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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM | 10-K
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended | December 31, 2022
OR
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: | 1-14225 |
HNI Corporation
| Iowa |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42-0617510
| (State of Incorporation) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
|  |  |  |  | 600 East Second Street |
|  |  |  |  | P. O. Box 1109 |
Muscatine | , | Iowa | 52761-0071 |
( | 563 | ) | 272-7400
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | HNI | New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes | ☐ | No | ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes | ☒ | No | ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
☒ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
☐ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). |  |  |  |  |  |  |
☐ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Yes | ☐ | No | ☒ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of July 2, 2022 was $1,031,879,981 based on the New York Stock Exchange closing price for such shares on that date, assuming for purposes of this calculation that all 10 percent holders and all directors and executive officers of the Registrant are affiliates.
The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant's common stock, as of February 3, 2023, was 41,407,021.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III.

Table of Contents

HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries
Annual Report on Form 10-K
Table of Contents
PART I
|  | Page
Item 1. | Business | 4
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 9
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 18
Item 2. | Properties | 18
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 18
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 18
| Table I - Information about Executive Officers | 19
PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 20
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 20
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 27
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 27
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 27
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 27
Item 9B. | Other Information | 28
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection | 28
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance | 29
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 29
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters | 29
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 29
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 29
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 30
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 32
Signatures | 32
Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 34
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 35
Financial Statements | 37
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 42

