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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - UNAUDITED - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 3 Months Ended | 9 Months Ended
--- | --- | ---
Jan. 31, 2022 | Jan. 31, 2021 | Jan. 31, 2022 | Jan. 31, 2021
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ 35,366 | $ 22,161 | $ 105,163 | $ 106,927
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 21,056 | 19,032 | 63,683 | 53,089
Amortization of product development assets |  |  |  | 26,662 | 25,323
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property and equipment |  |  |  | 72,139 | 68,841
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | [1] | 448 | 20,675 | (1,161) | 24,813
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 6,300 | 5,600 | 19,361 | 14,744
Employee retirement plan expense |  |  |  | 14,309 | 9,080
Foreign exchange transaction losses |  | 488 | 5,694 | 1,488 | 6,473
Gain on sale of certain assets |  | 0 | 0 | (3,694) | 0
Other noncash charges |  |  |  | 39,044 | 29,256
Net change in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  | (178,510) | (183,720)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  | 158,484 | 154,826
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Product development spending |  |  |  | (20,388) | (17,103)
Additions to technology, property and equipment |  |  |  | (60,668) | (58,176)
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired |  |  |  | (70,620) | (298,590)
Proceeds related to the sale of certain assets |  |  |  | 3,375 | 0
Acquisitions of publication rights and other |  |  |  | (3,750) | (18,524)
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  | (152,051) | (392,393)
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  |  | (268,466) | (452,927)
Borrowings of long-term debt |  |  |  | 373,800 | 627,097
Purchases of treasury shares |  |  |  | (24,867) | (7,063)
Change in book overdrafts |  |  |  | (4,000) | 7,929
Cash dividends |  |  |  | (57,900) | (57,802)
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other |  |  |  | (5,468) | (1,391)
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  |  | 13,099 | 115,843
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  |  |  | (3,875) | 10,631
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 93,795 | 202,464
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  | 564 | 583
Balance at beginning of period |  |  |  | 94,359 | 203,047
Increase/(decrease) for the period |  |  |  | 15,657 | (111,093)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 109,444 | 91,321 | 109,444 | 91,321
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 572 | 633 | 572 | 633
Balance at end of period |  | $ 110,016 | $ 91,954 | 110,016 | 91,954
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  |  |  | 13,601 | 12,697
Income taxes, net of refunds |  |  |  | 34,040 | 46,148
XYZ Media [Member] |  |  |  |  |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued in connection with the acquisition of a business |  |  |  | $ 7,363 | $ 0
[1] | See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for these charges by segment.

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