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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_____ to _____
Commission File No. 001-11507
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

New York |  | 13-5593032
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
111 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey |  | 07030
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | Zip Code

| (201) 748-6000 |
| Registrant’s telephone number, including area code |

| Not Applicable |
| Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | WLY |  | New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share |  | WLYB |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company o
| Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
The number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant’s classes of common stock as of November 30, 2022 were:
Class A, par value $1.00 – 46,530,311
Class B, par value $1.00 – 9,029,059

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position – Unaudited as of October 31, 2022 and as of April 30, 202 2 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income – Unaudited for the three and six months ended Octob er 31, 2022 and 2021 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Unaudited for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Unaudited for the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 8
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity – Unaudited for the three and si x months ended Oc tober 31, 2022 and 2021 | 9
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |
| Note 1. Basis of Presentation | 10
| Note 2. Recent Accounting Standards | 10
| Note 3. Acquisitions | 11
| Note 4. Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers | 12
| Note 5. Operating Leases | 16
| Note 6. Stock-Based Compensation | 17
| Note 7. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | 19
| Note 8. Reconciliation of Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 20
| Note 9. Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | 21
| Note 10. Segment Information | 24
| Note 11. Inventories | 25
| Note 12. Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 25
| Note 13. Income Taxes | 26
| Note 14. Retirement Plans | 27
| Note 15. Debt and Available Credit Facilities | 27
| Note 16. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | 28
| Note 17. Capital Stock and Changes in Capital Accounts | 30
| Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies | 31
| N ote 19. Subsequent Events | 31
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 52
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 53
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
SIGNATURES | 56

2

INDEX
Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 concerning our business, consolidated financial condition and results of operations. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s prospects and make informed investment decisions. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by such words as “anticipates,” “believes,” “plan,” “assumes,” “could,” “should,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “potential,” “seek,” “predict,” “may,” “will” and similar references to future periods. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this report regarding our strategies, prospects, financial condition, operations, costs, plans and objectives are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding our fiscal year 2023 outlook, the anticipated impact on the ability of our employees, contractors, customers and other business partners to perform our and their respective responsibilities and obligations relative to the conduct of our business in the future due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, anticipated restructuring charges and savings, operations, performance, and financial condition. Reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, as actual results may differ materially from those described in any forward-looking statements. Any such forward-looking statements are based upon many assumptions and estimates that are inherently subject to uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, and are subject to change based on many important factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to (i) the level of investment by Wiley in new technologies and products; (ii) subscriber renewal rates for our journals; (iii) the financial stability and liquidity of journal subscription agents; (iv) the consolidation of book wholesalers and retail accounts; (v) the market position and financial stability of key retailers; (vi) the seasonal nature of our educational business and the impact of the used book market; (vii) worldwide economic and political conditions; (viii) our ability to protect our copyrights and other intellectual property worldwide; (ix) our ability to successfully integrate acquired operations and realize expected opportunities; (x) the ability to realize operating savings over time and in fiscal year 2023 in connection with our multiyear Business Optimization Program and our Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program; (xi) the impact of COVID-19 on our operations, performance, and financial condition; and (xii) other factors detailed from time to time in our filings with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.
Please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K and as revised and updated by our Quarterly Reports in Form 10-Q for important factors that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
We present financial information that conforms to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (US GAAP). We also present financial information that does not conform to US GAAP, which we refer to as non-GAAP.
In this report, we may present the following non-GAAP performance measures:
•Adjusted Earnings Per Share (Adjusted EPS);
•Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending;
•Adjusted Contribution to Profit and margin;
•Adjusted Operating Income and margin;
•Adjusted Income Before Taxes;
•Adjusted Income Tax Provision;
•Adjusted Effective Tax Rate;
•EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and margin;
•Organic revenue; and
•Results on a constant currency basis.
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Management uses these non-GAAP performance measures as supplemental indicators of our operating performance and financial position as well as for internal reporting and forecasting purposes, when publicly providing our outlook, to evaluate our performance and calculate incentive compensation. We present these non-GAAP performance measures in addition to US GAAP financial results because we believe that these non-GAAP performance measures provide useful information to certain investors and financial analysts for operational trends and comparisons over time. The use of these non-GAAP performance measures may also provide a consistent basis to evaluate operating profitability and performance trends by excluding items that we do not consider to be controllable activities for this purpose.
The performance metric used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate performance of our reportable segments is Adjusted Contribution to Profit. We present both Adjusted Contribution to Profit and Adjusted EBITDA for each of our reportable segments as we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides additional useful information to certain investors and financial analysts for operational trends and comparisons over time. It removes the impact of depreciation and amortization expense, as well as presents a consistent basis to evaluate operating profitability and compare our financial performance to that of our peer companies and competitors.
For example:
•Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Contribution to Profit, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Income Before Taxes, Adjusted Income Tax Provision, Adjusted Effective Tax Rate, Adjusted EBITDA, and organic revenue (excluding acquisitions) provide a more comparable basis to analyze operating results and earnings and are measures commonly used by shareholders to measure our performance.
•Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending helps assess our ability, over the long term, to create value for our shareholders as it represents cash available to repay debt, pay common stock dividends, and fund share repurchases and acquisitions.
•Results on a constant currency basis remove distortion from the effects of foreign currency movements to provide better comparability of our business trends from period to period. We measure our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency (or at constant currency), which means that we apply the same foreign currency exchange rates for the current and equivalent prior period.
In addition, we have historically provided these or similar non-GAAP performance measures and understand that some investors and financial analysts find this information helpful in analyzing our operating margins and net income, and in comparing our financial performance to that of our peer companies and competitors. Based on interactions with investors, we also believe that our non-GAAP performance measures are regarded as useful to our investors as supplemental to our US GAAP financial results, and that there is no confusion regarding the adjustments or our operating performance to our investors due to the comprehensive nature of our disclosures. We have not provided our 2023 outlook for the most directly comparable US GAAP financial measures, as they are not available without unreasonable effort due to the high variability, complexity, and low visibility with respect to certain items, including restructuring charges and credits, gains and losses on foreign currency, and other gains and losses. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could be material to our consolidated results computed in accordance with US GAAP.
Non-GAAP performance measures do not have standardized meanings prescribed by US GAAP and therefore may not be comparable to the calculation of similar measures used by other companies and should not be viewed as alternatives to measures of financial results under US GAAP. The adjusted metrics have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, US GAAP information. It does not purport to represent any similarly titled US GAAP information and is not an indicator of our performance under US GAAP. Non-GAAP financial metrics that we present may not be comparable with similarly titled measures used by others. Investors are cautioned against placing undue reliance on these non-GAAP measures.
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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION – UNAUDITED
In thousands

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022
Assets: |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 118,423 |  |  | $ | 100,397 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $20.2 million and $21.2 million, respectively | 260,026 |  |  | 331,960 |
Inventories, net | 34,447 |  |  | 36,585 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 70,098 |  |  | 81,924 |
Total current assets | 482,994 |  |  | 550,866 |
Technology, property and equipment, net | 249,922 |  |  | 271,572 |
Intangible assets, net | 860,576 |  |  | 931,429 |
Goodwill | 1,268,312 |  |  | 1,302,142 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 93,334 |  |  | 111,719 |
Other non-current assets | 173,233 |  |  | 193,967 |
Total assets | $ | 3,128,371 |  |  | $ | 3,361,695 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity: |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 46,250 |  |  | $ | 77,438 |
Accrued royalties | 101,598 |  |  | 101,596 |
Short-term portion of long-term debt | 25,000 |  |  | 18,750 |
Contract liabilities | 263,821 |  |  | 538,126 |
Accrued employment costs | 84,333 |  |  | 117,121 |
Short-term portion of operating lease liabilities | 19,043 |  |  | 20,576 |
Other accrued liabilities | 94,532 |  |  | 95,812 |
Total current liabilities | 634,577 |  |  | 969,419 |
Long-term debt | 978,683 |  |  | 768,277 |
Accrued pension liability | 75,668 |  |  | 78,622 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 157,048 |  |  | 180,065 |
Operating lease liabilities | 120,559 |  |  | 132,541 |
Other long-term liabilities | 84,029 |  |  | 90,502 |
Total liabilities | 2,050,564 |  |  | 2,219,426 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value per share: Authorized shares – 2 million, Issued shares - 0 | — |  |  | — |
Class A common stock, $1 par value per share: Authorized shares - 180 million, Issued shares - 70,228 and 70,226 as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively | 70,228 |  |  | 70,226 |
Class B common stock, $1 par value per share: Authorized shares - 72 million, Issued shares - 12,954 and 12,956 as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively | 12,954 |  |  | 12,956 |
Additional paid-in-capital | 465,216 |  |  | 459,297 |
Retained earnings | 1,902,661 |  |  | 1,921,160 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (545,986) |  |  | (508,146) |
Less treasury shares at cost (Class A – 23,719 and 23,515 as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively; Class B – 3,924 and 3,924 as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively) | (827,266) |  |  | (813,224) |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,077,807 |  |  | 1,142,269 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 3,128,371 |  |  | $ | 3,361,695 |

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME – UNAUDITED
Dollars in thousands except per share information

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue, net | $ | 514,836 |  |  | $ | 533,003 |  |  | $ | 1,002,405 |  |  | $ | 1,021,391 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 170,302 |  |  | 174,782 |  |  | 344,333 |  |  | 340,738 |
Operating and administrative expenses | 253,029 |  |  | 264,190 |  |  | 535,780 |  |  | 524,779 |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 13,956 |  |  | (1,333) |  |  | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Amortization of intangible assets | 20,110 |  |  | 21,476 |  |  | 45,421 |  |  | 42,627 |
Total costs and expenses | 457,397 |  |  | 459,115 |  |  | 961,931 |  |  | 906,535 |
Operating income | 57,439 |  |  | 73,888 |  |  | 40,474 |  |  | 114,856 |
Interest expense | (9,332) |  |  | (4,997) |  |  | (15,664) |  |  | (9,636) |
Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) | 478 |  |  | (1,370) |  |  | (138) |  |  | (1,000) |
(Loss) gain on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | (56) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,694 |
Other (expense) income, net | (255) |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 6,703 |
Income before taxes | 48,330 |  |  | 70,615 |  |  | 24,943 |  |  | 114,617 |
Provision for income taxes | 10,137 |  |  | 14,648 |  |  | 4,585 |  |  | 44,820 |
Net income | $ | 38,193 |  |  | $ | 55,967 |  |  | $ | 20,358 |  |  | $ | 69,797 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 1.25 |
Diluted | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 55,622 |  | 55,806 |  | 55,679 |  | 55,833
Diluted | 56,195 |  | 56,388 |  | 56,326 |  | 56,477

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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INDEX
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) – UNAUDITED
Dollars in thousands

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 38,193 |  |  | $ | 55,967 |  |  | $ | 20,358 |  |  | $ | 69,797 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (36,148) |  |  | (9,483) |  |  | (55,928) |  |  | (15,420) |
Unamortized retirement credits, net of tax (expense) of $(2,257), $(1,183), $(3,737), and $(1,626), respectively | 8,146 |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 13,227 |  |  | 5,654 |
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, net of tax (expense) of $(1,809), $(602), $(1,748) and $(775), respectively | 5,305 |  |  | 1,809 |  |  | 4,861 |  |  | 2,347 |
Total other comprehensive loss | (22,697) |  |  | (3,609) |  |  | (37,840) |  |  | (7,419) |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 15,496 |  |  | $ | 52,358 |  |  | $ | (17,482) |  |  | $ | 62,378 |

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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INDEX
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – UNAUDITED
Dollars in thousands

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 20,358 |  |  | $ | 69,797 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 45,421 |  |  | 42,627 |
Amortization of product development assets | 16,452 |  |  | 18,088 |
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property and equipment | 48,827 |  |  | 48,406 |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Stock-based compensation expense | 13,998 |  |  | 13,059 |
Employee retirement plan expense | 14,622 |  |  | 9,892 |
Foreign exchange transaction losses | 138 |  |  | 1,000 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | (40) |  |  | (3,694) |
Other noncash (credits) charges | (8,514) |  |  | 37,663 |
Net change in operating assets and liabilities | (263,855) |  |  | (310,851) |
Net cash used in operating activities | (76,196) |  |  | (75,622) |
Investing activities |  |  |
Product development spending | (11,445) |  |  | (13,001) |
Additions to technology, property and equipment | (38,530) |  |  | (37,676) |
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired | (96) |  |  | (13,615) |
Proceeds related to the sale of certain assets | 40 |  |  | 3,375 |
Acquisitions of publication rights and other | 1,738 |  |  | (1,654) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (48,293) |  |  | (62,571) |
Financing activities |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt | (208,925) |  |  | (113,425) |
Borrowings of long-term debt | 437,311 |  |  | 340,901 |
Purchases of treasury shares | (17,500) |  |  | (17,367) |
Change in book overdrafts | (15,771) |  |  | (19,212) |
Cash dividends | (38,749) |  |  | (38,619) |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | (4,763) |  |  | (5,232) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 151,603 |  |  | 147,046 |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (8,784) |  |  | (1,742) |
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 100,397 |  |  | 93,795 |
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 330 |  |  | 564 |
Balance at beginning of period | 100,727 |  |  | 94,359 |
Increase for the period | 18,330 |  |  | 7,111 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 118,423 |  |  | 100,898 |
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 634 |  |  | 572 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 119,057 |  |  | $ | 101,470 |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 14,077 |  |  | $ | 8,769 |
Income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 25,349 |  |  | $ | 22,019 |

