<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000107140-22-000026.txt : 20220627
<SEC-HEADER>0000107140-22-000026.hdr.sgml : 20220627
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20220627160920
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000107140-22-000026
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20220627
ITEM INFORMATION:		Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20220627
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20220627

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000107140
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	BOOKS: PUBLISHING OR PUBLISHING AND PRINTING [2731]
		IRS NUMBER:				135593032
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NY
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0430

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-11507
		FILM NUMBER:		221044617

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030
		BUSINESS PHONE:		2017486000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20070820

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19920703
</SEC-HEADER>
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<TYPE>8-K
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<DESCRIPTION>BRIAN HEMPHILL FORM 8-K
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">UNITED STATES</div>

    <div><br />
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington D.C. 20549</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FORM <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:DocumentType" id="Fact_f964bbf40be64c5fa9408547e3967942" contextRef="c20220627to20220627">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)</div>

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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">----------------------------------------------------</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">---------------------------------------------</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Commission File Number)</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(IRS Employer Identification No.)</div>
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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1" id="Fact_6b9c0ebf8c1d4a78b852b733266c7c1a" contextRef="c20220627to20220627">111 River Street</ix:nonNumeric>, <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown" id="Fact_7611e10cb3c44c9a866d87d46d5f0edc" contextRef="c20220627to20220627">Hoboken</ix:nonNumeric> <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince" id="Fact_0aa7929e3fde4211bb43f8b1e979d9aa" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:stateprovnameen">New Jersey</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">----------------------------------------------------</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">---------------------------------------------</div>
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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Address of principal executive offices)</div>
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    <td style="width: 44%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Zip Code)</div>
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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including area code:</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">(<ix:nonNumeric name="dei:CityAreaCode" id="Fact_39d085d50f4345ba8d35df702bac08c1" contextRef="c20220627to20220627">201</ix:nonNumeric>) <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber" id="Fact_4e325184ca234f5980de8e066d27520a" contextRef="c20220627to20220627">748-6000</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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    <td style="width: 28%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">---------------------------------------------</div>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Not Applicable</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the
      following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:WrittenCommunications" id="Fact_ee3d2852225b4110ac0a3f2c9da13da0" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Written communications pursuant to Rule
      425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SolicitingMaterial" id="Fact_d70cdc4299964116a2c00848ce576f85" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Soliciting material pursuant to Rule
      14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" id="Fact_c3d34358ccec4d53bc51d46d900771fb" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant
      to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" id="Fact_32155e270060486caab1befd550a6cb3" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant
      to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

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    <td style="width: 43.93%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title of each class</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trading Symbol(s)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
          </td>

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    <td style="width: 43.93%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_6ddcc35d574d448fa03c9c9d13846899" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember">Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share</ix:nonNumeric><br />
            </div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_d64187ec8f734cbe95eb1331e2d581fc" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember">WLY</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_dd0f106581f1435294fcbaf6649a2064" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">New York Stock Exchange</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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    <td style="width: 43.93%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_de1759fd10b14df096eb13b0c0c33065" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_806caf208dc24c6aa960d5bedf3844cb" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember">WLYB</ix:nonNumeric><br />
            </div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_4e14dbe277db44d08ed967fb61dc1fc2" contextRef="c20220627to20220627_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">New York Stock Exchange</ix:nonNumeric><br />
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          </td>

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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter)
      or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

    <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Emerging growth company&#160;<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI Symbol', sans-serif;">&#9744;</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or
      revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_753527a39fc247c78036a3784761e087" contextRef="c20220627to20220627" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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        <hr style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;" /></div>

    </div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 5.02:&#160; Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory
      Arrangements of Certain Officers.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) issued a press release today, on June 27, 2022, announcing that the John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;)
      Board of Directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;) has elected Brian O. Hemphill, Ph.D., President of Old Dominion University, to join the Board effective June 21, 2022. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Board has determined that
        Mr.&#160;Hemphill is &#8220;independent&#8221; pursuant to the rules of The New York Stock Exchange and other governing laws and applicable regulations.</span> The Board has not yet appointed Mr. Hemphill to any Board committees, however, anticipates his
      appointment to the Governance and Digital Product &amp; Technology Committees of the Board.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">As a non-employee director of the Company, Mr. Hemphill is eligible to participate in the Company&#8217;s non-employee director compensation program, pursuant to
      which he will receive an (i) annual cash retainer of $100,000, and (ii) annual award of restricted Class&#160;A Common Stock equal to $120,000, with the amount of shares granted based on the stock price of the Company&#8217;s Class&#160;A Common Stock at the close
      of the New York Stock Exchange on the date of grant. Such restricted shares granted vest on the earliest of (i)&#160;the day before the next Annual Meeting following the grant, (ii)&#160;the non-employee director&#8217;s death or disability, or (iii)&#160;a Change in
      Control (as defined in the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan). Mr. Hemphill is eligible to participate and may defer all or a portion of his annual cash retainer fees and annual stock award. Mr. Hemphill is also eligible to participate in the Company&#8217;s
      Matching Gift Program.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">There were no arrangements or understandings between Mr. Hemphill and any other persons pursuant to which Mr. Hemphill was selected as a director. Mr.
      Hemphill does not have any direct or indirect material interest in any transaction required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">A copy of the press release is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Item 8.01 - Other Events<br />
      </span></div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Company announced on June 23, 2022, that it has raised its quarterly cash dividend to <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">$0.3475
        per share, </span>payable on July 20, 2022<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">,</span> to shareholders of record of Class A and Class B Common Stock as of July 6, 2022. A copy of the press release is being furnished to the
      Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K and is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.2.&#160; The information in this Item 8.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K and in Exhibit 99.2 attached hereto shall not be deemed filed for
      purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Act of 1934, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference.</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Item 9.01 - Financial Statements and Exhibits</span></div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exhibit No.<span style="width: 9pt; font-size: 1px; display: inline-block;" class="HorizontalTab"> </span>Description</div>

