility is greater than $750 million, amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 175 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 75 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). If Available Cash plus the availability under the facility is equal to or less than $750 million, then amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate.

At December 31, 2020, we had no borrowings and $11 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2019, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility.

Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025

Our amended and restated second lien term loan facility matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. "Total Leverage Ratio" has the meaning given it in the facility.

Our obligations under our second lien term loan facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries and are secured by second priority security interests in the same collateral securing the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility.

The facility contains covenants, representations, warranties and defaults similar to those in the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. In addition, if our Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio (the ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is greater than 3.0 to 1.0, before we may use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien term loan facility. "Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio," "Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness" and "EBITDA" have the meanings given them in the facility.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million.

€800 million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2024

Our amended and restated European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €180 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €620 million all-borrower tranche that is available to GEBV, GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €175 million of swingline loans and €75 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Amounts drawn under this facility will bear interest at LIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in euros, and undrawn amounts under the facility are subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points.

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GEBV and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany provide guarantees to support the facility. GEBV’s obligations under the facility and the obligations of its subsidiaries under the related guarantees are secured by security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions:

| • | the capital stock of the principal subsidiaries of GEBV; and

| • | a substantial portion of the tangible and intangible assets of GEBV and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany, including real property, equipment, inventory, contract rights, intercompany receivables and cash accounts, but excluding accounts receivable and certain cash accounts in subsidiaries that are or may become parties to securitization or factoring transactions.

The German guarantors secure the German tranche on a first-lien basis and the all-borrower tranche on a second-lien basis. GEBV and its other subsidiaries that provide guarantees secure the all-borrower tranche on a first-lien basis and generally do not provide collateral support for the German tranche. The Company and its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that guarantee our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described above also provide unsecured guarantees in support of the facility.

The facility contains covenants similar to those in our first lien revolving credit facility, with additional limitations applicable to GEBV and its subsidiaries. In addition, under the facility, GEBV’s ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is not permitted to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. “Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness” and “Consolidated GEBV EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the facility.

The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2018. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the European revolving credit facility.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet)

GEBV and certain other of our European subsidiaries are parties to a pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility that expires in 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 18, 2018 through October 15, 2020, the designated maximum amount of the facility was €320 million. For the period from October 16, 2020 through October 18, 2021, the designated maximum amount of the facility was decreased to €280 million.

The facility involves an ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GEBV subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances.

The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 18, 2021.

At December 31, 2020, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $291 million (€237 million). At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $327 million (€291 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Finance Leases.

Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet)

We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2020, the gross amount of receivables sold was $451 million, compared to $548 million at December 31, 2019.

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Other Foreign Credit Facilities

A Mexican subsidiary and a U.S. subsidiary have a revolving credit facility in Mexico. At December 31, 2020, the amounts available and utilized under this facility were $200 million and $152 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this facility were $200 million. The facility ultimately matures in 2022, has covenants relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary, and has customary representations and warranties and default provisions relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary’s ability to perform its respective obligations under the facility.

A Chinese subsidiary has several financing arrangements in China. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amounts available under these facilities were $981 million and $735 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020, the amount utilized under these facilities was $375 million, of which $163 million represented notes payable and $212 million represented long term debt. At December 31, 2020, $13 million of the long term debt was due within a year. At December 31, 2019, the amount utilized under these facilities was $313 million, of which $118 million represented notes payable and $195 million represented long term debt. At December 31, 2019, $95 million of the long term debt was due within a year. The facilities contain covenants relating to the Chinese subsidiary and have customary representations and warranties and defaults relating to the Chinese subsidiary’s ability to perform its obligations under the facilities. Certain of the facilities can only be used to finance the expansion of our manufacturing facility in China and, at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the unused amounts available under these facilities were $99 million and $106 million, respectively.

Debt Maturities

The annual aggregate maturities of our debt (excluding the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts) and finance leases for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2020 are presented below. Maturities of debt credit agreements have been reported on the basis that the commitments to lend under these agreements will be terminated effective at the end of their current terms.

(In millions) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
U.S. |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 999 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,199 |
Foreign |  |  | 555 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 699 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 19 |
|  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 1,698 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 1,218 |

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.

Foreign Currency Contracts

We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to manage the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts may be used to reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation.

The following table presents the fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that do not meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Fair Values — Current asset (liability): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (15 | )

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $1,664 million and $1,707 million, respectively, and were primarily related to intercompany loans. Other (Income) Expense included net transaction losses on derivatives of $87 million in 2020 and net transaction gains on derivatives of $22 million in 2019. These

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amounts were substantially offset in Other (Income) Expense by the effect of changing exchange rates on the underlying currency exposures.

The following table presents fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Fair Values — Current asset (liability): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Fair Values — Long term asset (liability): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Other long term liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $50 million and $365 million, respectively, and primarily related to U.S. dollar denominated intercompany transactions. Based on our current forecasts, including the expected ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that it is probable that the underlying hedge transactions will occur within an appropriate time frame in order to continue to qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment.

We enter into master netting agreements with counterparties. The amounts eligible for offset under the master netting agreements are not material and we have elected a gross presentation of foreign currency contracts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the classification of changes in fair values of foreign currency contracts that meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments (before tax and minority):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Amount of gains (losses) deferred to AOCL(1) |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in CGS(1) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 7 |

(1) | Excluded components deferred to AOCL and excluded components reclassified from AOCL to CGS for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were not material.

The estimated net amount of the deferred gains at December 31, 2020 that is expected to be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months is $2 million.

The counterparties to our foreign currency contracts were considered by us to be substantial and creditworthy financial institutions that were recognized market makers at the time we entered into those contracts. We seek to control our credit exposure to these counterparties by diversifying across multiple counterparties, by setting counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of counterparty credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these counterparties on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to counterparties in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of loss due to nonperformance by a counterparty. However, the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations in the period in which it occurs.

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Note 16. Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31:

|  | Total Carrying Value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign Exchange Contracts |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total Assets at Fair Value |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign Exchange Contracts |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total Liabilities at Fair Value |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The following table presents supplemental fair value information about long term fixed rate and variable rate debt, excluding finance leases, at December 31:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Fixed Rate Debt(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Carrying amount — liability |  | $ | 4,094 |  |  | $ | 3,434 |
Fair value — liability |  |  | 4,283 |  |  |  | 3,558 |
Variable Rate Debt(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Carrying amount — liability |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 1,632 |
Fair value — liability |  |  | 1,197 |  |  |  | 1,632 |

(1) | Excludes Notes Payable and Overdrafts of $406 million and $348 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, of which $227 million and $143 million, respectively, are at fixed rates and $179 million and $205 million, respectively, are at variable rates. The carrying value of Notes Payable and Overdrafts approximates fair value due to the short term nature of the facilities.

Long term debt with fair values of $4,391 million and $3,808 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were estimated using quoted Level 1 market prices. The carrying value of the remaining debt was based upon internal estimates of fair value derived from market prices for similar debt.

