<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000107140-21-000042.txt : 20211028
<SEC-HEADER>0000107140-21-000042.hdr.sgml : 20211028
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20211028084532
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000107140-21-000042
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20211025
ITEM INFORMATION:		Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20211028
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20211028

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000107140
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	BOOKS: PUBLISHING OR PUBLISHING AND PRINTING [2731]
		IRS NUMBER:				135593032
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NY
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0430

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-11507
		FILM NUMBER:		211355197

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030
		BUSINESS PHONE:		2017486000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20070820

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19920703
</SEC-HEADER>
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<DESCRIPTION>CFO RETIREMENT FORM 8K
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington D.C. 20549</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Not Applicable</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the
      following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):</div>

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    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:WrittenCommunications" id="Fact_68a1c142d6624250a05dc6d6e43edec9" contextRef="c20211025to20211025" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Written communications pursuant to Rule
      425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SolicitingMaterial" id="Fact_858fae502b5b4db3b802d0e779c75099" contextRef="c20211025to20211025" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Soliciting material pursuant to Rule
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" id="Fact_5e8254329ba445bf9ab29ddd287b0a6a" contextRef="c20211025to20211025" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant
      to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" id="Fact_1addb8812d774d0983894256241bb394" contextRef="c20211025to20211025" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant
      to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

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    <td style="width: 43.93%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title of each class</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trading Symbol(s)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_64e104a3392d491ba30686dd4516a22b" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember">Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
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    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_ab5b76cdd7cf4b1a90512b61b1b8676f" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember">JW.A</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_e42b3f4fccc34d329f8373be9563244f" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">New York Stock Exchange</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_67b901a5ff424fee9deac2da08023a6b" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_c027f81f29724d4089463e5d10dccd8b" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember">JW.B</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_06781056e7d144d1a7c10fcff04b6451" contextRef="c20211025to20211025_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">New York Stock Exchange</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter)
      or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

    <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Emerging growth company&#160;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI Symbol', sans-serif;">&#9744;</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or
      revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_2d0d96e61a034b7b82cf4ad0ff903a52" contextRef="c20211025to20211025" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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      <div></div>

      <div style="page-break-after:always;">
        <hr style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;" /></div>

      <div></div>

    </div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.2pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Item&#160;5.02 Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers;
        Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">On October 28, 2021, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) announced that John A. Kritzmacher, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer,
      will be retiring from the Company on December 31, 2021. On October 25, 2021, the Company appointed Christina Van Tassell as the Company&#8217;s Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, reporting to President and Chief Executive Officer, Brian
      A. Napack, effective November 22, 2021. Ms. Van Tassell will succeed Mr. Kritzmacher who will step down from his role as of such date but remain with the Company until December 31, 2021 to provide for a well-coordinated transition until his
      retirement.</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ms. Van Tassell, 51, will join the Company from Dow Jones &amp; Company, Inc. (&#8220;Dow Jones&#8221;) a global news and information company, where she has been Chief
        Financial Officer since November 2017. Prior to Dow Jones, Ms. Van Tassell was Global Chief Financial Officer at Xaxis, a WPP Company from 2014 to 2017, as well as Global Chief Financial Officer and Partner at Centurion Holdings LLC. Ms. Van
        Tassell began her career <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">at PricewaterhouseCoopers, holding senior roles in New York, London, and Sweden</span>.</div>

    </div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">In connection with her appointment, Ms. Van Tassell will receive:</div>

    </div>

    <div>
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              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">A base salary of $650,000.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    </div>

    <div>
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    <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; align: right;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Eligibility to participate in the Company&#8217;s Executive Annual Incentive Plan, with a target incentive equal to 100% of base
                salary.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    </div>

    <div>
      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="z9ed28afa2efc42c08f8df88d99255c53" class="DSPFListTable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; width: 100%; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; align: right;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Eligibility to participate in annual grants under the Company&#8217;s Executive Long-Term Incentive Program (ELTIP), with a target
                long-term incentive equal to 200% of base salary.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
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    <div>
      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="z8fe98ce210a74d3c97e6af2e5cd32519" class="DSPFListTable" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; width: 100%; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; align: right;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">A cash sign-on bonus of $250,000, half payable in the payroll period 90 days after start date and half payable in the payroll
                period following the first anniversary of the start date.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    </div>