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Table of Contents
PART I
Item 1. Business
General
HNI Corporation (the "Corporation", "we", "us", or "our") is an Iowa corporation incorporated in 1944. The Corporation is a provider of workplace furnishings and residential building products. Workplace furnishings include furniture systems, seating, storage, tables, and architectural products. These products are sold primarily through a national system of independent dealers, office product distributors, eCommerce retailers, and wholesalers but also directly to end-user customers and federal, state, and local governments. Residential building products include a full array of gas, wood, electric, and pellet-fueled fireplaces, inserts, stoves, facings, outdoor fire pits and fire tables, and accessories. These products are sold through a national system of independent dealers and distributors, as well as Corporation-owned installing distribution and retail outlets. In fiscal 2022, the Corporation had net sales of $2.4 billion, of which $1.5 billion or 63 percent was attributable to the workplace furnishings segment and $0.9 billion or 37 percent was attributable to the residential building products segment.
The Corporation is organized into a corporate headquarters and operating units with offices, manufacturing plants, distribution centers, and sales showrooms primarily in the United States, India, and Mexico. See "Item 2. Properties" for additional related discussion.
For further information with respect to acquisitions, divestitures, operating segment information, and the Corporation’s operations in general, refer to "Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II of this report and the following sections in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: "Note 1. Nature of Operations", "Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures", and "Note 16. Reportable Segment Information".
Markets
The Corporation competes in the workplace furnishings and residential building products markets principally by providing compelling value products designed to be among the best in their price range for product quality and performance, along with superior customer service and short lead-times. This is made possible, in part, by the Corporation’s ongoing investment in its brands, research and development efforts, efficient manufacturing operations, and extensive distribution network.
Workplace Furnishings
The North American workplace furnishings market consists of two primary channels — the contract channel and the small and medium-sized business ("SMB") channel. The primary end-users for both channels are business customers.
The contract channel has traditionally been characterized by sales of office furniture and services to large corporations, primarily for new office facilities, relocations, and/or office redesigns. Sales made through the contract channel are frequently customized to meet specific client and architect/designer preferences. End users generally purchase through independent office furniture dealers who prepare a custom-designed office layout emphasizing image and design. The selling process is complex, lengthy, and generally has several manufacturers competing for the same projects.
The SMB channel, in which the Corporation is a market leader, primarily represents smaller orders of office furniture that are less likely to involve an architect and/or designer. Sales in this channel are driven on the basis of price, product quality, selection, and the speed and reliability of delivery. Independent dealers, national office product distributors, eCommerce retailers, and wholesalers are the primary distribution channels in this market.
The workplace furnishings industry is highly competitive, with a significant number of competitors offering similar products. The Corporation competes by emphasizing its ability to deliver compelling value products, solutions, and a high level of tailored customer service. The Corporation competes with large workplace furnishings manufacturers, which cover a substantial portion of the North America market share in the workplace furnishings market. Competitors include manufacturers such as MillerKnoll, Inc., Steelcase, Inc., Haworth, Inc., The Global Group, Kimball International, Inc., Krueger International, Inc., and Teknion Corporation, as well as global importers. The Corporation faces significant price competition from its competitors and may encounter competition from new market entrants.
Residential Building Products
The Corporation also competes in the residential building products industry, where it is the market leader in hearth products. Hearth products are typically purchased by builders during the construction of new homes and homeowners during the renovation
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of existing homes. Both types of purchases involve seasonality with remodel/retrofit activity being particularly concentrated in the September to December timeframe. Distribution is primarily through independent and company-owned installing distributors and retail outlets.
The hearth products market is highly competitive, with products manufactured by a number of national and regional competitors. The Corporation competes against a broad range of manufacturers, including Travis Industries, Inc., Innovative Hearth Products, Wolf Steel Ltd. (Napoleon), and FPI Fireplace Products International Ltd. (Regency).
Strategy
The Corporation’s strategy is to build on its position as a leading manufacturer of workplace furnishings and residential building products.
The foundation of the Corporation’s strategy continues to be its distinct member-owner culture, which has enabled HNI to attract, develop, retain, and motivate skilled, experienced, and efficient member-owners (i.e., employees), and which drives a unique level of commitment to the Corporation’s success. The Corporation aims to leverage this culture to enable profitable growth by focusing members’ efforts on the following three pillars:
•Customer-First Mindset (focus on the customer) – The journeys customers take buying and using workplace furnishings and residential building products continue to rapidly evolve — presenting new opportunities to better serve them. The key to capitalizing on these changes is a deep understanding of customers. To that end, the Corporation continues to broaden its involvement in and understanding of the entire customer journey, by investing in data analytics, digital assets, branding, eCommerce capabilities, and market coverage. This customer-first mindset will allow the Corporation to identify and take advantage of new and developing market dynamics.
•Effortless Winning Experiences (simplify the buying process) – Customers continue to raise their expectations and demand more effortless experiences. Buying office furniture and hearth products can be complicated and time-consuming. The Corporation’s deep understanding of the customer buying journey incorporates technology and digital assets to help customers navigate the buying process more quickly and with reduced effort. The Corporation has scale, price point breadth, product depth, and resources to lead this charge.
•Own Operational Excellence (leverage lean heritage) – All HNI member-owners embrace the principles of lean manufacturing. Members utilize Rapid Continuous Improvement (RCI), which scrutinizes every facet of the business to identify areas of waste, and then refine and streamline. RCI can be seen in action throughout the Corporation’s value chain from the manufacturing floor to the administrative offices to customer interactions, as members always look to find a better, more efficient, and more environmentally-friendly approach. This focus on RCI benefits stakeholders as the Corporation consistently delivers productivity and cost savings that allow it to grow earnings and invest in the future.
Management believes that the skillful execution of these strategic initiatives will support robust organic sales growth, margin expansion, improved returns, strong free cash flow, and position the Corporation for continued success.
Sales
Workplace Furnishings
The Corporation designs, manufactures, and markets a broad range of workplace furnishings. The Corporation offers a complete line of panel-based and freestanding office furniture systems, seating, benching, tables, architectural products, storage, and social collaborative items in order to meet the needs of a wide spectrum of organizations. Through its broad product offerings the Corporation is able to service business furniture needs in virtually any setting, including private office, open plan, conference rooms, training areas, cafes, lounges, and collaborative spaces, among many others. The Corporation possesses significant expertise and vertical manufacturing capabilities allowing it the flexibility to design and manufacture new products in-house to meet changing market needs.
To meet the demands of various markets, the Corporation’s products are sold primarily under the Corporation’s brands:
HON®
Allsteel®
Beyond®
Gunlocke®
HBF®
HBF Textiles®
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OFM®
Respawn®
HNI India®
In third quarter 2022 the Corporation sold its China- and Hong Kong- based Lamex office furniture business ("Lamex"). In late 2022, management approved a plan to exit the OFM and Respawn brands, effective in 2023.
The Corporation sells its products through various distribution channels. A summary of each channel is as follows:
•Independent, local office products dealers that specialize in the sale of office furniture and/or office products to business, government, education, and health care entities.
•National office product distributors that sell furniture and office supplies through a national network of dealerships and sales offices. These distributors also sell through on-line and retail office products stores.
•eCommerce focused resellers that sell a wide array of business and consumer products to commercial and non-commercial customers. Orders are fulfilled both by the Corporation and/or directly by the eCommerce reseller from inventory held in their facilities.
•Wholesalers that serve as distributors of the Corporation’s products to independent dealers and national office products distributors. These wholesalers maintain inventories of standard product lines for quick delivery to customers.
•Direct sales of products to federal, state, and local government offices, or in certain circumstances a lead selling relationship with an end-user.
The Corporation’s workplace furnishings sales force consists of sales managers, salespeople, and independent manufacturers’ representatives who collectively provide national sales coverage. Sales managers and salespeople are compensated by a combination of salary and variable performance compensation.
The Corporation also makes export sales through HNI International to independent office furniture dealers and wholesale distributors serving select foreign markets. Distributors are principally located in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Mexico. Through HNI India, the Corporation manufactures and distributes office furniture directly to end-users and through independent dealers and distributors primarily in India.
Residential Building Products
The Corporation’s residential building products segment includes the Hearth & Home Technologies LLC ("Hearth & Home") operating unit. Hearth & Home is North America’s largest manufacturer and marketer of prefabricated fireplaces, hearth stoves, and related products. These products are primarily for the home and are sold under the following widely recognized brands:
Heatilator®
Heat & Glo®
Majestic®
Monessen®
Quadra-Fire®
Harman®
Vermont Castings®
PelPro®
Stellar TM
SimpliFire®
The Outdoor GreatRoom Company®
The Corporation’s line of hearth products includes a full array of gas, wood, electric, and pellet-fueled fireplaces, inserts, stoves, facings, outdoor fire pits and fire tables, and accessories. Heatilator®, Heat & Glo®, Majestic®, Monessen®, and Stellar TM are brand leaders in the two largest segments of the home fireplace market: gas and wood fireplaces. The Corporation is a leader in "direct vent" fireplaces, which replaces the chimney-venting system used in traditional fireplaces with a less expensive vent through the roof or an outer wall. In addition, the Corporation is a market leader in wood and pellet-burning stoves with its Quadra-Fire®, Harman®, Vermont Castings®, and PelPro® product lines, which provide home heating solutions using renewable fuels.
Hearth & Home sells its products through independent dealers, distributors, and 29 Corporation-owned installing distribution and retail outlets. The distribution and retail brand of this operating unit is Fireside Hearth & Home. The Corporation has a field sales organization of sales managers, salespeople, and independent manufacturers’ representatives.
Largest Customers
In fiscal 2022, the Corporation’s five largest customers represented approximately 18 percent of its consolidated net sales. No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of the Corporation’s consolidated net sales in fiscal 2022, and management
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does not consider the Corporation’s operations or financial performance to be dependent on any individual customer. The substantial purchasing power exercised by large customers may adversely affect the prices at which the Corporation can successfully offer its products.
Resources
Manufacturing
The Corporation manufactures workplace furnishings in Georgia, Iowa, New York, North Carolina, India, and Mexico. The Corporation manufactures hearth products in Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
The Corporation purchases raw materials, components, and finished goods from a variety of suppliers, and most items are generally available from multiple sources. Major raw materials include coil steel, aluminum, zinc, lumber, veneer, particleboard, textiles, paint, hardware, glass, plastic products, packaging, foam, and fiberglass.
Since its inception, the Corporation has focused on making its manufacturing facilities and processes more flexible while reducing cost, eliminating waste, and improving product quality. The Corporation applies the principles of RCI and a lean manufacturing philosophy leveraging the creativity of its members to reduce and/or eliminate costs. The application of RCI has increased productivity by reducing set-up, processing times, square footage, inventory levels, product costs, and delivery times, while improving quality and enhancing member safety. The Corporation’s RCI process involves members, customers, and suppliers. Manufacturing also plays a key role in the Corporation’s concurrent research and development process in order to design new products for ease of manufacturability.
Research and Development
The Corporation’s research and development efforts are primarily focused on developing relevant and differentiated end-user solutions focused on quality, aesthetics, style, sustainable design, and reduced manufacturing costs. The Corporation accomplishes this through improving existing products, extending product lines, applying ergonomic research, improving manufacturing processes, and leveraging alternative materials. The Corporation conducts its research and development efforts at both the corporate and operating unit levels. See "Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for amounts that the Corporation has invested in research and development.
Intellectual Property
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation owned 83 United States and 76 foreign patents with expiration dates through 2042 and had applications pending for 26 United States and 14 foreign patents. In addition, the Corporation holds 168 United States and 323 foreign trademark registrations and has applications pending for 19 United States and 5 foreign trademarks. The Corporation believes neither any individual workplace furnishings patent nor the Corporation’s workplace furnishings patents in the aggregate are material to the Corporation’s business as a whole. The Corporation’s patents covering its residential building products protect various technical innovations. While the acquisition of patents reflects Hearth & Home’s position in the market as an innovation leader, the Corporation believes neither any individual residential building product patent nor the Corporation’s residential building product patents in the aggregate are material to the Corporation’s business as a whole.
The Corporation applies for patent protection when it believes the expense of doing so is justified and the duration of its registered patents is adequate to protect these rights. The Corporation also pays royalties in certain instances for the use of patents on products and processes owned by others.
The Corporation applies for trademark protection for brands and products when it believes the expense of doing so is justified. The Corporation actively protects trademarks it believes have significant value. The Corporation believes neither the loss of any individual trademark nor the loss of the Corporation’s trademarks in the aggregate would materially or adversely affect the Corporation’s business as a whole, except for HON®, Allsteel®, Heat & Glo®, and Heatilator®.
Environmental Regulations and Sustainability
The Corporation is subject to a variety of environmental laws and regulations governing the use of materials and substances in products, the management of wastes resulting from use of certain material, the emission of pollutants from its operations, and the remediation of contamination associated with past releases of hazardous substances. Although the Corporation believes it is compliant with the various regulations applicable to its business, there can be no assurance requirements will not change in the future or the Corporation will not incur material costs to comply with such regulations. The Corporation has trained staff responsible for monitoring compliance with environmental, health, and safety requirements. The Corporation’s staff works with responsible personnel at each manufacturing facility, the Corporation’s legal counsel, and consultants on the management of
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environmental, health, and safety issues. The Corporation’s environmental objective is to reduce and, when practical, eliminate the human and ecosystem impacts of materials and manufacturing processes.
Compliance with federal, state, and local environmental regulations has not had a material effect on the capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position of the Corporation to date and is not expected to have material effect in the near future. However, there is no assurance environmental requirements or technology will not change or the Corporation will not incur material costs to comply with such regulations.
The Corporation has expanded its Corporate Social Responsibility commitment and has become a signatory to the UN Global Compact, joined RE100, committed to 100 percent renewable electricity annually by 2030, and set aggressive science-based carbon emission reduction goals aligned with the 2015 Paris Agreement. To support these goals, the Corporation has established metrics to divert waste from landfill, reduce energy use, and lower greenhouse gas emissions from its operations. The Corporation also committed to reducing the impacts of its products through evaluations of design and development, suppliers, and supply chain performance. Integrating these sustainable objectives into core business systems is consistent with the Corporation’s vision, ensures its commitment to being a sustainable enterprise, and remains a priority for members. For more detailed information regarding its environmental and social goals, priorities, accomplishments, and initiatives, please refer to the Corporation’s Corporate Social Responsibility report available on its website. The Corporate Social Responsibility report is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K
Human Capital
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation employed approximately 7,300 persons, including approximately 200 of whom were temporary personnel.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
The Corporation’s goal is for every member to always feel represented, included, and heard. The Corporation believes in:
•Unique perspectives. Diverse backgrounds bring unique perspectives, helping to drive innovation and growth.
•Fair and inclusive treatment. All people are treated with fairness and respect, ensuring all voices are heard, and allowing everyone to make meaningful contributions.
•Accountability. Through regular training and everyday business practices, the Corporation promotes accountability for diversity.
•Transparent communication. Members at every level have frequent opportunities to raise and address concerns with company leaders and attend meetings to learn and ask questions about the business.
For further information regarding its member-owner culture, initiatives, and goals, including in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion, please refer to the Corporation’s Corporate Social Responsibility report available on its website. The Corporate Social Responsibility report is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Member Developmen t
All members have the opportunity to achieve and succeed in their careers. The Corporation invests in apprenticeships, on-the-job training, robust performance and talent-management processes, and leadership development programs.
Member Compensation and Benefits
The Corporation’s compensation and benefits programs are competitive and equitable, designed to attract, retain, and motivate its members. Through stock-based plans and profit sharing, most members benefit from the success of the Corporation as a whole. This creates a strong culture of shared responsibility, empowered accountability for all outcomes, and an ongoing enthusiasm for improvement.
Available Information
Information regarding the Corporation’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to these reports, will be made available, free of charge, on the Corporation’s website at www.hnicorp.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Corporation electronically files such reports with or furnishes them to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The information on the Corporation’s website is not, and shall not be,
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deemed to be a part hereof or incorporated into this or any of the Corporation’s other filings with the SEC. The Corporation’s SEC filings are also available on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.
Forward-Looking Statements
Statements in this report to the extent they are not statements of historical or present fact, including statements as to plans, outlook, objectives, and future financial performance, are "forward-looking" statements, within the meaning of Section 21 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as "anticipate," "believe," "could," "confident," "estimate," "expect," "forecast," "hope," "intend," "likely," "may," "plan," "possible," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "will," "would," and variations of such words and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, which may cause the Corporation’s actual results in the future to differ materially from expected results. The most significant factors known to the Corporation that may adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operations, industries, financial position, or future financial performance are described later in this report under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors." The Corporation cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement, which is based necessarily on assumptions made at the time the Corporation provides such statement, and to recognize forward-looking statements are predictions of future results, which may not occur as anticipated. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements and from historical results due to the risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this report, including but not limited to: the duration and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any emerging variants of the virus, and its effect on people and the economy; disruptions in the global supply chain; the effects of prolonged periods of inflation and rising interest rates; labor shortages; the levels of office furniture needs and housing starts; overall demand for the Corporation’s products; general economic and market conditions in the United States and internationally; industry and competitive conditions; the consolidation and concentration of the Corporation’s customers; the Corporation’s reliance on its network of independent dealers; changes in trade policy; changes in raw material, component, or commodity pricing; market acceptance and demand for the Corporation’s new products; changing legal, regulatory, environmental, and healthcare conditions; the risks associated with international operations; the potential impact of product defects; the various restrictions on the Corporation’s financing activities; an inability to protect the Corporation’s intellectual property; cybersecurity threats, including those posed by potential ransomware attacks; impacts of tax legislation; force majeure events outside the Corporation’s control, including those that may result from the effects of climate change; and other risks as described under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors," as well as others that the Corporation may consider not material or does not anticipate at this time. The risks and uncertainties described in this report, including those under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors," are not exclusive and further information concerning the Corporation, including factors that potentially could have a material effect on the Corporation’s financial results or condition, may emerge from time to time.
The Corporation assumes no obligation to update, amend, or clarify forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. The Corporation advises you, however, to consult any further disclosures made on related subjects in future quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K filed with or furnished to the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following risk factors and other information included in this report should be carefully considered. If any of the following risks occur, the Corporation’s business, operating results, cash flows, or financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC RISKS
Unfavorable economic and industry factors could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, or financial condition.
Workplace furnishings industry sales are impacted by a variety of macroeconomic factors including service-sector employment levels, corporate profits, business confidence, commercial construction, and office vacancy rates. Industry factors, including corporate restructuring, technology changes, corporate relocations, health and safety concerns, including ergonomic considerations, and the globalization of companies also influence workplace furnishings industry revenues. In addition, measures taken to limit spread of COVID-19 have resulted in a significant decrease in worker attendance at their office location, and have
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fueled current work-from-home and hybrid work trends. Despite office re-entry in many markets, office occupancy levels remain below historic levels. Lower office occupancy levels have had and could continue to have an adverse impact on the demand for workplace furnishings.
Residential building products industry sales are impacted by a variety of macroeconomic factors including housing starts, housing inventory, overall employment levels, interest rates, home affordability, consumer confidence, energy costs, disposable income, and changing demographics. Industry factors, such as technology changes, health and safety concerns, and environmental regulation, including indoor air quality standards, also influence residential building products industry revenues. Deterioration of economic conditions or a slowdown in the homebuilding industry and the hearth products market could decrease demand for residential building products and have additional adverse effects on operating results.
Deteriorating economic conditions, which may be caused by uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets, rising or sustained inflation and interest rates, and potential economic recessions, could affect the Corporation’s business significantly, including reduced demand for products, insolvency of independent dealers resulting in increased provisions for credit losses, insolvency of key suppliers resulting in product delays, inability of customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of products, and decreased customer demand, including order delays or cancellations. In a recessionary economy, business confidence, service-sector employment, corporate cash flows, and residential and non-residential commercial construction often decrease, which typically leads to a decrease in demand for workplace furnishings and residential building products.
The workplace furnishings and residential building products industries are highly competitive and, as a result, the Corporation may not be successful in winning new business.
Both the workplace furnishings and residential building products industries are highly competitive. Many of the Corporation’s competitors in both industries offer similar products. Competitive factors include price, delivery and service, brand recognition, product design, product quality, strength of dealers and other distributors, and relationships with customers and key influencers, including architects, designers, home-builders, and facility managers. In both industries, most of the top competitors have an installed base of products that can be a source of significant future sales through repeat and expansion orders. The Corporation’s main competitors manufacture products with strong acceptance in the marketplace and are capable of developing products that have a competitive advantage, which could make it difficult to win new business.
In both the workplace furnishings and residential building products industries, the Corporation faces price competition from competitors and from new market entrants who may manufacture and source products from lower cost countries. Price competition impacts the ability to implement price increases or, in some cases, even maintain prices, which could lower profit margins and adversely affect future financial performance.
Changes in industry dynamics, including demand and order patterns from customers, distribution changes, or the loss of a significant number of dealers, could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, or financial condition.
Consolidation among the Corporation’s customers may result in a smaller number of total customers, but an increase in large customers whose size and purchasing power give them increased leverage that may result in, among other things, decreases in average selling prices. In addition, further consolidations may lead to fluctuations in revenue, increases in costs to meet demands of large customers, and pressure to accept onerous contract terms, and the Corporation’s business, financial condition, and operating results could be harmed.
The Corporation sells products through multiple distribution channels, which primarily include independent dealers, national dealers, wholesalers, and eCommerce channels. Within these distribution channels, there has been, and may continue to be, consolidation. The Corporation relies on distribution partners to provide a variety of important specification, installation, and after-market services to customers. Some distribution partners may terminate their relationship with the Corporation at any time and for any reason. Loss or termination of a significant number of reseller relationships could cause difficulties in marketing and distributing products, resulting in a decline in sales, which may adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, or financial condition.
In addition, individual dealers may not continue to be viable and profitable and may suffer from a lack of available credit. While the Corporation is not significantly dependent on any single dealer, if dealers go out of business or are restructured, the Corporation may suffer losses as the dealers may not be able to pay the Corporation for products previously delivered to them.
The loss of a dealer relationship could negatively affect the Corporation’s ability to maintain market share in the affected geographic market and to compete for and service clients in that market until a new dealer relationship is established. Establishing
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a viable dealer in a market can take a significant amount of time and resources. The loss or termination of a significant dealer or a substantial number of dealer relationships could cause significant difficulties in marketing and distributing the Corporation’s products, resulting in a decline in sales and/or impairment of the Corporation’s contract assets related to distribution agreements with the respective dealers.
Evolving trade policy between the United States and other countries may have an adverse effect on the Corporation’s business and results of operations.
The Corporation has a global supply chain for products used in workplace furnishings and residential building products. Actions taken by the United States government to apply tariffs on certain products could have long-term impacts on existing supply chains. The situation could impact the competitive environment depending on the severity and duration of current and future policy changes. This may manifest in additional costs on the business, including costs with respect to products upon which the business depends. Increased costs could further lower profit margins as the Corporation may be challenged in effectively increasing the prices of its products, and its business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
Certain foreign governments have imposed tariffs on goods that their countries import from the United States. Changes in United States trade policy could result in one or more foreign governments adopting trade policies that make it more difficult or costly for the Corporation to do business in those countries.
The Corporation cannot predict the extent to which the United States or other countries will impose quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes, or other similar restrictions upon the import or export of products in the future, nor can the Corporation predict future trade policy or the terms of any renegotiated trade agreements and their impact on the business. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for products, costs, customers, suppliers, and the United States economy, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business, operating results, and financial condition.
The Corporation’s profitability may be adversely affected by increases in raw material and commodity costs as well as transportation and shipping challenges.
Fluctuations in the price and availability of commodities, raw materials, components, and finished goods could have an adverse effect on costs of sales, profitability, and ability to meet customers’ demand. The Corporation sources commodities, raw materials, components, and finished goods from domestic and international suppliers. From both domestic and international suppliers, the cost and availability of commodities, raw materials, components, and finished goods including steel, have been significantly affected in recent years by, among other things, changes in global supply and demand, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, changes in laws and regulations (including tariffs and duties), changes in exchange rates and worldwide price levels, inflationary forces, natural disasters, labor disputes, military action, terrorism, and political unrest or instability. These factors could lead to price volatility or supply interruptions in the future. Profit margins could be adversely affected if commodity, raw material, component, and finished good costs increase and the Corporation is either unable to offset such costs through strategic sourcing initiatives and continuous improvement programs or, as a result of competitive market dynamics, unable to pass along a portion of the higher costs to customers.
The Corporation relies primarily on third-party freight and transportation providers to deliver products to customers. Increasing demand for freight providers and a shortage of qualified drivers has caused delays and may cause future delays in shipments and increase the cost to ship its products, which may adversely affect profitability. The Corporation also imports and exports products and components, primarily using container ships, which load and unload through North American ports. Capacity-related and/or port-caused delays in the shipment or receipt of products and components, including labor disputes, have caused and could cause delayed receipt of products and components. While these risks are ever present, the COVID-19 pandemic has and continues to cause such delays, leading to manufacturing disruptions, increased expense from current and alternate shipping methods, and the inability to meet customer delivery expectations, which may adversely affect sales and profitability.
STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL RISKS
If customers do not perceive the Corporation’s products and services to be of good value, the Corporation’s brand and name recognition and reputation could suffer.
The Corporation believes that establishing and maintaining good brand and name recognition and a good reputation is critical to its business. In certain parts of the market, promotion and enhancement of the Corporation’s name and brands will depend on the effectiveness of marketing and advertising efforts and on successfully providing design-driven, innovative, and high-quality
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products and superior services. If customers do not perceive the Corporation’s products and services to be design-driven, innovative and of high quality, its reputation, brand and name recognition could suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s business.
The Corporation’s efforts to introduce new products to meet customer and workplace demands may not be successful, which could limit sales growth or cause its sales to decline.
To meet the changing needs of customers and keep pace with market trends and evolving regulatory and industry requirements, including environmental, health, safety, and similar standards for the workplace and for product performance, the Corporation regularly introduces new workplace furnishings and residential building products. The introduction of new products requires the coordination of the design, manufacturing, and marketing of the products, which may be affected by uncontrollable factors. The design and engineering of certain new products varies but can extend beyond a year; further time may be required to achieve client acceptance. The Corporation may face difficulties if it cannot successfully align itself with independent architects, home-builders, and designers who are able to design, in a timely manner, high-quality products consistent with the Corporation’s image and customers’ needs. Accordingly, the launch of a product may be later or less successful than originally anticipated, limiting sales growth or causing sales to decline.
The Corporation’s financial condition and results of operation have been and may continue to be adversely affected by COVID-19.
To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused, and is continuing to cause, economic disruption both globally and in the United States. Such economic disruption lowered demand for workplace furnishings, which demand has not fully recovered in the wake of business slowdowns, shutdowns, and other preventative measures implemented in 2020 and 2021. The initial and continuing disruption associated with the COVID-19 pandemic created a material negative impact on the Corporation’s business, sales, financial condition, and results of operations. Other continuing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may include, but are not limited to:
•labor shortages;
•adverse impacts to the Corporation’s supply chain, which may increase operating costs and result in supply disruptions; and
•impairment of independent dealers’, wholesalers’, and office product distributors’ ability to sell the Corporation’s products.
In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Corporation’s members could adversely impact the Corporation’s sales and operations. At this point, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact the Corporation’s results is uncertain and depends on future developments, such as the emergence of variant strains of the virus, the continued effectiveness of vaccines and treatments, and office reentry trends in key markets. These future developments are uncertain, and could be material.
Natural disasters, acts of God, force majeure events, or other catastrophic events may impact the Corporation’s production capacity and, in turn, negatively impact profitability.
Natural disasters, acts of God, force majeure events, or other catastrophic events, including severe weather, military action, terrorist attacks, power interruptions, floods, and fires, could disrupt operations and likewise, the ability to produce or deliver products. Several of the Corporation’s production facilities, members, and key management are located within a small geographic area in eastern Iowa located near the Mississippi River, and a natural disaster or catastrophe in the area, such as flooding or severe storms, could have a significant adverse effect on the results of operations and business conditions. Further, several of the Corporation’s production facilities are single-site manufacturers of certain products, and an adverse event affecting any of those facilities could significantly delay production of certain products and adversely affect operations and business conditions. Members are an integral part of the business and events including an epidemic such as COVID-19 have reduced, and could negatively impact, the availability of members reporting for work. In the event the Corporation experiences a temporary or permanent interruption in its ability to produce or deliver product, revenues could be reduced, and business could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any continuing disruption in the Corporation’s computer system could adversely affect the ability to receive and process customers’ orders, procure materials, manufacture products and ship products on a timely basis, which could adversely affect relations with customers and potentially reduce customer orders or result in the loss of customers.
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The Corporation’s business and operations are subject to risks related to climate change.
The long-term effects of global climate change could present both physical risks and transition risks (such as regulatory, supply chain, or technology changes), which could be widespread and unpredictable. These changes over time could affect the availability and cost of raw materials, commodities, and energy (including utilities), which in turn may impact the Corporation’s ability to procure goods or services required for the operation of the Corporation’s business at the quantities and levels the Corporation requires. Additionally, the Corporation has facilities located in areas that may be impacted by the physical risks of climate change, including flooding, and faces the risk of losses incurred as a result of physical damage to its facilities and inventory as well as business interruption caused by such events. Furthermore, periods of extended inclement weather or associated flooding may inhibit construction activity utilizing the Corporation’s products and delay shipments of products to customers. The Corporation uses natural gas, diesel fuel, gasoline and electricity in its operations, all of which could face increased regulation as a result of climate change or other environmental concerns. The increased prevalence of global climate issues may result in new regulations that negatively impact the Corporation, including regulations limiting emissions from, or restricting the use of wood, coal, natural gas, or other fuel sources in, fireplaces and heating appliances, which may impair the Corporation’s ability to market and sell those products. Any such events could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s costs or results of operations.
A continued shortage of qualified labor could negatively affect the Corporation’s business and materially reduce earnings.
The Corporation has experienced shortages of qualified labor across its operations. Outside suppliers that the Corporation relies upon have also experienced shortages of qualified labor. The success of the Corporation’s operations depends on its ability, and the ability of third parties upon which the Corporation relies, to identify, recruit, develop, and retain qualified and talented individuals in order to supply and deliver the Corporation’s products. A shortage of qualified labor could have a negative effect on the Corporation’s business. Member recruitment, development, and retention efforts may not be successful, which could result in a shortage of qualified individuals in future periods. Any such shortage could decrease the Corporation’s ability to effectively produce workplace furnishings and residential building products and meet customer demand. Such a shortage would also likely lead to higher wages for employees (or higher costs to purchase the services of such third parties) and a corresponding reduction in the Corporation’s results of operations. A shortage of qualified labor in certain geographies, particularly with plant production workers, could result in increased costs from certain temporary wage actions, such as hiring and referral bonus programs. Such shortages for a prolonged period of time could have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s operating results.
The Corporation’s failure to retain its existing management team, maintain its engineering, finance, technical, and manufacturing process expertise, or continue to attract qualified personnel could adversely affect the Corporation’s business.
The Corporation depends significantly on its executive officers and other key personnel. The Corporation’s success is also dependent on keeping pace with technological advancements and adapting services to provide manufacturing capabilities that meet customers’ changing needs. To do that, the Corporation must retain qualified engineering and technical personnel and successfully anticipate and respond to technological changes in a cost effective and timely manner. The Corporation focuses on continuous training, motivation, and development of its members, and it strives to attract and retain qualified personnel. Failure to retain the Corporation’s executive officers and retain and attract other key personnel could adversely affect the Corporation’s business.
The Corporation’s strategy is partially based on growth through acquisitions or strategic alliances. Failure to properly identify, value, and manage acquisitions or alliances may negatively affect the Corporation’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
One of the Corporation’s growth strategies is to supplement its organic growth through acquisitions and strategic alliances, which may include transactions with other manufacturers of workplace furnishings and residential building products or distributors of workplace furnishings and residential building products. The Corporation may not be successful in identifying suitable acquisition or alliance opportunities, prevailing against competing potential acquirers, negotiating appropriate acquisition terms, obtaining financing, completing proposed acquisitions or alliances, or expanding into new markets or product categories. If the Corporation fails to effectively identify, value, consummate, or manage any acquired company, it may not realize the potential growth opportunities or achieve the financial results anticipated at the time of the acquisition or alliance. An acquisition or alliance could also adversely impact the Corporation’s operating performance or cash flow due to, among other things, the issuance of acquisition-related debt, pre-acquisition assumed liabilities, undisclosed facts about the business, or acquisition expense. The Corporation’s ability to grow through future acquisitions will depend, in part, on the availability of suitable acquisition candidates at an acceptable price, the ability to compete effectively for these acquisition candidates, and the availability of capital to
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complete the acquisitions. Any potential acquisition may not be successful and could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, or financial condition.
The Corporation may not be able to successfully integrate and manage acquired businesses and alliances.
One of the Corporation’s growth strategies is to supplement its organic growth through acquisitions and strategic alliances. The benefits of acquisitions or alliances may take more time than expected to develop or integrate into operations. In addition, an acquisition or alliance may not perform as anticipated, be accretive to earnings, or prove to be beneficial to the Corporation’s operations and cash flow. Acquisitions and alliances involve a number of risks, including:
•diversion of management’s attention;
•difficulties in assimilating the operations and products of an acquired business or in realizing projected efficiencies, cost savings and revenue synergies;
•potential loss of key employees or customers of the acquired businesses or adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;
•negative impact on member morale and performance as a result of job changes and reassignments;
•reallocation of amounts of capital from other operating initiatives or an increase in leverage and debt service requirements to pay the acquisition purchase prices, which could in turn restrict the ability to access additional capital when needed or to pursue other important elements of the business strategy;
•inaccurate assessment of undisclosed, contingent, or other liabilities or problems and unanticipated costs associated with the acquisition;
•possible tax costs or inefficiencies associated with integrating the operations of a combined company; and
•incorrect estimates made in accounting for acquisitions, incurrence of non-recurring charges, and write-off of significant amounts of goodwill that could adversely affect the financial results.
Goodwill and other intangible assets represent a significant amount of the Corporation’s total assets, and an impairment charge would adversely affect the Corporation’s financial results.
Goodwill and other acquired intangible assets with indefinite lives are recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition and are not amortized, but reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change making it reasonably possible an impairment may exist. In evaluating the potential for impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets, the Corporation makes assumptions regarding future operating performance, business trends and market and economic performance, and the Corporation’s sales, operating margins, growth rates and discount rates. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors. If the Corporation experiences disruptions in its business, unexpected significant declines in operating results, a divestiture of a significant component of its business, declines in the market value of equity, or other factors causing the Corporation’s goodwill or intangible assets to be impaired, the Corporation could be required to recognize additional non-cash impairment charges, which would adversely affect the results of operations. See "Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" for information on impairment charges.
Increasing healthcare costs could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, and financial condition.
The Corporation provides healthcare benefits to the majority of its members and is self-insured. Healthcare costs have continued to rise over time, which increases the annual spending on healthcare and could adversely affect the Corporation’s business, operating results, and financial condition.
The Corporation’s international operations expose it to risks related to conducting business in multiple jurisdictions outside the United States.
The Corporation manufactures, markets, and sells products in international markets.
The Corporation’s international sales and operations are subject to a number of additional risks, including:
•social and political turmoil, official corruption, and civil and labor unrest;
•restrictive government actions, including the imposition of trade quotas and tariffs and restrictions on transfers of funds;
•changes in labor laws and regulations affecting the ability to hire, retain, or dismiss employees;
•the need to comply with multiple and potentially conflicting laws and regulations, including environmental and corporate laws and regulations;
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•the failure of the Corporation’s compliance programs and internal training to prevent violations of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws;
•preference for locally branded products and laws and business practices favoring local competition;
•less effective protection of intellectual property and increased possibility of loss due to cyber-theft and ransomware attacks;
•unfavorable business conditions or economic instability in any country or region;
•infrastructure disruptions;
•potentially conflicting cultural and business practices;
•difficulty in obtaining distribution and support; and
•changes to border taxes or other international tax reforms.
These risks may be elevated given the current uncertainties around the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing disputes and increased tensions related to global trade, and complexities with foreign regulatory environments including the decreased ability of United States regulators to exercise oversight of subsidiaries of United States companies based in certain international jurisdictions.
Additionally, the Corporation primarily sells products and reports the financial results in United States dollars; however, increased business in countries outside the United States creates exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Paying expenses in other currencies can result in a significant increase or decrease in the amount of those expenses in terms of United States dollars, which may affect profits. In the future, any foreign currency appreciation relative to the United States dollar would increase expenses that are denominated in that currency. Additionally, as the Corporation reports currency in the United States dollar, the financial position is affected by the strength of the currencies in countries where the Corporation has operations relative to the strength of the United States dollar.
Further, certain countries have complex regulatory systems that impose administrative and legal requirements, which make managing international operations more difficult, including approvals to transfer funds among certain countries. If the Corporation is unable to provide financial support to the international operations in a timely manner, its business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
The Corporation periodically reviews foreign currency exposure and evaluates whether it should enter into hedging transactions. As of the date of this report and for the period presented, the Corporation has not utilized any currency hedging instruments.
The Corporation’s sales to the United States federal, state, and local governments are subject to uncertain future funding levels and federal, state, and local procurement laws and are governed by restrictive contract terms; any of these factors could limit current or future business.
The Corporation derives a portion of its revenue from sales to various United States federal, state, and local government agencies and departments. The ability to compete successfully for and retain business with the United States government, as well as with state and local governments, is highly dependent on cost-effective performance. This government business is highly sensitive to changes in procurement laws, national, international, state, and local public priorities, and budgets at all levels of government, which frequently experience downward pressure and are subject to uncertainty, including the potential for a temporary shutdown of the United States federal government.
The Corporation’s contracts with government entities are subject to various statutes and regulations that apply to companies doing business with the government. The United States government, as well as state and local governments, can typically terminate or modify their contracts either for their convenience or if the Corporation defaults by failing to perform under the terms of the applicable contract. A termination arising out of default could expose the Corporation to liability and impede its ability to compete in the future for contracts and orders with agencies and departments at all levels of government. Moreover, the Corporation is subject to investigation and audit for compliance with the requirements governing government contracts, including requirements related to procurement integrity, export controls, employment practices, the accuracy of records, and reporting of costs. If the Corporation were found to not be a responsible supplier or to have committed fraud or certain criminal offenses, it could be suspended or debarred from all further federal, state, or local government contracting.
The Corporation relies on information technology systems to manage numerous aspects of the business and a disruption or failure of these systems could adversely affect business, operating results, and financial condition.
The Corporation relies upon information technology networks and systems to process, transmit, and store electronic information, as well as to manage numerous aspects of the business and provide information to management. Additionally, the Corporation
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collects and stores sensitive data of its customers, suppliers, and members in data centers and on information technology networks. The secure operation of these information technology networks, and the processing and maintenance of this information is critical to business operations and strategy. These networks and systems, despite security and precautionary measures, are vulnerable to, among other things, damage and interruption from power loss or natural disasters, computer system and network failures, loss of telecommunications services, physical and electronic loss of data, security breaches, hackers, and employee misuse. The Corporation has, and may in the future, face unauthorized attempts by hackers seeking to harm the Corporation or, as a result of industrial espionage or ransomware, to penetrate the Corporation’s network security and gain access to its systems, steal intellectual or other proprietary data, including design, sales or personally identifiable information, introduce malicious software, or interrupt the Corporation’s internal systems, manufacturing or distribution. Though the Corporation attempts to detect and prevent these incidents, it may not be successful. In addition, the Corporation is subject to data privacy and other similar laws in various jurisdictions. If the Corporation is the target of a cybersecurity attack, computer virus, physical or electronic break-in or similar disruption resulting in unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data of customers, suppliers, and members, the Corporation may be required to undertake costly notification procedures. The Corporation may also be required to expend significant additional resources to protect against the threat of security breaches or to alleviate problems, including reputational harm and litigation, caused by any breaches. Any disruption of information technology networks or systems, or access to or disclosure of information stored in or transmitted by systems, could result in legal claims and damages and loss of intellectual property or other proprietary information.
The Corporation’s results of operations and earnings may not meet guidance or expectations.
The Corporation frequently provides public guidance on the expected results of operations for future periods. This guidance comprises forward-looking statements subject to risks and uncertainties, including the risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other public filings and public statements, and is based necessarily on assumptions made at the time the Corporation provides such guidance. The guidance may not always be accurate. If, in the future, the results of operations for a particular period do not meet its guidance or the expectations of investment analysts or if the Corporation reduces its guidance for future periods, the market price of its common stock could decline significantly.
LEGAL AND REGULATORY RISKS
The Corporation is subject to extensive environmental regulation and has exposure to potential environmental liabilities.
Through the past and present operation and ownership of manufacturing facilities and real property, the Corporation is subject to extensive and changing federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations, both domestic and abroad, including those relating to discharges in air, water, and land, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances. Compliance with environmental regulations has not had a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position to date; however, compliance with current laws or more stringent laws or regulations which may be imposed in the future, stricter interpretation of existing laws or discoveries of contamination at the Corporation’s real property sites which occurred prior to ownership, or the advent of environmental regulation may require additional expenditures in the future, some of which may be material.
Costs related to product defects could adversely affect the Corporation’s profitability.
The Corporation incurs various expenses related to product defects, including product warranty costs, product recall and retrofit costs, and product liability costs. These expenses relative to product sales vary and could increase. The Corporation uses chemicals and materials in products and includes components in products from external suppliers, which are believed to be safe and appropriate for their designated use; however, harmful effects may later become known, which could subject the Corporation to litigation and significant losses. The Corporation maintains reserves for product defect-related costs but there can be no certainty these reserves will be adequate to cover actual claims. Incorrect estimates or any significant increase in the rate of product defect expenses could have a material adverse effect on operations.
Iowa law and provisions in the Corporation’s charter documents may have the effect of preventing or hindering a change in control and adversely affecting the market price of its common stock.
The Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation give the Corporation’s Board of Directors ("Board") the authority to issue up to two million shares of preferred stock and to determine the rights and preferences of the preferred stock without obtaining shareholder approval. The existence of this preferred stock could make it more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of the Corporation by means of a tender offer, merger, proxy contest, or otherwise. Furthermore, this preferred stock could be issued
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with other rights, including economic rights, senior to common stock, thereby having a potentially adverse effect on the market price of the Corporation’s common stock.
The Board is divided into three classes. The Corporation’s classified Board, along with other provisions of the Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Iowa corporate law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Corporation or remove the Corporation’s directors by means of a proxy contest, even if doing so would be beneficial to shareholders. Additionally, the Corporation may, in the future, adopt measures (such as a shareholder rights plan or "poison pill") that could have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing an unsolicited takeover, even if such a change in control were at a premium price or favored by a majority of unaffiliated shareholders. These measures may be adopted without any further vote or action by the shareholders.
An inability to protect the Corporation’s intellectual property could have a significant impact on the business.
The Corporation attempts to protect its intellectual property rights, both in the United States and in foreign countries, through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as licensing agreements and third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements. Because of the differences in foreign trademark, copyright, patent, and other laws concerning proprietary rights, intellectual property rights do not generally receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they do in the United States. In some countries, the Corporation has limited protections, if any, for its intellectual property. The degree of protection offered by the claims of the various patents, copyrights, trademarks, and service marks may not be broad enough to provide significant proprietary protection or competitive advantages to the Corporation, and patents, copyrights, trademarks, or service marks may not be issued on pending or contemplated applications. In addition, not all of the Corporation’s products are covered by patents or similar intellectual property protections. It is also possible that patents, copyrights, trademarks, and service marks may be challenged, invalidated, canceled, narrowed, or circumvented.
In the past, certain products have been copied and sold by others. The Corporation tries to enforce its intellectual property rights, but has to make choices about where and how to pursue enforcement and where to seek and maintain intellectual property protection. In many cases, the cost of enforcing rights is substantial, and the Corporation may determine that the costs of enforcement outweigh the potential benefits.
If third parties claim that the Corporation infringes upon their intellectual property rights, the Corporation may incur liabilities and costs and may have to redesign or discontinue an infringing product.
The Corporation faces the risk of claims that it has infringed upon third parties’ intellectual property rights. Companies operating in the Corporation’s industry routinely seek patent protection for their product designs, and many of the principal competitors have large patent portfolios. Prior to launching major new products in the key markets, the Corporation normally evaluates existing intellectual property rights. However, competitors and suppliers may have filed for patent protection, which is not, at the time of the evaluation, a matter of public knowledge. The Corporation’s efforts to identify and avoid infringing upon third parties’ intellectual property rights may not always be successful. Any claims of patent or other intellectual property infringement, even those without merit, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, cause the Corporation to cease making, licensing, or using products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property, require the Corporation to redesign, re-engineer, or re-brand the products or packaging, if feasible, or require the Corporation to enter into royalty or licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use a third party’s intellectual property.
FINANCING RISKS
Restrictions imposed by the terms of the Corporation’s debt agreements limit the Corporation’s operating and financial flexibility.
The Corporation’s credit facility and other financing arrangements limit the ability of the Corporation to finance operations, service debt, or engage in other business activities that may be in its interests. Specifically, the debt agreements restrict its ability to incur additional indebtedness, create or incur certain liens with respect to any properties or assets, engage in lines of business substantially different than those currently conducted, sell, lease, license, or dispose of certain assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, make certain restricted payments or take certain restricted actions, and enter into certain sale-leaseback arrangements. The debt agreements also require the Corporation to maintain certain financial covenants.
The failure to comply with the obligations under the debt agreements may result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, may cause accelerated repayment of the indebtedness under the agreements. The Corporation cannot be certain it will
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have sufficient funds available to pay any accelerated repayments or will have the ability to refinance accelerated repayments on favorable terms or at all.
The Corporation may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms.
The Corporation’s capital requirements depend on many factors, including its need for capital improvements, tooling, research and development, and acquisitions. To the extent existing cash, available borrowings, and cash flows are insufficient to meet these requirements, the Corporation may need to raise additional funds through financings or curtail its growth and reduce the Corporation’s assets. Future borrowings or financings may not be available under the credit facility or otherwise in an amount sufficient to enable the Corporation to pay its debt or meet its liquidity needs.
Any equity or debt financing, if available, could have unfavorable terms. In addition, financings could result in dilution to shareholders or the securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of the Corporation’s common stock. If the need for capital arises because of significant losses, the occurrence of these losses may make it more difficult to raise the necessary capital.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
The Corporation maintains its corporate headquarters in Muscatine, Iowa, conducting operations at locations throughout the United States as well as in India and Mexico, which house manufacturing, distribution, and retail operations and offices totaling an aggregate of approximately 8.4 million square feet. Of this total, approximately 2.9 million square feet are leased.
Although the manufacturing facilities are of varying ages, the Corporation believes they are well maintained, equipped with modern and efficient machinery and tooling, in good operating condition, and suitable for the purposes for which they are being used. The Corporation has sufficient capacity to increase output at most locations by increasing the use of overtime or the number of production shifts employed.
The Corporation’s principal manufacturing and distribution facilities (100,000 square feet or larger in size) are as follows:

|  | Number of Facilities |  | Square Feet (in thousands)
Location |  | Workplace Furnishings | Residential Building Products |  | Owned | Leased
Muscatine, IA |  | 6 | — |  | 2,211 | —
Lake City, MN |  | — | 2 |  | 342 | —
Other U.S. |  | 9 | 6 |  | 1,966 | 1,556
Outside U.S. |  | 2 | — |  | 355 | 159

There are no major encumbrances on Corporation-owned properties. Refer to the Property, Plant, and Equipment section in "Consolidated Balance Sheets" for related cost, accumulated depreciation, and net book value data.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The Corporation is involved in various disputes and legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of its business, including pending litigation, environmental remediation, taxes, and other claims. It is the Corporation’s opinion, after consultation with legal counsel, that liabilities, if any, resulting from these matters are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s financial condition, cash flows, or on the Corporation’s quarterly or annual operating results when resolved in a future period. For more information regarding legal proceedings, see "Note 15. Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Table I
Information about Executive Officers

Name |  | Age |  | Family Relationship |  | Position |  | Position Held Since |  | Other Business Experience During Past Five Years
Vincent P. Berger |  | 50 |  | None |  | Executive Vice President, HNI Corporation President, Hearth & Home Technologies |  | 2018 2016 |  |
Steven M. Bradford |  | 65 |  | None |  | Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary |  | 2015 |  |
Marshall H. Bridges |  | 53 |  | None |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | 2018 |  | Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (2017-2018)
B. Brandon Bullock |  | 45 |  | None |  | President, The HON Company |  | 2018 |  | Advanced Development and Innovation Leader, Whirlpool Corporation (2017-2018)
Jason D. Hagedorn |  | 49 |  | None |  | President, Allsteel, Inc. |  | 2020 |  | VP & GM, Product Strategy and Finance, HNI Corporation (2017-2020)
Jeffrey D. Lorenger |  | 57 |  | None |  | Chairman President and Chief Executive Officer |  | 2020 2018 |  | President, Office Furniture, HNI Corporation (2017-2018)
Donna D. Meade |  | 57 |  | None |  | Vice President, Member and Community Relations |  | 2014 |  |

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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Corporation’s common stock is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol HNI. As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation had approximately 5,804 shareholders of record.
EQ Shareowner Services, St. Paul, Minnesota, serves as the Corporation’s transfer agent and registrar of its common stock. Shareholders may report a change of address or make inquiries by writing or calling: EQ Shareowner Services, P.O. Box 64874, St. Paul, MN 55164-0854, or 800-468-9716.
The Corporation expects to continue its policy of paying regular quarterly cash dividends. Dividends have been paid each quarter since the Corporation paid its first dividend in 1955. The average dividend payout percentage for the most recent three-year period has been 75 percent of prior year earnings. Future dividends are dependent on future earnings, capital requirements, and the Corporation’s financial condition, and are declared in the sole discretion of the Board.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities:
The Corporation repurchases shares under previously announced plans authorized by the Board. The Corporation’s most recent share purchase authorization from May 17, 2022, provides for repurchase of an additional $200 million with no specific expiration date. The authorization does not obligate the Corporation to purchase any shares and the authorization may be terminated, increased, or decreased by the Board at any time. No repurchase plans expired or were terminated during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, and no plans are expected to expire or terminate.
The Corporation did not repurchase any of its shares during the fourth quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, $234.0 million was authorized and available for the repurchase of shares by the Corporation.

Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion of the Corporation’s historical results of operations and of its liquidity and capital resources should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Corporation and related notes. All dollar amounts presented are in millions, except per share data or where otherwise indicated. Amounts may not sum due to rounding. Statements that are not historical are forward-looking and involve risks and uncertainties. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and the Forward-Looking Statements section within "Item 1. Business" for further information.
Overview
The Corporation has two reportable segments: workplace furnishings and residential building products. The Corporation is a leading global designer and provider of commercial furnishings, and a leading manufacturer and marketer of hearth products. The Corporation utilizes a decentralized business model to deliver value to customers via various brands and selling models. The Corporation is focused on growing its existing businesses while seeking out and developing new opportunities for growth.
In 2022, the Corporation achieved solid gross and operating margin improvement and strong earnings growth, despite a weakening macroeconomic environment that drove softer demand, particularly in the second half of the year. Strong price realization in both reportable segments drove higher sales and helped the Corporation recover the unfavorable price-cost impact experienced in the prior year due to the rapid onset of material, freight, and labor cost inflation in 2021. In workplace furnishings, business simplification plans and capacity actions, including restructuring of an eCommerce business, the addition of a new manufacturing facility in Mexico, and the divestiture of Lamex, have favorably impacted margins and are expected to deliver improved segment profitability going forward. In residential building products, higher mortgage rates and macroeconomic concerns in 2022 have started to pressure volumes in this market, coming off several periods of historically strong sales and profit performance driven by COVID-19 pandemic-induced trends. However, the Corporation’s category-leading position and favorable housing demographics support the expectation of solid demand over the long-term in this segment. In spite of elevating economic pressures during the year, the Corporation maintained a solid balance sheet, which supported a strong level of investment in the business to allow for the continued execution of strategic initiatives.
Consolidated net sales for 2022 were $2.362 billion, an increase of 8.1 percent compared to net sales of $2.184 billion in the prior year. The change was driven by a 16.7 percent increase in the residential building products segment, and 3.6 percent year-over-year sales growth in the workplace furnishings segment. The acquisition of residential building products companies added incremental year-over-year sales of $43.7 million, and the divestiture of Lamex reduced year-over-year sales by $48.7 million. See "Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Net income attributable to the Corporation in 2022 was $123.9 million compared to net income of $59.8 million in 2021. The increase was driven by favorable price-cost and a net gain on the sale of Lamex of $49.4 million, partially offset by reduced net productivity, higher investment spend, and increased expenses related to restructuring, impairment, and cost reduction initiatives.
In preparation for continued pressure from lower volumes heading into 2023, the Corporation initiated corporate-wide cost savings actions in third quarter 2022 that are estimated to save approximately $30 million on an annual basis.
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Results of Operations
The following table presents certain results of operations:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,361.8 |  |  | $ | 2,184.4 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 1,526.9 |  |  | 1,427.0 |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 834.9 |  |  | 757.4 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and administrative expenses | 723.4 |  |  | 665.6 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of subsidiary | (50.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring and impairment charges | 6.7 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 155.2 |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 81.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | 8.8 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 23.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 146.4 |  |  | 78.3 |  |  | 87.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 22.5 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 22.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | (95.7) | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to HNI Corporation | $ | 123.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | 107.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