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Note 17. Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans

We provide employees with defined benefit pension or defined contribution savings plans. Our hourly U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on length of service. The principal salaried U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on final five-year average earnings formulas. Salaried employees who made voluntary contributions to these plans receive higher benefits. We also provide certain U.S. employees and employees at certain non-U.S. subsidiaries with health care benefits or life insurance benefits upon retirement. Substantial portions of the health care benefits for U.S. salaried retirees are not insured and are funded from operations.

During 2020, we recognized settlement charges of $28 million, primarily related to certain of our salaried U.S. pension plans, of which $24 million was recognized in Other (Income) Expense and $4 million in Rationalizations, related to the exit of employees under approved rationalization plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost of the applicable plans. In addition, we recognized a curtailment credit of $6 million in Other (Income) Expense during 2020, related to a freeze of one of our non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans.

During 2020, we also recognized a curtailment credit of $4 million related to one of our Other Postretirement Benefits plans and a termination benefits charge of $5 million related to our hourly U.S. pension plan in Rationalizations, related to the exit of employees under approved rationalization plans.

During 2019, we recognized settlement charges of $6 million in Other (Income) Expense primarily related to certain of our U.S. pension plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost of the applicable plans. During 2019, we also recognized curtailment and special termination benefit charges of $5 million in Rationalizations, primarily related to the acceptance of voluntary buy-outs at our tire manufacturing facility in Gadsden, Alabama.

During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $13 million in Other (Income) Expense for our frozen U.K. pension plan. These settlement charges related primarily to an offer of lump sum payments over a limited time during 2018 to non-retiree participants of the plan. Lump sum payments of $103 million, primarily related to this offer, were made from existing plan assets in 2018. As a result, total lump sum payments related to this plan exceeded annual interest cost for 2018.

During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $8 million in Other (Income) Expense related to certain of our U.S. pension plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost of the applicable plans.

We have increased the obligation for our U.K. pension plan by $16 million to recognize the estimated impact to our plan from court rulings in 2018 and later, involving a plan with similar features to ours that was sponsored by another company, that required equal guaranteed minimum pension benefits for males and females. The increases were recognized in AOCL as prior service cost from plan amendments. The actual impact to our U.K. pension plan is still subject to the finalization of plan amendments in response to the court rulings and potential future judicial decisions.

During 2018, the Brazil pension regulator approved our plan to replace certain benefits in our Brazil retiree medical plan with an increase in benefits in our Brazil pension plan. The changes were effective in the fourth quarter of 2019 and resulted in an increase to our pension obligation of $16 million and a decrease in our other postretirement benefits obligation of $14 million at December 31, 2018. The increase to the pension obligation and decrease to the other postretirement benefits obligation were recognized in AOCL as prior service cost and prior service credit, respectively.

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Total benefits cost and amounts recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss follows:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Benefits cost (credit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Interest cost |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 12 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (193 | ) |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Amortization of net losses |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 4 |
Net periodic cost |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Net curtailments/settlements /termination benefits |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total benefits cost |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost (credit) from plan amendments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (16 | )
Increase (decrease) in net actuarial losses |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | 201 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (14 | )
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit in net periodic cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 8 |
Amortization of net losses in net periodic cost |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (27 | )
Total recognized in total benefits cost and other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (40 | ) |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | (79 | ) |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | (16 | )

Service cost is recorded in CGS or SAG. Other components of net periodic cost are recorded in Other (Income) Expense. Net curtailments, settlements and termination benefits are recorded in Other (Income) Expense or Rationalizations if related to a rationalization plan.

We use the fair value of pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all plans.

Total benefits cost for our other postretirement benefits was $1 million, $3 million and $4 million for our U.S. plans in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $0 million, $4 million and $7 million for our non-U.S. plans in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act provides plan sponsors a federal subsidy for certain qualifying prescription drug benefits covered under the sponsor’s postretirement health care plans. Our other postretirement benefits cost is presented net of this subsidy, which is less than $1 million annually.

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The change in benefit obligation and plan assets for 2020 and 2019 and the amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Change in benefit obligation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | (5,009 | ) |  | $ | (4,734 | ) |  | $ | (3,195 | ) |  | $ | (2,774 | ) |  | $ | (241 | ) |  | $ | (234 | )
Newly adopted plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Service cost — benefits earned |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (30 | ) |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Interest cost |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (173 | ) |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Plan amendments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Actuarial loss |  |  | (520 | ) |  |  | (477 | ) |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | (381 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Participant contributions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (12 | )
Curtailments/settlements/termination benefits |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (5 | )
Benefit payments |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 31 |
Ending balance |  | $ | (5,235 | ) |  | $ | (5,009 | ) |  | $ | (3,382 | ) |  | $ | (3,195 | ) |  | $ | (236 | ) |  | $ | (241 | )
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 4,780 |  |  | $ | 4,445 |  |  | $ | 2,740 |  |  | $ | 2,464 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |
Newly adopted plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | 605 |  |  |  | 696 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 252 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Company contributions to plan assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cash funding of direct participant payments |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 16 |
Participant contributions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 12 |
Settlements |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Benefit payments |  |  | (373 | ) |  |  | (366 | ) |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (131 | ) |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  | (31 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  | $ | 4,780 |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  | $ | 2,740 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Funded status at end of year |  | $ | (265 | ) |  | $ | (229 | ) |  | $ | (341 | ) |  | $ | (455 | ) |  | $ | (236 | ) |  | $ | (241 | )

Significant actuarial losses related to changes in benefit obligations for 2020 and 2019 primarily resulted from decreases in discount rates.

Other postretirement benefits unfunded status was $106 million for our U.S. plans at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and $130 million and $135 million for our non-U.S. plans at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The funded status recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consists of:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement |
|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | Benefits |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Noncurrent assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current liabilities |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
Noncurrent liabilities |  |  | (254 | ) |  |  | (213 | ) |  |  | (727 | ) |  |  | (672 | ) |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | (225 | )
Net amount recognized |  | $ | (265 | ) |  | $ | (229 | ) |  | $ | (341 | ) |  | $ | (455 | ) |  | $ | (236 | ) |  | $ | (241 | )

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The amounts recognized in AOCL, net of tax, consist of:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement |
|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | Benefits |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Prior service (credit) cost |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | (23 | )
Net actuarial loss |  |  | 2,353 |  |  |  | 2,380 |  |  |  | 636 |  |  |  | 782 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 30 |
Gross amount recognized |  |  | 2,350 |  |  |  | 2,377 |  |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 807 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 7 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | (135 | ) |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (22 | )
Minority shareholders’ equity |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net amount recognized |  | $ | 2,307 |  |  | $ | 2,327 |  |  | $ | 555 |  |  | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | (15 | )

The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Discount rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—U.S. |  |  | 2.42 | % |  |  | 3.22 | % |  |  | 2.34 | % |  |  | 3.14 | %
—Non-U.S. |  |  | 1.49 |  |  |  | 1.98 |  |  |  | 4.09 |  |  |  | 4.39 |
Rate of compensation increase: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—U.S. |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
—Non-U.S. |  |  | 2.89 |  |  |  | 2.92 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |

The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefits cost for the years ended December 31:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefits |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Discount rate for determining interest cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—U.S. |  |  | 2.66 | % |  |  | 3.85 | % |  |  | 3.09 | % |  |  | 2.68 | % |  |  | 3.79 | % |  |  | 2.99 | %
—Non-U.S. |  |  | 2.26 |  |  |  | 2.84 |  |  |  | 2.56 |  |  |  | 5.68 |  |  |  | 6.25 |  |  |  | 6.13 |
Expected long term return on plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—U.S. |  |  | 4.22 |  |  |  | 5.25 |  |  |  | 4.58 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
—Non-U.S. |  |  | 2.52 |  |  |  | 2.95 |  |  |  | 3.02 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Rate of compensation increase: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—U.S. |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
—Non-U.S. |  |  | 2.92 |  |  |  | 2.91 |  |  |  | 2.91 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |

For 2020, a weighted average discount rate of 2.66% was used to determine interest cost for the U.S. pension plans. This rate was derived from spot rates along a yield curve developed from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA or higher by established rating agencies as of December 31, 2019, applied to our expected benefit payment cash flows. For our non-U.S. locations, a weighted average discount rate of 2.26% was used. This rate was developed based on the nature of the liabilities and local environments, using available bond indices, yield curves, projected cash flows, and long term inflation.

For 2020, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 4.22% was used for the U.S. pension plans. In developing the long term rate of return, we evaluated input from our pension fund consultant on asset class return expectations, including determining the appropriate rate of return for our plans, which are primarily invested in fixed income securities. For our non-U.S. locations, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 2.52% was used. Input from local pension fund consultants concerning asset class return expectations and long term inflation form the basis of this assumption.

The U.S. pension plan mortality assumption is based on our actual historical experience and expected future mortality improvements based on published actuarial tables. For our non-U.S. locations, mortality assumptions are based on published actuarial tables which include projections of future mortality improvements.

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The following table presents estimated future benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2020. Benefit payments for other postretirement benefits are presented net of retiree contributions and Medicare Part D Subsidy Receipts:

|  | Pension Plans |  |  | Other Postretirement |
(In millions) |  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |  |  | Benefits |
2021 |  | $ | 417 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 16 |
2022 |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 16 |
2023 |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | 15 |
2024 |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 15 |
2025 |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 14 |
2026-2030 |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 743 |  |  |  | 68 |

The following table presents selected information on our pension plans:

|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |
(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
All plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  | $ | 5,220 |  |  | $ | 4,994 |  |  | $ | 3,284 |  |  | $ | 3,097 |
Plans not fully-funded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 5,235 |  |  | $ | 5,009 |  |  | $ | 933 |  |  | $ | 1,059 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  |  | 5,220 |  |  |  | 4,994 |  |  |  | 856 |  |  |  | 991 |
Fair value of plan assets |  |  | 4,970 |  |  |  | 4,780 |  |  |  | 185 |  |  |  | 370 |

Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries maintain unfunded pension plans consistent with local practices and requirements. At December 31, 2020, these plans accounted for $264 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $299 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $90 million of our AOCL adjustment. At December 31, 2019, these plans accounted for $247 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $277 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $82 million of our AOCL adjustment.

We expect to contribute $25 million to $50 million to our funded non-U.S. pension plans in 2021.

Assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31 follow:

|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Health care cost trend rate assumed for the next year |  |  | 6.0 | % |  |  | 6.3 | %
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate |  |  | 2025 |  |  |  | 2025 |

Our pension plan weighted average investment allocation at December 31, by asset category, follows:

|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Cash and short term securities |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 2 | % |  |  | 1 | %
Equity securities |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |
Debt securities |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 96 |
Alternatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

Our pension investment policy recognizes the long term nature of pension liabilities, and is primarily designed to offset the future impact of discount rate movements on the funded status for our plans. All assets are managed externally according to target asset allocation guidelines we have established. Manager guidelines prohibit the use of any type of investment derivative without our prior approval. Portfolio risk is controlled by having managers comply with guidelines, establishing the maximum size of any single holding in their portfolios, and using managers with different investment styles. We periodically undertake asset and liability modeling studies to determine the appropriateness of the investments.

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The portfolio of our U.S. pension plan assets includes holdings of global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, short term interest bearing deposits, and private equities. The target asset allocation of our U.S. pension plans is 94% in duration-matched fixed income securities and 6% in private equity and private credit securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis and the pension funds are rebalanced to target ranges on an as needed basis.

The portfolios of our non-U.S. pension plans include holdings of U.S. and non-U.S. equities, global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, insurance contracts, repurchase agreements, and short term interest bearing deposits. The weighted average target asset allocation of the non-U.S. pension funds is approximately 95% fixed income and 5% equities.

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The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2020 by asset category are as follows:

|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S |
(In millions) |  | Total |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | Total |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and Short Term Securities |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common and Preferred Stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Commingled Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bonds |  |  | 2,843 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,842 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | — |
Government Bonds |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,038 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 2,461 |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (650 | ) |  |  | — |
Asset Backed Securities |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | — |
Commingled Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |
Alternatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance Contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28 |
Other Investments |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  | 4,292 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 4,167 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  | 2,327 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 2,104 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partnership Interests |  |  | 166 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  | 148 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 295 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 665 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partnership Interests |  |  | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short Term Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Investments |  |  | 5,048 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,148 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | (78 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Plan Assets |  | $ | 4,970 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,041 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2019 by asset category are as follows:

|  | U.S. |  |  | Non-U.S. |
(In millions) |  | Total |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | Total |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash and Short Term Securities |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | — |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common and Preferred Stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Commingled Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bonds |  |  | 2,577 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,576 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | — |
Government Bonds |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,271 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 2,211 |  |  |  | — |
Repurchase Agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (511 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (511 | ) |  |  | — |
Asset Backed Securities |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 282 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | — |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |
Alternatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance Contracts |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |
Other Investments |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Total Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy |  |  | 4,031 |  |  | $ | 47 |  |  | $ | 3,980 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 1,958 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Partnership Interests |  |  | 267 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  | 141 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 310 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short Term Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alternatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commingled Funds |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Investments |  |  | 4,825 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,860 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (120 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Plan Assets |  | $ | 4,780 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,740 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Plans did not directly hold any of our common stock.

