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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Apr. 30, 2022 | Apr. 30, 2021 | Apr. 30, 2020
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ 148,309 | $ 148,256 | $ (74,287)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets |  | 0 | 0 | 202,348
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 84,836 | 74,685 | 62,436
Amortization of product development assets |  | 35,162 | 34,365 | 35,975
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property, and equipment |  | 95,172 | 91,139 | 76,716
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | [1] | (1,427) | 33,310 | 32,607
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 25,705 | 21,982 | 20,009
Employee retirement plan expense |  | 19,146 | 12,975 | 10,832
Foreign exchange transaction losses (gains) |  | 3,192 | 7,977 | (2,773)
Gain on sale of certain assets |  | (3,694) | 0 | 0
Other noncash charges |  | 37,128 | 35,138 | 7,115
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (26,318) | (7,263) | (2,962)
Inventories, net |  | 2,311 | 7,842 | (2,714)
Accounts payable and accrued royalties |  | 16,373 | (31,121) | 14,588
Contract liabilities |  | 9,973 | 14,164 | (118)
Restructuring payments |  | (5,911) | (19,667) | (12,563)
Other accrued liabilities |  | (13,476) | 28,142 | (13,779)
Employee retirement plan contributions |  | (46,729) | (40,676) | (33,729)
Operating lease liabilities |  | (29,737) | (32,344) | (28,243)
Other |  | (10,915) | (18,981) | (3,023)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 339,100 | 359,923 | 288,435
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Product development spending |  | (27,015) | (25,954) | (26,608)
Additions to technology, property, and equipment |  | (88,843) | (77,407) | (88,593)
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired |  | (75,703) | (299,942) | (229,629)
Proceeds related to the sale of certain assets |  | 3,375 | 0 | 0
Acquisitions of publication rights and other |  | (5,838) | (29,851) | (1,840)
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (194,024) | (433,154) | (346,670)
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt |  | (661,873) | (562,752) | (630,551)
Borrowings of long-term debt |  | 650,877 | 593,405 | 934,323
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | 0 | 0 | (4,006)
Purchases of treasury shares |  | (30,000) | (15,765) | (46,589)
Change in book overdrafts |  | (6,327) | 18,398 | (48)
Cash dividends |  | (77,205) | (76,938) | (76,658)
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other |  | (7,110) | (3,434) | (3,794)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (131,638) | (47,086) | 172,677
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | (7,070) | 11,629 | (4,943)
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 93,795 | 202,464 | 92,890
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 564 | 583 | 658
Balance at beginning of year |  | 94,359 | 203,047 | 93,548
Increase/(decrease) for year |  | 6,368 | (108,688) | 109,499
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 100,397 | 93,795 | 202,464
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 330 | 564 | 583
Balance at end of year |  | 100,727 | 94,359 | 203,047
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |
Interest |  | 17,834 | 17,171 | 23,622
Income taxes, net of refunds |  | 48,887 | 41,064 | 41,537
Learning House [Member] | Warrants [Member] |  |  |  |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |
Shares issued in connection with the acquisition of a business |  | $ 7,363 | $ 0 | $ 0
[1] | See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related (Credits) Charges” and Note 11, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for these charges by segment.

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