    <div>
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    <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; align: right;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">A one-time grant of restricted share units with a grant value of $1.3 million, payable in Class A shares of the Company stock
                which will vest 50% on each of the first and second anniversaries of the start date.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    </div>

    <div>
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  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18pt; vertical-align: top; align: right;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: auto; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">A grant of 20,000 premium stock options with the same terms and conditions as the Company&#8217;s other Executive Leadership Team
                members.</div>
            </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    </div>

    <div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ms. Van Tassell&#8217;s employment letter also provides for certain severance and change in control benefits. Pursuant to her employment
        letter, Ms. Van Tassell is subject to certain confidentiality obligations, and non-compete and non-solicitation covenants. The foregoing description is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the employment letter, a copy of
        which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated in its entirety herein.</div>

      <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">A copy of the press release announcing the appointment of Ms. Van Tassell as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer is
        attached as Exhibit 99.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K.</div>

    </div>

    <div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">In connection with&#160;his departure from the Company, Mr.&#160;Kritzmacher will receive certain payments and benefits in accordance with the June 26, 2017 Addendum
        to his Employment Agreement dated as of May 20, 2013.</div>

    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left;"><br />
    </div>

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    <td style="width: 100%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Item 9.01 &#8211;&#160;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Financial Statements and Exhibits</span></span></div>
          </td>

  </tr>

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    <td style="width: 100%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br />
            </div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exhibit 10.1: Employment letter dated October 25, 2021</div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br />
            </div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exhibit 99.1: Press Release dated October 28, 2021</div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br />
            </div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exhibit 104: Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)</div>
          </td>

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    <div><br />
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    <div><br />
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Signatures</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
      undersigned thereunto duly authorized.</div>

    <div><br />
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    <div><br />
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    <td style="width: 55%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">JOHN WILEY &amp; SONS, INC.</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Registrant)</div>
          </td>