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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INDEX
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY – UNAUDITED
Dollars in thousands

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders' equity
Balance at July 31, 2022 | $ | 70,226 |  |  | $ | 12,956 |  |  | $ | 458,578 |  |  | $ | 1,883,857 |  |  | $ | (523,289) |  |  | $ | (820,002) |  |  | $ | 1,082,326 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (225) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | 53 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41) |  |  | (41) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,863 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,863 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,500) |  |  | (7,500) |
Class A common stock dividends ($0.3475 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,252) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,252) |
Class B common stock dividends ($0.3475 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,138) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,138) |
Common stock class conversions | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,193 |  |  | (22,697) |  |  | — |  |  | 15,496 |
Balance at October 31, 2022 | $ | 70,228 |  |  | $ | 12,954 |  |  | $ | 465,216 |  |  | $ | 1,902,661 |  |  | $ | (545,986) |  |  | $ | (827,266) |  |  | $ | 1,077,807 |

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders' equity
Balance at July 31, 2021 | $ | 70,211 |  |  | $ | 12,971 |  |  | $ | 445,690 |  |  | $ | 1,844,578 |  |  | $ | (494,600) |  |  | $ | (800,945) |  |  | $ | 1,077,905 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (634) |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 705 |  |  | 73 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,111) |  |  | (1,072) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,713 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,713 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | (10,000) |
Class A common stock dividends ($0.3450 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,190) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,190) |
Class B common stock dividends ($0.3450 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,122) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,122) |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,967 |  |  | (3,609) |  |  | — |  |  | 52,358 |
Balance at October 31, 2021 | $ | 70,211 |  |  | $ | 12,971 |  |  | $ | 451,808 |  |  | $ | 1,881,235 |  |  | $ | (498,209) |  |  | $ | (811,351) |  |  | $ | 1,106,665 |

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY – UNAUDITED
Dollars in thousands

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders' equity
Balance at April 30, 2022 | $ | 70,226 |  |  | $ | 12,956 |  |  | $ | 459,297 |  |  | $ | 1,921,160 |  |  | $ | (508,146) |  |  | $ | (813,224) |  |  | $ | 1,142,269 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,082) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,221 |  |  | 140 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,763) |  |  | (4,763) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,001 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,001 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,500) |  |  | (17,500) |
Class A common stock dividends ($0.3475 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,582) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,582) |
Class B common stock dividends ($0.3475 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,276) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,276) |
Common stock class conversions | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,358 |  |  | (37,840) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,482) |
Balance at October 31, 2022 | $ | 70,228 |  |  | $ | 12,954 |  |  | $ | 465,216 |  |  | $ | 1,902,661 |  |  | $ | (545,986) |  |  | $ | (827,266) |  |  | $ | 1,077,807 |

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders' equity
Balance at April 30, 2021 | $ | 70,208 |  |  | $ | 12,974 |  |  | $ | 444,358 |  |  | $ | 1,850,058 |  |  | $ | (490,790) |  |  | $ | (795,517) |  |  | $ | 1,091,291 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,976) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 7,114 |  |  | 137 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 349 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,581) |  |  | (5,232) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,077 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,077 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,367) |  |  | (17,367) |
Class A common stock dividends ($0.3450 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,375) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,375) |
Class B common stock dividends ($0.3450 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,244) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,244) |
Common stock class conversions | 3 |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,797 |  |  | (7,419) |  |  | — |  |  | 62,378 |
Balance at October 31, 2021 | $ | 70,211 |  |  | $ | 12,971 |  |  | $ | 451,808 |  |  | $ | 1,881,235 |  |  | $ | (498,209) |  |  | $ | (811,351) |  |  | $ | 1,106,665 |

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 — Basis of Presentation
Throughout this report, when we refer to “Wiley,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us,” we are referring to John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and all our subsidiaries, except where the context indicates otherwise.
Our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries. We have eliminated all intercompany transactions and balances in consolidation. In the opinion of management, the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Condition, Results of Operations, Comprehensive Income and Cash Flows for the periods presented. Operating results for the interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year. All amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts, and approximate due to rounding. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the most recent audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2022 as filed with the SEC on June 24, 2022 (2022 Form 10-K).
Our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with the interim reporting requirements of the SEC. As permitted under those rules, annual footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by US GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The preparation of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Note 2 — Recent Accounting Standards
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Convertible Debt Instruments, Derivatives and EPS
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)”. This ASU reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock, as well as amend the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. In addition, this ASU improves and amends the related earnings-per-share (EPS) guidance. We adopted ASU 2020-06 on May 1, 2022. The adoption did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements at the time of adoption.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”. This ASU requires that an acquirer recognize, and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) as if it had originated the contracts. Generally, this would result in an acquirer recognizing and measuring the acquired contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements if the acquiree prepared financial statements in accordance with US GAAP. This standard is effective for us on May 1, 2023, including interim periods within the fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted. The standard is applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The impact will be based on future business combinations after we adopt the standard.
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Note 3 — Acquisitions
Pro forma financial information related to these acquisitions has not been provided as it is not material to our consolidated results of operations.
Fiscal Year 2022
XYZ Media
On December 29, 2021, we completed the acquisition of certain assets of XYZ Media Inc. (XYZ Media). XYZ Media is a company that generates leads for higher education institutions. The results of XYZ Media are included in our Education Services segment results. The fair value of consideration transferred at the date of acquisition was $45.4 million which included $38.0 million of cash, and approximately 129 thousand shares of Wiley Class A common stock, or approximately $7.4 million. We financed the payment of the cash consideration with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our Amended and Restated RCA (as defined below in Note 15, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities”).
XYZ Media’s revenue and operating loss included in our Education Services segment results for the three months ended October 31, 2022 was $2.9 million and $(0.8) million, respectively. XYZ Media’s revenue and operating loss included in our Education Services segment results for the six months ended October 31, 2022 was $5.4 million and $(2.3) million, respectively.
During the six months ended October 31, 2022, no revisions were made to the allocation of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We recorded the preliminary fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date, which included a preliminary allocation of $22.2 million of goodwill allocated to the Education Services segment and $22.7 million of intangible assets subject to amortization.
The allocation of the total consideration transferred to the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and the liabilities assumed is preliminary, and could be revised as a result of additional information obtained due to the finalization of the third-party valuation report, leases and related commitments, tax related matters and contingencies and certain assets and liabilities, including receivables and payables, but such amounts will be finalized within the measurement period, which will not exceed one year from the acquisition date.
Other Acquisitions in Fiscal Year 2022
On November 30, 2021, we acquired the assets of the eJournalPress business (EJP) from Precision Computer Works, Inc. EJP is a technology platform company with an established journal submission and peer review management system. The results of EJP are included in our Research segment results.
On October 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of certain assets of J&J Editorial Services, LLC. (J&J). J&J is a publishing services company providing expert offerings in editorial operations, production, copyediting, system support and consulting. The results of J&J are included in our Research segment results.
We also completed the acquisition of two immaterial business included in our Research segment and the acquisition of one immaterial business in our Education Services segment.
The aggregate preliminary fair value of consideration transferred for these other acquisitions was approximately $41.2 million which included $36.2 million of cash paid at the acquisition dates and $5.0 million of additional cash to be paid after the acquisition dates. The fair value of the cash consideration transferred, net of $1.2 million of cash acquired was approximately $34.9 million.
The incremental revenue and operating income included in the Research segment for the three months ended October 31, 2022 related to these other acquisitions was approximately $4.5 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The incremental revenue and operating loss included in the Research segment for the six months ended October 31, 2022 related to these other acquisitions was approximately $9.1 million and $(2.1) million, respectively.
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During the six months ended October 31, 2022, no revisions were made to the allocation of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Associated with these other acquisitions, we recorded the preliminary aggregate excess purchase price over identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which included a preliminary allocation of $24.8 million of goodwill allocated to the Research segment and $15.6 million of intangible assets subject to amortization. No goodwill was allocated to the Education Services segment.
The allocation of the consideration transferred for the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and liabilities assumed was finalized during the three months ended October 31, 2022 for the J&J acquisition.
The allocations of the total consideration transferred to the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and the liabilities assumed for the remaining other acquisitions are preliminary, and could be revised as a result of additional information obtained due to the finalization of the third-party valuation report, leases and related commitments, tax related matters and contingencies and certain assets and liabilities, including receivables and payables, but such amounts will be finalized within the measurement period, which will not exceed one year from the acquisition date.
Note 4 — Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table presents our revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by segment and product type.

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Research (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (2) | $ | 232,641 |  |  | $ | 238,853 |  |  | $ | 472,164 |  |  | $ | 482,137 |
Research Solutions (2) | 38,718 |  |  | 36,301 |  |  | 74,108 |  |  | 67,773 |
Total Research | 271,359 |  |  | 275,154 |  |  | 546,272 |  |  | 549,910 |
Academic & Professional Learning: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Education Publishing | 86,200 |  |  | 98,581 |  |  | 149,256 |  |  | 164,961 |
Professional Learning | 66,441 |  |  | 77,948 |  |  | 136,344 |  |  | 150,832 |
Total Academic & Professional Learning | 152,641 |  |  | 176,529 |  |  | 285,600 |  |  | 315,793 |
Education Services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
University Services (3) | 57,759 |  |  | 58,630 |  |  | 105,570 |  |  | 113,598 |
Talent Development Services (3) | 33,077 |  |  | 22,690 |  |  | 64,963 |  |  | 42,090 |
Total Education Services | 90,836 |  |  | 81,320 |  |  | 170,533 |  |  | 155,688 |
Total Revenue | $ | 514,836 |  |  | $ | 533,003 |  |  | $ | 1,002,405 |  |  | $ | 1,021,391 |

(1) | The Research segment was previously referred to as Research Publishing & Platforms.

(2) | As previously announced, in May 2022 our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified to Research Solutions was $24.0 million and $44.1 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.

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(3) | In May 2022, we moved the WileyNXT product offering from Talent Development Services to University Services and the prior period results have been included in University Services. There were no changes to the total Education Services segment or our total consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified was $0.5 million and $1.1 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.

The following information describes our disaggregation of revenue by segment and product type. Overall, the majority of our revenue is recognized over time.
Research
Research customers include academic, corporate, government, and public libraries, funders of research, researchers, scientists, clinicians, engineers and technologists, scholarly and professional societies, and students and professors. Research products are sold and distributed globally through multiple channels, including research libraries and library consortia, independent subscription agents, direct sales to professional society members, and other customers. Publishing centers include Australia, China, Germany, India, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). The majority of revenue generated from Research products is recognized over time. Total Research revenue was $271.4 million and $546.3 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively.
We disaggregated revenue by Research Publishing & Research Solutions to reflect the different type of products and services provided.
Research Publishing Products
Research Publishing products provide scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, as well as related content and services, to academic, corporate, and government libraries, learned societies, and individual researchers and other professionals. Research Publishing revenue was $232.6 million and $472.2 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and the majority is recognized over time.
Research Publishing products generate approximately 87% in both the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, of its revenue from contracts with its customers from Journal Subscriptions (pay to read), Open Access (pay to publish) and Transformational Agreements (read and publish) and the remainder from Licensing, Reprints, Backfiles, and Other.
Research Solutions Products and Services
Research Solutions services include Atypon Systems, Inc (Atypon) a publishing software and service provider that enables scholarly and professional societies and publishers to deliver, host, enhance, market, and manage their content on the web through the Literatum platform. In addition, Research Solutions includes advertising, spectroscopy software and spectral databases, and job board software and career center services, which includes the products and services from the recent acquisitions of Madgex and Informatics. As well as product and service offerings related to recent acquisitions such as J&J and the EJP business. J&J is a publishing services company providing expert offerings in editorial operations, production, copyediting, system support and consulting. EJP is a technology platform company with an established journal submission and peer-review management system. Research Solutions revenue was $38.7 million and $74.1 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and the majority is recognized over time.
Academic & Professional Learning
Academic & Professional Learning provides Education Publishing and Professional Learning products and services including scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, digital courseware, and test preparation services to libraries, corporations, students, professionals, and researchers, as well as learning, development, and assessment services for businesses and professionals. Communities served include business, finance, accounting, workplace learning, management, leadership, technology, behavioral health, engineering/architecture, science and medicine, and education. Products are developed for worldwide distribution through multiple channels, including chain and online booksellers, libraries, colleges and universities, corporations, direct to consumer, web sites, distributor networks and other online applications. Publishing centers include Australia, Germany, India, the UK, and the US. Total Academic & Professional Learning revenue was $152.6 million and $285.6 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively.
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We disaggregated revenue by type of products provided. Academic & Professional Learning products are Education Publishing and Professional Learning. Academic & Professional Learning revenues are mainly recognized at a point in time.
Education Publishing Products
Education Publishing products revenue was $86.2 million and $149.3 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. Education Publishing products generate approximately 57% and 64% in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, of its revenue from contracts with its customers from Education (print and digital) Publishing, which is recognized at a point in time, and 32% and 22% in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, from Digital Courseware which is recognized over time. The remainder of its revenues were from Test Preparation and Certification and Licensing and Other, which has a mix of revenue recognized at a point in time and over time.
Professional Learning Products
Professional Learning products revenue was $66.4 million and $136.3 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. Professional Learning (print and digital) products generate approximately 54% and 56% in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, of revenue from contracts with its customers from Professional Publishing, and Licensing and Other, and both are mainly recognized at a point in time. Approximately 46% and 44% of Professional Learning products revenue in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, is from contracts with its customers from Corporate Training and Corporate Learning, which is recognized mainly over time.
Education Services
Education Services revenue was $90.8 million and $170.5 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and the majority is recognized over time. We disaggregated revenue by type of services provided, which are University Services and Talent Development Services.
University Services
University Services revenue was $57.8 million and $105.6 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and is mainly recognized over time. University Services primarily engages in the comprehensive management of online degree programs for universities and has grown to include a broad array of technology enabled service offerings that address our partner specific pain points. Increasingly, this includes delivering career credentialing education that advances specific careers with in-demand skills.
Talent Development Services
Talent Development Services revenue was $33.1 million and $65.0 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and is recognized at the point in time the services are provided to its customers. Talent Development Services is a talent placement provider that finds, trains and places job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide.
Accounts Receivable, net and Contract Liability Balances
When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract, a contract liability is recorded. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when, or as, control of the products or services are transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met.
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The following table provides information about accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022 |  | Increase/ (Decrease)
Balances from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 260,026 |  |  | $ | 331,960 |  |  | $ | (71,934) |
Contract liabilities (1) | 263,821 |  |  | 538,126 |  |  | (274,305) |
Contract liabilities (included in Other long-term liabilities) | $ | 20,857 |  |  | $ | 19,072 |  |  | $ | 1,785 |