    <div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><a href="exhibit99_1.htm">99.1</a><span class="HorizontalTab" style="width: 9pt; font-size: 1px; display: inline-block;"> </span>Press release dated June 27, 2022, announcing <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">the </span>director
        appointment.</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><a href="exhibit99_2.htm">99.2</a><span class="HorizontalTab" style="width: 9pt; font-size: 1px; display: inline-block;"> </span>Press release dated June 23, 2022, announcing the dividend.</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">104</span><span class="HorizontalTab" style="width: 9pt; font-size: 1px; display: inline-block;">&#160;&#160;&#160; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)</span></div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURES</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
      undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</div>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">JOHN WILEY &amp; SONS, INC.</div>
          </td>

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    <td style="width: 55%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Registrant)</div>
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            <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">By&#160; <br />
            </div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 25%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Brian A. Napack</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 26%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 25%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brian A. Napack</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 26%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 4%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">President and</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Executive Officer</div>
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    <td style="width: 26%; vertical-align: bottom;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">By&#160; <br />
            </div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Christina Van Tassell</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 26%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Christina Van Tassell</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 26%; vertical-align: top;" colspan="1">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 4%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 25%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Executive Vice President and</div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Financial Officer</div>
          </td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dated: June 27, 2022</div>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>exhibit99_1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>PRESS RELEASE DATED JUNE 27, 2022, ANNOUNCING THE DIRECTOR APPOINTMENT.
<TEXT>
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    <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Exhibit 99.1</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><img width="219" height="44" src="image0.jpg"></div>
    <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 18pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Wiley Appoints Brian O&#8217;Harold Hemphill, Ph.D., to Board of Directors</div>
    <div>
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      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">HOBOKEN, N.J.-- Wiley (NYSE: WLY) (NYSE: WLYB), a global leader in research and education, today announced that Brian
        O&#8217;Harold Hemphill, Ph.D., President of Old Dominion University (ODU), has joined the company&#8217;s Board of Directors.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hemphill is a nationally recognized academic administrator, educator, researcher, and author, as well as a passionate
        business and community leader. With nearly 30 years in higher education, he is a lifelong champion for access and opportunity, as well as innovation and research, with a deep commitment to forward-focused leadership. He leads ODU with a dedication
        to excellence, a commitment to accountability and transparency, and &#8211; most importantly &#8211; a drive for diversity, equity, and inclusion.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">"Brian is a proven leader and change agent in higher education, and we are thrilled to have him on our board," said
        Brian Napack, Wiley President and CEO. "His deep passion for making life-changing education more accessible, and for building strong learning communities, will help accelerate Wiley's mission to&#160;unlock human potential."</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Prior to ODU, Hemphill held leadership roles at several higher ed institutions from the University of
        Arkansas-Fayetteville to Northern Illinois University, West Virginia State University, and, most recently, Radford University, where he served as President and Professor for five years. While at Radford, the institution experienced historic growth
        and success in programmatic diversification and expansion, infrastructure improvements, and philanthropic giving. During the first year of his presidency at ODU, new initiatives were implemented to bring national and international prominence to the
        institution, specifically in the areas of data sciences, health sciences, and maritime.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;I look forward to serving on the board of Wiley,&#8221; said Hemphill. &#8220;My passion for making learning accessible and
        providing opportunities to all, especially those who are at a disadvantage, is perfectly aligned with Wiley&#8217;s mission and values. My extensive experience as an administrator, professor, researcher, and author positions me well to help drive
        innovation across Wiley&#8217;s business segments and even greater impact.&#8221;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hemphill earned a Ph.D. in Higher Education Administration and Policy Studies from the University of Iowa, a Master
        of Science degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from Iowa State University of Science and Technology, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Organizational Communication from Saint Augustine's University. He has published many writings covering
        topics related to violence and threat preparedness on college campuses; emerging financial concerns affecting the collegiate sphere; STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and economic-related issues pertaining to education; and
        other scholarly perspectives pertinent to higher education.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hemphill is married to Dr. Marisela Rosas Hemphill. They are the proud parents of energetic, 9-year-old twins,
        Catalina and Cruz. He also has two adult children, Jada, a public school teacher in Fort Worth, Texas, and Jordan, a graduate student at the University of Iowa. Hemphill cherishes the time he spends with his family.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hemphill joins other Directors including Brian Napack; Jesse Wiley, Chairman of the Board; Mari Baker, former CEO,
        PlayFirst, Inc.; George Bell, Senior Partner, Archer Venture Capital; Beth Birnbaum, former COO, PlayFab; David Dobson, CEO, Epiq Global; Mariana Garavaglia, Chief Business and People Officer, Relativity Space; Laurie Leshin, Director of the Jet
