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Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries have noncontributory pension, profit sharing and contributory 401(k) plans covering substantially all of their international and domestic employees. Pension plan benefits are generally based on years of service and/or compensation. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute not less than the minimum amounts required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or foreign statutes to ensure that plan assets will be adequate to provide retirement benefits.

The funded status of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. For defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation is the projected benefit obligation (“PBO”), which represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on employee services already rendered and estimated future compensation levels. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of assets held for the sole benefit of participants. Over funded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and recorded as a prepaid pension asset equal to this excess. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and recorded as a retirement and postretirement benefit obligation equal to this excess. The current portion of the retirement and postretirement benefit obligations represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable in the next 12 months exceeding the fair value of plan assets, measured on a plan-by-plan basis. This obligation is recorded in other accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost/(income) is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and includes service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service costs/(credits) and (gains)/losses previously recognized as a component of AOCL and amortization of the net transition asset remaining in AOCL. The service cost component of net benefit cost is recorded in cost of products sold and SG&A in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (unless eligible for capitalization) based on the employees’ respective functions. The other components of net benefit cost are presented separately from service cost within other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Income Statement. In 2024, the amount of AOCL expected to be recognized in pension and postretirement benefit (income) expense is an expense of $2 million and an income of $5 million, respectively.

(Gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) are recognized as a component of OCL in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) as they arise. Those (gains)/losses and prior service costs/(credits) are subsequently recognized as a component of net periodic cost/(income) pursuant to the recognition and amortization provisions of applicable accounting guidance. (Gains)/losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Prior service costs/(credits) represent the cost of benefit changes attributable to prior service granted in plan amendments.

The measurement of benefit obligations and net periodic cost/(income) is based on estimates and assumptions approved by the Company’s management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest crediting rates and mortality rates.

The Company has a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”), which is a nonqualified defined benefit and defined contribution plan pursuant to which the Company will pay supplemental benefits to certain key employees upon retirement based upon the employees’ years of service and compensation. The SERP is primarily funded through a trust agreement with a trustee that owns life insurance policies on both active and former key employees with aggregate net death benefits of $300 million. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the life insurance contracts were accounted for using the investment method and had a cash surrender value of $141 million, for both periods, and are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. All premiums paid and proceeds received associated with the life insurance policies are included as investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The projected benefit obligation was $77 million and $81 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The
SERP liabilities are included in the pension table hereafter; however, the value of the Company’s investments in the life insurance contracts, cash and mutual funds are excluded from the table, as they do not qualify as plan assets.

The Company’s matching contributions to the Company’s contributory 401(k) plans were $37 million for both 2023 and 2022 and $36 million for 2021.

U.K. Defined Benefit Plan

In February 2022, the Company entered into an agreement with an insurance company for a bulk annuity purchase or “buy-in” for one of its U.K. defined benefit pension plans (“U.K. Plan”), resulting in an exchange of plan assets for an annuity that matches the plan’s future projected benefit obligations (“PBO”) to covered participants.

In April 2023, the Company completed a “buy-out” of approximately 7% of the U.K. Plan's PBO. The “buy-out” was completed by the execution of a Deed Poll Agreement and a Deed of Assignment with an insurance company. In September 2023, the Company completed the “buy-out” of the remaining PBO of the aforementioned plan through the execution of a Deed Poll Agreement and a Deed of Assignment with an insurance company. In connection with these transactions, the Company recorded a pretax settlement loss of $66 million in other (income) expense, net, in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations, related to the recognition of previously unrecognized actuarial losses reclassified from AOCL to losses.

U.S. Defined Benefit Plan Partial Buyout

In October 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a group annuity contract to settle approximately $163 million of PBO for approximately 55% of retirees in one of its U.S. defined benefit pension plans. The transaction or the transfer of the pension liability to the insurance company will be funded with the plan's existing assets. In November 2023, the Company completed the “buy-out” and in connection with the transaction, the Company recorded a pretax settlement loss of $60 million in other (income) expense, net, in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations, related to the recognition of previously unrecognized actuarial losses reclassified from AOCL to losses.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans

The following provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of the Company’s noncontributory defined benefit pension plans, including the SERP, at December 31, (dollars in millions):
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Benefits
United StatesInternational
Change in benefit obligation:202320222023202220232022
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$936 $1,238 $417 $623 $30 $41 
Service cost— — 3 4 — — 
Interest cost44 25 15 8 1 1 
Actuarial gain(24)(247)(13)(137)(2)(8)
Currency translation— — 14 (56)— — 
Benefits paid(79)(80)(20)(23)(3)(4)
Curtailments, settlements and other(164)— (172)(2)— — 
Benefit obligation at end of year (1)
$713 $936 $244 $417 $26 $30 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year843 1,133 354 595 — — 
Actual return on plan assets57 (220)(10)(166)— — 
Contributions11 10 12 7 3 4 
Currency translation— — 13 (57)— — 
Benefits paid(79)(80)(20)(23)(3)(4)
Settlements and other(164)— (173)(2)— — 
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$668 $843 $176 $354 $— $— 
Funded status at end of year$(45)$(93)$(68)$(63)$(26)$(30)
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Prepaid benefit cost, included in other assets$50 $7 $23 $23 $— $— 
Accrued current benefit cost—other accrued liabilities(11)(11)(4)(4)(4)(4)
Accrued noncurrent benefit cost— other noncurrent liabilities(84)(89)(87)(82)(22)(26)
Net amount recognized$(45)$(93)$(68)$(63)$(26)$(30)
Assumptions:
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation:
Discount rate4.94 %5.20 %3.82 %4.07 %4.84 %5.11 %
Long-term rate of compensation increase3.00 %3.00 %2.37 %2.41 %— %— %
Current health care cost trend rates— %— %— %— %5.87 %6.65 %
Ultimate health care cost trend rates— %— %— %— %4.50 %4.50 %
(1)The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $1.0 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

There are no plan assets associated with the Company’s postretirement benefit plans.

The current healthcare cost trend rate gradually declines through 2038 to the ultimate trend rate and remains level thereafter.

Summary of under-funded or non-funded pension benefit plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, (in millions):
Pension Benefits
20232022
Projected benefit obligation$315 $311 
Fair value of plan assets129 125 
Summary of pension plans with accumulated obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31, (in millions):
Pension Benefits
20232022
Accumulated benefit obligation$309 $303 
Fair value of plan assets129 123 
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Expense

The components of pension and postretirement benefit expense for the periods indicated are as follows (dollars in millions):
Pension Benefits
United StatesInternational
202320222021202320222021
Service cost$— $— $— $3 $4 $4 
Interest cost44 25 20 15 8 6 
Expected return on plan assets(52)(47)(51)(11)(6)(3)
Amortization:
Prior service cost — — — 3 1 1 
Net actuarial loss3 16 22 3 2 3 
Curtailment, settlement and termination costs60 — — 66 — — 
Total (income) expense $55 $(6)$(9)$79 $9 $11 
Assumptions
Weighted average assumption used to calculate net periodic cost:
Effective discount rate for benefit obligations5.34 %2.64 %2.16 %4.07 %1.61 %1.22 %
Effective rate for interest on benefit obligations5.23 %2.13 %1.54 %4.00 %1.46 %0.92 %
Effective rate for service cost— %2.94 %2.63 %3.20 %0.96 %0.71 %
Effective rate for interest on service cost— %2.97 %2.61 %3.06 %0.78 %0.54 %
Long-term rate of return on plan assets5.88 %4.75 %5.25 %3.61 %1.06 %0.51 %
Long-term rate of compensation increase3.00 %3.00 %3.00 %2.41 %2.27 %2.18 %
Postretirement Benefits
202320222021
Interest cost$1 $1 $1 
Amortization:
Net actuarial gain(6)(5)(3)
Total income$(5)$(4)$(2)
Assumptions
Weighted average assumption used to calculate net periodic cost:
Effective discount rate for benefit obligations5.11 %2.34 %1.80 %
Effective rate for interest on benefit obligations5.04 %1.77 %1.18 %
Effective rate for service cost4.97 %1.98 %1.32 %
Effective rate for interest on service cost4.90 %1.67 %1.02 %

The components of net periodic pension and postretirement costs other than the service cost component are included in other (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Plan Assets