(1) | The sales return reserve recorded in Contract liabilities is $28.9 million and $31.1 million, as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively.

For the six months ended October 31, 2022, we estimate that we recognized revenue of approximately 73% that was included in the current contract liability balance at April 30, 2022.
The decrease in contract liabilities excluding the sales return reserve, was primarily driven by revenue earned on journal subscription agreements, transformational agreements, and open access, partially offset by renewals of journal subscription agreements, transformational agreements, and open access.
Remaining Performance Obligations included in Contract Liability
As of October 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is approximately $284.7 million, which included the sales return reserve of $28.9 million. Excluding the sales return reserve, we expect that approximately $234.9 million will be recognized in the next twelve months with the remaining $20.9 million to be recognized thereafter.
Assets Recognized for the Costs to Fulfill a Contract
Costs to fulfill a contract are directly related to a contract that will be used to satisfy a performance obligation in the future and are expected to be recovered. These costs are amortized on a systematic basis that is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. These types of costs are incurred in the following product types, (1) Research Solutions services, which includes customer specific implementation costs per the terms of the contract and (2) University Services, which includes customer specific costs to develop courses per the terms of the contract.
Our assets associated with incremental costs to fulfill a contract were $10.6 million and $10.9 million at October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively, and are included within Other non-current assets on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. We recorded amortization expense of $1.1 million and $2.3 million during the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, related to these assets within Cost of sales on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. We recorded amortization expense of $1.3 million and $2.8 million during the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively, related to these assets within Cost of sales on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Sales and value-added taxes are excluded from revenues. Shipping and handling costs, which are primarily incurred within the Academic & Professional Learning segment, occur before the transfer of control of the related goods. Therefore, in accordance with the revenue standard, it is not considered a promised service to the customer and would be considered a cost to fulfill our promise to transfer the goods. Costs incurred for third party shipping and handling are primarily reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. We incurred $7.1 million and $13.5 million in shipping and handling costs in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. We incurred $7.2 million and $14.0 million in shipping and handling costs in the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.
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Note 5 — Operating Leases
We have contractual obligations as a lessee with respect to offices, warehouses and distribution centers, automobiles, and office equipment.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract in accordance with guidance detailed in the lease standard and we perform the lease classification test as of the lease commencement date. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.
The present value of the lease payments is calculated using an incremental borrowing rate, which was determined based on the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. We use an unsecured borrowing rate and risk-adjust that rate to approximate a collateralized rate.
Under the leasing standard, leases that are more than one year in duration are capitalized and recorded on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Some of our leases offer an option to extend the term of such leases. We utilize the reasonably certain threshold criteria in determining which options we will exercise. Furthermore, some of our lease payments are based on index rates with minimum annual increases. These represent fixed payments and are captured in the future minimum lease payments calculation.
For operating leases, the ROU assets and liabilities are presented on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as follows:

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022
Operating lease ROU assets | $ | 93,334 |  |  | $ | 111,719 |
Short-term portion of operating lease liabilities | 19,043 |  |  | 20,576 |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | $ | 120,559 |  |  | $ | 132,541 |

During the six months ended October 31, 2022, we reduced our ROU assets by $(0.5) million and our operating lease liabilities by $(0.5) million due to modifications and remeasurements to our existing operating leases, partially offset by new leases.
As a result of the Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program, which included the exit of certain leased office space beginning in the three months ended July 31, 2022, we recorded restructuring charges. These charges included severance, impairment charges and acceleration of expense associated with certain operating lease ROU assets. See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more information on this program and the charges incurred.
Our total net lease costs are as follows:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease cost | $ | 4,528 |  |  | $ | 6,325 |  |  | $ | 9,710 |  |  | $ | 12,242 |
Variable lease cost | 264 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 741 |
Short-term lease cost | 146 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 56 |
Sublease income | (172) |  |  | (190) |  |  | (370) |  |  | (391) |
Total net lease cost (1) | $ | 4,766 |  |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | 10,143 |  |  | $ | 12,648 |

(1) | Total net lease cost does not include those costs and sublease income included in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. This includes those operating leases we had identified as part of our restructuring programs that would be subleased. See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more information on this program.

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Other supplemental information includes the following:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted-average remaining contractual lease term (years) | 8 |  | 9
Weighted-average discount rate | 5.93 | % |  | 5.79 | %
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 13,756 |  | $ | 14,846

The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for the first five years and total of the remaining years to the operating lease liabilities recorded in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of October 31, 2022:

Fiscal Year |  | Operating Lease Liabilities
2023 (remaining 6 months) |  | $ | 13,522 |
2024 |  | 25,110 |
2025 |  | 23,691 |
2026 |  | 21,721 |
2027 |  | 17,692 |
Thereafter |  | 77,499 |
Total future undiscounted minimum lease payments |  | 179,235 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | 39,633 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | 139,602 |
Less: Current portion |  | 19,043 |
Noncurrent portion |  | $ | 120,559 |

Note 6 — Stock-Based Compensation
We have stock-based compensation plans under which employees may be granted performance-based stock awards, other restricted stock awards and options. We recognize the grant date fair value of stock-based compensation in net income on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period. The measurement of performance for performance-based stock awards is based on actual financial results for targets established up to three years in advance, or less. For the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, we recognized stock-based compensation expense, on a pretax basis, of $6.9 million and $14.0 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense, on a pretax basis, of $6.7 million and $13.1 million, respectively.
Performance-Based and Other Restricted Stock Activity
Under the terms of our long-term incentive plans, performance-based restricted unit awards are payable in restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock upon the achievement of certain three-year or less financial performance-based targets. During each three-year period or less, we adjust compensation expense based upon our best estimate of expected performance.
We may also grant individual restricted unit awards payable in restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock to key employees in connection with their employment.
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The following table summarizes awards we granted to employees (shares in thousands):

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Restricted Stock: |  |  |
Awards granted (shares) | 539 |  | 455
Weighted average fair value of grant | $ | 45.35 |  |  | $ | 57.16 |

Stock Option Activity
We granted 10,000 and 260,000 stock option awards during the six months ended October 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021, respectively. Options are exercisable over a maximum period of ten years from the date of grant. These options generally vest 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% on April 30, or on each anniversary date after the award is granted.
The following table provides the estimated weighted average fair value for options granted during the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, and the significant weighted average assumptions used in their determination.

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted average fair value of options on grant date | $ | 9.42 |  |  | $ | 11.71 |
Weighted average assumptions: |  |  |
Expected life of options (years) | 5.9 |  | 6.3
Risk-free interest rate | 0.5 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Expected volatility | 31.2 | % |  | 30.7 | %
Expected dividend yield | 3.0 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Fair value of common stock on grant date | $ | 45.99 |  |  | $ | 56.79 |
Exercise price of stock option grant | $ | 45.99 |  |  | $ | 62.36 |

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Note 7 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unamortized Retirement Costs |  | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Total
Balance at July 31, 2022 | $ | (349,346) |  |  | $ | (177,145) |  |  | $ | 3,202 |  |  | $ | (523,289) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (36,148) |  |  | 7,089 |  |  | 5,804 |  |  | (23,255) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | (499) |  |  | 558 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (36,148) |  |  | 8,146 |  |  | 5,305 |  |  | (22,697) |
Balance at October 31, 2022 | $ | (385,494) |  |  | $ | (168,999) |  |  | $ | 8,507 |  |  | $ | (545,986) |
Balance at April 30, 2022 | $ | (329,566) |  |  | $ | (182,226) |  |  | $ | 3,646 |  |  | $ | (508,146) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (55,928) |  |  | 11,068 |  |  | 5,067 |  |  | (39,793) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | (206) |  |  | 1,953 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (55,928) |  |  | 13,227 |  |  | 4,861 |  |  | (37,840) |
Balance at October 31, 2022 | $ | (385,494) |  |  | $ | (168,999) |  |  | $ | 8,507 |  |  | $ | (545,986) |

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unamortized Retirement Costs |  | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Total
Balance at July 31, 2021 | $ | (263,878) |  |  | $ | (226,557) |  |  | $ | (4,165) |  |  | $ | (494,600) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (9,483) |  |  | 2,639 |  |  | 978 |  |  | (5,866) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | 831 |  |  | 2,257 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (9,483) |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 1,809 |  |  | (3,609) |
Balance at October 31, 2021 | $ | (273,361) |  |  | $ | (222,492) |  |  | $ | (2,356) |  |  | $ | (498,209) |
Balance at April 30, 2021 | $ | (257,941) |  |  | $ | (228,146) |  |  | $ | (4,703) |  |  | $ | (490,790) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (15,420) |  |  | 2,781 |  |  | 685 |  |  | (11,954) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 2,873 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  | 4,535 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (15,420) |  |  | 5,654 |  |  | 2,347 |  |  | (7,419) |
Balance at October 31, 2021 | $ | (273,361) |  |  | $ | (222,492) |  |  | $ | (2,356) |  |  | $ | (498,209) |

During the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, pretax actuarial losses included in Unamortized Retirement Costs of approximately $1.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, and in the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, of approximately $1.9 million and $3.7 million, respectively, were amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive loss and recognized as pension and post-retirement benefit expense primarily in Operating and administrative expenses and Other (expense) income, net on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
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Our policy for releasing the income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is to release when the corresponding pretax accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income items are reclassified to earnings.
Note 8 — Reconciliation of Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
A reconciliation of the shares used in the computation of earnings per share follows (shares in thousands):

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted average shares outstanding | 55,622 |  | 55,806 |  | 55,679 |  | 55,833
Shares used for basic earnings per share | 55,622 |  | 55,806 |  | 55,679 |  | 55,833
Dilutive effect of unvested restricted stock units and other stock awards | 573 |  | 582 |  | 647 |  | 644
Shares used for diluted earnings per share | 56,195 |  | 56,388 |  | 56,326 |  | 56,477
Antidilutive options to purchase Class A common shares, restricted shares, warrants to purchase Class A common shares, and contingently issuable restricted stock which are excluded from the table above | 523 |  | 1,074 |  | 491 |  | 1,006

The shares associated with performance-based stock awards ("PSUs") are considered contingently issuable shares and will be included in the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding when they have met the performance conditions, and when their effect is dilutive.
We included contingently issuable shares using the treasury stock method for certain PSUs in the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding based on the number of contingently issuable shares that would be issued assuming the end of our reporting period was the end of the relevant PSU contingency period. The calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding related to these PSUs was nominal in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022. The calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding in the three and six months ended October 31, 2021 did not include contingently issuable shares related to these PSUs as the performance condition was not met.
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Note 9 — Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)
Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program
In May 2022, the Company initiated a global program to restructure and align our cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions (Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program). This program includes the exit of certain leased office space and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. We are reducing our real estate square footage occupancy by approximately 22%. In addition, the program includes severance related charges for the elimination of certain positions.
The following tables summarize the pretax restructuring charges related to this program:

| Three Months Ended October 31, | Six Months Ended October 31, | Total Charges Incurred to Date
| 2022 |  | 2022 |
Charges by Segment: |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | 1,179 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |  |  | $ | 1,260 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 3,325 |  |  | 9,239 |  |  | 9,239 |
Education Services | 504 |  |  | 1,334 |  |  | 1,334 |
Corporate Expenses | 8,673 |  |  | 23,589 |  |  | 23,589 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges | $ | 13,681 |  |  | $ | 35,422 |  |  | $ | 35,422 |
Charges by Activity: |  |  |  |  |
Severance and termination benefits | $ | 5,467 |  |  | $ | 17,564 |  |  | $ | 17,564 |
Impairment of operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | 6,590 |  |  | 12,696 |  |  | 12,696 |
Acceleration of expense related to operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | — |  |  | 1,840 |  |  | 1,840 |
Facility related charges, net | 999 |  |  | 2,697 |  |  | 2,697 |
Consulting costs | 430 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 430 |
Other activities | 195 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 195 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges | $ | 13,681 |  |  | $ | 35,422 |  |  | $ | 35,422 |