        Propulsion Laboratory and VP of the California&#160; Institute of Technology; Raymond McDaniel Jr., Non-Executive Chairman of The Moody&#8217;s Corporation Board and former President and CEO of The Moody&#8217;s Corporation; William Pesce, retired President and CEO
        of Wiley; and Inder Singh, CFO and EVP of Arm Ltd.</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#8220;For 215 years, a strong, values-based, people-centered culture; a laser focus on our customers; innovation; and a
        noble mission have been the foundation at Wiley,&#8221; said Jesse Wiley, Board Chair. &#8220;With his wealth of experience in education and research, passion and strong leadership, Brian will be an asset to our Board, Wiley and all our stakeholders. I look
        forward to working with Brian and learning from his knowledge, perspectives, and insight.&#8221;</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About Wiley</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">Wiley is a global leader in research and
          education, unlocking human potential by</font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold;">&#160;</font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">powering scientific
          research and career-connected education. For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world&#8217;s knowledge ecosystem. Today, our high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals
          in an ever-changing world. Visit us at&#160;Wiley.com, like us on&#160;Facebook, and follow us on&#160;Twitter&#160;and&#160;LinkedIn.</font></div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Media Contact:</font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><br>
        Andrea Sherman<br>
        asherman@wiley.com<br>
        (203) 536-7564</font></div>
      <div style="text-align: left; margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Investor Contact:</font><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><br>
        Brian Campbell<br>
        brian.campbell@wiley.com<br>
        (201) 748-6874</font></div>
      <div style="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><br>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.2
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>exhibit99_2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>PRESS RELEASE DATED JUNE 23, 2022, ANNOUNCING THE DIVIDEND.
<TEXT>
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      <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Exhibit 99.2</div>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left;"><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left;"><img width="219" height="44" src="image0.jpg"></div>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Wiley Increases Quarterly Dividend for the 29<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">th</sup> Consecutive Year</div>
    <div><br>
    </div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-style: italic;">Hoboken, NJ, June 23, 2022 &#8211; </font>Wiley<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-style: italic;">&#160;</font>(NYSE: WLY and WLYB), a leader in scientific research and career-connected education, today announced that its Board of Directors has declared a
      quarterly cash dividend of $0.3475 per share on its Class A and Class B Common Stock, payable on July 20, 2022 to shareholders of record on July 6, 2022.&#160; T<font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">he quarterly
        dividend is equivalent to an annual dividend of $1.39 per share, an increase from $1.38 per share in Fiscal 2022.&#160; It is Wiley&#8217;s 29</font><sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">th</sup><font style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">
        consecutive annual increase.</font></div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">In Fiscal 2022, Wiley surpassed $2 billion in revenue for the first time and delivered Free Cash Flow of $223 million.&#160; The Company distributed approximately
      $77 million for dividends and $30 million for share repurchases while ending the year with a Net Debt-to-EBITDA ratio of 1.6.</div>
    <div><br>
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    <div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">To access Wiley&#8217;s Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2022 results:</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">https://newsroom.wiley.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2022/Wiley-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Fiscal-Year-2022-Results/default.aspx</div>
      <div><br>
      </div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">To access Wiley&#8217;s Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2022 presentation and webcast:</div>
      <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">https://events.q4inc.com/attendee/828353638</div>
      <div><br>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">About Wiley</div>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wiley (NYSE: WLY and WLYB) is a global leader in research and education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping
      workforces.&#160; For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world&#8217;s knowledge ecosystem.&#160; Today, our high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals in an ever-changing world.&#160;
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>jwa-20220627_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!--Generated by EDGARfilings PROfile 8.0.0.0 Broadridge-->
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  </link:labelLink>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>jwa-20220627_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140058197240864">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 27, 2022</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jun. 27,  2022<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-11507<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">13-5593032<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">111 River Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Hoboken<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NJ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">07030<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">201<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">748-6000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000107140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassAMember', window );">Common Class A [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">WLY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassBMember', window );">Common Class B [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">WLYB<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityListingsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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 "std_ref": {
  "r0": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "b"
  },
  "r1": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "d1-1"
  },
  "r2": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "13e",
   "Subsection": "4c"
  },
  "r3": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "14d",
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   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
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  },
  "r6": {
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "425"
  }
 },
 "version": "2.1"
}
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