As a Percentage of Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 35.4 |  |  | 34.7 |  |  | 70 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling and administrative expenses | 30.6 |  |  | 30.5 |  |  | 10 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of subsidiary | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 210 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring and impairment charges | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating income | 6.6 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | 270 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 1.0 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 20 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to HNI Corporation | 5.2 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 250 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |

Net Sales
Consolidated net sales for 2022 increased 8.1 percent compared to the prior year. The change was driven by price realization in both the residential building products and workplace furnishings segments, along with higher residential building products volume, partially offset by lower volume in the workplace furnishings segment. The lower workplace volume was primarily driven by restructuring of an eCommerce business, which resulted in unfavorable year-over-year sales impact of approximately 5 percent. Also affecting the year-over-year sales comparison was a $48.7 million unfavorable impact from the sale of Lamex, and a $43.7 million favorable impact from acquiring residential building products businesses.
Gross Profit
Gross profit as a percentage of net sales increased 70 basis points in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily driven by favorable price-cost, which was partially offset by operational investments and reduced net productivity. Favorable price-cost was attributable to the Corporation’s ability to implement price increases in response to recent inflationary pressures which have driven up the cost of labor, materials and transportation.
Selling and Administrative Expenses
Selling and administrative expenses ("SG&A") as a percentage of net sales increased 10 basis points in 2022 compared to 2021, driven by lower workplace furnishings volume, higher freight costs, and increased investment spend, partially offset by price realization.
Selling and administrative expenses include freight expense for shipments to customers, research and development costs, and amortization of intangible assets. Refer to "Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and "Note 6. Goodwill and
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Other Intangible Assets" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the comparative expense levels for these items.
Gain on Sale of Subsidiary
In the current year, the Corporation recorded a pre-tax gain of $50.4 million as a result of the divestiture of Lamex in July 2022.
Restructuring and Impairment Charges
In the current year and prior year, the Corporation recorded restructuring and impairment charges primarily related to efforts to drive business simplification and improve long-term profitability in the workplace furnishings segment, including the restructuring of an eCommerce business. Charges include:

| 2022 |  | 2021
Cost of sales - restructuring charges | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |
Restructuring and impairment charges | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 6.3 |

Refer to "Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" and "Note 17. Restructuring and Impairment Charges" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding restructuring and impairment charges.
Operating Income
For 2022, operating income as a percentage of net sales increased 270 basis points compared to 2021. The increase was driven by favorable price-cost and gain on the sale of Lamex, partially offset by reduced net productivity and higher investment spend.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net was $8.8 million and $7.2 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase was driven by increased borrowings during 2022 and higher interest rates on the Corporation’s variable-rate revolving credit facility.
Income Taxes
The following table summarizes the Corporation’s income tax provision:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Income before income taxes | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 78.3 |  |  |
Income tax expense | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 18.5 |  |  |
Effective tax rate | 15.4 | % |  | 23.6 | % |  |

The income tax provision reflects a lower rate in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily due to the sale of the Lamex business in July 2022. This transaction created valuation adjustment tax benefits related to existing deferred tax assets, as well as basis differences, which significantly reduced the Corporation’s full year effective tax rate. See "Note 8. Income Taxes" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information relating to income taxes.
Net Income Attributable to HNI Corporation
Net income attributable to the Corporation was $123.9 million or $2.94 per diluted share in 2022 compared to $59.8 million or $1.36 per diluted share in 2021.
Comparison of Fiscal Year Ended January 1, 2022 with the Fiscal Year Ended January 2, 2021
To review commentary for the consolidated and segment-level results of operations comparison of the fiscal year ended January 1, 2022 with the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021, please refer to Item 7 of the Corporation’s Form 10-K filed March 1, 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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Workplace Furnishings
The following table presents certain results of operations in the workplace furnishings segment:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 1,486.2 |  |  | $ | 1,434.0 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit (loss) | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | (0.5) |  |  | 734.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit (loss) % | 0.2 | % |  | (0.0) | % |  | 20 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |

Net sales in 2022 for the workplace furnishings segment increased 3.6 percent compared to 2021. The impact of the sale of Lamex in the third quarter of 2022 decreased net sales by $48.7 million compared to prior year. Aside from this item, segment sales were up 7.3 percent, primarily driven by price realization across most customer segments along with volume growth in the international and small and medium-sized business customer segments, partially offset by lower eCommerce and contract customer volume. The contract customer business was negatively affected by macroeconomic uncertainty which impacted return-to-office plans and investments by large corporate customers. Lower eCommerce volume was due to the previously announced restructuring of an eCommerce business, and had an unfavorable impact of approximately 8 percent on workplace furnishings year-over-year sales.
Operating profit as a percentage of net sales increased 20 basis points in 2022 compared to 2021, driven by favorable price-cost and improved mix, partially offset by increased investments, reduced net productivity, and lower volume.
Residential Building Products
The following table presents certain results of operations in the residential building products segment:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 875.6 |  |  | $ | 750.4 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit | $ | 158.7 |  |  | $ | 141.9 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating profit % | 18.1 | % |  | 18.9 | % |  | -80 | bps |  |  |  |  |  |

Net sales in 2022 for the residential building products segment increased 16.7 percent compared to 2021, driven by price realization and volume growth in both the new construction and existing home channels. Included in the 2022 sales results was a $43.7 million favorable impact from acquiring residential building products companies.
Operating profit as a percentage of net sales decreased 80 basis points in 2022 compared to 2021. The decrease was driven by the impact of acquisitions, higher SG&A, and reduced net productivity, partially offset by favorable price-cost and higher volume.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments totaled $19.5 million at the end of 2022, compared to $53.7 million at the end of 2021. These funds, coupled with cash flow from future operations, borrowing capacity under the Corporation’s existing credit agreement, and the ability to access capital markets, are expected to be adequate to fund operations and satisfy cash flow needs for at least the next twelve months. Based on current earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, the Corporation can access the full $400 million of borrowing capacity available under the revolving credit facility, which includes the $89 million currently outstanding, and maintain compliance with applicable covenants. As of the end of 2022, $1.1 million of cash was held overseas and considered permanently reinvested. If such amounts were repatriated, it could result in additional foreign withholding and state tax expense to the Corporation. The Corporation does not believe treating this cash as permanently reinvested will have any impact on the ability of the Corporation to meet its obligations as they come due.
Cash Flow – Operating Activities
Operating activities were a source of $81.2 million of cash in 2022, compared to a source of $131.6 million cash in 2021. The lower cash generation compared to the prior year was primarily due to changes in working capital. Changes in working capital balances resulted in a $72.7 million use of cash in 2022 compared to a $34.4 million use of cash in the prior year. As demand moderated toward the end of 2022, and a company-wide cost savings initiative was put into place, the Corporation’s accounts payable and accrued expense balances were reduced, resulting in a net use of cash.
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The Corporation places special emphasis on management and control of working capital, including accounts receivable and inventory. Management believes recorded trade receivable valuation allowances at the end of 2022 are adequate to cover the risk of potential bad debts. Allowances for non-collectible trade receivables, as a percent of gross trade receivables, totaled 1.5 percent and 1.2 percent at the end of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Corporation’s inventory turns were 8.4 and 8.9 for 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Cash Flow – Investing Activities
Capital expenditures, including capitalized software, were $68.4 million in 2022 and $66.5 million in 2021. These expenditures are primarily focused on machinery, equipment, and tooling required to support new products, continuous improvements, and cost savings initiatives in manufacturing processes. Additionally, in support of the Corporation’s long-term strategy to create effortless winning experiences for customers, the Corporation continues to invest in technology. The Corporation anticipates capital expenditures for 2023 in an estimated range of $60 million to $70 million.
Cash Flow – Financing Activities
Debt - The Corporation maintains a revolving credit facility as the primary source of committed funding from which the Corporation finances its planned capital expenditures, strategic initiatives, and seasonal working capital needs. In the second quarter 2022, this facility was amended and the maturity extended until June 2027 with a revised maximum borrowing capacity of $400 million. Cash flows included in financing activities represent periodic borrowings and repayments under the revolving credit facility. See "Note 7. Debt" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Dividend - The Corporation is committed to maintaining or modestly growing the quarterly dividend. Cash dividends declared and paid per share are as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Dividends per common share | $ | 1.270 |  |  | $ | 1.235 |  |  |

The last quarterly dividend increase was from $0.31 to $0.32 per common share effective with the June 8, 2022 dividend payment for shareholders of record at the close of business on May 27, 2022. The average dividend payout percentage for the most recent three-year period has been 75 percent of prior year earnings or 28 percent of prior year cash flow from operating activities.
Stock Repurchase - The Corporation’s capital strategy related to stock repurchase is focused on offsetting the dilutive impact of issuances for various compensation-related matters. The Corporation may elect to opportunistically purchase additional shares based on excess cash generation and/or share price considerations. The Board most recently authorized $200 million on May 17, 2022, for repurchases of the Corporation’s common stock. See "Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Shareholders’ Equity" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Sales of Stock - The Corporation records cash flows received from the sale of its common stock held in treasury, primarily in connection with stock option exercises and the HNI Corporation Members’ Stock Purchase Plan. See "Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Shareholders’ Equity" and "Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Cash Requirements
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation has the following obligations and commitments to make future payments:
Purchase Obligations - The Corporation’s purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable, legally binding, and specify all significant terms, including the quantity to be purchased, the price to be paid, and the timing of the purchase. Estimated purchase obligations total $149 million during 2023 and $4 million thereafter.
Debt - Debt principal obligations are approximately $1 million during 2023, and $189 million thereafter. Interest obligations from debt are estimated to be approximately $9 million during 2023 and $31 million thereafter. Refer to "Note 7. Debt" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Deferred Compensation - Deferred compensation obligations, which include both cash and Corporation stock, are expected to be approximately $0.5 million during 2023 and $6.6 million thereafter. Refer to "Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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Post-Retirement Benefit Plan - Post-retirement benefit plan payments are expected to be approximately $1 million during 2023 and $11 million in aggregate from 2024 through 2031. Refer to "Note 13. Post-Retirement Health Care" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Operating and Finance Leases - Operating and finance lease obligations are expected to be approximately $27 million during 2023 and $94 million thereafter. In addition the Corporation has approximately $65 million in commitments related to leases which have been signed but not commenced as of the end of 2022; these commitments primarily relate to a manufacturing facility under construction. Refer to "Note 14. Leases" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Other Obligations - Other long-term obligations of approximately $10 million are primarily comprised of uncertain tax and put option liabilities. Additionally, in 2022 the Corporation entered into a long-term commitment to purchase solar energy from a local utility to satisfy a portion of the Corporation’s electricity demand in the Muscatine, IA area. The project is currently estimated to commence in 2025 with the Corporation’s future commitment approximating $13 million. For the Corporations’s estimated future obligations related to product warranties and self-insured liabilities, refer to "Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Litigation and Uncertainties
See "Note 15. Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Looking Ahead
The Corporation continues to navigate near-term uncertainty driven by macroeconomic conditions including the impacts of the pandemic and recent dynamics around labor availability, supply chain capacity, and cost inflation. However, management remains optimistic about the long-term prospects in the workplace furnishings and residential building products markets. Management believes the Corporation continues to compete well and remains confident the investments made in the business will continue to generate strong returns for shareholders.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
General
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon the Consolidated Financial Statements, prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Senior management has discussed the development, selection, and disclosure of these estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the financial statements. Management believes the following critical accounting policy reflects its more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Self-Insurance
The Corporation is primarily self-insured or carries high deductibles for general, auto, and product liability, workers’ compensation, and certain employee health benefits. The general, auto, product, and workers’ compensation liabilities are managed via a wholly-owned insurance captive, with estimated liabilities of $23.8 million and $26.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively, included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain risk exposures are mitigated through the use of independent third party stop loss insurance coverages.
The Corporation’s policy is to accrue amounts in accordance with the actuarial determined liabilities. The actuarial valuations are based on historical and current factors such as cost experience, claim frequency, and demographic information, along with certain assumptions about future events including legal actions, medical cost inflation, the number or severity of claims, and the magnitude and change of actual experience development. No changes were made to the methodologies utilized to estimate self-insurance reserves in 2022. While the recorded amounts are sensitive to the assumptions and factors described herein,
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management believes that such assumptions and actuarial methods used to determine self-insurance reserves are reasonable and provide an appropriate basis for estimating the liabilities. However, inherent uncertainty due to variability in the facts and circumstances of individual claims, as well as the length of time from incurrence of claims to final settlement, may result in the Corporation’s ultimate exposure differing significantly from what is currently estimated.
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation’s self-insurance reserve was accrued within an actuarial determined range, which accounts for the subjective nature of the estimate. The span of the current range is approximately $6 million.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-04, Liabilities—Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations. ASU 2022-04 enhances transparency of supplier finance programs by requiring disclosure of key terms, amounts outstanding, a rollforward of outstanding amounts, and a description of where in the financial statements outstanding amounts are presented. ASU 2022-04 is effective for the Corporation in the first quarter of fiscal 2023. While this guidance will not impact the financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows of the Corporation, management is currently evaluating the impact on the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
During the normal course of business, the Corporation is subjected to market risk associated with interest rate movements. Interest rate risk arises from variable interest debt obligations. The Corporation terminated its existing interest rate swap agreement during 2022, and does not currently have any interest rate swap agreements or other derivative instruments in place.
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation had $89 million of debt outstanding under the Corporation’s $400 million revolving credit facility, which bore variable interest based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") and is subject to market risk from interest rate fluctuations. The Corporation may utilize additional borrowings over the course of the year, which will be subject to the variable borrowings rate as defined. Based on the Corporation’s variable-rate debt balance outstanding at December 31, 2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in the applicable interest rates would not have a material impact on the interest expense incurred by the Corporation.
For information related to the Corporation’s long-term debt, refer to "Note 7. Debt" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For information related to the Corporation’s interest rate swap activity, refer to "Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Shareholders’ Equity" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Corporation currently does not have significant foreign currency exposure.
The Corporation is exposed to risks arising from price changes and/or tariffs for certain direct materials and assembly components used in its operations. The most significant material purchases and cost for the Corporation are for steel, plastics, textiles, wood particleboard, and cartoning. The market price of plastics and textiles, in particular, are sensitive to the cost of oil and natural gas. All of these materials are impacted increasingly by global market conditions. The Corporation works to offset these increased costs through global sourcing initiatives, product re-engineering, and price increases on its products. Periodically margins are negatively impacted due to the lag between cost increases and the Corporation’s ability to increase its prices. The Corporation believes future market price increases on its key direct materials and assembly components are likely. Consequently, it views the prospect of such increases as a risk to the business.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements listed under Item 15(a)(1) and (2) are filed as part of this report and are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Corporation in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") is recorded, processed, summarized,
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and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation, the Corporation’s management carried out an evaluation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(e) and 15d – 15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2022, based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded these disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Controls
There have been no changes in the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the attestation report of the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm are included in "Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" of this report under the headings "Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" and "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," respectively, and management’s annual report is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
The information under the caption "Corporate Governance and Board Matters" of the Corporation’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 17, 2023 (the "2023 Proxy Statement") is incorporated herein by reference. For information with respect to executive officers of the Corporation, see "Table I - Information about our Executive Officers" included in Part I of this report.
Information relating to the identification of the audit committee and audit committee financial expert of the Corporation is contained under the caption "Directors" of the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Code of Ethics
The information under the caption "Code of Ethics" of the 2023 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information under the captions "Executive Compensation" and "Director Compensation" of the 2023 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
The information under the captions "Beneficial Ownership of the Corporation’s Stock" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" of the 2023 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information under the caption "Corporate Governance and Board Matters" of the 2023 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Chicago, IL, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
The information under the caption "Audit and Non-Audit Fees" of the 2023 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements of the Corporation and its subsidiaries included in the Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K are filed as a part of this Report pursuant to Item 8:

| Page
Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 34
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 35
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended D ecember 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021 | 37
Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022 | 38
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021 | 40
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended De cember 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021 | 41
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 42

(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore, have been omitted.
(b)Exhibits

(3.1) | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of HNI Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 2, 2010)
(3.2) | Amended and Restated By-laws of HNI Corporation, effective May 10, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 11, 2021)
(4.1) | Description of Securities of HNI Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2019)
(10.1) | Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of June 14, 2022, by and among HNI Corporation, as borrower, certain domestic subsidiaries of HNI Corporation, as guarantors, certain lenders and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 17, 2022)
(10.2) | Note Purchase Agreement, dated May 31, 2018, among HNI Corporation and the purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2018)
(10.3) | Guaranty Agreement, dated May 31, 2018, made by each of the guarantors named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2018)
(10.4) | HNI Corporation 2007 Stock-Based Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC March 23, 2015)*
(10.5) | Amended form of HNI Corporation 2007 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 22, 2018)*
(10.6) | HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Form S-8 filed May 9, 2017)*
(10.7) | Amended form of HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 22, 2018)*
(10.8) | Form of HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017)*
(10.9) | 2017 Equity Plan for Non-Employee Directors of HNI Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Form S-8 filed May 9, 2017)*

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(10.10) | Form of 2017 Equity Plan for Non-Employee Directors of HNI Corporation Participation Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017)*
(10.11) | Form of HNI Corporation Change In Control Employment Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 29, 2018)*
(10.12) | Form of HNI Corporation Amended and Restated Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 14, 2007)*
(10.13) | HNI Corporation Supplemental Income Plan (f/k/a HNI Corporation ERISA Supplemental Retirement Plan), as amended and restated (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 22, 2010)*
(10.14) | HNI Annual Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC March 23, 2015)*
(10.15) | HNI Corporation Long-Term Performance Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Regi strant’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the SEC March 23, 2015)*
(10.16) | HNI Corporation Executive Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 4, 2015)*
(10.17) | Form of HNI Corporation Executive Deferred Compensation Plan Deferral Election Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 2, 2010)*
(10.18) | HNI Corporation Directors Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 4, 2015)*
(10.19) | Form of HNI Corporation Directors Deferred Compensation Plan Deferral Election Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 2, 2010)*
(10.20) | Amended form of HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2019)*
(10.21) | Form of HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Performance Share Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 28, 2019)*
(10.22) | Amended form of HNI Corporation 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 2, 2021*
(10.23) | HNI Corporation 2021 Stock-Based Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference from Appendix A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 12, 2021)*
(10.24) | Form of HNI Corporation 2021 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 3, 2021)*
(10.25) | Form of HNI Corporation 2021 Stock-Based Compensation Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (CEO) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 3, 2021)*
(10.26) | Form of HNI Corporation 2021 Stock-Based Compensation Performance Share Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 3, 2021)*
(10.27) | Separation Agreement between HNI Corporation and Kurt Tjaden (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended October 1, 2022)*