We recorded an initial pretax restructuring charge of $20.0 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022 related to this program, plus additional impairment and severance charges in the three months ended October 31, 2022 of $12.1 million, for a total of $32.1 million in the six months ended October 31, 2022. These restructuring charges primarily reflect the following charges:
•Severance charges of $17.6 million for the elimination of certain positions,
•Impairment charges of $12.7 million recorded in our corporate category, which included the impairment of operating lease ROU assets of $7.6 million related to certain leases that will be subleased, and the related property and equipment of $5.1 million described further below, and
•Acceleration of expense of $1.8 million, which included the acceleration of rent expense associated with operating lease ROU assets of $0.9 million related to certain leases that will be abandoned or terminated and the related depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $0.9 million.
Due to the actions taken above, we tested the operating lease ROU assets and the related property and equipment for those being subleased for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset groups were below the carrying values. Therefore, there was an indication of impairment. We then determined the fair value of the asset groups by utilizing the present value of the estimated future cash flows attributable to the assets. The fair value of these operating lease ROU assets and the property and equipment immediately subsequent to the impairment was $12.1 million and was categorized as Level 3 within the FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” fair value hierarchy.
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In addition, we also incurred ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $1.0 million and $2.7 million in the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively. We also incurred consulting costs of $0.4 million in both the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, and other activities of $0.2 million in both the three and six months ended October 31, 2022.
The following table summarizes the activity for the Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program liability for the six months ended October 31, 2022:

| April 30, 2022 |  | Charges |  | Payments |  | Foreign Translation & Other Adjustments |  | October 31, 2022
Severance and termination benefits | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,564 |  |  | $ | (7,871) |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | 9,580 |
Consulting costs | — |  |  | 430 |  |  | (430) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other activities | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | (29) |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,189 |  |  | $ | (8,330) |  |  | $ | (113) |  |  | $ | 9,746 |

The restructuring liability for accrued severance and termination benefits is reflected in Accrued employment costs on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The liability for Other activities is reflected in Other accrued liabilities.
Business Optimization Program
Beginning in fiscal year 2020, we initiated a multiyear Business Optimization Program (the Business Optimization Program) to drive efficiency improvement and operating savings.
The following tables summarize the pretax restructuring charges (credits) related to this program:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31, |  | Total Charges Incurred to Date
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Charges (Credits) by Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 3,882 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 114 |  |  | (465) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (294) |  |  | 13,240 |
Education Services | 2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (28) |  |  | 4,318 |
Corporate Expenses | 159 |  |  | (896) |  |  | 980 |  |  | (1,525) |  |  | 44,370 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | (1,333) |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | (1,609) |  |  | $ | 65,810 |
Charges (Credits) by Activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance and termination benefits | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | (1,956) |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (2,570) |  |  | $ | 35,132 |
Impairment of operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,079 |
Acceleration of expense related to operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,378 |
Facility related charges, net | 148 |  |  | 623 |  |  | 962 |  |  | 961 |  |  | 10,481 |
Other activities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,740 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | (1,333) |  |  | $ | 975 |  |  | $ | (1,609) |  |  | $ | 65,810 |

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The credits in severance and termination benefits activities for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, primarily reflects changes in the number of headcount reductions and estimates for previously accrued costs.
Facilities related charges, net include sublease income related to those operating leases we had identified in the year ended April 30, 2021 as part of our Business Optimization program that would be subleased.
The following table summarizes the activity for the Business Optimization Program liability for the six months ended October 31, 2022:

| April 30, 2022 |  | Charges |  | Payments |  | Foreign Translation & Other Adjustments |  | October 31, 2022
Severance and termination benefits | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (173) |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | 1,854 |
Total | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (173) |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | $ | 1,854 |

The restructuring liability for accrued severance and termination benefits is reflected in Accrued employment costs on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of October 31, 2022.
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Note 10 — Segment Information
We report our segment information in accordance with the provisions of FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 280, “Segment Reporting”. These segments reflect the way our chief operating decision maker evaluates our business performance and manages the operations. The performance metric used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate performance of our reportable segments is Adjusted Contribution to Profit. Our segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments, which are listed below, as well as a Corporate category, which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research
•Academic & Professional Learning
•Education Services
Segment information is as follows:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research (1) | $ | 271,359 |  |  | $ | 275,154 |  |  | $ | 546,272 |  |  | $ | 549,910 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 152,641 |  |  | 176,529 |  |  | 285,600 |  |  | 315,793 |
Education Services | 90,836 |  |  | 81,320 |  |  | 170,533 |  |  | 155,688 |
Total revenue | $ | 514,836 |  |  | $ | 533,003 |  |  | $ | 1,002,405 |  |  | $ | 1,021,391 |
Adjusted Contribution to Profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research (1) | $ | 74,458 |  |  | $ | 77,053 |  |  | $ | 143,562 |  |  | $ | 156,077 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 33,850 |  |  | 40,606 |  |  | 35,225 |  |  | 48,929 |
Education Services (2) | 6,588 |  |  | 727 |  |  | (5,154) |  |  | (1,134) |
Total adjusted contribution to profit | 114,896 |  |  | 118,386 |  |  | 173,633 |  |  | 203,872 |
Adjusted corporate contribution to profit | (43,501) |  |  | (45,831) |  |  | (92,168) |  |  | (90,625) |
Total adjusted operating income | $ | 71,395 |  |  | $ | 72,555 |  |  | $ | 81,465 |  |  | $ | 113,247 |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research (1) | $ | 23,384 |  |  | $ | 23,464 |  |  | $ | 47,185 |  |  | $ | 47,226 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 16,152 |  |  | 18,148 |  |  | 32,684 |  |  | 36,512 |
Education Services (2) | 8,975 |  |  | 8,813 |  |  | 22,765 |  |  | 17,116 |
Total depreciation and amortization | 48,511 |  |  | 50,425 |  |  | 102,634 |  |  | 100,854 |
Corporate depreciation and amortization | 3,910 |  |  | 4,130 |  |  | 8,066 |  |  | 8,267 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 52,421 |  |  | $ | 54,555 |  |  | $ | 110,700 |  |  | $ | 109,121 |

(1) | The Research segment was previously referred to as Research Publishing & Platforms.
(2) | On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Education Services segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022. This amortization expense was an adjustment to the Education Services Adjusted contribution to profit. In addition, it was included in Depreciation and amortization in the table above for segment reporting.

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The following table shows a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted Operating Income:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Operating Income | $ | 57,439 |  |  | $ | 73,888 |  |  | $ | 40,474 |  |  | $ | 114,856 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) (1) | 13,956 |  |  | (1,333) |  |  | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Accelerated amortization of an intangible asset (2) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,594 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 71,395 |  |  | $ | 72,555 |  |  | $ | 81,465 |  |  | $ | 113,247 |

(1) | See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for these charges by segment.
(2) | As described above, this accelerated amortization relates to the mthree trademark.

See Note 4, “Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers,” for revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by segment and product type for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.
Note 11 — Inventories
Inventories, net consisted of the following:

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022
Finished goods | $ | 30,245 |  |  | $ | 31,270 |
Work-in-process | 1,182 |  |  | 1,729 |
Paper and other materials | 182 |  |  | 275 |
Total inventories before estimated sales returns and LIFO reserve | $ | 31,609 |  |  | $ | 33,274 |
Inventory value of estimated sales returns | 7,347 |  |  | 7,820 |
LIFO reserve | (4,509) |  |  | (4,509) |
Inventories, net | $ | 34,447 |  |  | $ | 36,585 |

Note 12 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill by segment as of October 31, 2022:

| April 30, 2022 |  | Foreign Translation Adjustment |  | October 31, 2022
Research (1) | $ | 610,416 |  |  | $ | (26,417) |  |  | $ | 583,999 |
Academic & Professional Learning | 498,136 |  |  | (6,322) |  |  | 491,814 |
Education Services (2) | 193,590 |  |  | (1,091) |  |  | 192,499 |
Total | $ | 1,302,142 |  |  | $ | (33,830) |  |  | $ | 1,268,312 |

(1) | The Research segment was previously referred to as Research Publishing & Platforms.
(2) | The Education Services goodwill balance as of April 30, 2022 includes a cumulative pretax noncash goodwill impairment of $110.0 million.

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Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, net were as follows:

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022 ⁽¹⁾
Intangible assets with definite lives, net: |  |  |
Content and publishing rights | $ | 462,238 |  |  | $ | 499,937 |
Customer relationships | 226,841 |  |  | 242,058 |
Developed technology | 47,991 |  |  | 54,721 |
Brands and trademarks (2) | 9,731 |  |  | 16,021 |
Covenants not to compete | 346 |  |  | 393 |
Total intangible assets with definite lives, net | 747,147 |  |  | 813,130 |
Intangible assets with indefinite lives: |  |  |
Brands and trademarks | 37,000 |  |  | 37,000 |
Publishing rights | 76,429 |  |  | 81,299 |
Total intangible assets with indefinite lives | 113,429 |  |  | 118,299 |
Total intangible assets, net | $ | 860,576 |  |  | $ | 931,429 |

(1) | The developed technology balance as of April 30, 2022 is presented net of accumulated impairments and write-offs of $2.8 million. The indefinite-lived brands and trademarks as of April 30, 2022 is net of accumulated impairments of $93.1 million.
(2) | On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Education Services segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.

Note 13 — Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate fluctuates based on, among other factors, where income is earned and the level of income relative to tax attributes. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, was 21.0% and 18.4%, respectively, compared with 20.7% and 39.1% for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.
The rate for the three months ended October 31, 2022, was equal to the US statutory rate after taking into account the geographic mix of earnings, the impact of US state taxes, and a discrete item relating to restricted stock compensation. The rate for the six months ended October 31, 2022 was lower than the US statutory rate due to the same factors described above.
The rate for the six months ended October 31, 2022, was lower than the rate for the six months ended October 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the UK statutory rate announced during the first three months of fiscal 2022 and reflected in the effective tax rate for the six months ended October 31, 2021. The UK enacted legislation on June 10, 2021, that increased its statutory rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023, resulting in a $20.7 million non-cash deferred tax expense.
Each year we file many tax returns given the number of national, state, and local tax jurisdictions in which we operate. These tax returns are subject to examination and possible challenge by the tax authorities, and positions challenged by the tax authorities may be settled or appealed by us. As a result, there is an uncertainty in income taxes recognized in our financial statements in accordance with accounting for income taxes and accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The ultimate resolution of such uncertainties, however, is not expected to have a material impact on the results of our operations.
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Note 14 — Retirement Plans
The components of net pension income for our defined benefit plans were as follows:

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Service cost | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 392 |  |  | $ | 607 |
Interest cost | 5,994 |  |  | 5,178 |  |  | 12,183 |  |  | 10,401 |
Expected return on plan assets | (8,038) |  |  | (10,142) |  |  | (16,422) |  |  | (20,401) |
Amortization of prior service cost | (24) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (47) |  |  | (44) |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 1,467 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 3,774 |
Net pension income | $ | (409) |  |  | $ | (2,809) |  |  | $ | (903) |  |  | $ | (5,663) |

The service cost component of net pension income is reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. The other components of net pension income are reported separately from the service cost component and below Operating income. Such amounts are reflected in Other (expense) income, net on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Employer defined benefit pension plan contributions were $3.5 million and $7.4 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and $4.0 million and $8.5 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.
Defined Contribution Savings Plans
The expense for employer defined contribution savings plans was $6.8 million and $15.6 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively, and $6.5 million and $15.6 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively.
Note 15 — Debt and Available Credit Facilities
Our total debt outstanding consisted of the amounts set forth in the following table:

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022
Short-term portion of long-term debt (1) | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 18,750 |
Term loan A - Amended and Restated RCA (2) | 191,925 |  |  | 204,343 |
Revolving credit facility - Amended and Restated RCA | 786,758 |  |  | 563,934 |
Total long-term debt, less current portion | 978,683 |  |  | 768,277 |
Total debt | $ | 1,003,683 |  |  | $ | 787,027 |

(1) | Relates to our term loan A under the Amended and Restated RCA.
(2) | Amounts are shown net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.3 million as of October 31, 2022 and $0.3 million as of April 30, 2022.