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    <div><br />
    </div>

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            <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">By&#160; <br />
            </div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Brian A. Napack</div>
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    <td style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brian A. Napack</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">President and</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dated: October 28, 2021</div>
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<TYPE>EX-10.1
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<DESCRIPTION>EMPLOYMENT LETTER DATED OCTOBER 25, 2021
<TEXT>
<html>
  <head>
    <title></title>
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<body bgcolor="#ffffff" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
  <div style="width: 100%;" id="DSPFPageHeader"></div>
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  <div style="text-align: center;"><img src="image00001.jpg"></div>
  <br>
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  <div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.2pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.05pt; margin-right: 424.75pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-top: 2.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">October 25, 2021 </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.05pt; margin-right: 424.75pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-top: 2.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.05pt; margin-right: 424.75pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-top: 2.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Christina Van Tassell </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.05pt; margin-right: 424.75pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-top: 2.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.05pt; margin-right: 424.75pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-top: 2.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dear Christina,</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 6.4pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; margin-right: 9.75pt; margin-left: 6.85pt; margin-top: 1.35pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">I am very pleased to confirm our offer of employment with John Wiley &amp; Sons,
      Inc. as EVP and Chief Financial Officer, reporting to our President and Chief Executive Officer. This offer is contingent upon a satisfactory background check and your execution of the attached Confidentiality and Proprietary Rights Agreements and
      Restrictive Covenants. You confirm that you have disclosed to the Company all contractual restrictions that could have any impact on your ability to commence employment with the Company and by signing this offer letter.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.4pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.7pt; margin-right: 22.1pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Your employment start date will be on or about November 22, 2021, or such other date
      as is mutually agreed (the &#8220;Start Date&#8221;). Your salary will be $650,000 annually. You will be eligible to participate in the Executive Annual Incentive Plan, with a target incentive equal to 100% of your base salary. Your annual incentive will not be
      prorated for fiscal year 2022. Payout will be based on achievement of pre-established company performance objectives and mutually agreed individual objectives, in accordance with plan provisions.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-right: 18.45pt; margin-left: 6.35pt; margin-top: 9.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You will be eligible to receive annual equity grants under
      the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan (ELTIP), with a target long-term incentive equal to 200% of your base salary. The first ELTIP grant shall be made on your Start Date. Your equity grants will not be prorated for fiscal year 2022. All grants and
      payouts under the ELTIP are subject to and in accordance with plan provisions.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.6pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.7pt; margin-right: 9.6pt; margin-left: 7.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You will receive a cash sign-on bonus of $250,000 (the &#8220;Sign on Bonus&#8221;), subject to
      taxes and other withholding, half payable in the payroll period following 90 days after your Start Date, and half payable in the payroll period following your first anniversary of your Start Date. Payment of your sign-on bonus is subject to continued
      employment at Wiley through the dates of payment. If you leave Wiley voluntarily within one year of the payment dates, you will be required to reimburse Wiley for a pro-rated portion of the sign-on bonus based on your actual employment service within
      the applicable one-year period. Wiley reserves the right to deduct from your last paycheck, or any payment due you at separation, any debts you owe the Company as permitted by state law.</div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-right: 5.55pt; margin-left: 7.05pt; margin-top: 8.9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You will receive upon hire a one-time grant of restricted share
      units with a value of $1.3 million (the &#8220;Sign-On RSUs&#8221;), payable in Class A shares of Wiley stock which will vest 50% on each of the first and second anniversaries of your employment Start Date and will be settled in line with the Company&#8217;s standard
      practices with its stock plan administrator. The grant is subject to forfeiture prior to vesting in the case of resignation, or termination with Cause, and accelerated vesting of the Sign-On RSUs in the case of death, permanent disability,
      termination without Cause or for Constructive Discharge or upon a Change in Control.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.25pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-right: 22.65pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You will receive upon hire a grant of 20,000 premium stock options with the same
      terms and conditions as our other Executive Leadership Team members.</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div>
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                  <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, U.S. </div>
                  <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">T +1 201 748 6000</div>
                  <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 3.55pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">F +1 201 748 6088</div>
                  <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 3.35pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">www.wiley.com</div>
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    <br>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-left: 6.35pt; margin-top: 2.05pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Going forward, as an executive officer, your compensation is subject to the approval of
      the President and CEO and the Executive Compensation and Development Committee of the Board of Directors.</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 6.35pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">All compensation is subject to withholding and payroll taxes.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You are eligible for our Executive Perquisites Program, and the details for calendar year 2021 are included
      in the attached document.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.1pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You will be eligible to participate in Wiley's benefits plans in accordance with Company policy.</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.3pt;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt; margin-right: 11.45pt; margin-left: 6.9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">While we look forward to a mutually beneficial relationship, your employment is
      "at-will." This offer letter is nota contract and does not guarantee any employment duration, terms, or conditions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, should your employment be involuntarily terminated without Cause, or if you terminate your employment