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(21) | Subsidiaries of the Registrant+
(23.1) | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm+
(24) | Powers of Attorney (included on the signatures page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K)
(31.1) | Certification of CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
(31.2) | Certification of CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
(32.1) | Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002+
(101) | The following materials from HNI Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 are formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and filed electronically herewith: (i) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(104) | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
+ Filed or furnished herewith.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| HNI Corporation |
Date: February 28, 2023 | By: | /s/ Jeffrey D. Lorenger |
|  | Name: Jeffrey D. Lorenger |
|  | Title: Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each Director whose signature appears below authorizes and appoints Jeffrey D. Lorenger as his or her attorney-in-fact to sign and file on his or her behalf any and all amendments and post-effective amendments to this report.
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Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Jeffrey D. Lorenger |  | Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, Principal Executive Officer, and Director |  | February 28, 2023
Jeffrey D. Lorenger |  |  |  |
/s/ Marshall H. Bridges |  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Principal Financial Officer, and Principal Accounting Officer |  | February 28, 2023
Marshall H. Bridges |  |  |  |
/s/ Mary A. Bell |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Mary A. Bell |  |  |  |
/s/ Miguel M. Calado |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Miguel M. Calado |  |  |  |
/s/ Cheryl A. Francis |  | Lead Director |  | February 28, 2023
Cheryl A. Francis |  |  |  |
/s/ Patrick D. Hallinan |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Patrick D. Hallinan |  |  |  |
/s/ John R. Hartnett |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
John R. Hartnett |  |  |  |
/s/ Mary K. W. Jones |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Mary K. W. Jones |  |  |  |
/s/ Larry B. Porcellato |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Larry B. Porcellato |  |  |  |
/s/ Dhanusha Sivajee |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Dhanusha Sivajee |  |  |  |
/s/ Abbie J. Smith |  | Director |  | February 28, 2023
Abbie J. Smith |  |  |  |

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Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of HNI Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting includes those written policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of HNI Corporation;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that receipts and expenditures of HNI Corporation are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of HNI Corporation; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting includes the controls themselves, monitoring (including internal auditing practices), and actions taken to correct deficiencies as identified.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Management based this assessment on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting and testing of operational effectiveness of HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed the results of its assessment with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
Based on this assessment, management determined, as of December 31, 2022, HNI Corporation maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.
The effectiveness of HNI Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears herein.
February 28, 2023
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors
HNI Corporation:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HNI Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Workers’ compensation and product liabilities
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company reported general, auto, product, and workers’ compensation liabilities of $23.8 million. The Company is primarily self-insured and actuarial valuations are used to determine the liabilities. Those valuations are based in part on certain assumptions about legal actions and the magnitude of change in actual experience development.
We identified the evaluation of the Company’s workers’ compensation and product liabilities as a critical audit matter because of the inherent uncertainty in the amounts that will ultimately be paid to settle these claims. Assessing the Company’s estimate of the workers’ compensation and product liabilities involved assumptions that included uncertainty about legal actions and the magnitude of change in actual experience development. In addition, professionals with specialized skills and knowledge were needed to evaluate the actuarial methods and assumptions used to develop estimated liabilities.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the development of workers' compensation and product liabilities. Specifically, this included controls over the Company’s review of the methods and assumptions used to determine the liabilities. We confirmed with the Company’s legal counsel about the likelihood and magnitude of outstanding claims and legal actions. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•evaluating the qualifications of the external actuarial specialists
•examining methods, procedures, certain assumptions, and judgments used by the external actuarial specialists for consistency with accepted actuarial methods and procedures
•comparing the Company’s workers’ compensation and product liabilities to ranges of reserves independently developed based on assumptions independently determined by our actuarial professionals.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.
Chicago, Illinois
February 28, 2023
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Financial Statements

HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In millions, except per share data)
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net sales | $ | 2,361.8 |  |  | $ | 2,184.4 |  |  | $ | 1,955.4 |
Cost of sales | 1,526.9 |  |  | 1,427.0 |  |  | 1,234.2 |
Gross profit | 834.9 |  |  | 757.4 |  |  | 721.1 |
Selling and administrative expenses | 723.4 |  |  | 665.6 |  |  | 620.9 |
Gain on sale of subsidiary | (50.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and impairment charges | 6.7 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 38.8 |
Operating income | 155.2 |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 61.4 |
Interest expense, net | 8.8 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 7.0 |
Income before income taxes | 146.4 |  |  | 78.3 |  |  | 54.4 |
Income tax expense | 22.5 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 12.5 |
Net income | 123.9 |  |  | 59.8 |  |  | 41.9 |
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.0 |
Net income attributable to HNI Corporation | $ | 123.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 41.9 |
Average number of common shares outstanding – basic | 41.7 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | 42.7 |
Net income attributable to HNI Corporation per common share – basic | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Average number of common shares outstanding – diluted | 42.2 |  |  | 44.0 |  |  | 43.0 |
Net income attributable to HNI Corporation per common share – diluted | $ | 2.94 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | $ | (5.7) |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, net of tax | (0.7) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.3 |
Change in pension and post-retirement liability, net of tax | 4.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (0.9) |
Change in derivative financial instruments, net of tax | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (2.3) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (1.3) |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (1.1) |
Comprehensive income | 122.6 |  |  | 62.2 |  |  | 40.8 |
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.0 |
Comprehensive income attributable to HNI Corporation | $ | 122.6 |  |  | $ | 62.2 |  |  | $ | 40.8 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
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HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions)
| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Assets |  |  |
Current Assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 52.3 |
Short-term investments | 2.0 |  |  | 1.4 |
Receivables | 218.4 |  |  | 240.0 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (3.2) |  |  | (2.8) |
Inventories, net | 180.1 |  |  | 181.6 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 54.4 |  |  | 51.1 |
Total Current Assets | 469.2 |  |  | 523.5 |
Property, Plant, and Equipment: |  |  |
Land and land improvements | 30.8 |  |  | 30.9 |
Buildings | 275.4 |  |  | 294.5 |
Machinery and equipment | 602.6 |  |  | 593.6 |
Construction in progress | 34.2 |  |  | 29.7 |
| 942.9 |  |  | 948.7 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (590.3) |  |  | (581.9) |
Net Property, Plant, and Equipment | 352.5 |  |  | 366.8 |
Right-of-use - Finance Leases | 11.4 |  |  | 10.2 |
Right-of-use - Operating Leases | 88.4 |  |  | 82.9 |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net | 439.8 |  |  | 471.5 |
Other Assets | 53.2 |  |  | 43.1 |
Total Assets | $ | 1,414.5 |  |  | $ | 1,497.9 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
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HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In millions, except par value)
| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |
Current Liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 367.7 |  |  | $ | 473.8 |
Current maturities of debt | 1.3 |  |  | 3.2 |
Current maturities of other long-term obligations | 2.1 |  |  | 3.9 |
Current lease obligations - Finance | 3.7 |  |  | 2.8 |
Current lease obligations - Operating | 20.3 |  |  | 22.8 |
Total Current Liabilities | 395.1 |  |  | 506.4 |
Long-Term Debt | 188.8 |  |  | 174.6 |
Long-Term Lease Obligations - Finance | 7.7 |  |  | 7.4 |
Long-Term Lease Obligations - Operating | 78.9 |  |  | 63.8 |
Other Long-Term Liabilities | 66.3 |  |  | 80.7 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 61.0 |  |  | 75.0 |
Equity: |  |  |
HNI Corporation shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Capital Stock: |  |  |
Preferred stock - $1 par value, authorized 2.0 million shares, no shares outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock - $1 par value, authorized 200.0 million shares, outstanding: |  |  |
December 31, 2022 - 41.4 million shares; January 1, 2022 - 42.6 million shares | 41.4 |  |  | 42.6 |
Additional paid-in capital | 49.1 |  |  | 39.2 |
Retained earnings | 534.0 |  |  | 514.6 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (8.0) |  |  | (6.8) |
Total HNI Corporation shareholders’ equity | 616.5 |  |  | 589.6 |
Non-controlling interest | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Total Equity | 616.8 |  |  | 590.0 |
Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 1,414.5 |  |  | $ | 1,497.9 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
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HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(In millions, except per share data)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Non-controlling Interest |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance, December 28, 2019 | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | 19.8 |  |  | $ | 529.7 |  |  | $ | (8.1) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 584.4 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 41.9 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |
Impact of new accounting standard related to credit losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |
Dividends payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |
Cash dividends; $1.220 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (52.1) |
Common shares – treasury: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares purchased | (0.2) |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.4) |
Shares issued under Members’ Stock Purchase Plan and stock awards, net of tax | 0.5 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24.4 |
Balance, January 2, 2021 | $ | 42.9 |  |  | $ | 38.7 |  |  | $ | 518.0 |  |  | $ | (9.2) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 590.7 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59.8 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 59.8 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.4 |
Dividends payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.0) |
Cash dividends; $1.235 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53.7) |
Common shares – treasury: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares purchased | (1.5) |  |  | (50.4) |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60.4) |
Shares issued under Members’ Stock Purchase Plan and stock awards, net of tax | 1.2 |  |  | 51.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52.2 |
Balance, January 1, 2022 | $ | 42.6 |  |  | $ | 39.2 |  |  | $ | 514.6 |  |  | $ | (6.8) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 590.0 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 123.9 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |
Dividends payable | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Cash dividends; $1.270 per share | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53.0) |
Common shares – treasury: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares purchased | (1.7) |  |  | (11.1) |  |  | (51.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63.9) |
Shares issued under Members’ Stock Purchase Plan and stock awards, net of tax | 0.5 |  |  | 21.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21.5 |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 41.4 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | $ | 534.0 |  |  | $ | (8.0) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 616.8 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
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HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In millions)
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net Cash Flows From (To) Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 123.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 41.9 |
Non-cash items included in net income: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 84.2 |  |  | 83.1 |  |  | 77.7 |
Other post-retirement and post-employment benefits | 1.3 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.5 |
Stock-based compensation | 9.0 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 7.8 |
Deferred income taxes | (15.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (12.0) |
Restructuring and impairment charges | 6.2 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 39.6 |
Gain on sale of subsidiary | (50.4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other – net | 2.7 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 3.1 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash from operating assets and liabilities | (72.7) |  |  | (34.4) |  |  | 47.2 |
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | (7.7) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | 7.7 |
Net cash flows from (to) operating activities | 81.2 |  |  | 131.6 |  |  | 214.5 |
Net Cash Flows From (To) Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (60.0) |  |  | (53.5) |  |  | (32.3) |
Acquisition spending, net of cash acquired | (11.4) |  |  | (44.6) |  |  | (58.3) |
Capitalized software | (8.4) |  |  | (13.1) |  |  | (9.5) |
Purchase of investments | (2.8) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (4.2) |
Sales or maturities of investments | 2.3 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 3.6 |
Proceeds from sale of subsidiary, net of cash divested | 69.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other – net | 0.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |
Net cash flows from (to) investing activities | (10.7) |  |  | (111.0) |  |  | (100.4) |
Net Cash Flows From (To) Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |
Payments of debt | (401.6) |  |  | (2.6) |  |  | (83.2) |
Proceeds from debt | 413.9 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 83.3 |
Dividends paid | (53.2) |  |  | (53.8) |  |  | (52.1) |
Purchase of HNI Corporation common stock | (65.2) |  |  | (59.2) |  |  | (6.8) |
Proceeds from sales of HNI Corporation common stock | 4.7 |  |  | 31.1 |  |  | 8.1 |
Other – net | (4.0) |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | 0.6 |
Net cash flows from (to) financing activities | (105.4) |  |  | (84.5) |  |  | (50.1) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (34.8) |  |  | (63.9) |  |  | 64.0 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 52.3 |  |  | 116.1 |  |  | 52.1 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 52.3 |  |  | $ | 116.1 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
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HNI Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2022
Note 1. Nature of Operations
HNI Corporation with its subsidiaries (the "Corporation") is a provider of workplace furnishings and residential building products. Refer to "Note 16. Reportable Segment Information" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Workplace furnishings products include furniture systems, seating, storage, tables, and architectural products. These products are sold primarily through a national system of independent dealers, wholesalers, and office product distributors but also directly to end-user customers and federal, state, and local governments. Residential building products include a full array of gas, wood, electric, and pellet-fueled fireplaces, inserts, stoves, facings, outdoor fire pits and fire tables, and accessories. These products are sold through a national system of independent dealers and distributors, as well as Corporation-owned distribution and retail outlets. The Corporation’s products are marketed predominantly in the United States and Canada. The Corporation exports select products through its export subsidiary to a limited number of markets outside North America, principally the Caribbean, Latin America, and Mexico. The Corporation also manufactures and markets office furniture in India. All dollar amounts presented are in millions, except per share data or where otherwise indicated. Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
Fiscal year-end – The Corporation follows a 52/53-week fiscal year, which ends on the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal year 2022 ended on December 31, 2022, fiscal year 2021 ended on January 1, 2022, and fiscal year 2020 ended on January 2, 2021. The financial statements for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 are on a 52-week basis, while 2020 is on a 53-week basis. A 53-week year occurs approximately every sixth year.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and transactions of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments
Cash and cash equivalents generally consist of cash and money market accounts. The fair value approximates the carrying value due to the short duration of the securities. These securities have original maturity dates not exceeding three months. The Corporation has short-term investments with maturities of less than one year, as well as investments with maturities between one and five years. Management classifies investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such classification at each balance sheet date. Debt securities, including government and corporate bonds, are classified as available-for-sale and stated at current market value with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of equity, net of any related tax effect. The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains and losses on the trade date. The Corporation’s equity investment consists of an investment in a private entity and is carried at cost, as it does not have a readily determinable fair value.
Cash, cash equivalents, and investments are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
| Cash and cash equivalents |  | Short-term investments |  | Other Assets |  | Cash and cash equivalents |  | Short-term investments |  | Other Assets
Debt securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 10.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 11.9 |
Equity investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |
Cash and money market accounts | 17.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |  |  | $ | 52.3 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 14.4 |

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The following table summarizes the amortized cost basis of the debt securities:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Amortized cost basis of debt securities | $ | 13.7 |  |  | $ | 13.2 |

Immaterial unrealized gains and losses are recorded in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for these debt securities. Immaterial amounts of accrued interest receivable related to the Corporation’s portfolio are recorded in "Prepaid expenses and other current assets".
Receivables
Trade receivables are recorded at amortized cost, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is developed based on several factors including overall customer credit quality, historical write-off experience, and specific account analyses projecting the ultimate collectability of the account. In the third quarter of 2022 the Corporation adjusted its method of determining the allowance for doubtful accounts in response to increased macroeconomic uncertainty. The impact of this adjustment was not material to the consolidated financial statements. The following table summarizes the change in the allowance for doubtful accounts:

|  | Balance at beginning of period |  | Current provision and adjustments |  | Amounts written off |  | Recoveries and other |  | Divestiture of business |  | Balance at end of period
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.5) |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Year ended January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | (0.9) |  |  | $ | (1.9) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.8 |
Year ended January 2, 2021 |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | (1.7) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.5 |

Inventories
The Corporation’s residential building products inventories, and a majority of its workplace furnishings inventories, are valued at cost, on the "last-in, first-out" (LIFO) basis. Remaining inventories are generally valued at the lower of cost, on the "first-in, first-out" (FIFO) basis, or net realizable value. Inventories included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Finished products | $ | 121.0 |  |  | $ | 137.2 |
Materials and work in process | 112.8 |  |  | 92.0 |
Last-in, first-out ("LIFO") allowance | (53.7) |  |  | (47.6) |
Total inventories, net | $ | 180.1 |  |  | $ | 181.6 |
Inventory valued by the LIFO costing method | 91 | % |  | 84 | %

There were no material liquidations of previously established LIFO layers in 2022 or 2021. If only the FIFO method had been in use, inventories would have been $53.7 million and $47.6 million higher than reported as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively. The increase in the LIFO allowance from prior year end was primarily attributed to an increase in units on hand.
In addition to the LIFO allowance, the Corporation recorded inventory allowances of $14.9 million and $19.9 million as of December 31, 2022, and January 1, 2022, respectively, to adjust for excess and obsolete inventory or otherwise reduce FIFO-basis inventory to net realizable value. The year-over-year decrease was primarily due to inventory liquidations at an eCommerce business in the workplace furnishings segment.
Property, Plant, and Equipment
Property, plant, and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Major improvements that materially extend the useful lives of the assets are capitalized. Depreciation has been computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives: land improvements, 10 – 20 years; buildings, 10 – 40 years; and machinery and equipment, 3 – 12 years.
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Total depreciation expense was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Depreciation expense | $ | 53.3 |  |  | $ | 53.0 |  |  | $ | 53.4 |