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The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Investments that are measured at Net Asset Value ("NAV") as a practical expedient to estimate fair value are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Under the practical expedient approach, the NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by each fund less its liabilities. This practical expedient would not be used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different than the reported NAV. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total plan assets. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows:

| • | Cash and Short Term Securities: Cash and cash equivalents consist of U.S. and foreign currencies. Foreign currencies are reported in U.S. dollars based on currency exchange rates readily available in active markets. Short term securities held in commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by the investment manager.

| • | Equity Securities: Common and preferred stock, which are held in non-U.S. companies, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. Partnership interests in private equity securities are priced based on valuations using the partnership’s latest available financial statements and the plan's percent ownership, adjusted for any cash transactions which occurred between the date of those financial statements and our year end.

| • | Debt Securities: Corporate and government bonds, including asset backed securities, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or based on institutional bid evaluations using proprietary models if an active market is not available. Repurchase agreements are valued at the contract price plus accrued interest. These secured borrowings are collateralized by government bonds held by the non-U.S. plans and have maturities less than one year. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. Partnership interests in private credit securities are priced based on valuations using the partnership’s latest available financial statements and the plan's percent ownership, adjusted for any cash transactions which occurred between the date of those financial statements and our year end.

| • | Alternatives: Commingled funds are valued based on the NAV as determined by the fund manager using the most recent financial information available. Other investments primarily include derivative financial instruments, which are valued using independent pricing sources which utilize industry standard derivative valuation models. Directed insurance contracts are valued as reported by the issuer, based on discounted cash flows using weighted average discount rates of 1.7% and 2.3% at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the non-U.S. pension plan insurance contracts classified as Level 3:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Unrealized gains relating to instruments still held at the reporting date |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (net) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 22 |

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Savings Plans

Substantially all employees in the U.S. and employees of certain non-U.S. locations are eligible to participate in a defined contribution savings plan. Expenses recognized for contributions to these plans were $100 million, $110 million and $111 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Note 18. Stock Compensation Plans

Our stock compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”) permit the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), performance share units, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees and directors. Our current stock compensation plan, the 2017 Performance Plan, was adopted on April 10, 2017 and expires on April 9, 2027. A total of 18 million shares of our common stock may be issued in respect of grants made under the 2017 Performance Plan. Any shares of common stock that are subject to awards of stock options or SARs will be counted as one share for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit and any shares of common stock that are subject to any other awards will be counted as 2 shares for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit. In addition, shares of common stock that are subject to awards issued under the 2017 Performance Plan or certain prior stock compensation plans that expire according to their terms or are forfeited, terminated, canceled or surrendered or are settled, or can be paid, only in cash, or are surrendered in payment of taxes associated with such awards (other than stock options or SARs) will be available for issuance pursuant to a new award under the 2017 Performance Plan. Shares issued under our stock compensation plans are usually issued from shares of our common stock held in treasury.

Stock Options

Grants of stock options and SARs (collectively referred to as “options”) under the Plans generally have a graded vesting period of four years whereby one-fourth of the awards vest on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, an exercise price equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of grant (i.e., the closing market price on that date) and a contractual term of ten years. The exercise of tandem SARs cancels an equivalent number of stock options and, conversely, the exercise of stock options cancels an equivalent number of tandem SARs. Option grants are cancelled on, or 90 days following, termination of employment unless termination is due to retirement, death or disability under certain circumstances, in which case, all outstanding options vest fully and remain outstanding for a term set forth in the related grant agreement.

The following table summarizes the activity related to options during 2020:

|  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions) |
Outstanding at January 1 |  |  | 4,998,021 |  |  | $ | 20.61 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options granted |  |  | 4,167,384 |  |  |  | 10.12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised |  |  | (20,218 | ) |  |  | 12.68 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Options expired |  |  | (370,938 | ) |  |  | 12.44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options cancelled |  |  | (73,517 | ) |  |  | 18.83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31 |  |  | 8,700,732 |  |  |  | 15.97 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 3 |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31 |  |  | 8,604,644 |  |  |  | 16.00 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 3 |
Exercisable at December 31 |  |  | 4,462,091 |  |  |  | 20.98 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | — |
Available for grant at December 31 |  |  | 6,659,546 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

In addition, the aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised in 2019 and 2018 was $3 million and $9 million, respectively.

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Significant option groups outstanding at December 31, 2020 and related weighted average exercise price and remaining contractual term information follows:

Grant Date |  | Options Outstanding |  |  | Options Exercisable |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |
2/25/2020 |  |  | 4,142,384 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 10.12 |  |  |  | 9.16 |
2/27/2017 |  |  | 556,409 |  |  |  | 465,203 |  |  |  | 35.26 |  |  |  | 6.16 |
2/22/2016 |  |  | 542,625 |  |  |  | 542,625 |  |  |  | 29.90 |  |  |  | 5.15 |
2/23/2015 |  |  | 493,730 |  |  |  | 493,730 |  |  |  | 27.16 |  |  |  | 4.15 |
2/24/2014 |  |  | 381,617 |  |  |  | 381,617 |  |  |  | 26.44 |  |  |  | 3.15 |
2/28/2013 |  |  | 904,580 |  |  |  | 904,580 |  |  |  | 12.98 |  |  |  | 2.16 |
2/27/2012 |  |  | 721,878 |  |  |  | 721,878 |  |  |  | 12.94 |  |  |  | 1.16 |
2/22/2011 |  |  | 523,979 |  |  |  | 523,979 |  |  |  | 13.91 |  |  |  | 0.15 |
All Other |  |  | 433,530 |  |  |  | 428,479 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
|  |  | 8,700,732 |  |  |  | 4,462,091 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Options in the “All other” category had exercise prices ranging from $9.54 to $32.72. The weighted average exercise price for options outstanding and exercisable in that category was $21.45 and $21.32, respectively, while the remaining weighted average contractual term was 3.0 years for both.

Weighted average grant date fair values of stock options and the assumptions used in estimating those fair values are as follows:

|  | 2020 |
Weighted average grant date fair value |  | $ | 10.12 |
Black-Scholes model assumptions(1): |  |  |  |
Expected term (years) |  |  | 7.50 |
Interest rate |  |  | 1.29 | %
Volatility |  |  | 41.28 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | 6.54 | %

(1) | We review the assumptions used in our Black-Scholes model in conjunction with estimating the grant date fair value of grants of options by our Board of Directors. There were no stock options granted during 2019 or 2018.

Performance Share Units

Performance share units granted under the Plans are earned over a three-year period beginning January 1 of the year of grant. Total units earned for grants made in 2020 may vary between 0% and 133%, and grants made during 2019 and 2018 may vary between 0% and 200% of the units granted based on the attainment of performance targets during the related three-year period and continued service. The performance targets are established by the Board of Directors. All of the units earned will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified.

The following table summarizes the activity related to performance share units during 2020:

|  | Units |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Unvested at January 1 |  |  | 588,000 |  |  | $ | 20.98 |
Units granted |  |  | 171,871 |  |  |  | 7.59 |
Units vested |  |  | (154,141 | ) |  |  | 29.04 |
Units forfeited |  |  | (10,950 | ) |  |  | 20.92 |
Unvested at December 31 |  |  | 594,780 |  |  |  | 15.02 |

We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants.

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Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units granted under the Plans typically vest over a three-year period beginning on the date of grant. Restricted stock units will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified.

The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units during 2020:

|  | Units |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Unvested at January 1 |  |  | 2,734,475 |  |  | $ | 23.21 |
Units granted |  |  | 600,712 |  |  |  | 9.86 |
Units vested and settled |  |  | (646,444 | ) |  |  | 24.50 |
Units forfeited |  |  | (119,870 | ) |  |  | 18.80 |
Unvested at December 31 |  |  | 2,568,873 |  |  |  | 19.50 |

We measure the fair value of grants of restricted stock units based on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant.