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Amended and Restated RCA
On May 30, 2019, we entered into a credit agreement that amended and restated our existing revolving credit agreement, which was then amended on December 22, 2021 as described below (collectively, the Amended and Restated RCA). The Amended and Restated RCA provides for senior unsecured credit facilities comprised of a (i) five-year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount up to $1.25 billion, and (ii) a five-year term loan A facility consisting of $250 million.
Under the terms of the Amended and Restated RCA, which can be drawn in multiple currencies, we have the option of borrowing at the following floating interest rates: (i) at a rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.98% to 1.50%, depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio, as defined, or (ii) at the lender’s base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from zero to 0.50%, depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio. The lender’s base rate is defined as the highest of (i) the US federal funds effective rate plus a 0.50% margin, (ii) the Eurocurrency rate, as defined, plus a 1.00% margin, or (iii) the Bank of America prime lending rate. In addition, we pay a facility fee for the revolving credit facility ranging from 0.15% to 0.25% depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio. We also have the option to request an increase in the revolving credit facility by an amount not to exceed $500 million, in minimum increments of $50 million, subject to the approval of the lenders.
On December 22, 2021, we entered into the first amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the Amended and Restated RCA. The First Amendment, among other things, (i) changes the rate under the Amended and Restated RCA for borrowings denominated in Sterling from a LIBOR-based rate to a daily simple Sterling Overnight Index Average (SONIA) subject to certain adjustments specified in the Amended and Restated RCA, (ii) changes the rate under the Amended and Restated RCA for borrowings denominated in Euro from a LIBOR-based rate to a EURIBOR-based rate or a Euro Short Term Rate subject to certain adjustments specified in the Amended and Restated RCA, and (iii) updates certain other provisions regarding successor interest rates to LIBOR.
The Amended and Restated RCA contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant in the form of a consolidated net leverage ratio and consolidated interest coverage ratio, which we were in compliance with as of October 31, 2022.
The amortization expense of the costs incurred related to the Amended and Restated RCA related to the lender and non-lender fees is recognized over the five-year term of the Amended and Restated RCA. Total amortization expense was $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, respectively and is included in Interest expense on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Total amortization expense was $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, respectively and is included in Interest expense on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
As of October 31, 2022, we had approximately $464.2 million of unused borrowing capacity under our Amended and Restated RCA and other facilities.
The weighted average interest rates on total debt outstanding during the three and six months ended October 31, 2022 were 3.70% and 3.31%, respectively. The weighted average interest rates on total debt outstanding during the three and six months ended October 31, 2021 were 1.92% and 1.97%, respectively. As of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, the weighted average interest rates for total debt were 3.99% and 2.55%, respectively.
Note 16 — Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
From time-to-time, we enter into forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts as a hedge against foreign currency asset and liability commitments, changes in interest rates and anticipated transaction exposures, including intercompany sales and purchases. All derivatives are recognized as assets or liabilities and measured at fair value. Derivatives that are not determined to be effective hedges are adjusted to fair value with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rate Contracts
As of October 31, 2022, we had total debt outstanding of $1,003.7 million, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.3 million of which $1,004.0 million are variable rate loans outstanding under the Amended and Restated RCA, which approximated fair value.
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We had outstanding interest rate swap agreements with combined notional amounts of $400.0 million and $500.0 million as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively. These agreements were accounted for as cash flow hedges which fixed a portion of the variable interest due on our Amended and Restated RCA.
On June 24, 2019, we entered into a forward starting interest rate swap agreement which fixed a portion of the variable interest due on our Amended and Restated RCA. Under the terms of the agreement, which expired on July 15, 2022, we paid a fixed rate of 1.650% and received a variable rate of interest based on one-month LIBOR from the counterparty which was reset every month for a three-year period ending July 15, 2022. Prior to expiration, the notional amount of the interest rate swap was $100.0 million.
On August 7, 2019, we entered into a forward starting interest rate swap agreement which fixed a portion of the variable interest due on our Amended and Restated RCA. Under the terms of the agreement, which expired on August 15, 2022, we paid a fixed rate of 1.400% and received a variable rate of interest based on one-month LIBOR from the counterparty which was reset every month for a three-year period ending August 15, 2022. Prior to expiration, the notional amount of the interest rate swap was $100.0 million.
On June 16, 2022 we entered into a forward starting interest rate swap agreement, which fixed a portion of the variable interest due on our Amended and Restated RCA. Under the terms of the agreement, we pay a fixed rate of 3.500% and receive a variable rate of interest based on one-month LIBOR from the counterparty which is reset every month for a three-year period ending May 15, 2024. As of October 31, 2022, the notional amount of the interest rate swap was $100.0 million.
We record the fair value of our interest rate swaps on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs of quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets. The fair value of the interest rate swaps as of October 31, 2022 was a deferred gain of $12.6 million. Based on the maturity dates of the contracts, $1.3 million of the deferred gain as of October 31, 2022 was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and $11.3 million of the deferred gain was recorded within Other non-current assets.
The fair value of the interest rate swaps as of April 30, 2022 was a deferred loss of $(0.2) million and a deferred gain of $5.8 million. Based on the maturity dates of the contracts, the entire deferred loss as of April 30, 2022 was recorded within Other accrued liabilities, $0.9 million of the deferred gain was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $4.9 million was recorded within Other non-current assets.
The pretax gains that were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into Interest expense for the three and six months ended October 31, 2022 were $0.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively. The pretax (losses) that were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into Interest expense for the three and six months ended October 31, 2021 were $(1.1) million and $(2.2) million, respectively.
Foreign Currency Contracts
We may enter into forward exchange contracts to manage our exposure on certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. The forward exchange contracts are marked to market through Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income and carried at fair value on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date, with the effects of changes in spot rates reported in Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
As of October 31, 2022, and April 30, 2022, we did not maintain any open forward exchange contracts. In addition, we did not maintain any open forward contracts during the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.
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Note 17 — Capital Stock and Changes in Capital Accounts
Share Repurchases
The following table summarizes the share repurchases of Class A and Class B Common Stock (shares in thousands):

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Shares repurchased - Class A | 170 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 312 |
Shares repurchased - Class B | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Average Price - Class A and Class B | $ | 44.24 |  |  | $ | 54.54 |  |  | $ | 45.84 |  |  | $ | 55.51 |

Dividends
The following table summarizes the cash dividends paid during the six months ended October 31, 2022:

Date of Declaration by Board of Directors |  | Quarterly Cash Dividend |  | Total Dividend |  | Class of Common Stock |  | Dividend Paid Date |  | Shareholders of Record as of Date
June 22, 2022 |  | $0.3475 per common share |  | $19.4 million |  | Class A and Class B |  | July 20, 2022 |  | July 6, 2022
September 29, 2022 |  | $0.3475 per common share |  | $19.3 million |  | Class A and Class B |  | October 26, 2022 |  | October 11, 2022

Changes in Common Stock
The following is a summary of changes during the six months ended October 31, in shares of our common stock and common stock in treasury (shares in thousands):

Changes in Common Stock A: | 2022 |  | 2021
Number of shares, beginning of year | 70,226 |  | 70,208
Common stock class conversions | 2 |  | 3
Number of shares issued, end of period | 70,228 |  | 70,211
Changes in Common Stock A in treasury: |  |  |
Number of shares held, beginning of year | 23,515 |  | 23,419
Purchases of treasury shares | 382 |  | 312
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans – non-PSU Awards | (125) |  | (129)
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans – PSU Awards | (150) |  | (108)
Shares issued under the Director Plan to Directors | (3) |  | (2)
Restricted shares issued from exercise of stock options | — |  | (24)
Shares withheld for taxes | 100 |  | 93
Number of shares held, end of period | 23,719 |  | 23,561
Number of Common Stock A outstanding, end of period | 46,509 |  | 46,650

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Changes in Common Stock B: | 2022 |  | 2021
Number of shares, beginning of year | 12,956 |  | 12,974
Common stock class conversions | (2) |  | (3)
Number of shares issued, end of period | 12,954 |  | 12,971
Changes in Common Stock B in treasury: |  |  |
Number of shares held, beginning of year | 3,924 |  | 3,922
Purchase of treasury shares | — |  | 1
Number of shares held, end of period | 3,924 |  | 3,923
Number of Common Stock B outstanding, end of period | 9,030 |  | 9,048

Note 18 — Commitments and Contingencies
We are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of our business. A provision for litigation is accrued when information available to us indicates that it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment may be required to determine both the probability and estimates of loss. When the amount of the loss can only be estimated within a range, the most likely outcome within that range is accrued. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount within the range is accrued. When uncertainties exist related to the probable outcome of litigation and/or the amount or range of loss, we do not record a liability, but disclose facts related to the nature of the contingency and possible losses if management considers the information to be material. Reserves for legal defense costs are recognized when incurred. The accruals for loss contingencies and legal costs are reviewed regularly and may be adjusted to reflect updated information on the status of litigation and advice of legal counsel. In the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of all pending litigation as of October 31, 2022, will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
Note 19 — Subsequent Events
Segment Realignment:
In the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, we are realigning our segments around our customers to drive impact and improve efficiency. Our new segment reporting structure will consist of three reportable segments which includes Research (no changes), Academic, and Talent, as well as a Corporate category.
The Academic segment will consist of Academic Publishing (which includes Education Publishing and Professional Publishing), and University Services (previously included in the Education Services segment).
The Talent segment will consist of Talent Development, as well as Corporate Training and Corporate Learning, which were both previously included in the Academic & Professional Learning segment.
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement:
On November 30, 2022, Wiley entered into an amendment to its Amended and Restated RCA that provides for senior unsecured credit facilities comprised of (i) five-year credit commitments with the principal amount of $1.315 billion, extended to a maturity date in November 2027, and (ii) $185 million in existing credit commitments to remain through the existing maturity date in May 2024. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant in the form of a consolidated net leverage ratio and consolidated interest coverage ratio. We incurred approximately $5 million of costs related to this agreement.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The information in our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read together with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes set forth in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our MD&A set forth in Item 7 of Part II of our 2022 Form 10-K and our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes set forth in Item 8 of Part II of our 2022 Form 10-K. See Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” below and “Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,” above, and the information referenced therein, for a description of risks that we face and important factors that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements. All amounts and percentages are approximate due to rounding and all dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts or where otherwise noted. When we cross-reference to a “Note,” we are referring to our “Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements,” unless the context indicates otherwise.
OVERVIEW
Wiley is a global leader in scientific research and career-connected education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping workforces. For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world’s knowledge ecosystem. Today, our high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals in an ever-changing world. Wiley is a predominantly digital company with approximately 85% of revenue generated by digital products and tech-enabled services, and 57% of revenue is recurring, which includes revenue that is contractually obligated or set to recur with a high degree of certainty, for the six months ended October 31, 2022.
We report financial information for the following segments, as well as a Corporate category, which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research (which was previously referred to as Research Publishing & Platforms)
•Academic & Professional Learning
•Education Services
Through the Research segment, we provide peer-reviewed STM publishing, content platforms, and related services to academic, corporate, and government customers, academic societies, and individual researchers. The Academic & Professional Learning segment provides Education Publishing and Professional Learning content and courseware, training, and learning services, to students, professionals, and corporations. The Education Services segment provides University Services (online program management or OPM services) for academic institutions and Talent Development Services including placement and training for professionals and businesses.
Wiley’s business strategies are tightly aligned with accelerating growth trends, including open research, career-connected education, and talent development. Research strategies include driving publishing output to meet the global demand for peer-reviewed research and expanding platform and service offerings for corporations and societies. Education strategies include expanding online degree programs and driving online enrollment for university partners, scaling digital content and courseware, and expanding IT talent placement and reskilling programs for corporate partners.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – THREE MONTHS ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2022
SECOND QUARTER SUMMARY:
•US GAAP Results: Consolidated Revenue of $514.8 million (-3%, compared with the prior year), Operating Income of $57.4 million (-22%, compared with the prior year), and Diluted EPS of $0.68 (-31%, compared with the prior year)
•Adjusted Results (at constant currency compared with the prior year): Consolidated Revenue of $514.8 million (+1%, compared with the prior year), Adjusted EBITDA of $123.8 million (-4%, compared with the prior year), and Adjusted EPS of $1.20 (-13%, compared with the prior year)
•Fiscal 2023 Outlook: Wiley is lowering its revenue outlook at constant currency due to consumer spending and enrollment headwinds in Academic & Professional Learning. Reaffirms full year outlook for Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow; Adjusted EPS trending to lower end of range mainly due to rising interest expense.
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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue:
Revenue for the three months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $18.2 million, or 3%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 1% as compared with prior year including contributions from acquisitions. Excluding the contributions from acquisitions, revenue decreased 1% on a constant currency basis.
See the “Segment Operating Results” below for additional details on each segment’s revenue and Adjusted EBITDA performance.
Cost of Sales:
Cost of sales for the three months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $4.5 million, or 3%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, cost of sales increased 4% as compared with the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher employee costs to support the growth in Talent Development Services within the Education Services segment, partially offset by lower royalty and print product costs in Academic & Professional Learning, and a decrease in student acquisition costs in Education Services.
Operating and Administrative Expenses:
Operating and administrative expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $11.2 million, or 4%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating and administrative expenses increased 1% as compared with the prior year primarily reflecting higher technology costs, and travel and entertainment costs due to the resumption of in-person activities.
Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits):
Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program
In May 2022, the Company initiated a global program to restructure and align our cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions. This program includes the exit of certain leased office space which began in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. We are reducing our real estate square footage occupancy by approximately 22%. In addition, the program includes severance related charges for the elimination of certain positions. We anticipate $29 million in savings from actions starting in fiscal year 2023.
For the three months ended October 31, 2022, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $13.7 million related to this program. This restructuring charge primarily reflects the following charges:
•Severance charges of $5.5 million for the elimination of certain positions,
•Impairment charges of $6.6 million, which included the impairment of operating lease ROU assets of $4.7 million related to a certain lease that will be subleased, and the related technology, property and equipment of $1.9 million,
•Consulting and other costs of $0.6 million; and
•Ongoing facility-related costs with previously vacated properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $1.0 million.
These actions are anticipated to yield annualized cost savings estimated to be approximately $50 million. We anticipate ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties to result in additional restructuring charges in future periods.
These charges are reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges.
Business Optimization Program
For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $0.3 million and credits of $1.3 million, respectively, related to this program. We anticipated $10 million in run rate savings from actions starting in fiscal 2022. These charges and credits are reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges and credits.
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For the impact of our restructuring programs on diluted earnings per share, see the section below, “Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS).”
Amortization of Intangible Assets:
Amortization of intangible assets was $20.1 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022, a decrease of $1.4 million, or 6%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, amortization of intangible assets decreased 2% as compared with the prior year primarily due to the completion of amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, partially offset by the amortization of intangible assets related to the acquisitions completed in fiscal year 2022. See Note 3, “Acquisitions” for more details on these acquisitions.
Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income (OI) and Adjusted EBITDA:
Operating income for the three months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $16.4 million, or 22%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating income decreased 27% as compared with the prior year, primarily due to an increase in restructuring charges and, to a lesser extent, an increase in cost of sales and operating and administrative expenses, partially offset by higher revenue as described above.
Adjusted OI and Adjusted EBITDA on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits), decreased 6% and 4%, respectively, as compared with the prior year. The decrease in Adjusted OI and Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to an increase in cost of sales, and operating and administrative expenses, partially offset by higher revenues as described above.
Adjusted OI
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted OI:

| Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Operating Income | $ | 57,439 |  |  | $ | 73,888 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | $ | 13,956 |  |  | $ | (1,333) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted OI | $ | 71,395 |  |  | $ | 72,555 |

Adjusted EBITDA
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Net Income to Non-GAAP EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

| Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income | $ | 38,193 |  |  | $ | 55,967 |
Interest expense | 9,332 |  |  | 4,997 |
Provision for income taxes | 10,137 |  |  | 14,648 |
Depreciation and amortization | 52,421 |  |  | 54,555 |
Non-GAAP EBITDA | 110,083 |  |  | 130,167 |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 13,956 |  |  | (1,333) |
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses | (478) |  |  | 1,370 |
Loss on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | 56 |
Other expense (income), net | 255 |  |  | (3,150) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 123,816 |  |  | $ | 127,110 |

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Interest Expense:
Interest expense for the three months ended October 31, 2022, was $9.3 million compared with the prior year of $5.0 million. This increase was primarily due to a higher weighted average effective interest rate.
Foreign Exchange Transaction Gains (Losses):
Foreign exchange transaction gains were $0.5 million for the three months ended October 31, 2022, and were primarily due to gains on our foreign currency denominated third party accounts receivable and payable balances, partially offset by losses on our intercompany accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $(1.4) million for the three months ended October 31, 2021, and were primarily due to losses on our foreign currency denominated third-party and intercompany accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
Provision for Income Taxes:
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Before Taxes to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes:

| Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Before Taxes | $ | 48,330 |  |  | $ | 70,615 |
Pretax Impact of Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 13,956 |  |  | (1,333) |
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions | 2,654 |  |  | 567 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 21,185 |  |  | 22,608 |
Loss on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | 56 |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes | $ | 86,125 |  |  | $ | 92,513 |

Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Tax Provision to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision, including our US GAAP Effective Tax Rate and our Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate:

| Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Tax Provision | $ | 10,137 |  | $ | 14,648
Income Tax Impact of Adjustments (1): |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 3,422 |  | (277)
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions | 694 |  | 120
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 4,388 |  | 5,420
Loss on sale of certain assets | — |  | 14
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision | $ | 18,641 |  | $ | 19,925
US GAAP Effective Tax Rate | 21.0 | % |  | 20.7 | %
Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate | 21.6 | % |  | 21.5 | %

(1) | For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, substantially all of the tax impact was from deferred taxes.

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Our effective tax rate fluctuates based on, among other factors, where income is earned and the level of income relative to tax attributes. The US GAAP Effective Tax Rate for the three months ended October 31, 2022, was 21.0% compared to 20.7% for the three months ended October 31, 2021. The US GAAP Effective Tax Rate for the three months ended October 31, 2022, was equal to the US statutory rate after taking into account the geographic mix of earnings, the impact of US state taxes, and a discrete item relating to restricted stock compensation.
Excluding the tax impact of restructuring and other adjustments noted in the table above, the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate was 21.6% for the three months ended October 31, 2022, compared to 21.5% for the three months ended October 31, 2021. The increase in the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the three months ended October 31, 2022, compared with the prior year is primarily due to the geographic mix of earnings, and the impact of US state taxes.
Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS):
EPS for the three months ended October 31, 2022, was $0.68 per share compared with $0.99 per share for the three months ended October 31, 2021. This decrease was due to lower operating income as described above and, to a lesser extent, higher interest expense, and lower pension income in the three months ended October 31, 2022.
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP EPS to Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS. The amount of the pretax, and the related income tax impact for the adjustments included in the table below, are presented in the section above, “Provision for Income Taxes”.

| Three Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP EPS | $ | 0.68 |  |  | $ | 0.99 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 0.19 |  |  | (0.02) |
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions | 0.03 |  |  | 0.01 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 0.30 |  |  | 0.31 |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |

On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS decreased 13% primarily due to a decrease in Adjusted OI, higher interest expense and, to a lesser extent, lower pension income, partially offset by lower Adjusted income tax provision.
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SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
RESEARCH: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (1) | $ | 232,641 |  | $ | 238,853 |  | (3) | % |  | 2 | %
Research Solutions (1) | 38,718 |  | 36,301 |  | 7 | % |  | 11 | %
Total Research Revenue | 271,359 |  | 275,154 |  | (1) | % |  | 3 | %
Cost of Sales | 71,033 |  | 73,700 |  | 4 | % |  | (5) | %
Operating Expenses | 114,252 |  | 112,729 |  | (1) | % |  | (8) | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 11,616 |  | 11,672 |  | — | % |  | (6) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 1,179 |  | 22 |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 73,279 |  | 77,031 |  | (5) | % |  | (8) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 1,179 |  | 22 |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 74,458 |  | 77,053 |  | (3) | % |  | (7) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 23,384 |  | 23,464 |  | — | % |  | (4) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 97,842 |  | $ | 100,517 |  | (3) | % |  | (4) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 36.1% |  | 36.5% |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | As previously announced in May 2022, our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified was $24.0 million for the three months ended October 31, 2021, $93.3 million for the year ended April 30, 2022, and $80.3 million for the year ended April 30, 2021.

Revenue:
Research revenue for the three months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $3.8 million, or 1%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 3% as compared with the prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 2% on a constant currency basis. This increase was primarily due to an increase in open access publishing. Open Access article output growth was approximately 34% for the three months ended October 31, 2022, as compared with the prior year.
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Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 4% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to investments to optimize and scale publishing and solutions and, to a lesser extent, higher travel and entertainment costs due to the resumption of in-person activities, partially offset by an increase in revenue.

| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL LEARNING: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Education Publishing | $ | 86,200 |  | $ | 98,581 |  | (13) | % |  | (10) | %
Professional Learning | 66,441 |  | 77,948 |  | (15) | % |  | (11) | %
Total Academic & Professional Learning | 152,641 |  | 176,529 |  | (14) | % |  | (10) | %
Cost of Sales | 38,302 |  | 45,842 |  | 16 | % |  | 13 | %
Operating Expenses | 77,892 |  | 86,473 |  | 10 | % |  | 6 | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 2,597 |  | 3,608 |  | 28 | % |  | 26 | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 3,439 |  | (465) |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 30,411 |  | 41,071 |  | (26) | % |  | (24) | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 3,439 |  | (465) |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 33,850 |  | 40,606 |  | (17) | % |  | (15) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 16,152 |  | 18,148 |  | 11 | % |  | 7 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 50,002 |  | $ | 58,754 |  | (15) | % |  | (12) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 32.8% |  | 33.3% |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Academic & Professional Learning revenue decreased $23.9 million, or 14%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased 10% as compared with the prior year. Education Publishing revenues decreased primarily due to a decrease in print textbooks, partially offset by an increase in courseware and digital content. Professional Learning revenues decreased primarily due to a decline in print and digital professional publishing due to a pullback in consumer spending, partially offset by an increase in corporate training.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 12% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to the decline in revenue, partially offset by lower expenses as a result of restructuring efforts and the timing of certain expenses.
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| Three Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
EDUCATION SERVICES: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
University Services (1) | $ | 57,759 |  | $ | 58,630 |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | %
Talent Development Services (1) | 33,077 |  | 22,690 |  | 46 | % |  | 61 | %
Total Education Services Revenue | 90,836 |  | 81,320 |  | 12 | % |  | 17 | %
Cost of Sales | 60,967 |  | 55,241 |  | (10) | % |  | (15) | %
Operating Expenses | 17,384 |  | 19,157 |  | 9 | % |  | 5 | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 5,897 |  | 6,195 |  | 5 | % |  | 4 | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 506 |  | 6 |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 6,082 |  | 721 |  | # |  | #
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 506 |  | 6 |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 6,588 |  | 727 |  | # |  | #
Depreciation and amortization | 8,975 |  | 8,813 |  | (2) | % |  | (3) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 15,563 |  | $ | 9,540 |  | 63 | % |  | 69 | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 17.1% |  | 11.7% |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | In May 2022, we moved the WileyNXT product offering from Talent Development Services to University Services and the prior period results have been included in University Services. The revenue reclassified was $0.5 million for the three months ended October 31, 2021. There were no changes to the total Education Services segment or our total consolidated financial results.

Revenue:
Education Services revenue increased $9.5 million, or 12%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 17% as compared with the prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 13% on a constant currency basis. This was primarily due to increased revenues from placements in Talent Development Services, partially offset by a decrease in University Services primarily driven by lower student enrollments. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, we delivered approximately 63% growth in talent placements in Talent Development Services. For the three months ended October 31, 2022, University Services experienced a 5% decrease in online enrollment.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased 69% as compared with the prior year. This was primarily a result of revenue flow-through in Talent Development, and to a lesser extent the timing of expenses in University Services, partially offset by higher employee costs to support growth in Talent Development Services.
Education Services Partners and Programs:
As of October 31, 2022, Wiley had 69 university partners under contract, compared to 65 as of October 31, 2021.
CORPORATE EXPENSES:
Corporate expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2022, increased $7.4 million, or 16%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits), these expenses were flat as compared with the prior year. This was primarily due to higher employee costs, offset by the timing of certain expenses.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – SIX MONTHS ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2022
SIX MONTHS SUMMARY:
•US GAAP Results: Consolidated Revenue of $1,002.4 million (-2%, compared with the prior year), Operating Income of $40.5 million (-65%, compared with the prior year), diluted EPS of $0.36 (-71%, compared with the prior year)
•Adjusted Results (at constant currency and excluding restructuring charges (credits) compared with the prior year): Consolidated Revenue of $1,002.4 million (+2%, compared with the prior year), Adjusted EBITDA of $187.6 million (-17%, compared with the prior year), and Adjusted EPS of $1.56 (-32%, compared with the prior year)
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue:
Revenue for the six months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $19.0 million, or 2%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 2% as compared with the prior year including contributions from acquisitions. Excluding the contributions from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 1% on a constant currency basis.
See the “Segment Operating Results” below for additional details on each segment’s revenue and Adjusted EBITDA performance.
Cost of Sales:
Cost of sales for the six months ended October 31, 2022, increased $3.6 million, or 1%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, cost of sales increased 7% as compared with the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher employee costs to support the growth in Talent Development Services within the Education Services segment.
Operating and Administrative Expenses:
Operating and administrative expenses for the six months ended October 31, 2022, increased $11.0 million, or 2%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating and administrative expenses increased 7% as compared with the prior year primarily reflecting higher employment costs, notably in technology to support growth initiatives, and in editorial due to additional resources to support investments in growth. Additionally, travel and entertainment costs increased due to the resumption of in-person activities, and to a lesser extent, technology costs.
Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits):
Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program
We recorded an initial pretax restructuring charge of $20.0 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022 related to this program, plus additional impairment and severance charges in the three months ended October 31, 2022 of $12.1 million, for a total of $32.1 million for the six months ended October 31, 2022. These restructuring charges primarily reflect the following charges:
•Severance charges of $17.6 million for the elimination of certain positions,
•Impairment charges of $12.7 million, which included the impairment of operating lease ROU assets of $7.6 million related to certain leases that will be subleased, and the related property and equipment of $5.1 million described further below, and
•Acceleration of expense of $1.8 million, which included the acceleration of rent expense associated with operating lease ROU assets of $0.9 million related to certain leases that will be abandoned or terminated and the related depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $0.9 million.
In addition, we also incurred ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $2.7 million in the six months ended October 31, 2022. We also incurred consulting costs of $0.4 million, and other activities of $0.2 million in the six months ended October 31, 2022.
See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges.
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Business Optimization Program
For the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $1.0 million and credits of $1.6 million, respectively, related to this program. These charges and credits are reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income. See Note 9, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges and credits.
For the impact of our restructuring programs on diluted earnings per share, see the section below, “Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS).”
Amortization of Intangible Assets:
Amortization of intangible assets was $45.4 million for the six months ended October 31, 2022, an increase of $2.8 million, or 7%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, amortization of intangible assets increased 10% as compared with the prior year primarily due to the acceleration of expense of $4.6 million related to the discontinued use of the mthree trademark and, to a lesser extent, other acquisitions completed in fiscal year 2022. These were partially offset by the completion of amortization of certain acquired intangible assets. See Note 3, “Acquisitions” for more details on these acquisitions.
In January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Education Services segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.
Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income (OI) and Adjusted EBITDA:
Operating income for the six months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $74.4 million, or 65%, as compared with prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating income decreased 70% as compared with prior year. The decrease was primarily due to restructuring charges in the six months ended October 31, 2022, an increase in operating and administrative expenses, and cost of sales as described above, partially offset by higher revenue.
Adjusted OI on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits) and the accelerated amortization of an intangible asset, decreased 33% as compared with the prior year primarily due to an increase in operating and administrative expenses, and cost of sales, partially offset by higher revenues as described above.
Adjusted EBITDA on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits), decreased 17% as compared with the prior year primarily due to a decrease in Adjusted OI.
Adjusted OI
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted OI:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Operating Income | $ | 40,474 |  |  | $ | 114,856 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Accelerated amortization of an intangible asset (1) | 4,594 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Adjusted OI | $ | 81,465 |  |  | $ | 113,247 |