The Company employs a total return investment approach for its pension plans whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to optimize the long-term return of pension plan assets. The intent of this strategy is to minimize plan expenses by outperforming plan liabilities over the long run. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and the Company’s financial condition. The domestic investment portfolios contain a diversified blend of equity and fixed-income investments. The domestic equity investments are diversified across geography and market capitalization through investments in U.S. large-capitalization stocks, U.S. small-capitalization stocks and international securities. The domestic fixed income investments are primarily comprised of investment-grade and high-yield securities through investments in corporate and government bonds, government agencies and asset-backed securities. The Level 1 investments are primarily based upon quoted market prices. The domestic Level 3 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts valued at contract value. The investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy are net asset value-based (“NAV-based”) hedge fund investments that generally have a redemption frequency of 90 days or less, with various redemption notice periods that are generally less than a month. The notice periods for certain investments may vary based on the size of the redemption. The international Level 2 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts whose fair values are estimated based on the future cash flows to be received under the contracts discounted to the present using a discount rate that approximates the discount rate used to measure the associated pension plan liabilities. The international Level 3 investments are primarily comprised of insurance contracts valued at contract value. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through annual liability measurements, periodic asset/liability studies and quarterly investment portfolio reviews.

The expected long-term rate of return for plan assets is based upon many factors, including expected asset allocations, historical asset returns, current and expected future market conditions, risk and active management premiums. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns on the Company’s defined benefit pension plan’s investments. The target asset allocations for the Company’s domestic pension plans may vary by plan, based in part on plan demographics, funded status and liability duration. In general, the Company’s target asset allocations are as follows: equities approximately zero to 20%; fixed income approximately 80% to 100%; and cash, alternative investments and other, approximately zero to 10% at December 31, 2023. Actual asset allocations may vary from the targeted allocations for various reasons, including market conditions and the timing of transactions. The Company maintains numerous international defined benefit pension plans. The asset allocations for the international investment may vary by plan and jurisdiction and are primarily based upon the plan structure and plan participant profile.
The composition of domestic pension plan assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in millions):
Plan Assets — Domestic Plans
December 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Asset CategoryLevel 1Level 2Level 3SubtotalNAV-based assetsTotal
Equity securities and funds$— $— $— $— $70 $70 
Fixed income securities and funds250 — — 250 329 579 
Alternative investments— — — — 2 2 
Cash and other15 2 — 17 — 17 
Total$265 $2 $— $267 $401 $668 
Plan Assets — Domestic Plans
December 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Asset CategoryLevel 1Level 2Level 3SubtotalNAV-based assetsTotal
Equity securities and funds$— $— $— $— $158 $158 
Fixed income securities and funds369 — — 369 303 672 
Alternative investments— — — — 2 2 
Cash and other8 3 — 11 — 11 
Total$377 $3 $— $380 $463 $843 
The composition of international pension plan assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in millions):

Plan Assets — International Plans
December 31, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Asset CategoryLevel 1Level 2Level 3SubtotalNAV-based assetsTotal
Equity securities and funds$3 $4 $— $7 $— $7 
Fixed income securities and funds4 6 — 10 — 10 
Cash and other4 145 10 159 — 159 
Total$11 $155 $10 $176 $— $176 
Plan Assets — International Plans
December 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Asset CategoryLevel 1Level 2Level 3SubtotalNAV-based assetsTotal
Equity securities and funds$3 $3 $— $6 $— $6 
Fixed income securities and funds6 5 — 11 — 11 
Cash and other3 140 194 337 — 337 
Total$12 $148 $194 $354 $— $354 
A reconciliation of the change in fair value of the defined benefit plans’ assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for 2023 and 2022 is as follows (in millions):
Total
Balance at December 31, 2021$9 
Unrealized losses(101)
Purchases, sales, settlements and other, net286 
Balance at December 31, 2022194 
Purchases, sales, settlements and other, net(184)
Balance at December 31, 2023$10 
Contributions and Estimated Future Benefit Payments
During 2024, the Company expects to make cash contributions of approximately $15 million and $9 million to its domestic and international defined benefit plans, respectively.
Estimated future benefit payments under the Company’s defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans are as follows at December 31, 2023 (in millions):
20242025202620272028Thereafter
Pension benefits$79 $76 $75 $77 $75 $357 
Postretirement benefits4 4 4 3 3 9