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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - UNAUDITED - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended | 6 Months Ended
--- | --- | ---
Oct. 31, 2021 | Oct. 31, 2020 | Oct. 31, 2021 | Oct. 31, 2020
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ 55,967 | $ 68,432 | $ 69,797 | $ 84,766
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 21,476 | 17,166 | 42,627 | 34,057
Amortization of product development assets |  |  |  | 18,088 | 17,448
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property and equipment |  |  |  | 48,406 | 46,432
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | [1] | (1,333) | 1,920 | (1,609) | 4,138
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 6,700 | 4,800 | 13,059 | 9,066
Employee retirement plan expense |  |  |  | 9,892 | 6,498
Foreign exchange transaction losses |  | 1,370 | 697 | 1,000 | 779
Gain on sale of certain assets |  | 56 | 0 | (3,694) | 0
Other noncash charges |  |  |  | 37,663 | 31,143
Net change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  | (310,851) | (310,949)
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  | (75,622) | (76,622)
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Product development spending |  |  |  | (13,001) | (10,999)
Additions to technology, property and equipment |  |  |  | (37,676) | (36,430)
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired |  |  |  | (13,615) | (229)
Proceeds related to the sale of certain assets |  |  |  | 3,375 | 0
Acquisitions of publication rights and other |  |  |  | (1,654) | (14,021)
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  | (62,571) | (61,679)
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  |  | (113,425) | (249,902)
Borrowings of long-term debt |  |  |  | 340,901 | 309,492
Purchases of treasury shares |  |  |  | (17,367) | 0
Change in book overdrafts |  |  |  | (19,212) | (1,165)
Cash dividends |  |  |  | (38,619) | (38,480)
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other |  |  |  | (5,232) | (1,346)
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  |  | 147,046 | 18,599
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  |  | (1,742) | 3,301
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 93,795 | 202,464
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  | 564 | 583
Balance at beginning of period |  |  |  | 94,359 | 203,047
Increase/(decrease) for the period |  |  |  | 7,111 | (116,401)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 100,898 | 86,063 | 100,898 | 86,063
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 572 | 583 | 572 | 583
Balance at end of period |  | $ 101,470 | $ 86,646 | 101,470 | 86,646
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  |  |  | 8,769 | 8,374
Income taxes, net of refunds |  |  |  | $ 22,019 | $ 37,344
[1] | See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related (Credits) Charges” for these charges by segment.

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