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Share-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Share-Based Compensation | Share-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is adjusted for estimated forfeitures and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally three years for stock options and one to three years for restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units. The Company estimates future forfeiture rates based on its historical experience. The Company maintains a 2013 Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”), which allows for grants of stock-based awards. At December 31, 2021, there were approximately 21 million share-based awards collectively available for grant under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan generally provides for awards to vest over a minimum of three years, although some awards entitle the recipient to shares of common stock if specified market or performance conditions are achieved and vest no earlier than one year from the date of grant. The stock-based awards granted to employees include stock options and time-based and performance-based restricted stock units, as follows: Stock Options In years in which the Company has elected to grant stock options, it has issued them at exercise prices equal to the Company’s common stock price on the date of grant with contractual terms of ten years. Stock options issued by the Company generally vest and are expensed ratably over three years. Stock option grants are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting, except upon retirement, in which case the options may remain outstanding and exercisable for a specified period not to exceed the remaining contractual term of the option. The following table summarizes the changes in the number of shares of common stock for 2021 (shares and aggregate intrinsic value in millions):
| Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 2.4 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (0.3) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | 8.5 |  | 7.8
Options exercisable, end of year | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | 7.9 |  | 4.4
During 2021, the Company awarded 2.4 million time-based stock options with an aggregate grant fair value of $14 million. These stock options entitle recipients to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying shares as of the grant date and vest in equal installments over a three-year period. The weighted average assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock options granted for the years ended December 31, are as follows:
| 2021 |  | 2020
Expected life in years | 6 |  | 6
Risk-free interest rate | 0.8 | % |  | 1.4 | %
Expected volatility | 44.2 | % |  | 41.3 | %
Expected dividend yield | 5.1 | % |  | 3.9 | %
The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $2 million in 2021 and immaterial in 2020 and 2019. During 2019, as inducement to join the Company and in connection with his appointment as President and Chief Executive Officer, the Company awarded Mr. Ravichandra K. Saligram 1.3 million performance-based non-qualified stock options which entitle Mr. Saligram to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a price equal to the closing price of a share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. For stock option awards with performance conditions that are based on stock price (“Stock-Price Based Stock Options”), the grant date fair value of certain Stock-Price Based Stock Options is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation, with the primary input into such valuation being the expected future volatility of the Company’s common stock, the expected life, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. The Stock-Price Based Stock Options awarded to Mr. Saligram had an aggregate grant date fair value of $5 million. The vesting of the awarded stock options will occur ratably upon the 18-month, two-year and three-year anniversaries of the grant date, subject to the attainment of a performance condition that, during any 30-day period between the date that is 18 calendar months following the grant date and the third anniversary of the grant date, the average of the Company’s closing stock price must exceed 125% of the closing stock price on July 29, 2019, which condition has already been achieved. The award also provides for vesting in the event of a termination of Mr. Saligram’s employment by the Company without Good Cause, or by Mr. Saligram for Good Reason, as such terms are defined in the Company’s 2013 Incentive Plan, in each case subject to attainment of the applicable performance condition (with the performance condition, for this purpose only, measured as of any 30-day period falling between the grant date and the third anniversary of the grant date). Time-Based and Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units Awards of time-based restricted stock units are independent of stock option grants and are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting. The awards generally cliff-vest in three years or vest ratably over three years from the date of grant. In the case of retirement (as defined in the award agreement), awards vest depending on the employee’s age and years of service. The time-based restricted stock units have rights to dividend equivalents payable in cash. Time-based restricted stock units issued in 2016 and prior receive dividend payments at the same time as the shareholders of the Company’s stock. Time-based restricted stock units issued subsequent to 2016 have dividend equivalents credited to the recipient and are paid only to the extent the applicable service criteria is met and the time-based restricted stock units vest and the related stock is issued. Performance-based restricted stock unit awards (“Performance-Based RSUs”) represent the right to receive unrestricted shares of stock based on the achievement of Company performance objectives and/or individual performance goals established by the Compensation and Human Capital Committee and the Board of Directors. The Performance-Based RSUs generally entitle recipients to shares of common stock if performance objectives are achieved, and typically vest no earlier than one year from the date of grant and primarily, no later than three years from the date of grant. The actual number of shares that will ultimately vest is dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. For restricted stock units with performance conditions that are based on stock price (“Stock-Price Based RSUs”), the grant date fair value of certain Stock-Price based RSUs is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation, with the primary input into such valuation being the expected future volatility of the Company’s common stock, and if applicable, the volatilities of the common stocks of the companies in the Company’s peer group, upon which the relative total shareholder return performance is measured. In the case of retirement (as defined in the award agreement), awards vest depending on the employee’s age and years of service, subject to the satisfaction of the applicable performance criteria. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation pursuant to relevant authoritative guidance, which requires measurement of compensation cost for all stock awards at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, over the longer of the derived service period or explicit requisite service period for awards expected to vest. For non- stock-price based Performance-Based RSUs, the Company assesses the probability of achievement of the performance conditions each period and records expense for the awards based on the probable achievement of such metrics. With respect to Performance-Based RSUs, dividend equivalents are credited to the recipient and are paid only to the extent the applicable performance criteria are met and the Performance-Based RSUs vest and the related stock is issued. The following table summarizes the changes in the number of outstanding restricted stock units for 2021 (shares in millions):
| Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Granted | 1.9 |  |  | 25 |
Grant adjustment (1) | (0.3) |  |  | 23 |
Vested | (1.3) |  |  | 21 |
Forfeited | (0.3) |  |  | 22 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Expected to vest at December 31, 2021 | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 22 |
(1)The Grant Adjustment primarily relates to an adjustment in the quantity of Stock-Price Based RSUs ultimately vested during 2021 that were dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. The weighted-average grant-date fair values of awards granted were $21 and $17 per share in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The fair values of awards that vested were $32 million, $23 million and $18 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During 2021, the Company awarded 0.8 million time-based RSUs, which had an aggregate grant date fair value of $18 million, that generally vest in equal annual installments over a three-year period. During 2021, the Company also awarded 1.1 million performance-based RSUs with an aggregate grant date fair value of $29 million, that entitle the recipients to shares of the Company’s common stock at the end of a three-year vesting period. The actual number of shares that will ultimately vest is dependent on the level of achievement of the specified performance conditions. The following table summarizes the Company's total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock-based compensation at December 31, 2021:
(in millions) | Unrecognized Compensation Cost | Weighted Average Period of Expense Recognition (in years)
Restricted stock units | $ | 43 |  | 1
Stock options | 10 |  | 1
Total | $ | 53 |  | 1
Excess tax benefits (detriments) related to stock-based compensation for 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $1 million, $(8) million and $(14) million, respectively.

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