      due to Constructive Discharge (each as defined in the Executive Severance Plan) , you will receive as severance (in addition to any unpaid base salary earned at the date of termination, and prorated annual incentive paid at the regular time based on
      actual performance if active for nine months or more of the fiscal year):</div>
    <div style="margin-top: 0.05pt;"><br>
    </div>
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            <td style="width: 42.35pt; vertical-align: top;">
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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Absent a Change in Control: One month of base salary for each year of employment, subject to a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 18
                months. Continued health insurance for the number of months of the cash severance period.</div>
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    <div style="margin-top: 0.6pt;"><br>
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              <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 24.35pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8226;</div>
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              <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Within Twenty-Four Months of a Change in Control: Eighteen months of base salary and eighteen months of &#8220;target&#8221; annual incentive to be
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    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.6pt; margin-right: 9.6pt; margin-left: 6.2pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">In addition to the above, in the event of termination without Cause or due to
      Constructive Discharge, unpaid installment of the Sign-On Bonus and the Sign-On Equity shall vest and payment shall be accelerated, without any obligation to repay previously paid installments. All severance is payable under the Executive Severance
      Plan and is subject to your signing a release and waiver of claims and compliance with the restrictive covenants included in the attached Confidentiality and Proprietary Rights Agreements and Restrictive Covenants document, which apply as material
      terms of your employment in any event. For the avoidance of doubt, you will be entitled to any applicable benefits under the Executive Severance Plan, the relevant equity plan or grant agreement to the extent not covered in or greater than the
      benefits set forth in this letter. Further, for the avoidance of doubt, to the extent the terms of the Restrictive Covenants as modified by or as provided in the terms of the Executive Severance Plan are more favorable to you, those more favorable
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    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.6pt; margin-right: 9.4pt; margin-left: 6.25pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Christina, I know that you will continue to contribute significantly to the success of
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    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.6pt; margin-right: 9.75pt; margin-left: 6.25pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Please sign and return this letter, and the Confidentiality and Proprietary Rights
      Agreements and Restrictive Covenants document, to me at <font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><u>dmcmahan@wiley.com</u></font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">.</font></div>
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              <div><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sincerely,</font><font style="display: inline-block; text-indent: 0px; font-size: 1px; width: 252.85pt;"> <br>
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              <div><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Acknowledged and Agreed:</font></div>
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          <tr>
            <td style="width: 10%;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>
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            </td>
            <td style="width: 10%;">
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              <div>&#160;</div>
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            <td style="width: 10%;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>
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              <div>/s/ Danielle McMahan</div>
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              <div>/s/<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Christina Van Tassell</font><font style="display: inline-block; text-indent: 0px; font-size: 1px; width: 173.65pt;"> <br>
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              <div>Danielle McMahan</div>
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              <div>&#160;</div>
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              <div><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Christina Van Tassell</font><font style="display: inline-block; text-indent: 0px; font-size: 1px; width: 173.65pt;"> <br>
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              <div><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">EVP and Chief People Officer</font></div>
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              <div>&#160;</div>
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              <div><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Date : October 26, 2021<br>
                </font></div>
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                <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, U.S. </div>
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    <div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.45pt; margin-right: 37.25pt; margin-left: 6.8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">As a condition of your employment with John Wiley &amp; Sons, its subsidiaries,
      affiliates, successors or assigns (together &#8220;Wiley&#8221; or the &#8220;Company), and in consideration of your employment with the Company and your receipt of the compensation now and hereafter paid to you by the Company, you agree to the following:</div>
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    <div style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 5.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="Intellectual_Property_and_Rights"></a>Intellectual Property and Rights</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5pt; margin-right: 8pt; margin-left: 6.85pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You hereby confirm that inventions, trade secrets and other work product produced by you
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      underlying rights therein, in all media now known or hereinafter devised, throughout the universe and in perpetuity without any further obligations to you. If the Work Product, or any portion thereof, is deemed not to be Work for Hire, you hereby
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      the copyrights and patents thereto, free and clear of all liens and other encumbrances. You shall make such applications, sign such papers (including without limitation assignments), take all rightful oaths, and perform all acts as may be reasonably
      requested, during or after the term of your employment, with respect to evidencing ownership of the Work Product. You shall assist Wiley to obtain any registrations covering Work Product assigned hereunder to Wiley and you hereby irrevocably
      designate and appoint Wiley and its duly authorized officers and agents as your attorney in fact, to act for and in your behalf and stead, to execute and further the prosecution and issuance of registrations thereon with the same legal force and
      effect as if executed by you.</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5pt; margin-right: 9.4pt; margin-left: 6.85pt; margin-top: 0.05pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You acknowledge that the Company may from time to time create &#8211; or
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    <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="Protection_of_Confidential_Information"></a>Protection of Confidential Information</div>
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                <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, U.S. </div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; margin-right: 1.75pt; margin-left: 6.85pt; margin-top: 1.35pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">You acknowledge that all such information is and shall be deemed to be &#8220;Confidential
