
	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(In millions)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost	$	22		$	28		$	72		$	121
Financing fees and financial instruments expense		16			15			47			44
Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses		—			(3	)		(3	)		38
Interest income		(14	)		(21	)		(41	)		(55	)
General and product liability expense - discontinued products		2			2			6			5
Royalty income		(5	)		(5	)		(16	)		(23	)
Net (gains) losses on asset sales		(1	)		(6	)		(95	)		(68	)
Miscellaneous (income) expense		14			11			22			20
	$	34		$	21		$	(8	)	$	82

Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. Pension expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes a pension settlement credit of $5 million related to a premium refund on the purchase of a group annuity contract for the Cooper Tire U.S. Salaried defined benefit pension plan in 2023. Pension expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes pension settlement charges of $4 million and $40 million, respectively, related to total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost for certain non-U.S. plans and the termination of the Cooper Tire U.S. Salaried and Ireland defined benefit pension plans. For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 10, Pension, Savings and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 include a $16 million gain and a $3 million loss, respectively, related to the Turkish lira and losses of $15 million and $34 million, respectively, related to the Argentine peso.

Interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes interest income in Argentina of $10 million and $28 million, respectively.

Net gains on asset sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 include an $80 million gain related to the sale of a distribution center in EMEA and a $14 million gain related to a sale and leaseback transaction for a warehouse in Americas. Cash proceeds for the sale and leaseback transaction in Americas totaled $16 million, which were received during the second quarter of 2024. Leaseback terms for this location include a 4-year initial term with one 5-year renewal option. We have determined that it is not probable that we will exercise the renewal option. This transaction resulted in the recognition of Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets totaling $6 million. Net gains on asset sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 include a $59 million gain related to a sale and leaseback transaction for a warehouse in Americas. Cash proceeds, which were received during the second quarter of 2023, related to this transaction totaled $66 million. Leaseback terms for this location include a 5-year initial term with one 5-year renewal option. We have determined it is not probable that we will exercise the renewal option. This transaction resulted in the recognition of Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets totaling $24 million.

Miscellaneous (income) expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 includes $11 million of transaction cost related to the sale of the OTR business. Miscellaneous (income) expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also includes an $8 million loss related to the sale of receivables in Argentina. Miscellaneous (income) expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes non-indemnified costs for product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity totaling $4 million and $19 million, respectively. Miscellaneous (income) expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 also includes $11 million of income related to a favorable court decision setting aside a previous unfavorable verdict on intellectual property related legal claims, $5 million of income for the write-off of accumulated foreign currency translation related to our exited business in Russia and a $10 million loss related to the sale of a receivable in Argentina.

Other (Income) Expense also includes financing fees and financial instruments expense, which consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions; general and product liability expense - discontinued products, which consists of charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries; and royalty income.