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(1) | As described above, we determined that a revision of the useful life of the mthree trademark was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Net Income to Non-GAAP EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income | $ | 20,358 |  |  | $ | 69,797 |
Interest expense | 15,664 |  |  | 9,636 |
Provision for income taxes | 4,585 |  |  | 44,820 |
Depreciation and amortization | 110,700 |  |  | 109,121 |
Non-GAAP EBITDA | 151,307 |  |  | 233,374 |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Foreign exchange transaction losses | 138 |  |  | 1,000 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | (3,694) |
Other income, net | (271) |  |  | (6,703) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 187,571 |  |  | $ | 222,368 |

Interest Expense:
Interest expense was $15.7 million for the six months ended October 31, 2022, compared with the prior year of $9.6 million. This increase was primarily due to a higher weighted average effective interest rate.
Foreign Exchange Transaction Losses:
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $0.1 million for the six months ended October 31, 2022, and were primarily due to losses on our intercompany accounts receivable and payable balances, offset by gains on our foreign currency denominated third party accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $1.0 million for the six months ended October 31, 2021, and were primarily due to losses on our foreign currency denominated third-party accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
Gain on Sale of Certain Assets:
The gain on the sale of certain assets is due to the sale of our world languages product portfolio which was included in our Academic & Professional Learning segment and resulted in a pretax gain of approximately $3.7 million during the six months ended October 31, 2021.
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Provision for Income Taxes:
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Before Taxes to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Before Taxes | $ | 24,943 |  |  | $ | 114,617 |
Pretax Impact of Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 36,397 |  |  | (1,609) |
Foreign exchange losses (gains) on intercompany transactions | 3,320 |  |  | (228) |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 47,570 |  |  | 44,892 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | (3,694) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes | $ | 112,230 |  |  | $ | 153,978 |

Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Tax Provision to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision, including our US GAAP Effective Tax Rate and our Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Tax Provision | $ | 4,585 |  | $ | 44,820
Income Tax Impact of Adjustments (1): |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 8,939 |  | (232)
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions | 869 |  | 19
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 10,220 |  | 10,263
Gain on sale of certain assets | — |  | (922)
Income Tax Adjustments: |  |  |
Impact of increase in UK statutory rate on deferred tax balances (2) | — |  | (20,726)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision | $ | 24,613 |  | $ | 33,222
US GAAP Effective Tax Rate | 18.4 | % |  | 39.1 | %
Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate | 21.9 | % |  | 21.6 | %

(1) | For the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, substantially all of the tax impact was from deferred taxes.
(2) | These adjustments impacted deferred taxes in the six months ended October 31, 2021.

Our effective tax rate fluctuates based on, among other factors, where income is earned and the level of income relative to tax attributes. The US GAAP Effective Tax Rate for the six months ended October 31, 2022, was 18.4% compared to 39.1% for the six months ended October 31, 2021. The US GAAP Effective Tax Rate for the six months ended October 31, 2022, was less than the US statutory rate after taking into account the geographic mix of earnings, the impact of US state taxes, and a discrete item relating to restricted stock compensation.
Excluding the tax impact of restructuring and other adjustments noted in the table above, the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate was 21.9% for the six months ended October 31, 2022, compared to 21.6% for the six months ended October 31, 2021. The increase in the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the six months ended October 31, 2022, compared with the prior year is primarily due to the geographic mix of earnings and the impact of US state taxes.
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Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS):
EPS for the six months ended October 31, 2022 was $0.36 per share compared with $1.24 per share for the six months ended October 31, 2021. This decrease was due to lower operating income and, to a lesser extent, higher interest expense, lower pension income, and the gain on sale of certain assets in the prior year.
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP EPS to Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS. The amount of the pretax, and the related income tax impact for the adjustments included in the table below, are presented in the section above, “Provision for Income Taxes”.

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP EPS | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.24 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 0.49 |  |  | (0.02) |
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions | 0.04 |  |  | — |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 0.67 |  |  | 0.60 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | — |  |  | (0.05) |
Income tax adjustments | — |  |  | 0.37 |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS | $ | 1.56 |  |  | $ | 2.14 |

On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS decreased 32% primarily due to a lower Adjusted OI and, to a lesser extent, an increase in interest expense, and lower pension income.
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SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS

| Six Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
RESEARCH: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (1) | $ | 472,164 |  | $ | 482,137 |  | (2) | % |  | 2 | %
Research Solutions (1) | 74,108 |  | 67,773 |  | 9 | % |  | 14 | %
Total Research Revenue | 546,272 |  | 549,910 |  | (1) | % |  | 3 | %
Cost of Sales | 142,302 |  | 146,332 |  | 3 | % |  | (5) | %
Operating Expenses | 236,971 |  | 223,924 |  | (6) | % |  | (12) | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 23,437 |  | 23,577 |  | 1 | % |  | (5) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 1,260 |  | 238 |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 142,302 |  | 155,839 |  | (9) | % |  | (11) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 9) | 1,260 |  | 238 |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 143,562 |  | 156,077 |  | (8) | % |  | (10) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 47,185 |  | 47,226 |  | — | % |  | (3) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 190,747 |  | $ | 203,303 |  | (6) | % |  | (7) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 34.9 | % |  | 37.0 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | As previously announced in May 2022, our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified was $44.1 million for the six months ended October 31, 2021, $93.3 million for the year ended April 30, 2022, and $80.3 million for the year ended April 30, 2021.

Revenue:
Research revenue for the six months ended October 31, 2022, decreased $3.6 million, or 1%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 3% as compared with the prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 2% on a constant currency basis. This increase was primarily due to an increase in open access publishing. Open Access article output growth was approximately 30% for the six months ended October 31, 2022, as compared with the prior year.
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Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 7% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to investments to optimize and scale publishing and solutions and, to a lesser extent, higher employment costs, and travel and entertainment costs due to the resumption of in-person activities, which more than offset the increase in revenue.

| Six Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL LEARNING: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Education Publishing | $ | 149,256 |  | $ | 164,961 |  | (10) | % |  | (6) | %
Professional Learning | 136,344 |  | 150,832 |  | (10) | % |  | (6) | %
Total Academic & Professional Learning | 285,600 |  | 315,793 |  | (10) | % |  | (6) | %
Cost of Sales | 77,033 |  | 87,914 |  | 12 | % |  | 9 | %
Operating Expenses | 167,989 |  | 171,718 |  | 2 | % |  | (2) | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 5,353 |  | 7,232 |  | 26 | % |  | 24 | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 9,229 |  | (294) |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 25,996 |  | 49,223 |  | (47) | % |  | (45) | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 9,229 |  | (294) |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 35,225 |  | 48,929 |  | (28) | % |  | (26) | %
Depreciation and amortization | 32,684 |  | 36,512 |  | 10 | % |  | 7 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 67,909 |  | $ | 85,441 |  | (21) | % |  | (18) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 23.8 | % |  | 27.1 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Academic & Professional Learning revenue decreased $30.2 million, or 10%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased 6% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in print textbooks in Education Publishing, partially offset by an increase in courseware and digital content. Professional Learning decreased due to a decrease in professional publishing, partially offset by an increase in corporate training.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 18% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to lower revenues and, to a lesser extent, higher travel and entertainment costs due to the resumption of in-person activities. This was partially offset by lower royalty costs and, to a lesser extent, lower print product costs.
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| Six Months Ended October 31, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
EDUCATION SERVICES: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
University Services (1) | $ | 105,570 |  | $ | 113,598 |  | (7) | % |  | (6) | %
Talent Development Services (1) | 64,963 |  | 42,090 |  | 54 | % |  | 68 | %
Total Education Services Revenue | 170,533 |  | 155,688 |  | 10 | % |  | 14 | %
Cost of Sales | 124,998 |  | 106,493 |  | (17) | % |  | (22) | %
Operating Expenses | 38,773 |  | 38,512 |  | (1) | % |  | (4) | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 16,510 |  | 11,817 |  | (40) | % |  | (41) | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 1,339 |  | (28) |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | (11,087) |  | (1,106) |  | # |  | #
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 9) | 1,339 |  | (28) |  | # |  | #
Accelerated amortization of an intangible asset (2) | 4,594 |  | — |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | (5,154) |  | (1,134) |  | # |  | #
Depreciation and amortization | 18,171 |  | 17,116 |  | (6) | % |  | (7) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 13,017 |  | $ | 15,982 |  | (19) | % |  | (14) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 7.6 | % |  | 10.3 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | In May 2022, we moved the WileyNXT product offering from Talent Development Services to University Services and the prior period results have been included in University Services. The revenue reclassified was $1.1 million for the six months ended October 31, 2021. There were no changes to the total Education Services segment or our total consolidated financial results.
(2) | On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Education Services segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted, and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.

Revenue:
Education Services revenue increased $14.8 million, or 10%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 14% as compared with the prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 10% on a constant currency basis. This was primarily due to increased revenues from placements in Talent Development Services, partially offset by a decrease in University Services primarily driven by lower student enrollments. For the six months ended October 31, 2022, we delivered approximately 63% growth in talent placements in Talent Development Services. For the six months ended October 31, 2022, University Services experienced a 7% decrease in online enrollment.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 14% as compared with the prior year. This was primarily a result of revenue mix. Total expenses increased primarily due to higher employee costs to support growth in Talent Development Services.
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CORPORATE EXPENSES:
Corporate expenses for the six months ended October 31, 2022 increased $27.6 million, or 31%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring (credits) charges, these expenses increased 7% as compared with the prior year. This was primarily due to higher employee costs.
FISCAL YEAR 2023 OUTLOOK:
Wiley is reducing its revenue growth outlook at constant currency due to consumer spending and enrollment headwinds in Education. Based on leading indicators, Wiley is reaffirming its guidance for Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. Adjusted EPS is reaffirmed but trending to the lower end of range mainly due to rising interest expense.
Amounts in millions, except Adjusted EPS

Metric | Fiscal Year 2022 Actual (1) | Fiscal Year 2023 Outlook Original At constant currency (1) | Fiscal Year 2023 Outlook Update At constant currency (1) | Fiscal Year 2023 Outlook Current At constant currency (1)
Revenue | $2,083 | $2,175 - $2,215 | Reduced | $2,110 - $2,150
Adjusted EBITDA | $433 | $425 - $450 | Reaffirmed | $425 - $450
Adjusted EPS | $4.16 | $3.70 - $4.05 | Reaffirmed | $3.70 - $4.05
Free Cash Flow | $223 | $210 - $235 | Reaffirmed | $210 - $235

(1) | Based on fiscal 2022 average rates of 1.15 euro and 1.36 British pound. Foreign currency impact to fiscal year 2023 outlook based on year-to-date average rates of 1.00 euro and 1.16 British pound: $85 million unfavorable to revenue; immaterial to Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EPS, and Free Cash Flow