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    <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.65pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><a name="Business_Opportunities"></a>Business Opportunities</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.75pt; margin-right: 7.55pt; margin-left: 7.1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">During your employment with Wiley, you have and will become familiar with Wiley&#8217;s
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    <div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5pt; margin-right: 9.4pt; margin-left: 6.85pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">A &#8220;Competing Business&#8221; is any person or entity that (i) conducts or is planning to
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              <div style="text-align: center; margin-right: 0.9pt; margin-left: 1pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, U.S. </div>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">Christina Van Tassell, former Dow Jones CFO, to become Wiley CFO</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hoboken, NJ, October 28, 2021&#8211; Wiley (NYSE: JW-A) (NYSE: JW-B), a global leader in research and education, today announced Executive Vice President and Chief
      Financial Officer John Kritzmacher plans to retire from the Company after eight years of service at the end of calendar year 2021.&#160; Christina Van Tassell will join Wiley at the end of November 2021 as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial
      Officer, succeeding Mr. Kritzmacher.</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;For eight years, John Kritzmacher has been an exceptional leader for Wiley, helping to drive the Company&#8217;s strategic direction, expanding growth profile and
      overall financial strength,&#8221; said Brian Napack, President and CEO.&#160; &#8220;He has built an outstanding finance organization and leaves us well positioned for a bright future.&#160; I want to extend my deepest gratitude to John for his partnership, and for his
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ms. Van Tassell joins Wiley with over 25 years of experience leading and innovating in global finance organizations.&#160; She comes to Wiley from Dow Jones, where
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;I am delighted to welcome Christina Van Tassell to Wiley,&#8221; said Brian Napack, President and CEO. &#8220;She is an outstanding financial and operating executive
      with a proven track record of innovation and delivering results.&#160; She brings a wealth of experience, insight and creativity to Wiley, along with a deep commitment to having positive impact on the world.&#160; I&#8217;m very much looking forward to working with
      Christina to enable Wiley&#8217;s next phase of growth.&#8221;</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">###</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold;">ABOUT WILEY</font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><br>
      </font>Wiley (NYSE: JWA) is a global leader in research and education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping workforces. For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world&#8217;s knowledge ecosystem. Today, our
      high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals in an ever-changing world. Visit us at&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Wiley.com</font>,
      like us on&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Facebook</font>, and follow us on&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Twitter&#160;</font>and&#160;<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">LinkedIn</font>.</div>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>jwa-20211025_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:title="label: WrittenCommunications to dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:title="label: SolicitingMaterial to dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:title="label: AmendmentFlag to dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalYearFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentPeriodEndDate to dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityRegistrantName to dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityCentralIndexKey to dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityFileNumber to dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityTaxIdentificationNumber to dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode to dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityEmergingGrowthCompany to dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine1 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine2 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:title="EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressCityOrTown to dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:title="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressStateOrProvince to dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:title="EntityAddressCountry" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:title="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="CityAreaCode" xlink:title="CityAreaCode" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:title="LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl">Local Phone Number</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityListingsTable" xlink:label="EntityListingsTable" xlink:title="EntityListingsTable" />
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityListingsTable" xlink:to="dei_EntityListingsTable_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityListingsTable to dei_EntityListingsTable_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:label="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:title="EntityListingsLineItems" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityListingsLineItems_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityListingsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityListingsLineItems_lbl">Entity Listings [Line Items]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityListingsLineItems_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityListingsLineItems to dei_EntityListingsLineItems_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="Security12bTitle" />
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:title="label: Security12bTitle to dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:title="NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="TradingSymbol" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:title="label: TradingSymbol to dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021/dei-2021.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="SecurityExchangeName" />
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    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:title="label: SecurityExchangeName to dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" />
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>jwa-20211025_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.21.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139694458280616">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Oct. 25, 2021</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Oct. 25,  2021<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-11507<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">13-5593032<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">111 River Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Hoboken<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NJ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">07030<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">201<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">748-6000<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000107140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassAMember', window );">Common Class A [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">JW.A<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassBMember', window );">Common Class B [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">JW.B<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityListingsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