Other Information

Stock-based compensation expense, cash payments made to settle SARs and cash received from the exercise of stock options follows:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Stock-based compensation expense recognized |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 16 |
Tax benefit |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
After-tax stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Cash payments to settle SARs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Cash received from stock option exercises |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 9 |

As of December 31, 2020, unearned compensation cost related to the unvested portion of all stock-based awards was $22 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period of the respective grants, through the fourth quarter of 2024.

Note 19. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Environmental Matters

We have recorded liabilities totaling $64 million and $48 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for anticipated costs related to various environmental matters, primarily the remediation of numerous waste disposal sites and certain properties sold by us. The increase in our recorded reserve was primarily related to a $13 million charge for an environmental remediation liability at a closed facility during 2020. Of these amounts, $16 million and $13 million was included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The costs include legal and consulting fees, site studies, the design and implementation of remediation plans, post-remediation monitoring and related activities, and will be paid over several years. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may be affected by several uncertainties, primarily the ultimate cost of required remediation and the extent to which other responsible parties contribute. We have limited potential insurance coverage for future environmental claims.

Since many of the remediation activities related to environmental matters vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site and the associated costs for each vary depending on the mix of unique site characteristics, in some cases we cannot reasonably estimate a range of possible losses. Although it is not possible to estimate with certainty the outcome of all of our environmental matters, management believes that potential losses in excess of current reserves for environmental matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

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Workers’ Compensation

We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, totaling $196 million and $198 million for anticipated costs related to workers’ compensation at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Of these amounts, $29 million and $39 million were included in Current Liabilities as part of Compensation and Benefits at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience, and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the liability was discounted using a risk-free rate of return. At December 31, 2020, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that the liability could exceed our recorded amounts by approximately $25 million.

General and Product Liability and Other Litigation

We have recorded liabilities totaling $285 million and $293 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Of these amounts, $38 million and $43 million were included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The amounts recorded were estimated based on an assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and, where available, recent and current trends. Based upon that assessment, at December 31, 2020, we do not believe that estimated reasonably possible losses associated with general and product liability claims in excess of the amounts recorded will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, the amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates.

We have recorded an indemnification asset within Accounts Receivable of $1 million and within Other Assets of $23 million for Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.'s ("SRI") obligation to indemnify us for certain product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity, subject to certain caps and restrictions.

Asbestos. We are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in state and federal courts. To date, we have disposed of approximately 154,200 claims by defending, obtaining a dismissal thereof, or entering into a settlement. The sum of our accrued asbestos-related liability and gross payments to date, including legal costs, by us and our insurers totaled $563 million and $554 million through December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

A summary of recent approximate asbestos claims activity follows. Because claims are often filed and disposed of by dismissal or settlement in large numbers, the amount and timing of settlements and the number of open claims during a particular period can fluctuate significantly.

(Dollars in millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Pending claims, beginning of year |  |  | 39,600 |  |  |  | 43,100 |  |  |  | 54,300 |
New claims filed during the year |  |  | 1,100 |  |  |  | 1,500 |  |  |  | 1,300 |
Claims settled/dismissed |  |  | (2,000 | ) |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | (12,500 | )
Pending claims, end of year |  |  | 38,700 |  |  |  | 39,600 |  |  |  | 43,100 |
Payments(1) |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 18 |

(1) | Represents cash payments made during the period by us and our insurers on asbestos litigation defense and claim resolution.

We periodically, and at least annually, review our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. We recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $149 million and $153 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or a change in circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase could be significant.

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We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. After consultation with our outside legal counsel and giving consideration to agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors, we determine an amount we expect is probable of recovery from such carriers. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery.

We recorded an insurance receivable related to asbestos claims of $90 million and $95 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect that approximately 60% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance during the ten-year period covered by the estimated liability. Of these amounts, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at both December 31, 2020 and 2019. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers.

We believe that, at December 31, 2020, we had approximately $550 million in excess level policy limits applicable to indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under coverage-in-place agreements. We also had additional unsettled excess level policy limits potentially applicable to such costs. In addition, we had coverage under certain primary policies for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under remaining aggregate limits pursuant to a coverage-in-place agreement, as well as coverage for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos premises claims pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements.

We believe that our reserve for asbestos claims, and the receivable for recoveries from insurance carriers recorded in respect of these claims, reflects reasonable and probable estimates of these amounts. The estimate of the liabilities and assets related to pending and expected future asbestos claims and insurance recoveries is subject to numerous uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in:

| • | the litigation environment,

| • | federal and state law governing the compensation of asbestos claimants,

| • | recoverability of receivables due to potential insolvency of insurance carriers,

| • | our approach to defending and resolving claims, and

| • | the level of payments made to claimants from other sources, including other defendants and 524(g) trusts.

As a result, with respect to both asserted and unasserted claims, it is reasonably possible that we may incur a material amount of cost in excess of the current reserve; however, such amounts cannot be reasonably estimated. Coverage under insurance policies is subject to varying characteristics of asbestos claims including, but not limited to, the type of claim (premise vs. product exposure), alleged date of first exposure to our products or premises and disease alleged. Recoveries may also be limited by insurer insolvencies or financial difficulties. Depending upon the nature of these characteristics or events, as well as the resolution of certain legal issues, some portion of the insurance may not be accessible by us.

Amiens Labor Claims

Approximately 850 former employees of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims totaling approximately €140 million ($172 million) against Goodyear France SAS. On May 28, 2020, Goodyear France SAS received a judgment from the labor court with respect to approximately 790 of these former employees. As a result of this ruling and settlement discussions to resolve these claims and other similar claims, we accrued approximately €27 million ($30 million) during 2020 for estimated additional termination benefits. We have appealed this ruling and will continue to defend ourselves against these claims and any additional claims that may be asserted against us.

Other Actions

We are currently a party to various claims, indirect tax assessments and legal proceedings in addition to those noted above. If management believes that a loss arising from these matters is probable and can reasonably be estimated, we record the amount of the loss, or the minimum estimated liability when the loss is estimated using a range and no point within the range is more probable than another. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed

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and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Based on currently available information, management believes that the ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations.

Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for the contingent liabilities described above are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur which we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs or in future periods.

Income Tax Matters

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when based on new information we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution.

While the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports transfer prices through economic studies, seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believes its transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims.

Binding Commitments and Guarantees

At December 31, 2020, we had binding commitments for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities and various other types of contracts. Total commitments on contracts that extend beyond 2021 are expected to total approximately $1.0 billion. In addition, we have other contractual commitments, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, pursuant to certain long term agreements under which we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers' production levels.

We have off-balance sheet financial guarantees and other commitments totaling $73 million and $74 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We issue guarantees to financial institutions or other entities on behalf of certain of our affiliates, lessors or customers. We generally do not receive a separate premium as consideration for, and do not require collateral in connection with, the issuance of these guarantees.