•Revenue Outlook: Due to the market-related headwinds in Education, we are reducing our revenue guidance at constant currency from mid-single digit growth to low-single digit growth. Growth continues to be driven by solid performance in Research and Corporate Talent Development.
•Adjusted EBITDA Outlook: Adjusted EBITDA at constant currency is reaffirmed in the range of $425 to $450 million given second half restructuring savings and other cost measures.
•Adjusted EPS Outlook: Adjusted EPS at constant currency is now trending to the lower end of the range of $3.70 to $4.05, mainly due to rising interest expense. Adjusted EPS guidance reflects higher interest expense, higher tax expense, and lower pension income. These three items were expected to account for 35-cents of additional adverse impact this year. This impact is now anticipated to be 44-cents due to rising interest expense. Our adjusted effective tax rate is expected to rise this year from 20% to between 22% and 23%. This is primarily due to a less favorable mix of earnings by country and an increase in the UK statutory rate. In terms of the lower pension income, our pensions have been frozen since 2015 and are above 90% funded.
•Free Cash Flow Outlook: Free Cash Flow is reaffirmed in the range of $210 to $235 million. Positive cash earnings and lower incentive payouts for fiscal year 2022 performance are expected to be offset by higher cash taxes and interest. Our capital expenditures outlook is now around $110 to $120 million dollars, so modestly lower than anticipated. Capital investment is primarily focused on platform and product development in Research and Corporate Talent Development.
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In August 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued guidance for US federal agencies to make federally funded research freely available starting no later than December 31, 2025, without an embargo. For reference, less than 10% of Wiley’s published articles today are funded by US federal departments impacted by this guidance, and a third of those articles are already open access. Wiley has been working for several years with the OSTP and other stakeholders around the world to support the orderly transition to open research. This new guidance is aligned with Wiley’s stated strategy and mission, and is supported by the growth the Company is seeing in open research publishing. Wiley supports multiple publishing models to execute against the industry’s shared objective of unlocking access to scientific research and improving the efficiency of peer review and publication. Those models include journal subscriptions (“pay to read”), transformational agreements (“pay to read and publish”) and open access (“pay to publish”). In the past three years, our open access revenues, including from transformational agreements, have increased from less than 6% of total Research Publishing revenues to approximately 28% today. Based on our assessment of the guidance, we do not believe it will have a material financial impact on our Company.
Segment Realignment:
In the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, we are realigning our segments around our customers to drive impact and improve efficiency. Our new segment reporting structure will consist of three reportable segments which includes Research (no changes), Academic, and Talent, as well as a Corporate category.
The Academic segment will consist of Academic Publishing (which includes Education Publishing and Professional Publishing), and University Services (previously included in the Education Services segment).
The Talent segment will consist of Talent Development, as well as Corporate Training and Corporate Learning, which were both previously included in the Academic & Professional Learning segment.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Principal Sources of Liquidity
We believe that our operating cash flow, together with our revolving credit facilities and other available debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that continued or increased volatility in the global capital and credit markets will not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable in the future. We do not have any off-balance-sheet debt. We will continue to pursue attractive opportunities to add scale and provide enhanced technology-enabled services in research and online education.
As of October 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $118.4 million, of which approximately $111.4 million, or 94%, was located outside the US. Maintenance of these cash and cash equivalent balances outside the US does not have a material impact on the liquidity or capital resources of our operations. Nonetheless, we intend to repatriate earnings from our non-US subsidiaries, and as we repatriate these funds to the US, we will be required to pay income taxes in various US state and local jurisdictions, and applicable withholding or similar taxes in the periods in which such repatriation occurs. Accordingly, as of October 31, 2022, we have a $2.7 million liability related to the estimated taxes that would be incurred upon repatriating certain non-US earnings.
On November 30, 2022, Wiley entered into an amendment to its Amended and Restated RCA that provides for senior unsecured credit facilities comprised of (i) five-year credit commitments with the principal amount of $1.315 billion, extended to a maturity date in November 2027, and (ii) $185 million in existing credit commitments to remain through the existing maturity date in May 2024. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant in the form of a consolidated net leverage ratio and consolidated interest coverage ratio. We incurred approximately $5 million of costs related to this agreement. See Note 15, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities” for further details on the Amended and Restated RCA.
As of October 31, 2022, we had approximately $1,003.7 million of debt outstanding, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.3 million, and approximately $464.2 million of unused borrowing capacity under our Amended and Restated RCA and other facilities. Our Amended and Restated RCA contains certain restrictive covenants related to our consolidated leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio, which we were in compliance with as of October 31, 2022.
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Analysis of Historical Cash Flows
The following table shows the changes in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (76,196) |  |  | $ | (75,622) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (48,293) |  |  | (62,571) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 151,603 |  |  | 147,046 |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (8,784) |  |  | $ | (1,742) |

Cash flow from operations is seasonally a use of cash in the first half of Wiley’s fiscal year principally due to the timing of collections for annual journal subscriptions, which typically occurs in the beginning of the second half of our fiscal year.
Free cash flow less product development spending helps assess our ability, over the long term, to create value for our shareholders, as it represents cash available to repay debt, pay common dividends, and fund share repurchases, and acquisitions. Below are the details of Free cash flow less product development spending.
Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending:

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (76,196) |  |  | $ | (75,622) |
Less: Additions to technology, property and equipment | (38,530) |  |  | (37,676) |
Less: Product development spending | (11,445) |  |  | (13,001) |
Free cash flow less product development spending | $ | (126,171) |  |  | $ | (126,299) |

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
The following is a summary of the $0.6 million change in Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended October 31, 2022 compared with the six months ended October 31, 2021 (amounts in millions).

Net cash used in operating activities – Six months ended October 31, 2021 | $ | (75.6) |
Net income adjusted for items to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities, which would include such noncash items as, depreciation and amortization, and the change in deferred taxes | (47.6) |
Working capital changes: |
Accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities | 63.7 |
Accounts payable and accrued royalties | (12.5) |
Changes in other assets and liabilities | (4.2) |
Net cash used in operating activities – Six months ended October 31, 2022 | $ | (76.2) |

The favorable change in accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities was primarily due to the timing of collections with customers.
The unfavorable change in accounts payable and accrued royalties was primarily due to the timing of payments.
The unfavorable changes in other assets and liabilities noted in the table above was primarily due to an unfavorable change in income taxes, royalty advances and higher restructuring payments, partially offset by lower payments for annual incentive compensation in fiscal year 2023 related to the prior fiscal year.
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Our negative working capital (current assets less current liabilities) was $151.6 million and $418.6 million as of October 31, 2022 and April 30, 2022, respectively. This $267.0 million change in negative working capital was primarily due to the seasonality of our business. The primary driver of the negative working capital is the benefit realized from unearned contract liabilities related to subscriptions for which cash has been collected in advance. The contract liabilities will be recognized as income when the products are shipped or made available online to the customers over the term of the subscription. Current liabilities as of October 31, 2022 and as of April 30, 2022 includes $263.8 million and $538.1 million, respectively, primarily related to deferred subscription revenue for which cash was collected in advance.
Cash collected in advance for subscriptions is used by us for a number of purposes, including funding operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt repayments, dividend payments, and share repurchases.
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended October 31, 2022 was $48.3 million compared to $62.6 million in the prior year. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease of $13.5 million in cash used to acquire businesses.
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $151.6 million for the six months ended October 31, 2022 compared to $147.0 million for the six months ended October 31, 2021. This increase in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to a change in book overdrafts of $3.4 million and, to a lesser extent, an increase in net borrowings of long-term debt of $0.9 million.
Dividends and Share Repurchases
In the six months ended October 31, 2022, we increased our quarterly dividend to shareholders to $1.39 per share annualized versus $1.38 per share annualized in the prior year.
The following table summarizes the shares repurchased of Class A and Class B Common Stock for the six months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 (shares in thousands):

| Six Months Ended October 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Shares repurchased – Class A | 382 |  |  | 312 |
Shares repurchased – Class B | — |  |  | 1 |
Average price – Class A and Class B | $ | 45.84 |  |  | $ | 55.51 |

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risk primarily related to interest rates, foreign exchange, and credit risk. It is our policy to monitor these exposures and to use derivative financial investments and/or insurance contracts from time to time to reduce fluctuations in earnings and cash flows when it is deemed appropriate to do so. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rates
From time to time, we may use interest rate swaps, collars, or options to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. It is management’s intention that the notional amount of interest rate swaps be less than the variable rate loans outstanding during the life of the derivatives.
The information set forth in Note 16, “Derivatives Instruments and Hedging Activities,” of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Interest Rate Contracts,” is incorporated herein by reference.
On an annual basis, a hypothetical one percent change in interest rates for the $603.7 million of unhedged variable rate debt as of October 31, 2022 would affect net income and cash flow by approximately $4.7 million.
Foreign Exchange Rates
Fluctuations in the currencies of countries where we operate outside the US may have a significant impact on financial results. We are primarily exposed to movements in British pound sterling, euros, Canadian and Australian dollars, and certain currencies in Asia. The statements of financial position of non-US business units are translated into US dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and the statements of income are translated into US dollars using weighted-average exchange rates for revenues and expenses.
Our significant investments in non-US businesses are exposed to foreign currency risk. Adjustments resulting from translating assets and liabilities are reported as a separate component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax within Shareholders’ Equity under the caption Foreign currency translation adjustment. During the three and six months ended October 31, 2022, we recorded foreign currency translation losses in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax of approximately $36.1 million and $55.9 million, respectively, primarily as a result of the fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the British pound sterling and, to a lesser extent the euro. During the three and six months ended October 31, 2021, we recorded foreign currency translation losses in Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax of approximately $9.5 million and $15.4 million, respectively, primarily as a result of the fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the euro and, to a lesser extent the British pound sterling.
Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Net Income as incurred. Under certain circumstances, we may enter into derivative financial instruments in the form of foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against specific transactions, including intercompany purchases and loans.
The information set forth in Note 16, “Derivatives Instruments and Hedging Activities,” of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Foreign Currency Contracts,” is incorporated herein by reference.
Sales Return Reserves
The estimated allowance for print book sales returns is based upon historical return patterns, as well as current market trends in the businesses in which we operate. In connection with the estimated sales return reserves, we also include a related increase to inventory and a reduction to accrued royalties as a result of the expected returns.
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The reserves are reflected in the following accounts of our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position:

| October 31, 2022 |  | April 30, 2022
Increase in Inventories, net | $ | 7,347 |  |  | $ | 7,820 |
Decrease in Accrued royalties | $ | (3,766) |  |  | $ | (3,893) |
Increase in Contract liabilities | $ | 28,894 |  |  | $ | 31,135 |
Print book sales return reserve net liability balance | $ | (17,781) |  |  | $ | (19,422) |

A one percent change in the estimated sales return rate could affect net income by approximately $0.4 million. A change in the pattern or trends in returns could affect the estimated allowance.
Customer Credit Risk
In the journal publishing business, subscriptions are primarily sourced through journal subscription agents who, acting as agents for library customers, facilitate ordering by consolidating the subscription orders/billings of each subscriber with various publishers. Cash is generally collected in advance from subscribers by the subscription agents and is principally remitted to us between the months of December and April. Although currently we have minimal credit risk exposure to these agents, future calendar-year subscription receipts from these agents are highly dependent on their financial condition and liquidity. Subscription agents account for approximately 15% of total annual consolidated revenue, and no one affiliated group of subscription agents accounts for more than 10% of total annual consolidated revenue.
Our book business is not dependent upon a single customer; however, the industry is concentrated in national, regional, and online bookstore chains. No single book customer accounts for more than 6% of total consolidated revenue and more than 11% of accounts receivable at October 31, 2022. The top 10 book customers account for approximately 10% of total consolidated revenue and approximately 24% of accounts receivable at October 31, 2022.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, together with the Chief Accounting Officer and other members of the Company’s management, have conducted an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
T here were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended October 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
There have been no significant developments related to legal proceedings during the three months ended October 31, 2022. For information regarding legal proceedings, see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2022 Note 16, “Commitment and Contingencies”.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2022. Except as required by the federal securities law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any risk factor, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
During the three months ended October 31, 2022, we made the following purchases of Class A and Class B Common Stock under our publicly announced stock repurchase programs:

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of a Publicly Announced Program |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May be Purchased Under the Program |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May be Purchased Under Additional Plans or Programs (Dollars in millions)
August 2022 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 187.5 |
September 2022 | 169,538 |  | 44.24 |  |  | 169,538 |  | — |  | 180.0 |
October 2022 | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 180.0 |
Total | 169,538 |  | $ | 44.24 |  |  | 169,538 |  | — |  | $ | 180.0 |

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Material Contracts
10.1* | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2022 Omnibus Stock Plan and Long-Term Incentive Plan.
10.2* | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Director Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement.
10.3* | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors’ 2005 & After Compensation Amended and Restated as of September 29, 2022.
10.4 | The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 8-K dated as of December 5, 2022).
Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certifications Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Inline XBRL
101.INS* | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*Filed herewith
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. Registrant
| By | /s/ Brian A. Napack
|  | Brian A. Napack
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
| By | /s/ Christina Van Tassell
|  | Christina Van Tassell
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
| By | /s/ Christopher F. Caridi
|  | Christopher F. Caridi
|  | Senior Vice President, Global Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer
|  | Dated: December 9, 2022

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