7. Restructuring Charges:

Beginning in fiscal year 2013, the Company initiated a program (the "Restructuring and Reinvestment Program") to restructure and realign its cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions. The Company is targeting most of the cost savings achieved to improve margins and earnings, with the remainder reinvested in growth opportunities.

The following tables summarize the pre-tax restructuring charges (credits) related to this program (in thousands):

											Cumulative
											Program
	Three Months					Six Months					Charges
	Ended October 31,					Ended October 31,					to Date
	2017			2016		2017			2016
Charges (Credits) by Segment:
Research	$	(388	)	$	229	$	4,448		$	160	$	24,604
Publishing		71			215		7,325			569		39,814
Solutions		(625	)		524		2,170			524		4,721
Shared Services		(464	)		5,879		10,380			4,674		93,128
Total	$	(1,406	)	$	6,847	$	24,323		$	5,927	$	162,267

Charges (Credits) by Activity:
Severance	$	(1,455	)	$	4,322	$	23,266		$	4,579	$	110,856
Process Reengineering Consulting		-			-		1,521			7		20,335
Other Activities		49			2,525		(464	)		1,341		31,076
Total	$	(1,406	)	$	6,847	$	24,323		$	5,927	$	162,267

Other Activities reflects leased facility consolidations, contract termination costs and the curtailment of certain defined benefit pension plans. The credits in Other Activities for the six months ended October 31, 2017 mainly reflect changes in estimates for previously accrued restructuring charges related to facility lease reserves.

The following table summarizes the activity for the Restructuring and Reinvestment Program liability for the six months ended October 31, 2017 (in thousands):

									Foreign
									Translation &
	April 30,2017		Charges			Payments			Reclassifications			October 31,2017
Severance	$	10,082	$	23,266		$	(12,739	)	$	345		$	20,954
Process Reengineering Consulting		-		1,521			(1,320	)		-			201
Other Activities		12,708		(464	)		(6,680	)		(2,025	)		3,539
Total	$	22,790	$	24,323		$	(20,739	)	$	(1,680	)	$	24,694

The restructuring liability as of October 31, 2017 for accrued Severance costs is reflected in Accrued Employment Costs in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The liability as of October 31, 2017, for Process Reengineering Consulting costs is reflected in Other Accrued Liabilities. As of October 31, 2017, approximately $2.2 million and $1.3 million of the Other Activities are reflected in Other Accrued Liabilities and Other Long-Term Liabilities, respectively.