In 2017, we issued a guarantee of approximately PLN 165 million ($44 million) in connection with an indirect tax assessment in EMEA. As of December 31, 2020, this guarantee amount has been increased to PLN 181 million ($49 million). We have concluded our performance under this guarantee is not probable and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. In 2015, as a result of the dissolution of the global alliance with SRI, we issued a guarantee of $46 million to an insurance company related to SRI's obligation to pay certain outstanding workers' compensation claims of a formerly consolidated joint venture entity. As of December 31, 2020, this guarantee amount has been reduced to $23 million. We have concluded the

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

probability of our performance to be remote and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. While there is no fixed duration of this guarantee, we expect the amount of this guarantee to continue to decrease over time as the formerly consolidated joint venture entity pays its outstanding claims. If our performance under these guarantees is triggered by non-payment or another specified event, we would be obligated to make payment to the financial institution or the other entity, and would typically have recourse to the affiliate, lessor, customer, or SRI. Except for the workers' compensation guarantee described above, the guarantees expire at various times through 2021. We are unable to estimate the extent to which our affiliates’, lessors’, customers’, or SRI's assets would be adequate to recover any payments made by us under the related guarantees.

At December 31, 2020, we had an agreement to provide a revolving loan commitment to TireHub of up to $100 million. As of December 31, 2020, $14 million was drawn on this commitment.

Indemnifications

At December 31, 2020, we were a party to various agreements under which we had assumed obligations to indemnify the counterparties from certain potential claims and losses. These agreements typically involve standard commercial activities undertaken by us in the normal course of business; the sale of assets by us; the formation or dissolution of joint venture businesses to which we had contributed assets in exchange for ownership interests; and other financial transactions. Indemnifications provided by us pursuant to these agreements relate to various matters including, among other things, environmental, tax and shareholder matters; intellectual property rights; government regulations; employment-related matters; and dealer, supplier and other commercial matters.

Certain indemnifications expire from time to time, and certain other indemnifications are not subject to an expiration date. In addition, our potential liability under certain indemnifications is subject to maximum caps, while other indemnifications are not subject to caps. Although we have been subject to indemnification claims in the past, we cannot reasonably estimate the number, type and size of indemnification claims that may arise in the future. Due to these and other uncertainties associated with the indemnifications, our maximum exposure to loss under these agreements cannot be estimated.

We have determined that there are no indemnifications or guarantees other than liabilities for which amounts are already recorded or reserved in our consolidated financial statements under which it is probable that we have incurred a liability.

Warranty

We recorded $22 million for potential claims under warranties offered by us at both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the majority of which are recorded in Other Current Liabilities.

The following table presents changes in the warranty reserve during 2020 and 2019:

(In millions) |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 18 |
Payments made during the period |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (25 | )
Expense recorded during the period |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 29 |
Translation adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Note 20. Capital Stock

Dividends

During 2020, 2019 and 2018, we paid cash dividends of $37 million, $148 million and $138 million, respectively, on our common stock. This excludes dividends earned on stock based compensation plans of $1 million, $2 million and $1 million for the years 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. On April 16, 2020, we announced that we have suspended the quarterly dividend on our common stock.

Common Stock Repurchases

From time to time, we repurchase shares of our common stock under programs approved by the Board of Directors. During 2020 and 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. During 2018, we repurchased shares totaling approximately $220 million under a program that expired on December 31, 2019.

We may repurchase shares delivered to us by employees as payment for the exercise price of stock options and the withholding taxes due upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting or payment of stock awards. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, we did not repurchase any shares from employees.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Note 21. Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table presents changes in AOCL by component for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, after tax and minority interest:

(In millions) Income (Loss) |  | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  |  | Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs |  |  | Deferred Derivative Gains (Losses) |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | (915 | ) |  | $ | (3,052 | ) |  | $ | (9 | ) |  | $ | (3,976 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | (245 | ) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | (232 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 132 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | (1,160 | ) |  | $ | (2,923 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (4,076 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(1) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (154 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 94 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | (1,156 | ) |  | $ | (2,983 | ) |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (4,136 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(1) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (117 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 118 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | (1,284 | ) |  | $ | (2,856 | ) |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (4,135 | )

(1) | Includes adjustments to AOCL of $27 million and $(32) million in 2020 and 2019, respectively, to adjust the respective prior year obligation of our frozen U.K. pension plan.

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCL for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |
(In millions) (Income) Expense |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  |
Component of AOCL |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCL |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | Other (Income) Expense
Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | Other (Income) Expense / Rationalizations
Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs, before tax |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  |
Tax effect |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  | United States and Foreign Taxes
Net of tax |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | Goodyear Net Income (Loss)
Deferred Derivative (Gains) Losses |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | Cost of Goods Sold
Tax effect |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | United States and Foreign Taxes
Net of tax |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | Goodyear Net Income (Loss)
Total reclassifications |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | Goodyear Net Income (Loss)

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Supplementary Data

(Unaudited)

Quarterly Data

|  | Quarter |
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  | First |  |  | Second |  |  | Third |  |  | Fourth |  |  | Year |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Sales |  | $ | 3,056 |  |  | $ | 2,144 |  |  | $ | 3,465 |  |  | $ | 3,656 |  |  | $ | 12,321 |
Gross Profit (Loss) |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 690 |  |  |  | 862 |  |  |  | 1,984 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (617 | ) |  | $ | (703 | ) |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | (1,250 | )
Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (619 | ) |  | $ | (696 | ) |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | (1,254 | )
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) - Per Share of Common Stock:* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
— Basic |  | $ | (2.65 | ) |  | $ | (2.97 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | (5.35 | )
— Diluted |  | $ | (2.65 | ) |  | $ | (2.97 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | (5.35 | )
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 234 |
— Diluted |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 234 |
Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.16 |
Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets |  | $ | 16,691 |  |  | $ | 15,827 |  |  | $ | 16,192 |  |  | $ | 16,506 |  |  |  |  |
Total Debt and Finance Leases |  |  | 6,524 |  |  |  | 6,981 |  |  |  | 6,648 |  |  |  | 5,990 |  |  |  |  |
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,510 |  |  |  | 2,833 |  |  |  | 2,860 |  |  |  | 3,078 |  |  |  |  |
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 3,697 |  |  |  | 3,013 |  |  |  | 3,039 |  |  |  | 3,259 |  |  |  |  |

* | Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities on periods with a Goodyear net loss, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not add to the full year.

All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority.

The first quarter of 2020 included net discrete tax charges of $290 million, a goodwill impairment charge of $178 million, rationalization charges of $7 million, and accelerated depreciation of $4 million.

The second quarter of 2020 included an impairment charge related to our investment in TireHub of $113 million, rationalization charges of $76 million, accelerated depreciation of $65 million, net losses on asset sales of $3 million, and net discrete tax charges of $2 million.

The third quarter of 2020 included rationalization charges of $20 million, pension settlement charges of $12 million, net charges of $5 million related to indirect tax items, and accelerated depreciation of $3 million. The third quarter of 2020 also included net discrete tax benefits of $14 million.

The fourth quarter of 2020 included net discrete tax charges of $26 million, rationalization charges of $23 million, an environmental remediation charge of $10 million, accelerated depreciation of $9 million, and legal claims related to discontinued operations of $2 million. The fourth quarter of 2020 also included a gain for a one-time legal settlement of $26 million and favorable indirect tax items of $4 million.