Long-Lived Assets
The Corporation evaluates long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, for indicators of impairment as events or changes in circumstances occur indicating that an impairment risk may be present. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment are based on business and market conditions, operational performance, and estimated future cash flows. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired, an impairment charge is recorded to adjust the asset to its estimated fair value.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The Corporation evaluates its goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or whenever indicators of impairment exist. Asset impairment charges associated with the Corporation’s goodwill impairment testing are discussed in "Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Corporation reviews goodwill at the reporting unit level within its workplace furnishings and residential building products operating segments. These reporting units constitute components for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by segment management. The accounting standards for goodwill permit entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the quantitative test is required, the Corporation estimates the fair value of its reporting units based on an average of the income approach and the market approach. This estimated fair value is compared to the carrying value of the reporting unit and an impairment is recorded if the estimate is less than the carrying value. In the income approach, the estimate of fair value of each reporting unit is based on management’s projection of revenues, gross margin, operating costs, and cash flows considering historical and estimated future results, general economic and market conditions, as well as the impact of planned business and operational strategies. The valuations employ present value techniques to measure fair value and consider market factors. In the market approach, the Corporation utilizes the guideline company method, which involves calculating valuation multiples based on operating data from guideline publicly-traded companies. These multiples are then applied to the operating data for the reporting units and adjusted for factors similar to those used in the discounted cash flow analysis. Management believes the assumptions used for the quantitative impairment test, if required, are consistent with those utilized by a market participant in performing similar valuations of its reporting units. Management bases its fair value estimates on assumptions they believe to be reasonable at the time, but such assumptions are subject to inherent uncertainty. Actual results may differ from those estimates.
The Corporation also evaluates the fair value of indefinite-lived trade names on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or whenever an indication of impairment exists. Consistent with goodwill impairment testing, a qualitative assessment may be performed to determine whether it is more likely than not the fair value of indefinite-lived trade names is less than the carrying amount. If it is determined necessary to perform a quantitative test, the estimate of the fair value of the trade names is based on a discounted cash flows model using inputs which include: projected revenues, assumed royalty rates that would be payable if the trade names were not owned, and discount rates.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
Accounts payable and accrued expenses are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and were as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Trade accounts payable | $ | 165.3 |  |  | $ | 233.8 |
Compensation | 47.1 |  |  | 55.4 |
Profit sharing and retirement | 11.6 |  |  | 22.9 |
Accrued marketing programs | 31.3 |  |  | 31.5 |
Accrued freight | 12.5 |  |  | 19.1 |
Customer deposits | 27.3 |  |  | 27.2 |
Other accrued expenses | 72.6 |  |  | 83.9 |
| $ | 367.7 |  |  | $ | 473.8 |

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Product Warranties
The Corporation issues certain warranty policies on its workplace furnishings and residential building products that provide for repair or replacement of any covered product or component that fails during normal use because of a defect in design, materials, or workmanship. The duration of warranty policies on the Corporation’s products varies based on the type of product. Allowances have been established for the anticipated future costs associated with the Corporation’s warranty programs.
A warranty allowance is determined by recording a specific allowance for known warranty issues and an additional allowance for unknown claims expected to be incurred based on historical claims experience. Actual claims incurred could differ from the original estimates, requiring adjustments to the allowance.
Activity associated with warranty obligations was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 16.1 |  |  | $ | 15.9 |
Accruals for warranties issued during period | 9.3 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 9.4 |
Adjustments related to pre-existing warranties | (1.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.1 |
Settlements made during the period | (9.4) |  |  | (7.6) |  |  | (9.3) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 16.1 |

The current and long-term portions of the allowance for the estimated settlements are included within "Accounts payable and accrued expenses" and "Other Long-Term Liabilities", respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table summarizes when these estimated settlements are expected to be paid:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Current - in the next twelve months | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 5.4 |
Long-term - beyond one year | 9.4 |  |  | 10.6 |
| $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |

Revenue Recognition
Performance Obligations - The Corporation recognizes revenue for sales of workplace furnishings and residential building products at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment of the product. In certain circumstances, transfer of control to the customer does not occur until the goods are received by the customer or upon installation and/or customer acceptance, depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. Contracts typically have a duration of less than one year and normally do not include a significant financing component. Generally, payment is due within 30 days of invoicing.
Significant Judgments - The amount of consideration the Corporation receives and revenue recognized varies with changes in rebate and marketing program incentives, as well as early pay discounts, offered to customers. The Corporation uses significant judgment throughout the year in estimating the reduction in net sales driven by variable consideration for rebate and marketing programs. Judgments made include expected sales levels and utilization of funds. However, this judgment factor is significantly reduced at the end of each year when sales volumes and the impact to rebate and marketing programs are known and recorded as the programs typically end near the Corporation’s fiscal year end.
Accounting Policies and Practical Expedients:
•The Corporation applies the accounting policy election which allows an entity to account for shipping and handling activities that occur after control is transferred as fulfillment activities. The Corporation accrues for shipping and handling costs at the same time revenue is recognized, which is in accordance with the policy election. When shipping and handling activities occur prior to the customer obtaining control of the good(s), they are considered fulfillment activities rather than a performance obligation and the costs are accrued for as incurred.
•The Corporation applies the accounting policy election which allows an entity to exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority associated with the transaction, including sales, use, excise, value-added, and franchise taxes (collectively referred to as sales taxes). This allows the Corporation to present revenue net of these certain types of taxes.
•The Corporation applies the practical expedient which permits an entity to recognize incremental costs to obtain a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period will be less than one year.
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•The Corporation applies the practical expedient which allows an entity to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if a contract has a duration of one year or less. As the Corporation’s contracts are typically less than one year in length, consideration will not be adjusted.
•The Corporation’s backlog orders are typically cancellable for a period of time and almost all contracts have an original duration of one year or less. As a result, the Corporation elected the practical expedient not to disclose the unsatisfied performance obligation as of period end. The backlog is typically fulfilled within a few months.
Leases
Accounting Policies and Practical Expedients:
•The Corporation has made an accounting election by class of underlying assets to not separate non-lease components of a contract from the lease components to which they relate for all classes of assets except for embedded leases.
•The Corporation has elected for all asset classes to not recognize right of use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities for leases that at the acquisition date or business combination date have a remaining lease term of twelve months or less.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs relating to development of new products and processes, including significant improvements and refinements to existing products, are expensed as incurred. These costs include salaries, contractor fees, prototype costs, and administrative fees. The amounts charged against income and recorded in "Selling and administrative expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income were as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Research and development costs | $ | 47.8 |  |  | $ | 39.4 |  |  | $ | 35.3 |

Freight Expense
Freight expense on shipments to customers was recorded in "Selling and administrative expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Freight expense | $ | 142.0 |  |  | $ | 118.2 |  |  | $ | 98.4 |

The increase in freight expense from prior year was driven by diesel inflation and higher carrier rates.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Corporation measures the cost of employee services in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and generally recognizes cost over the requisite service period. See "Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
Income Taxes
The Corporation uses an asset and liability approach that takes into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions and requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Corporation’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred income taxes are provided to reflect differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Shares potentially issuable under stock options, restricted stock units, and common stock equivalents under the Corporation’s deferred compensation plans have been considered outstanding for purposes of the diluted earnings per share calculation.
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The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"):

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |
Numerator for both basic and diluted EPS attributable to HNI Corporation net income | $ | 123.9 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 41.9 |
Denominators: |  |  |  |  |
Denominator for basic EPS weighted-average common shares outstanding | 41.7 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  | 42.7 |
Potentially dilutive shares from stock-based compensation plans | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.3 |
Denominator for diluted EPS | 42.2 |  |  | 44.0 |  |  | 43.0 |
Earnings per share – basic | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 1.38 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Earnings per share – diluted | $ | 2.94 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |

The weighted-average common stock equivalents presented above do not include the effect of the common stock equivalents in the table below because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Common stock equivalents excluded because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive | 2.0 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 3.1 |

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Areas requiring significant use of management estimates relate to goodwill and intangibles, accruals for self-insured medical claims, workers’ compensation, legal contingencies, general liability and auto insurance claims, valuation of long-lived assets, and estimates of income taxes. Other areas requiring use of management estimates relate to allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory allowances, marketing program accruals, warranty accruals, and useful lives for depreciation and amortization. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Self-Insurance
The Corporation is primarily self-insured for general, auto, and product liability, workers’ compensation, and certain employee health benefits. Certain risk exposures are mitigated through the use of independent third party stop loss insurance coverages. The general, auto, product, and workers’ compensation liabilities are managed using a wholly-owned insurance captive and the related liabilities are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Current - "Accounts payable and accrued expenses" | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
Non-current - "Other Long-Term Liabilities" | 18.6 |  |  | 20.5 |
Total general, auto, product, and workers’ compensation liabilities | $ | 23.8 |  |  | $ | 26.3 |

The preceding table excludes self-insured member health benefits liabilities of $7.2 million and $5.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, respectively.
The Corporation’s policy is to accrue amounts in accordance with the actuarial determined liabilities. The actuarial valuations are based on historical information along with certain assumptions about future events. Changes in assumptions for such matters as legal actions, medical cost inflation, and magnitude of change in actual experience development could cause these estimates to change in the future.
Foreign Currency Translations
Foreign currency financial statements of foreign operations, where the local currency is the functional currency, are translated using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during the period for results of operations. Related translation adjustments are reported as a component of Shareholders’ Equity. Immaterial gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are included in "Selling and administrative expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
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Reclassifications
Certain reclassifications have been made within the financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.
Note 3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenue
Revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by product category is as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Systems and storage | $ | 889.6 |  |  | $ | 833.2 |  |  | $ | 741.2 |
Seating | 473.7 |  |  | 481.7 |  |  | 489.3 |
Other | 123.0 |  |  | 119.0 |  |  | 135.2 |
Total workplace furnishings | 1,486.2 |  |  | 1,434.0 |  |  | 1,365.7 |
Residential building products | 875.6 |  |  | 750.4 |  |  | 589.7 |
| $ | 2,361.8 |  |  | $ | 2,184.4 |  |  | $ | 1,955.4 |

Sales by product category are subject to similar economic factors and market conditions. See "Note 16. Reportable Segment Information" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about operating segments.
Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities
In addition to trade receivables, the Corporation has contract assets consisting of funds paid up-front to certain workplace furnishings dealers in exchange for their multi-year commitment to market and sell the Corporation’s products. These contract assets are amortized over the term of the contracts and recognized as a reduction of revenue. The Corporation has contract liabilities consisting of customer deposits and rebate and marketing program liabilities. Contract assets and contract liabilities were as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Trade receivables (1) | $ | 218.4 |  |  | $ | 240.0 |
Contract assets (current) (2) | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Contract assets (long-term) (3) | $ | 29.8 |  |  | $ | 18.2 |
Contract liabilities - Customer deposits (4) | $ | 27.3 |  |  | $ | 27.2 |
Contract liabilities - Accrued rebate and marketing programs (4) | $ | 31.3 |  |  | $ | 31.5 |

The index below indicates the line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets where contract assets and contract liabilities are reported:
(1) "Receivables"
(2) "Prepaid expenses and other current assets"
(3) "Other Assets"
(4) "Accounts payable and accrued expenses"
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Changes in contract asset and contract liability balances during the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

| Contract assets increase (decrease) |  | Contract liabilities (increase) decrease
Contract assets recognized | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | — |
Reclassification of contract assets to contra-revenue | (2.9) |  |  | — |
Contract liabilities recognized and recorded to contra-revenue as a result of performance obligations satisfied | — |  |  | (115.7) |
Contract liabilities paid | — |  |  | 116.0 |
Cash received in advance and not recognized as revenue | — |  |  | (144.9) |
Reclassification of cash received in advance to revenue as a result of performance obligations satisfied | — |  |  | 137.2 |
Impact of divestiture of business | — |  |  | 7.6 |
Net change | $ | 13.0 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

Changes in contract asset and contract liability balances during the year ended January 1, 2022 were as follows:

| Contract assets increase (decrease) |  | Contract liabilities (increase) decrease
Contract assets recognized | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | — |
Reclassification of contract assets to contra-revenue | (0.9) |  |  | — |
Contract liabilities recognized and recorded to contra-revenue as a result of performance obligations satisfied | — |  |  | (121.7) |
Contract liabilities paid | — |  |  | 122.1 |
Cash received in advance and not recognized as revenue | — |  |  | (115.2) |
Reclassification of cash received in advance to revenue as a result of performance obligations satisfied | — |  |  | 109.9 |
Impact of business combination | — |  |  | (0.8) |
Net change | $ | 16.4 |  |  | $ | (5.6) |

The increase in contract assets in 2022 and 2021 is due to payments made in connection with multi-year distribution agreements in the workplace furnishings segment.
Contract liabilities for customer deposits paid to the Corporation prior to the satisfaction of performance obligations are recognized as revenue upon completion of the performance obligations. The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 that was included in the January 1, 2022 contract liabilities balance was $26.7 million. The amount of revenue recognized during the year ended January 1, 2022 that was included in the January 2, 2021 contract liabilities balance was $21.1 million.
Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures
In July 2022, the Corporation closed on the sale of its China- and Hong Kong-based Lamex office furniture business ("Lamex"), which was a component of the workplace furnishings segment, to Kokuyo Co., Ltd, a leading manufacturer and provider of office furniture in Japan and across Asia, for approximately $75 million plus standard post-closing working capital adjustments, net of cash acquired by the buyer. The Corporation recorded a pre-tax gain on sale in the current year of $50.4 million that included transaction-related expenses of approximately $6 million as well as a cumulative foreign currency translation benefit of $3.3 million that was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income.
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The assets and liabilities of Lamex which were disposed of in conjunction with the sale are as follows:

| As of July 20, 2022
Assets: |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5.5 |
Receivables | 20.1 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (0.5) |
Inventories, net | 6.9 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6.4 |
Buildings | 6.2 |
Machinery and equipment | 25.9 |
Accumulated depreciation | (17.0) |
Right-of-use - Operating Leases | 5.8 |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net | 10.9 |
Total Assets | $ | 70.4 |
Liabilities: |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 36.1 |
Current lease obligations - Operating | 1.7 |
Long-Term Lease Obligations - Operating | 4.9 |
Deferred Income Taxes | 0.1 |
Total Liabilities | $ | 42.7 |

In June 2022, the Corporation acquired Dickerson Hearth Products ("Dickerson"), an installing fireplace distributor in the Raleigh, North Carolina area, for approximately $8 million. The transaction, which aligns with the Corporation’s vertical integration strategy in the residential building products market, was structured as an asset acquisition and was consummated entirely in cash. The preliminary purchase price allocation includes $7.6 million of goodwill, which include immaterial purchase price adjustments made during third and fourth quarter of 2022. The remaining assets and liabilities acquired were not material to the consolidated financial statements. The Corporation expects to finalize the allocation of the purchase price during 2023.
In December 2021, the Corporation acquired The Outdoor GreatRoom Company ("OGC"), a leading manufacturer and supplier of premium outdoor fire tables and fire pits, for approximately $15 million. This transaction, which positions the Corporation to grow and develop a leading position in the fast-growing outdoor living market, was structured as a stock acquisition and was consummated entirely in cash.
In October 2021, the Corporation acquired Trinity Hearth & Home ("Trinity"), an installing fireplace distributor in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, for approximately $31 million. This transaction, which aligns with the Corporation’s vertical integration strategy in the residential building products market and provides a hub to better serve customers in the rapidly growing Southwest region, was structured as an asset acquisition and was consummated entirely in cash.
The assets and liabilities of Trinity, OGC, and Dickerson are included in the Corporation’s residential building products segment. The related goodwill, which is expected to be tax deductible, is assigned to the residential building products reporting unit.
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The purchase price allocation for Trinity and OGC, and estimated amortization periods of identified intangible assets as of the respective dates of acquisition is as follows:

| Trinity |  | OGC
| Fair Value | Amortization Period |  | Fair Value | Amortization Period
Cash | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |
Inventories | 1.9 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |
Receivables | 4.6 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | — |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |
Property, plant, and equipment | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (1.7) |  |  |  | (2.8) |  |
Goodwill | 14.2 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |
Customer lists | 12.0 |  | 13 Years |  | 4.9 |  | 10 Years
Trade names | — |  |  |  | 2.5 |  | 10 Years
Total net assets | $ | 31.3 |  |  |  | $ | 15.3 |  |

As a result of further review and refinement, measurement period adjustments were recorded in the first quarter of 2022 which decreased Trinity’s inventory acquired by $0.2 million and increased goodwill related to both acquisitions by $0.9 million in the aggregate. Additionally, the aggregate purchase price of the deals increased by $0.8 million as a result of post-closing working capital settlements. There were no measurement period adjustments recorded after the first quarter of 2022, and the purchase accounting for the Trinity and OGC acquisitions was complete as of July 2, 2022.
All acquisitions above were accounted for using the acquisition method pursuant to ASC 805, with goodwill being recorded as a result of the purchase price exceeding the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets and liabilities.
Note 5. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The Corporation’s cash payments for interest, income taxes, and non-cash investing and financing activities are as follows :

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash paid for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 7.6 |  |  | $ | 7.5 |
Income taxes | $ | 31.1 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |  |  | $ | 31.4 |
Changes in accrued expenses due to: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 6.4 |
Purchases of capitalized software | $ | (1.4) |  |  | $ | 0.0 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |

Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consisted of the following:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Goodwill, net | $ | 305.9 |  |  | $ | 297.3 |
Definite-lived intangible assets, net | 118.4 |  |  | 147.6 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets | 15.5 |  |  | 26.5 |
Total goodwill and other intangible assets, net | $ | 439.8 |  |  | $ | 471.5 |

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Goodwill
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reporting segment, are as follows:

| Workplace Furnishings |  | Residential Building Products |  | Total
Balance as of January 2, 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 168.5 |  |  | $ | 197.0 |  |  | $ | 365.5 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (72.9) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (73.0) |
Net goodwill balance as of January 2, 2021 | $ | 95.6 |  |  | $ | 196.8 |  |  | $ | 292.4 |
Goodwill acquired / measurement period adjustments | (6.2) |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 10.7 |
Impairment losses | (5.8) |  |  | — |  |  | (5.8) |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 162.3 |  |  | 213.8 |  |  | 376.1 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (78.6) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (78.8) |
Net goodwill balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | 83.6 |  |  | $ | 213.7 |  |  | $ | 297.3 |
Goodwill acquired (disposed) / measurement period adjustments | (13.6) |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | (5.0) |
Accumulated impairment losses disposed | 13.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 13.6 |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | 148.7 |  |  | 222.4 |  |  | 371.1 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (65.0) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (65.2) |
Net goodwill balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 83.6 |  |  | $ | 222.3 |  |  | $ | 305.9 |

In 2022, goodwill and accumulated impairment losses were disposed of in conjunction with the retirement of the Maxon brand and the sale of Lamex. See "Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures" for additional information on transactions that resulted in changes in goodwill in the current year.
Definite-lived intangible assets
The table below summarizes amortizable definite-lived intangible assets, which are reflected in "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" in the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
|  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Software |  | $ | 194.4 |  |  | $ | 122.5 |  |  | $ | 71.9 |  |  | $ | 196.8 |  |  | $ | 102.1 |  |  | $ | 94.7 |
Trademarks and trade names |  | 14.3 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 8.4 |  |  | 14.3 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 9.7 |
Customer lists and other |  | 80.2 |  |  | 42.1 |  |  | 38.1 |  |  | 109.6 |  |  | 66.4 |  |  | 43.3 |
Net definite-lived intangible assets |  | $ | 288.8 |  |  | $ | 170.4 |  |  | $ | 118.4 |  |  | $ | 320.7 |  |  | $ | 173.0 |  |  | $ | 147.6 |

