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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Apr. 30, 2018 | Apr. 30, 2017 | Apr. 30, 2016
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net Income | $ 192,186 | $ 113,643 | $ 145,782
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | 48,230 | 49,669 | 49,764
Amortization of product development spending | 41,432 | 40,209 | 39,658
Depreciation of technology, property, and equipment | 64,327 | 66,683 | 66,427
Restructuring charges | 28,566 | 13,355 | 28,611
Deferred income tax benefit on U.K. rate changes | 0 | (2,575) | (5,859)
Stock-based compensation expense | 11,244 | 17,552 | 16,105
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | 0 | (414) | (1,027)
Employee retirement plan expense | 7,388 | 13,169 | 14,323
Royalty advances | (122,602) | (112,370) | (110,135)
Earned royalty advances | 116,620 | 114,647 | 109,102
Impairment of publishing brand | 3,600 | 0 | 0
Foreign currency gains (losses) | 12,819 | (421) | (473)
Unfavorable tax litigation | 0 | 49,029 | 0
One-time pension settlement | 0 | 8,842 | 0
Other non-cash (credits) charges | (30,752) | (6,450) | 1,936
Income tax deposits | 0 | 0 | (1,151)
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (14,209) | (29,886) | (14,456)
Inventories | 13,517 | 8,003 | 3,571
Accounts payable | 16,543 | (24,182) | 7,169
Royalties payable | 3,664 | 4,325 | (3,172)
Deferred revenue | 36,243 | 22,692 | 66,983
Income taxes payable | (565) | 19,479 | (7,091)
Restructuring payments | (30,595) | (22,854) | (29,864)
Other accrued liabilities | 1,022 | 10,367 | 14,968
Employee retirement plan contributions | (27,550) | (39,687) | (34,214)
Other | 10,710 | 2,078 | (7,000)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 381,838 | 314,903 | 349,957
Investing Activities |  |  |
Product development spending | (36,503) | (43,603) | (44,578)
Additions to technology, property, and equipment | (114,225) | (105,058) | (86,399)
Acquisitions of publication rights and other | (26,683) | (28,842) | (20,418)
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired | 0 | (125,924) | 0
Proceeds from settlement of foreign exchange forward contracts | 0 | 60,417 | 0
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities | (177,411) | (243,010) | (151,395)
Financing Activities |  |  |
Repayment of long-term debt | (467,915) | (923,007) | (460,085)
Repayment of short-term debt | 0 | 0 | (150,000)
Borrowing of long-term debt | 459,304 | 683,000 | 415,000
Borrowing of short-term debt | 0 | 0 | 50,000
Purchase of treasury shares | (39,688) | (50,326) | (69,977)
Change in book overdrafts | (4,191) | (214) | 1,725
Cash dividends | (73,542) | (71,545) | (69,896)
Debt financing costs | 0 | 0 | (3,362)
Net proceeds (payments) from exercise of stock options and other | 29,201 | 15,506 | (95)
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation | 0 | 414 | 1,027
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities | (96,831) | (346,172) | (285,663)
Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash | 3,661 | (31,011) | (6,534)
Cash and Cash Equivalents |  |  |
Increase/(Decrease) for year | 111,257 | (305,290) | (93,635)
Balance at beginning of year | 58,516 | 363,806 | 457,441
Balance at end of year | 169,773 | 58,516 | 363,806
Cash Paid During the Year for |  |  |
Interest | 12,221 | 15,733 | 15,050
Income taxes, net | $ 48,709 | $ 33,674 | $ 38,579

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- Definition Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 24 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3521-108585 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3602-108585 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 25 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3536-108585 + Details
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- Definition The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3602-108585 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 260 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6371337&loc=d3e3550-109257 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 225 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6879574&loc=d3e536633-122882 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 944 -SubTopic 225 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(18)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6879464&loc=d3e573970-122913 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 225 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(20)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=63488584&loc=d3e20235-122688 + Details
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- Definition Amount of income (expense) included in net income that results in no cash inflow (outflow), classified as other. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3602-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cost (reversal of cost) for other postretirement benefits. Excludes pension benefits. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 715 -SubTopic 70 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=49170846&loc=d3e28014-114942 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 715 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (h) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=82843861&loc=d3e1928-114920 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 225 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(b)(4)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=63488584&loc=d3e20235-122688 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 225 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(b)(2)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=63488584&loc=d3e20235-122688 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow to reacquire common stock during the period. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash outflow in the form of ordinary dividends to common shareholders of the parent entity. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow for loan and debt issuance costs. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of a business, net of the cash acquired from the purchase. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow to acquire asset without physical form usually arising from contractual or other legal rights, excluding goodwill. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (c) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (c) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow for a financial contract that meets the hedge criteria as either a cash flow hedge, fair value hedge, or hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 27 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3581-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow from a debt initially having maturity due after one year or beyond the operating cycle, if longer. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 14 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3255-108585 + Details
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- Definition The net cash inflow or outflow from the excess drawing from an existing cash balance, which will be honored by the bank but reflected as a loan to the drawer. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 8 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3095-108585 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 9 -Subparagraph (c) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3098-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow from a borrowing having initial term of repayment within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 14 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3255-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow for debt initially having maturity due after one year or beyond the normal operating cycle, if longer. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow for a borrowing having initial term of repayment within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of expenses associated with exit or disposal activities pursuant to an authorized plan. Excludes expenses related to a discontinued operation or an asset retirement obligation. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.P.3) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27011515&loc=d3e140864-122747 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3602-108585 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6394359&loc=d3e17939-110869 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 420 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 5.P.4(b)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27011515&loc=d3e140904-122747 + Details
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- Definition The aggregate amount of noncash, equity-based employee remuneration. This may include the value of stock or unit options, amortization of restricted stock or units, and adjustment for officers' compensation. As noncash, this element is an add back when calculating net cash generated by operating activities using the indirect method. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=98514028&loc=d3e3602-108585 + Details
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