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|  | Quarter |
(In millions, except per share amounts) |  | First |  |  | Second |  |  | Third |  |  | Fourth |  |  | Year |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Sales |  | $ | 3,598 |  |  | $ | 3,632 |  |  | $ | 3,802 |  |  | $ | 3,713 |  |  | $ | 14,745 |
Gross Profit |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | 777 |  |  |  | 837 |  |  |  | 810 |  |  |  | 3,143 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 90 |  |  | $ | (399 | ) |  | $ | (297 | )
Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | 14 |
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (61 | ) |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | (392 | ) |  | $ | (311 | )
Goodyear Net Income (Loss) - Per Share of Common Stock:* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
— Basic |  | $ | (0.26 | ) |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (1.68 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | )
— Diluted |  | $ | (0.26 | ) |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (1.68 | ) |  | $ | (1.33 | )
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |
— Diluted |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 234 |  |  |  | 233 |
Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |
Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Assets |  | $ | 18,273 |  |  | $ | 18,470 |  |  | $ | 18,299 |  |  | $ | 17,185 |  |  |  |  |
Total Debt and Capital Leases |  |  | 6,506 |  |  |  | 6,737 |  |  |  | 6,676 |  |  |  | 5,663 |  |  |  |  |
Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 4,808 |  |  |  | 4,847 |  |  |  | 4,835 |  |  |  | 4,351 |  |  |  |  |
Total Shareholders’ Equity |  |  | 5,031 |  |  |  | 5,049 |  |  |  | 5,035 |  |  |  | 4,545 |  |  |  |  |

* | Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities on periods with a Goodyear net loss, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not add to the full year.

All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority.

The first quarter of 2019 included rationalization charges of $85 million, net charges of $17 million related to indirect tax items, net discrete tax charges of $6 million, and legal claims related to discontinued operations of $4 million. The first quarter of 2019 also included net gains on asset sales of $4 million and a gain of $2 million for hurricane-related net insurance recoveries.

The second quarter of 2019 included net discrete tax charges of $6 million, rationalization charges of $3 million, and accelerated depreciation of $1 million. The second quarter of 2019 also included favorable indirect tax items of $6 million.

The third quarter of 2019 included rationalization charges of $17 million, charges of $5 million related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility, and accelerated depreciation of $1 million. The third quarter of 2019 also included a net discrete tax benefit of $6 million.

The fourth quarter of 2019 included net discrete tax charges of $380 million, rationalization charges of $60 million, charges of $20 million related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility, accelerated depreciation of $10 million, and pension settlement charges of $4 million. The fourth quarter of 2019 also included favorable indirect tax items of $24 million, net gains on asset sales of $11 million, and a gain related to an acquisition of $2 million.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” that, consistent with Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we define to mean controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and financial officers, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive and financial officers have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020 (the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Assessment of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management’s report on our internal control over financial reporting is presented on page 56 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP relating to the consolidated financial statements, financial statement schedule, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting is presented on page 57 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We implemented a new financial information consolidation system in the third quarter of 2020. We believe we maintained appropriate internal controls throughout the implementation period including parallel comparisons to the previous system. There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.

None.

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PART III.

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

The information required by this item about Goodyear’s executive officers is included in Part I, “Item 1. Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers.” All other information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held April 12, 2021 to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A (the "Proxy Statement").

Code of Business Conduct and Code of Ethics

Goodyear has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, known as the Business Conduct Manual. Goodyear also has adopted a conflict of interest policy applicable to directors and executive officers. Both of these documents are available on Goodyear’s website at https://corporate.goodyear.com/en‑ US/investors/governance/documents-charters.html. Shareholders may request a free copy of these documents from:

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company

Attention: Investor Relations

200 Innovation Way

Akron, Ohio 44316-0001

(330) 796-3751

Goodyear’s Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers (the “Code of Ethics”) is also posted on Goodyear’s website. Amendments to and waivers of the Code of Ethics will be disclosed on the website.

Corporate Governance Guidelines and Certain Committee Charters

Goodyear has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines as well as charters for its Audit, Compensation and Governance Committees. These documents are available on Goodyear’s website at https://corporate.goodyear.com/en-US/investors/governance/documents-charters.html. Shareholders may request a free copy of any of these documents from the address and phone number set forth above under “Code of Business Conduct and Code of Ethics.”

The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in or considered to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.

See Part II, Item 5 for information regarding our equity compensation plans. The other information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference from the Proxy Statement.

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PART IV.

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

LIST OF DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT:

(1) | Financial Statements: See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 55 of this Annual Report.

(2) | Financial Statement Schedules: See Index to Financial Statement Schedules attached to this Annual Report at page FS-1. The Financial Statement Schedule at page FS-2 is incorporated into and made a part of this Annual Report.

(3) | Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K: See the Index of Exhibits at pages X-1 through X-6 inclusive, which is attached to and incorporated into and made a part of this Annual Report.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY.

None.

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FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

ITEMS 8 AND 15(a)(2) OF FORM 10-K

FOR THE COMPANY'S

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Financial Statement Schedules:

|  | Schedule No. |  | Page Number
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts |  | II |  | FS-2

All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

Financial statements relating to 50 percent or less owned companies, the investments in which are accounted for by the equity method, have been omitted as permitted because these companies would not constitute a significant subsidiary.

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SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Description |  | Balance at beginning of period |  |  | Charged (credited) to income |  |  | Charged (credited) to AOCL |  |  | Deductions from reserves |  |  |  | Translation adjustment during period |  |  | Balance at end of period |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 126 |  | (a) | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (11 | ) | (b) |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 150 |
Valuation allowance — deferred tax assets |  |  | 982 |  |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,469 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14 | ) | (b) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 111 |
Valuation allowance — deferred tax assets |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 982 |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (19 | ) | (b) |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 113 |
Valuation allowance — deferred tax assets |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 317 |

(a) | Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted, using the modified retrospective adoption approach, an accounting standards update with new guidance relating to credit losses on financial instruments. Our adoption of this standards update resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease Retained Earnings by $12 million, with Accounts Receivables decreasing by $15 million and Deferred Income Taxes increasing by $3 million. Periods prior to 2020 have not been restated for the adoption of this standards update.

(b) | Accounts receivable charged off.