The decrease in the gross balance of definite-lived intangible assets during the current year was primarily due to the sale of Lamex and the disposal of its fully amortized assets. The decrease in accumulated amortization related to the Lamex sale was partially offset by normal amortization expense.
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Amortization expense is reflected in "Selling and administrative expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Capitalized software | $ | 24.4 |  |  | $ | 23.6 |  |  | $ | 19.3 |
Other definite-lived intangibles | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 6.5 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |

The occurrence of events such as acquisitions, dispositions, or impairments may impact future amortization expense. Based on the current amount of intangible assets subject to amortization, the estimated amortization expense for each of the following five fiscal years is as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027
Amortization expense | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 11.6 |

Indefinite-lived intangible assets
The Corporation also owns certain intangible assets, which are deemed to have indefinite useful lives because they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. These indefinite-lived intangible assets are reflected in "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Trademarks and trade names | $ | 15.5 |  |  | $ | 26.5 |

In the third quarter of 2022, the Corporation sold its Lamex business which resulted in the disposal of the related indefinite-lived trade name.
Impairment Analysis
The Corporation evaluates its goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter, or whenever indicators of impairment exist. The Corporation also evaluates long-lived assets (which include definite-lived intangible assets) for impairment if indicators exist.
The Corporation elected to perform a qualitative assessment for purposes of its annual goodwill impairment testing in 2022. Based on this assessment, management concluded that for the majority of reporting units it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit was greater than its carrying value. For a small workplace furnishings reporting unit, management concluded that a quantitative assessment was required, which resulted in no identified impairment.
For the quantitative goodwill impairment testing, management utilized a combination of both a discounted cash flows approach and market approach. Projections used in the impairment model reflected management’s assumptions regarding revenue growth rates, economic and market trends, cost structure, investments required in support of strategic initiatives, and other expectations about the anticipated short-term and long-term operating results of the reporting unit. As a result of the impairment testing the reporting unit, which has goodwill of $33.6 million, was determined to have a fair value that exceeded carrying value by a reasonable margin. For this reporting unit, the corporation assumed a discount rate of 14 percent, near-term growth rates ranging from 4 percent to 12 percent, and a terminal growth rate of 3 percent. Holding other assumptions constant, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate would result in a $5 million decrease in the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. Holding other assumptions constant, a 100 basis point decrease in the terminal growth rate would result in a $3 million decrease in the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. If there was both a 100 basis point decrease in the terminal growth rate and a 100 basis point increase to the discount rate, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit would still exceed the carrying value.
The Corporation also elected to perform a qualitative assessment for purposes of its annual impairment testing for certain indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2022. Based on this assessment, management concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the respective assets was greater than carrying value. Quantitative impairment testing was performed for the remaining indefinite-lived intangible assets, with no impairments identified. Additionally, there were no material impairments identified with respect to long-lived assets in 2022.
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Note 7. Debt
Debt is as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Revolving credit facility with interest at a variable rate (December 31, 2022 - 5.6%; January 1, 2022 - 1.1%) | $ | 89.1 |  |  | $ | 75.0 |
Fixed rate notes due in 2025 with an interest rate of 4.22% | 50.0 |  |  | 50.0 |
Fixed rate notes due in 2028 with an interest rate of 4.40% | 50.0 |  |  | 50.0 |
Other amounts | 1.3 |  |  | 3.2 |
Deferred debt issuance costs | (0.3) |  |  | (0.4) |
Total debt | 190.1 |  |  | 177.8 |
Less: Current maturities | 1.3 |  |  | 3.2 |
Long-term debt | $ | 188.8 |  |  | $ | 174.6 |

Aggregate maturities of debt are as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | Thereafter
Maturities of debt | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 89.1 |  |  | $ | 50.0 |

The carrying value of the Corporation’s outstanding variable-rate, long-term debt obligations at December 31, 2022 was $89 million, which approximated fair value. The fair value of the fixed rate notes was estimated based on a discounted cash flow method (Level 2) to be $99 million at December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation’s revolving credit facility borrowings were under the amended and restated credit agreement entered into on June 14, 2022, with a scheduled maturity of June 2027. The Corporation deferred the debt issuance costs related to the credit agreement, which are classified as assets, and is amortizing them over the term of the credit agreement. The current portion of debt issuance costs of $0.3 million is the amount to be amortized over the next twelve months based on the current credit agreement and is reflected in "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The long-term portion of debt issuance costs of $1.2 million is reflected in "Other Assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of December 31, 2022, there was $89 million outstanding under the $400 million revolving credit facility. The entire amount drawn under the revolving credit facility is considered long-term as the Corporation assumes no obligation to repay any of the amounts borrowed in the next twelve months. Based on current earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, the Corporation can access the full remaining $311 million of borrowing capacity available under the revolving credit facility and maintain compliance with applicable covenants.
In addition to cash flows from operations, the revolving credit facility under the credit agreement is the primary source of daily operating capital for the Corporation and provides additional financial capacity for capital expenditures, repurchases of common stock, and strategic initiatives, such as acquisitions.
In addition to the revolving credit facility, the Corporation also has $100 million of borrowings outstanding under private placement note agreements entered into on May 31, 2018. Under the agreements, the Corporation issued $50 million of seven-year fixed rate notes with an interest rate of 4.22 percent, due May 31, 2025, and $50 million of ten-year fixed rate notes with an interest rate of 4.40 percent, due May 31, 2028. The Corporation deferred the debt issuance costs related to the private placement note agreements, which are classified as a reduction of long-term debt, and is amortizing them over the terms of the private placement note agreements. The deferred debt issuance costs do not reduce the amount owed by the Corporation under the terms of the private placement note agreements. As of December 31, 2022, the debt issuance costs balance of $0.3 million related to the private placement note agreements is reflected in "Long-Term Debt" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The credit agreement and private placement notes both contain financial and non-financial covenants. The covenants under both are substantially the same. Non-compliance with covenants under the agreements could prevent the Corporation from being able to access further borrowings, require immediate repayment of all amounts outstanding, and/or increase the cost of borrowing.
Covenants require maintenance of financial ratios as of the end of any fiscal quarter, including:
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•a consolidated interest coverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) of not less than 4.0 to 1.0, based upon the ratio of (a) consolidated EBITDA for the last four fiscal quarters to (b) the sum of consolidated interest charges; and
•a consolidated leverage ratio (as defined in the credit agreement) of not greater than 3.5 to 1.0, based upon the ratio of (a) the quarter-end consolidated funded indebtedness to (b) consolidated EBITDA for the last four fiscal quarters.
The most restrictive of the financial covenants is the consolidated leverage ratio requirement of 3.5 to 1.0. Under the credit agreement, consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization of intangibles, as well as non-cash items that increase or decrease net income. As of December 31, 2022, the Corporation was below the maximum allowable ratio and was in compliance with all of the covenants and other restrictions in the credit agreement. The Corporation expects to remain in compliance with all of the covenants and other restrictions in the credit agreement over the next twelve months.
Note 8. Income Taxes
Significant components of the provision for income taxes, including those related to non-controlling interest, are as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 29.8 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |  |  | $ | 18.4 |
State | 8.3 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 6.0 |
Foreign | 0.3 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.1 |
Current provision | 38.5 |  |  | 18.8 |  |  | 24.5 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (13.1) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (9.1) |
State | (2.8) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (2.4) |
Foreign | 0.0 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.6) |
Deferred provision | (15.9) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | (12.1) |
Total income tax expense | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 18.5 |  |  | $ | 12.5 |

The differences between the actual tax expense and tax expense computed at the statutory United States federal tax rate are explained as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Federal statutory tax expense | $ | 30.7 |  |  | $ | 16.4 |  |  | $ | 11.4 |
State taxes, net of federal tax effect | 5.6 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 2.4 |
Credit for research activities | (4.2) |  |  | (4.0) |  |  | (3.9) |
Valuation allowance | (7.1) |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 1.3 |
Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.5 |
Executive compensation limitation | 1.4 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.5 |
Sale of foreign subsidiary | (4.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other – net | 0.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | (0.7) |
Total income tax expense | $ | 22.5 |  |  | $ | 18.5 |  |  | $ | 12.5 |

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.
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Significant components of the Corporation’s deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Deferred Taxes |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Compensation | 7.2 |  |  | 7.3 |
Inventory differences | 1.2 |  |  | 3.1 |
Stock-based compensation | 7.9 |  |  | 7.9 |
Accrued post-retirement benefit obligations | 4.4 |  |  | 5.7 |
Vacation accrual | 3.9 |  |  | 3.2 |
Warranty accrual | 4.2 |  |  | 4.4 |
Tax loss and tax credit carryforwards | 5.8 |  |  | 10.2 |
Capital loss carryforward | 0.1 |  |  | 2.1 |
Lease liability | 27.3 |  |  | 23.4 |
Payroll deferral | — |  |  | 2.1 |
Research and development capitalization | 16.3 |  |  | — |
Other | 2.6 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 81.7 |  |  | $ | 77.9 |
Deferred income | (5.6) |  |  | (5.0) |
Goodwill and other intangible assets | (48.1) |  |  | (49.7) |
Prepaid expenses | (6.6) |  |  | (6.5) |
Right of use asset | (24.7) |  |  | (23.1) |
Tax over book depreciation | (53.0) |  |  | (56.6) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | (137.9) |  |  | $ | (141.0) |
Valuation allowance | (4.2) |  |  | (11.3) |
Total net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (60.4) |  |  | $ | (74.3) |
Long-term net deferred tax assets | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |
Long-term net deferred tax liabilities | (61.0) |  |  | (75.0) |
Total net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (60.4) |  |  | $ | (74.3) |

The valuation allowance, which primarily relates to foreign deferred tax assets, is as follows:

|  | Balance at beginning of period |  | Charged to expenses |  |  |  | Balance at end of period
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 11.3 |  |  | $ | (7.1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 4.2 |
Year ended January 1, 2022 |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 11.3 |
Year ended January 2, 2021 |  | $ | 10.3 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11.5 |

The current year net decrease in the valuation allowance of $7.1 million primarily relates to the sale of Lamex in July 2022. This transaction created tax benefits for valuation adjustments related to existing deferred tax assets, as well as basis differences.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  |
Increases in positions taken in a prior period | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |
New positions taken in a current period | 0.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |
Decrease due to lapse of statute of limitations | (0.5) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  |

As of December 31, 2022, it is reasonably possible the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease within the twelve months following the reporting date. These increases or decreases in the unrecognized tax benefits would be due to new positions that may be taken on income tax returns, settlement of tax positions, and the closing of statutes of limitation. It is not expected any of the changes will be material individually, or in total, to the results or financial position of the Corporation.
The Corporation recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense, and penalties in operating expenses, consistent with the recognition of these items in prior reporting periods. The expenses and liabilities recorded for interest and penalties as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022 are immaterial.
Tax years 2019 through 2021 remain open for examination by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). Tax years 2018 through 2021 remain open for examination in various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Corporation is not currently under federal examination. The Corporation is currently under examination in certain states in which the outcome is expected to be immaterial.
Note 9. Fair Value Measurements of Financial Instruments
For recognition purposes, on a recurring basis, the Corporation is required to measure at fair value its marketable securities, derivative financial instruments, put option liabilities, and deferred stock-based compensation. The marketable securities are comprised of money market funds, government securities, and corporate bonds. When available, the Corporation uses quoted market prices to determine fair value and classifies such measurements within Level 1. Where market prices are not available, the Corporation makes use of observable market-based inputs (prices or quotes from published exchanges and indexes) to calculate fair value using the market approach, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. Significant unobservable inputs, which are classified within Level 3, are used in the estimation of the fair value of put option liabilities, determined using a simulation model based on assumptions including future cash flows, discount rates, and volatility.
Financial instruments measured at fair value were as follows:

| Fair value as of measurement date |  | Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) |  | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (including money market funds) (1) | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Government securities (2) | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate bonds (2) | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred stock-based compensation (4) | $ | (4.7) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4.7) |  |  | $ | — |
Put option liability (5) | $ | (5.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5.1) |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (including money market funds) (1) | $ | 52.3 |  |  | $ | 52.3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Government securities (2) | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate bonds (2) | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7.8 |  |  | $ | — |
Derivative financial instruments - liability (3) | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred stock-based compensation (4) | $ | (8.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8.1) |  |  | $ | — |
Put option liability (5) | $ | (5.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5.1) |

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Amounts in parentheses indicate liabilities.
The index below indicates the line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets where the financial instruments are reported:
(1) "Cash and cash equivalents"
(2) Current portion - "Short-term investments"; Long-term portion - "Other Assets"
(3) Current portion - "Accounts payable and accrued expenses"; Long-term portion - "Other Long-Term Liabilities"
(4) Current portion - "Current maturities of other long-term obligations"; Long-term portion - "Other Long-Term Liabilities"
(5) "Other Long-Term Liabilities"
Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Shareholders’ Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table summarizes the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, as applicable:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Debt Securities |  | Pension and Post-retirement Liabilities |  | Derivative Financial Instruments |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance as of December 28, 2019 | $ | (2.9) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (5.8) |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | (8.1) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 1.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | (3.2) |  |  | (2.9) |
Tax (expense) or benefit | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 0.4 |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.8 |
Balance as of January 2, 2021 | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | (6.7) |  |  | $ | (1.8) |  |  | $ | (9.2) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 0.4 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.7 |
Tax (expense) or benefit | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.3) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | — |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.1 |
Balance as of January 1, 2022 | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (5.4) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | (6.8) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | (2.4) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | 3.2 |
Tax (expense) or benefit | — |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (1.3) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (3.3) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | (3.1) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | (6.4) |  |  | $ | (0.6) |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (8.0) |

Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to equity.
Interest Rate Swap
In April 2022, the Corporation terminated its interest rate swap agreement and received cash proceeds of $0.4 million, the fair value of the swap on the termination date. The proceeds were recorded as cash provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The $0.4 million gain from the termination of this interest rate swap agreement was recorded to "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" and will be amortized to interest expense through April 2023, the remaining term of the original interest rate swap agreement.
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The following table details the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Components |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Derivative financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  | Interest expense, net |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (1.0) |  |  | $ | (0.3) |
|  | Income tax expense |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |
Unrealized gains on debt securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of debt securities |  | Selling and administrative expenses |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
|  | Income tax expense |  | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |
Pension and post-retirement liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of loss |  | Selling and administrative expenses |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.3) |
|  | Income tax expense |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lamex divestiture |  | Gain on sale of subsidiary |  | 3.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign entity reorganization |  | Selling and administrative expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
|  | Net of tax |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (0.8) |

Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to profit.
Director Plan
In May 2017, the Corporation registered 0.3 million shares of its common stock under its 2017 Equity Plan for Non-Employee Directors of HNI Corporation (the "2017 Director Plan"). The 2017 Director Plan permits the Corporation to issue to its non-employee directors options to purchase shares of Corporation common stock, restricted stock or restricted stock units of the Corporation, and awards of Corporation common stock. The 2017 Director Plan also permits non-employee directors to elect to receive all or a portion of their annual retainers and other compensation in the form of shares of Corporation common stock. Shares of common stock issued under the Director Plan in 2022, 2021, and 2020, were 32 thousand, 25 thousand, and 38 thousand, respectively.

Dividend
The Corporation declared and paid cash dividends per common share as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Dividends per common shares | $ | 1.27 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |  |  | $ | 1.22 |

Members’ Stock Purchase Plan
During 2017, shareholders approved the HNI Corporation Members’ Stock Purchase Plan (the "2017 MSPP"). Under the 2017 MSPP, 0.8 million shares of common stock were registered for issuance to participating members. Under the 2017 MSPP, rights to purchase stock are granted on a quarterly basis to all participating members who customarily work 20 hours or more per week and for five months or more in any calendar year. The price of the stock purchased under the MSPP is 85 percent of the closing price on the exercise date. No member may purchase stock under the MSPP in an amount which exceeds a maximum fair value of $25,000 in any calendar year. Shares of common stock issued under the MSPP in 2022, 2021, and 2020, were 88 thousand, 68 thousand, and 93 thousand, respectively. The following table provides the average price per share issued under the MSPP:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Average price per share | $ | 26.50 |  |  | $ | 34.49 |  |  | $ | 25.30 |

An additional 0.3 million shares were available for issuance under the 2017 MSPP as of December 31, 2022.
Change in Control
The Corporation has entered into change in control employment agreements with certain officers. According to the agreements, a change in control occurs when a third person or entity becomes the beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the Corporation’s common stock, when more than one-third of the Board is composed of persons not recommended by at least three-fourths of the incumbent Board, upon certain business combinations involving the Corporation, or upon approval by the Corporation’s shareholders of a complete liquidation or dissolution. Upon a change in control, a key member is deemed to have a two-year
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employment agreement with the Corporation, and all of his or her benefits vest under the Corporation’s compensation plans. If, at any time within two years of the change in control, his or her employment is terminated by the Corporation for any reason other than cause or disability, or by the key member for good reason, as such terms are defined in the agreement, then the key member is entitled to receive, among other benefits, a severance payment equal to two times (three times for the Corporation’s Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer) annual salary and the average of the prior two years’ bonuses.
Stock Repurchase
The par value method of accounting is used for common stock repurchases. The following table summarizes shares repurchased and settled by the Corporation:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Shares repurchased | 1.7 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.2 |
Average price per share | $ | 38.11 |  |  | $ | 39.89 |  |  | $ | 29.83 |
Cash purchase price | $ | (63.9) |  |  | $ | (60.4) |  |  | $ | (6.4) |
Purchases unsettled as of year end | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |
Prior year purchases settled in current year | (1.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Shares repurchased per cash flow | $ | (65.2) |  |  | $ | (59.2) |  |  | $ | (6.8) |

