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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Apr. 30, 2021 | Apr. 30, 2020 | Apr. 30, 2019
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ 148,256 | $ (74,287) | $ 168,263
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets |  | 0 | 202,348 | 0
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 74,685 | 62,436 | 54,658
Amortization of product development assets |  | 34,365 | 35,975 | 37,079
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property and equipment |  | 91,139 | 76,716 | 69,418
Restructuring and related charges | [1] | 33,310 | 32,607 | 3,118
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 21,982 | 20,009 | 18,327
Employee retirement plan expense |  | 12,975 | 10,832 | 5,236
Foreign exchange transaction losses (gains) |  | 7,977 | (2,773) | 6,016
Other noncash charges (credits) |  | 35,138 | 7,115 | (11,136)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (7,263) | (2,962) | (64,734)
Inventories, net |  | 7,842 | (2,714) | 3,820
Accounts payable |  | (20,110) | 1,163 | 7,369
Accrued royalties |  | (11,011) | 13,425 | 6,169
Contract liabilities |  | 14,164 | (118) | 29,901
Accrued income taxes |  | (13,446) | (5,962) | 9,613
Restructuring payments |  | (19,667) | (12,563) | (15,219)
Other accrued liabilities |  | 41,588 | (7,817) | (32,713)
Employee retirement plan contributions |  | (40,676) | (33,729) | (40,470)
Operating lease liabilities |  | (32,344) | (28,243) | 0
Royalty advances, net |  | 3,342 | (2,099) | (824)
Other |  | (22,323) | (924) | (3,060)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 359,923 | 288,435 | 250,831
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Product development spending |  | (25,954) | (26,608) | (24,426)
Additions to technology, property and equipment |  | (77,407) | (88,593) | (77,167)
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired |  | (299,942) | (229,629) | (190,415)
Acquisitions of publication rights and other |  | (29,851) | (1,840) | (9,494)
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (433,154) | (346,670) | (301,502)
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Repayment of long-term debt |  | (562,752) | (630,551) | (476,246)
Borrowing of long-term debt |  | 593,405 | 934,323 | 596,320
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | 0 | (4,006) | 0
Purchase of treasury shares |  | (15,765) | (46,589) | (59,994)
Change in book overdrafts |  | 18,398 | (48) | (5,674)
Cash dividends |  | (76,938) | (76,658) | (75,752)
Net (payments) proceeds from stock-based compensation and other |  | (3,434) | (3,794) | 3,751
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (47,086) | 172,677 | (17,595)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | 11,629 | (4,943) | (8,443)
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 202,464 | 92,890 | 169,773
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 583 | 658 | 484
Balance at beginning of year |  | 203,047 | 93,548 | 170,257
(Decrease)/increase for year |  | (108,688) | 109,499 | (76,709)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 93,795 | 202,464 | 92,890
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 564 | 583 | 658
Balance at end of year |  | 94,359 | 203,047 | 93,548
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | 17,171 | 23,622 | 14,867
Income taxes, net of refunds |  | 41,064 | 41,537 | 48,264
Learning House [Member] | Warrants [Member] |  |  |  |
Noncash items associated with the acquisition of Learning House: |  |  |  |
Warrants to purchase 0.4 million shares of Wiley Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the Learning House acquisition |  | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 565
[1] | See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges” and Note 11, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for these charges by segment.

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