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THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2020

INDEX OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit Table Item No. |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Exhibit Number
3 |  | Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws |  |
(a) |  | Certificate of Amended Articles of Incorporation of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, dated December 20, 1954, Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 6, 1993, Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated June 4, 1996, Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 18, 2006, Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 22, 2009, Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated March 30, 2011, and Certificate of Amendment to Amended Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated April 16, 2015, together comprising the Company's Articles of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(b) |  | Code of Regulations of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, adopted November 22, 1955, and as most recently amended on February 28, 2017 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 6, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
4 |  | Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures |  |
(a) |  | Specimen Nondenominational Certificate for Shares of the Common Stock, Without Par Value, of the Company (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 9, 2007, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(b) |  | Indenture, dated as of March 15, 1996, between the Company and Chemical Bank (now Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.), as Trustee, as supplemented on March 16, 1998, in respect of the Company’s 7% Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(c) |  | Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2010, among the Company, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 13, 2010, File No. 1-1927), as supplemented by the Fourth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of November 5, 2015, in respect of the Company’s 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 5, 2015, File No. 1-1927), as supplemented by the Fifth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of May 13, 2016, in respect of the Company’s 5% Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 13, 2016, File No. 1-1927), as supplemented by the Sixth Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of March 7, 2017, in respect of the Company’s 4.875% Senior Notes due 2027 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 7, 2017, File No. 1-1927), and as supplemented by the Seventh Supplemental Indenture thereto, dated as of May 18, 2020, in respect of the Company’s 9.5% Senior Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed May 18, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |

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(d) |  | Indenture, dated as of December 15, 2015, among Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V. (now known as Goodyear Europe B.V.), as Issuer, the Company, as Parent Guarantor, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as Trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as Principal Paying Agent and Transfer Agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as Registar and Luxembourg Paying Agent and Transfer Agent, in respect of GEBV's 3.75% Senior Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(e) |  | Description of Common Stock (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, File No. 1-1927). |  |
|  | In accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long term debt of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries pursuant to which the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis are not filed herewith. The Company hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the SEC upon request. |  |
10 |  | Material Contracts |  |
(a) |  | Amended and Restated First Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of April 9, 2020, among the Company, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(b) |  | Amended and Restated Second Lien Credit Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2018, among the Company, the lenders, documentation agents, syndication agent, joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners party thereto, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as Collateral Agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(c) |  | First Lien Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of April 8, 2005, as amended and restated as of April 9, 2020, among the Company, the subsidiaries of the Company identified therein and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(d) |  | Reaffirmation of Second Lien Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of March 7, 2017, among the Company, the subsidiaries of the Company identified therein, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as Collateral Agent, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(e) |  | Amended and Restated Lenders Lien Subordination and Intercreditor Agreement, dated as of April 19, 2012, among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Collateral Agent for the First Lien Secured Parties referred to therein, Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as Collateral Agent for the Second Lien Secured Parties referred to therein, the Company, and the subsidiaries of the Company named therein (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, File No. 1-1927). |  |

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(f) |  | Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2019, among the Company, Goodyear Europe B.V., Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH, Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A., the lenders party thereto, J.P. Morgan Europe Limited, as Administrative Agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Collateral Agent, BGL BNP Paribas S.A., as Syndication Agent, and the documentation agents, joint bookrunners and joint lead arrangers identified therein (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(g) |  | Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2019, among the Company, Goodyear Europe B.V., Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH, Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A., J.P. Morgan Europe Limited, as Administrative Agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Collateral Agent, and the issuing banks, subsidiary guarantors and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(h) |  | Master Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2003, as amended and restated as of February 20, 2004, and as further amended and restated as of April 8, 2005, among the Company, Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V. (now known as Goodyear Europe B.V.), the other subsidiaries of the Company identified therein and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Collateral Agent (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005, File No. 1-1927), as amended by the Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2007 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2007, File No. 1-1927), as amended by the Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2011 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, File No. 1-1927), as amended by the Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of May 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, File No. 1-1927), and as amended by the Amendment and Restatement Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2019 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(i) |  | Amended and Restated General Master Purchase Agreement dated December 10, 2004, as last amended and restated on September 26, 2018, between Ester Finance Titrisation, as Purchaser, Credit Agricole Leasing & Factoring, as Agent, Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank, as Joint Lead Arranger and as Calculation Agent, Natixis, as Joint Lead Arranger, Dunlop Tyres Limited, as Centralising Unit, and the Sellers listed therein (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(j)* |  | 2017 Performance Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 13, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(k)* |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(l)* |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option with Tandem Stock Appreciation Right Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |

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(m)* |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Retention Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 28, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(n)* |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(o)* |  | Form of Performance Share Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(p)* |  | Form of Performance Share Continuous Vesting Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 28, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(q)* |  | Form of Executive Performance Unit Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(r)* |  | Form of Executive Performance Unit Continuous Vesting Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 28, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(s)* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Retention Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(t)* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Annual Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 8, 2017, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(u)* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Continuous Vesting Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed February 28, 2020, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(v)* |  | 2013 Performance Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 19, 2013, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(w)* |  | 2008 Performance Plan of the Company (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(x)* |  | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Executive Annual Incentive Plan, effective as of January 1, 2019 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed December 10, 2018, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(y)* |  | Goodyear Supplementary Pension Plan (October 7, 2008 Restatement) (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(z)* |  | Defined Benefit Excess Benefit Plan of the Company, as amended and restated as of October 7, 2008, effective as of January 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, File No. 1-1927). |  |

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(aa)* |  | Defined Contribution Excess Benefit Plan of the Company, adopted October 7, 2008, effective as of January 1, 2005, as further amended September 7, 2012 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(bb)* |  | Deferred Compensation Plan for Executives, as amended and restated on October 12, 2020. |  | 10.1
(cc)* |  | Outside Directors’ Equity Participation Plan, as adopted February 2, 1996 and last amended as of October 8, 2019 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, File No. 1-1927). |  |
(dd)* |  | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Executive Severance and Change in Control Plan, adopted February 28, 2013 (incorporated by reference, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed March 6, 2013, File No. 1-1927). |  |
21 |  | Subsidiaries |  |
(a) |  | List of Subsidiaries of the Company at December 31, 2020. |  | 21.1
22 |  | Subsidiary Guarantors of Guaranteed Securities |  |
(a) |  | List of Subsidiary Guarantors. |  | 22.1
23 |  | Consents |  |
(a) |  | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. |  | 23.1
24 |  | Powers of Attorney |  |
(a) |  | Power of Attorney of Officers and Directors signing this report. |  | 24.1
31 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications |  |
(a) |  | Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |  | 31.1
(b) |  | Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |  | 31.2
32 |  | Section 1350 Certifications |  |
(a) |  | Certificate of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |  | 32.1

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101 |  | Interactive Data Files |  |
|  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  | 101.INS
|  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  | 101.SCH
|  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  | 101.CAL
|  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  | 101.DEF
|  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  | 101.LAB
|  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  | 101.PRE
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File |  |
|  | The cover page from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101). |  |

* | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY

(Registrant)

Date: | February 9, 2021 |  | /s/ RICHARD J. KRAMER
|  |  | Richard J. Kramer, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Date: | February 9, 2021 |  | /s/ RICHARD J. KRAMER
|  |  | Richard J. Kramer, Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | February 9, 2021 |  | /s/ DARREN R. WELLS
|  |  | Darren R. Wells, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | February 9, 2021 |  | /s/ EVAN M. SCOCOS
|  |  | Evan M. Scocos, Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)
|  | JAMES A. FIRESTONE, Director WERNER GEISSLER, Director PETER S. HELLMAN, Director LAURETTE T. KOELLNER, Director W. ALAN McCOLLOUGH, Director | /s/ DARREN R. WELLS
Date: | February 9, 2021 | JOHN E. McGLADE, Director RODERICK A. PALMORE, Director HERA SIU, Director STEPHANIE A. STREETER, Director MICHAEL R. WESSEL, Director THOMAS L. WILLIAMS, Director | Darren R. Wells, Signing as Attorney-in-Fact for the Directors whose names appear opposite.

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