As of December 31, 2022, approximately $234.0 million of the Board’s current repurchase authorization remained unspent.
Note 11. Stock-Based Compensation
Under the Corporation’s 2021 Stock-Based Compensation Plan (the "2021 Plan"), the Corporation may award options to purchase shares of the Corporation’s common stock and grant other stock awards to key personnel. Upon shareholder approval of the 2021 Plan in May 2021, no future awards were granted under the Corporation’s 2017 Stock-Based Compensation Plan (the "2017 Plan" and together with the 2021 Plan, the "Plans"), but all outstanding awards previously granted under the 2017 Plan shall remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 2.6 million shares available for future issuance under the Plans. The Plans are administered by the Human Resources and Compensation Committee of the Board. Forms of awards issued under the Plans include stock options, restricted stock units based on a service condition ("RSUs"), and restricted stock units based on both financial performance and service conditions ("PSUs"). The Corporation uses common shares held in treasury to satisfy share option exercises and distributions of shares related to vested RSUs and PSUs.
RSUs awarded prior to 2020 generally cliff-vest after three years, while RSUs awarded starting in 2020 generally vest ratably over three years. PSUs were awarded starting in 2020, and generally vest at the end of a three year period, subject to a performance metric based on the Corporation’s cumulative profitability during the period. PSUs and RSUs awarded starting in 2020 generally accrue cash dividends during the vesting periods, with payment made when earned shares are distributed to participants. Stock options awarded to members must be at exercise prices equal to or exceeding the fair market value of the Corporation’s common stock on the date of grant. Stock options are generally subject to four-year cliff vesting and must be exercised within 10 years from the date of grant.
The Corporation measures stock-based compensation expense at grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes expense over the employees’ requisite service periods, adjusted for an estimated forfeiture rate for those shares not expected to vest. Additionally, expense related to PSUs is periodically adjusted for the probable number of shares to be awarded at the end of the three year performance period.
Compensation cost charged against operations for the Plans and the 2017 MSPP described in "Note 10. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Shareholders’ Equity" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Compensation cost | $ | 9.0 |  |  | $ | 12.9 |  |  | $ | 7.8 |

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The total income tax benefit recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for share-based compensation arrangements was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Income tax benefit | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |

RSUs
The following table summarizes the changes in RSUs (shares in thousands, per share amounts in dollars):

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 28, 2019 | 22 |  |  | $ | 38.41 |
Granted | 174 |  |  | 36.78 |
Vested | (7) |  |  | 40.77 |
Forfeited | (6) |  |  | 37.50 |
Nonvested as of January 2, 2021 | 182 |  |  | $ | 36.80 |
Granted | 430 |  |  | 37.02 |
Vested | (63) |  |  | 37.09 |
Forfeited | (5) |  |  | 32.90 |
Nonvested as of January 1, 2022 | 545 |  |  | $ | 36.98 |
Granted | 164 |  |  | 43.05 |
Vested | (141) |  |  | 36.99 |
Forfeited | (32) |  |  | 37.75 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022 | 535 |  |  | $ | 38.79 |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $4.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs, which the Corporation expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 0.7 years. The total value of shares vested was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Value of shares vested | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |

PSUs
The following table summarizes the changes in PSUs (shares in thousands, per share amounts in dollars):

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 28, 2019 | — |  |  | $ | — |
Granted | 157 |  |  | 37.64 |
Forfeited | (9) |  |  | 38.08 |
Nonvested as of January 2, 2021 | 148 |  |  | $ | 37.62 |
Granted | 164 |  |  | 36.99 |
Forfeited | (2) |  |  | 37.61 |
Nonvested as of January 1, 2022 | 309 |  |  | $ | 37.29 |
Granted | 143 |  |  | 43.67 |
Forfeited | (24) |  |  | 39.60 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022 | 428 |  |  | $ | 39.29 |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $2.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to PSUs, which the Corporation expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years. Additionally, based on the Corporation’s cumulative financial
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results for years 2020 through 2022, no stock units are expected to be issued in connection with PSUs granted in 2020. Accordingly, the cumulative expense recorded for these PSUs since original grant date was adjusted to zero in the current year.
Stock Options
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with various assumptions. Expected volatilities were based on historical volatility as the Corporation does not expect that future volatility over the expected term of the options is likely to differ from the past. The Corporation used a calculation method based on the historical daily frequency for a period of time equal to the expected term. The Corporation used the current dividend yield as there are no plans to substantially increase or decrease its dividends. The Corporation used historical exercise experience to determine the expected term. The risk-free interest rate was selected based on yields from treasury securities as published by the Federal Reserve equal to the expected term of the options. The amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized during a period is also based on the portion of the stock options that are ultimately expected to vest. The Corporation estimates pre-vesting forfeitures at the time of grant by analyzing historical data and revises those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

There were no stock options granted in 2022, 2021, or 2020.
The following table summarizes the changes in outstanding stock options (shares in thousands, per share amounts in dollars):

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 28, 2019 | 3,223 |  |  | $ | 39.24 |
Exercised | (189) |  |  | 29.24 |
Forfeited or Expired | (28) |  |  | 42.38 |
Outstanding as of January 2, 2021 | 3,006 |  |  | $ | 39.84 |
Exercised | (815) |  |  | 35.04 |
Forfeited or Expired | (1) |  |  | 39.77 |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2022 | 2,191 |  |  | $ | 41.62 |
Exercised | (64) |  |  | 33.35 |
Forfeited or Expired | (8) |  |  | 42.65 |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 2,119 |  |  | $ | 41.86 |

A summary of the Corporation’s non-vested stock options and changes during the year are presented below (shares in thousands, per share amounts in dollars):

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested as of January 1, 2022 | 956 |  |  | $ | 9.79 |
Vested | (485) |  |  | 9.71 |
Forfeited | (3) |  |  | 9.88 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022 | 469 |  |  | $ | 9.87 |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $0.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock option awards, which the Corporation expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 0.1 years.
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Information about stock options expected to vest or currently exercisable is as follows (shares in thousands, per share amounts in dollars):

| December 31, 2022
| Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Exercisable Period (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Expected to vest | 466 |  |  | $ | 39.74 |  |  | 6.1 |  | $ | 0.0 |
Exercisable | 1,650 |  |  | $ | 42.46 |  |  | 3.8 |  | $ | 0.0 |

Other information for the last three years is as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total fair value of options vested | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Total intrinsic value of options exercised | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Cash received from exercise of stock options | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 28.5 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |
Tax benefit realized from exercise of stock options | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |

Deferred Compensation
The following table details deferred compensation, which is a combination of cash and stock, and the affected line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets where deferred compensation is presented:

| December 31, 2022 |  | January 1, 2022
Current maturities of other long-term obligations | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
Other long-term liabilities | 6.6 |  |  | 9.0 |
Total deferred compensation | $ | 7.0 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |
Total fair-market value of deferred compensation | $ | 4.7 |  |  | $ | 8.1 |

Note 12. Retirement Benefits
The Corporation has a defined contribution retirement plan covering substantially all members.
The Corporation’s contribution to the plan is based on member eligible earnings and/or member contributions. A portion of the contribution is also based on results of operations, and a portion is contributed in the form of common stock of the Corporation. The following table reconciles the annual contributions:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Stock contribution | $ | 5.1 |  |  | $ | 7.1 |  |  | $ | 6.9 |
Cash contribution | 25.1 |  |  | 17.8 |  |  | 19.9 |
Total annual contribution | $ | 30.1 |  |  | $ | 25.0 |  |  | $ | 26.8 |

Note 13. Post-Retirement Health Care
The Corporation offers a fixed subsidy to certain retirees who choose to participate in a third party insurance plan selected by the Corporation. Guidance on employers’ accounting for other post-retirement plans requires recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status on the balance sheet. Under this guidance, gains and losses, prior service costs and credits, and any remaining transition amounts under previous guidance not yet recognized through net periodic benefit cost are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax effects, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost. Also, the measurement date – the date at which the benefit obligation and plan assets are measured – is required to be the Corporation’s fiscal year-end.
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The following table sets forth the activity and reporting location of the benefit obligation and plan assets:

| 2022 |  | 2021
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 23.3 |  |  | $ | 23.4 |
Service cost | 0.6 |  |  | 0.6 |
Interest cost | 0.6 |  |  | 0.5 |
Benefits paid | (1.1) |  |  | (1.1) |
Actuarial gain | (6.0) |  |  | (0.2) |
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | 23.3 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |
Fair value at beginning of year | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Actual return on assets | — |  |  | — |
Employer contribution | 1.1 |  |  | 1.1 |
Transferred out | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (1.1) |  |  | (1.1) |
Fair value at end of year | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Funded Status of Plan | $ | (17.3) |  |  | $ | (23.3) |
Amounts recognized in the Statement of Financial Position consist of: |  |  |
Current liabilities | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Non-current liabilities | $ | 16.2 |  |  | $ | 22.1 |
Change in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (before tax): |  |  |
Amount disclosed at beginning of year | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Actuarial gain | (6.0) |  |  | (0.2) |
Amortization of transition amount | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |
Amount disclosed at end of year | $ | (2.8) |  |  | $ | 3.3 |

Estimated future benefit payments are as follows:

Fiscal 2023 | $ | 1.2 |
Fiscal 2024 | $ | 1.1 |
Fiscal 2025 | $ | 1.1 |
Fiscal 2026 | $ | 1.1 |
Fiscal 2027 | $ | 1.2 |
Fiscal 2028 - 2032 | $ | 6.5 |

Expected contributions are as follows:

Fiscal 2023 | $ | 1.2 |

The discount rate is set at the measurement date to reflect the yield of a portfolio of high quality, fixed income debt instruments. The discount rate used was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Discount rate | 5.2 | % |  | 2.8 | % |  | 2.4 | %

The decrease in the benefit obligation as of the end of 2022 was primarily due to the higher discount rate.
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Note 14. Leases
The Corporation leases certain showrooms, office space, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, retail stores, and equipment and determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets; expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 85 percent of the value of the Corporation’s leased assets is for real estate. The remaining 15 percent of the value of the Corporation’s leased assets is for equipment.
As the rates implicit in its leases cannot be readily determined, the Corporation estimates secured incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Corporation uses separate discount rates for its United States operations and international operations.
Certain real estate leases include one or more options to renew with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to ten years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Corporation’s sole discretion. Certain real estate leases include an option to terminate the lease term earlier than the specified lease term for a fee. These options are not included as part of the lease term unless they are reasonably certain to be exercised.
Many of the Corporation’s real estate lease agreements include periods of rent holidays and payments that escalate over the lease term by specified amounts. While not significant, certain equipment leases have variable lease payments based on machine hours and certain real estate leases have rate changes based on the Consumer Price Index. The Corporation’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees.
The Corporation has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for as a single lease component.
On occasion, the Corporation rents or subleases certain real estate to third parties. This sublease portfolio consists mainly of operating leases for office furniture showrooms and is not significant.
Lease costs included in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income consisted of the following:

| Classification |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed | Cost of sales |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |
| Selling and administrative expenses |  | 22.7 |  |  | 23.1 |  |  | 25.4 |
Short-term / variable | Cost of sales |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.4 |
| Selling and administrative expenses |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.8 |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization | Cost of sales |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 0.5 |
| Selling and administrative, and interest expense |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 0.3 |
Less: Sublease income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cost of sales |  | 0.0 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | — |
| Selling and administrative expenses |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.1) |
Total lease costs |  |  | $ | 31.9 |  |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | $ | 30.0 |

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Maturity of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

| Operating Leases (a) |  | Finance Leases (b) |  | Total
2023 | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | 26.8 |
2024 | 21.3 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 24.9 |
2025 | 20.3 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 23.5 |
2026 | 15.8 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 16.8 |
2027 | 11.4 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 11.5 |
Thereafter | 17.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.6 |
Total lease payments | 109.3 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 121.2 |
Less: Interest | (10.1) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (10.6) |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 99.2 |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 110.6 |

(a)At this time there are no operating lease options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised. Currently the Corporation has $62.3 million of legally binding minimum lease payments for operating leases signed but not yet commenced, which are excluded from operating lease liabilities. These amounts primarily relate to a manufacturing facility under construction. See "Note 15. Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.
(b)At this time there are no finance lease options to extend lease terms that are reasonably certain of being exercised. Currently the Corporation has $2.4 million of legally binding minimum lease payments for finance leases signed but not yet commenced, which are excluded from finance lease liabilities.
The following table summarizes the weighted-average discount rates and weighted-average remaining lease terms for operating and finance leases as of December 31, 2022:

| Weighted-Average Discount Rate |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term (years)
Operating leases | 3.3 | % |  | 5.6
Finance leases | 2.6 | % |  | 3.3

The following table summarizes cash paid for amounts included in the measurements of lease liabilities and the leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating and finance lease liabilities:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurements of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating / finance leases | $ | 22.6 |  |  | $ | 24.7 |  |  | $ | 31.5 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | $ | 3.3 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating / finance lease liabilities | $ | 39.2 |  |  | $ | 49.3 |  |  | $ | 27.3 |

Note 15. Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies
The Corporation utilizes letters of credit and surety bonds in the amount of approximately $27 million to back certain insurance policies and payment obligations. Additionally, the Corporation periodically utilizes trade letters of credit and banker’s acceptances to guarantee certain payments to overseas suppliers; as of December 31, 2022, there were no outstanding amounts related to these types of guarantees. The letters of credit, bonds, and banker’s acceptances reflect fair value as a condition of their underlying purpose and are subject to competitively determined fees.
The Corporation periodically guarantees borrowing arrangements involving certain workplace furnishings dealers and third-party financial institutions. The terms of these guarantees, which range from less than one year to five years, generally require the Corporation to make payments directly to the financial institution in the event that the dealer is unable to repay its borrowings in accordance with the stated terms. The aggregate amount guaranteed by the Corporation in connection with these agreements is
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approximately $12 million as of December 31, 2022. The Corporation has determined the likelihood of making future payments under these guarantees is not probable and therefore no liability has been accrued.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Corporation entered into an agreement to lease a new facility. The lease requires approximately $60 million of legally binding minimum payments over the approximate 15-year term of the agreement. The facility is currently under construction, and is not under the Corporation’s control. The contractual payments and lease accounting are expected to commence in 2023 when construction of the facility is complete.
The Corporation has contingent liabilities which have arisen in the ordinary course of its business, including liabilities relating to pending litigation, environmental remediation, taxes, and other claims. It is the Corporation’s opinion, after consultation with legal counsel, that liabilities, if any, resulting from these matters are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s financial condition, cash flows, or on the Corporation’s quarterly or annual operating results when resolved in a future period.
Note 16. Reportable Segment Information
Management views the Corporation as two reportable segments based on industries: workplace furnishings and residential building products.
The aggregated workplace furnishings segment manufactures and markets a broad line of commercial and home office furniture which includes panel-based and freestanding furniture systems, seating, storage, benching, tables, architectural products, and social collaborative items. The residential building products segment manufactures and markets a full array of gas, wood, electric, and pellet-fueled fireplaces, inserts, stoves, facings, outdoor fire pits and fire tables, and accessories.
For purposes of segment reporting, intercompany sales between segments are not material, and operating profit is income before income taxes exclusive of certain unallocated corporate expenses. These unallocated general corporate expenses include the net costs of the Corporation’s corporate operations. Management views interest income and expense as corporate financing costs and not as a reportable segment cost. In addition, management applies an effective income tax rate to its consolidated income before income taxes so income taxes are not reported or viewed internally on a segment basis. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets applicable to the respective industry segments. Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term investments, IT infrastructure, and corporate office real estate and related equipment.
No geographic information for revenues from external customers or for long-lived assets is disclosed since the Corporation’s primary market and capital investments are concentrated in the United States.
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Reportable segment data reconciled to the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements was as follows:

| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |
Workplace furnishings | $ | 1,486.2 |  |  | $ | 1,434.0 |  |  | $ | 1,365.7 |
Residential building products | 875.6 |  |  | 750.4 |  |  | 589.7 |
Total | $ | 2,361.8 |  |  | $ | 2,184.4 |  |  | $ | 1,955.4 |
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Workplace furnishings | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | (0.5) |  |  | $ | (5.0) |
Residential building products | 158.7 |  |  | 141.9 |  |  | 109.3 |
General corporate | (57.3) |  |  | (55.9) |  |  | (43.0) |
Gain on sale of subsidiary | 50.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating income | 155.2 |  |  | 85.4 |  |  | 61.4 |
Interest expense, net | 8.8 |  |  | 7.2 |  |  | 7.0 |
Total | $ | 146.4 |  |  | $ | 78.3 |  |  | $ | 54.4 |
Depreciation and Amortization Expense: |  |  |  |  |
Workplace furnishings | $ | 45.7 |  |  | $ | 47.8 |  |  | $ | 44.6 |
Residential building products | 12.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 9.4 |
General corporate | 25.9 |  |  | 25.3 |  |  | 23.7 |
Total | $ | 84.2 |  |  | $ | 83.1 |  |  | $ | 77.7 |
Capital Expenditures (including capitalized software): |  |  |  |  |
Workplace furnishings | $ | 40.4 |  |  | $ | 34.8 |  |  | $ | 24.2 |
Residential building products | 16.2 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 8.2 |
General corporate | 11.7 |  |  | 15.6 |  |  | 9.4 |
Total | $ | 68.4 |  |  | $ | 66.5 |  |  | $ | 41.8 |
Identifiable Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Workplace furnishings | $ | 761.5 |  |  | $ | 809.0 |  |  | $ | 762.8 |
Residential building products | 493.0 |  |  | 479.5 |  |  | 381.6 |
General corporate | 160.0 |  |  | 209.5 |  |  | 273.7 |
Total | $ | 1,414.5 |  |  | $ | 1,497.9 |  |  | $ | 1,418.0 |

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Note 17. Restructuring and Impairment
Restructuring costs in 2022 and 2021 relate to business simplification and capacity expansion actions, including restructuring of a workplace furnishings eCommerce brand and start up costs at a manufacturing facility in Mexico.
Restructuring and impairment charges were as follows:

| Classification |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Workplace Furnishings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventory valuation | Cost of sales |  | $ | 8.1 |  |  | $ | 7.4 |  |  | $ | — |
Facility set-up costs | Cost of sales |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Long-lived asset disposal and impairment | Restructuring and impairment charges |  | 5.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Severance | Restructuring and impairment charges |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment | Restructuring and impairment charges |  | — |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 38.8 |
General Corporate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance | Restructuring and impairment charges |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Investment impairment | Restructuring and impairment charges |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 15.5 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | 38.8 |

As of December 31, 2022 and January 1, 2022, accrued restructuring expenses of $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively, were included in "Accounts payable and accrued expenses" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cash payments made for restructuring costs in both 2022 and 2021 related to the business simplification and capacity expansion actions described above were not significant, and any future costs connected to these current initiatives are not expected to be material.

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