<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-22-027284.txt : 20220728
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-22-027284.hdr.sgml : 20220728
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20220728165334
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-22-027284
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K/A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20220615
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
FILED AS OF DATE:		20220728
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20220728

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000107140
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	BOOKS: PUBLISHING OR PUBLISHING AND PRINTING [2731]
		IRS NUMBER:				135593032
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NY
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0430

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K/A
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-11507
		FILM NUMBER:		221115970

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030
		BUSINESS PHONE:		2017486000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		111 RIVER STREET
		CITY:			HOBOKEN
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			07030

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20070820

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	WILEY JOHN & SONS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19920703
</SEC-HEADER>
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<TYPE>8-K/A
<SEQUENCE>1
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<div>UNITED STATES</div>
</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington D.C. 20549</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of The Securities Exchange Act of 1934</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Not Applicable</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160;(Former name or former address, if changed since last report.)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the
      following provisions (see General Instruction A.2. below):</div>

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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:WrittenCommunications" id="Fact_642b9aea88a94bd6bdb21e448388481d" contextRef="c20220615to20220615" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> </span>Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" id="Fact_44422cc6b5f947ff9c4bd48b26024411" contextRef="c20220615to20220615" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> </span>Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>

    <div><br />
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">&#160; <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" id="Fact_f834f69e596e46c4b1b5702b2ee679d9" contextRef="c20220615to20220615" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> </span>Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title of each class</div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 14.95%; vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trading Symbol(s)</div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Name of each exchange on which registered</div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" id="Fact_a499b94959a14fccab1322bfb4c02ea5" contextRef="c20220615to20220615_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember">WLY</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" id="Fact_817b4e108e0446a2ba61fc72030d5652" contextRef="c20220615to20220615_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassAMember" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">New York Stock Exchange</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:Security12bTitle" id="Fact_da7c9e90d0014d058a1582809e904e2f" contextRef="c20220615to20220615_StatementClassOfStockAxis_CommonClassBMember">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share</ix:nonNumeric></div>
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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 1.87%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 37.38%; vertical-align: bottom;">
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    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div><br />
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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter)
      or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_f62a37f34d3349a3b9a2ba12b10d91eb" contextRef="c20220615to20220615" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#x2610;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

    <div><br />
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    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<div>If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or
      revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">&#9744;</span></div>

      <hr style="border: none; border-bottom: 4px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black; height: 10px; color: #ffffff; background-color: #ffffff; text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>

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        <hr style="margin: 4px 0px; width: 100%; border-width: 0; height: 2px; color: #000000; background-color: #000000; clear: both;" /></div>

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    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amendment No. 2</span></div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">EXPLANATORY NOTE</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">This Form 8-K/A is filed as an amendment (Amendment No. 2) to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. (&#8220;Wiley&#8221; or the
      &#8220;Company&#8221;) under Items 2.02, 7.01 and 9.01 on June 15, 2022 (the &#8220;Original Form 8-K&#8221;).&#160; The Company furnished Amendment No. 1 to the Original Form 8-K under Item 2.02 on July 22, 2022, for purposes of correcting the disclosure in the press release
      and accompanying materials with respect to the foreign exchange (FX) impact in its Fiscal 2023 outlook (&#8220;FY23 Outlook Correction&#8221;).&#160; This Amendment No. 2 supplements Amendment No. 1 and is being filed under Item 8.01 so that the FY23 Outlook
      Correction is deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act and for purposes of incorporation by reference.&#160; The FY23 Outlook Correction supersedes the fiscal 2023 outlook included in the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form
      10-K for the year ended April 30, 2022 (&#8220;Form 10-K&#8221;).</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 8.01 Other Events.</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Company is issuing a correction to the foreign exchange (FX) impact in its Fiscal 2023 outlook. Wiley now expects a more modest FX impact to Fiscal
      2023 guidance &#8211; at June 10, 2022, spot rates &#8211; after identifying an error in its currency mix evaluation for a foreign entity.&#160; Wiley&#8217;s operational guidance (outlook at constant currency) remains unchanged.</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">REVISED FISCAL YEAR 2023 OUTLOOK</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18.51%; vertical-align: top; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Metric</div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">&#160;($millions, except EPS)</div>
          </td>

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            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FY23 Outlook*</div>
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">&#160; At constant currency</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 11.93%; vertical-align: top; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">FX Impact</div>
            <div style="text-align: center;">&#160;<span style="font-style: italic;">Old</span><br />
            </div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">FY23 Outlook</div>
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">&#160;Old</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 4px solid #000000; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-top: 4px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; width: 14.69%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FX Impact**</div>
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">&#160;Corrected</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 4px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">FY23 Outlook&#94;</div>
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">&#160;Modified (for FX)</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18.51%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Revenue</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 19.99%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$2,175 - $2,215</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 11.93%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">($75)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">$2,100 - $2,140</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 4px solid #000000; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: top; width: 14.69%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">($50)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$2,125 - $2,165</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18.51%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Adjusted EBITDA</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 19.99%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$425 - $450</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 11.93%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">($25)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">$400 - $425</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 4px solid #000000; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 14.69%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Immaterial</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$425 - $450</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18.51%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Adjusted EPS</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 19.99%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$3.70 - $4.05</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 11.93%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">($0.30)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">$3.40 - $3.75</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 4px solid #000000; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 14.69%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Immaterial</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$3.70 - $4.05</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 18.51%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Free Cash Flow</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 19.99%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$210 - $235</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 11.93%; vertical-align: middle; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">($25)</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">$185 - $210</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 4px solid #000000; border-left: 4px solid #000000; border-right: 2px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 14.69%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Immaterial</div>
          </td>

    <td style="border-bottom: 4px solid #000000; border-left: 2px solid #000000; border-right: 4px solid #000000; border-top: 2px solid #000000; vertical-align: middle; width: 17.44%;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">$210 - $235</div>
          </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">*Based on Fiscal 2022 average rates of 1.15 euro and 1.36 British pound</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">**Variance between Fiscal 2022 average rates and spot rates as of June 10:&#160; 1.06 euro and 1.24 British pound</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic;">&#94;Fiscal 2023 outlook at spot rates as of June 10.&#160; Wiley will be updating FX impact in Q1 (September) and subsequent quarters</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wiley provides non-GAAP financial measures and performance results such as &#8220;Adjusted EPS,&#8221; &#8220;Adjusted Operation Income,&#8221; &#8220;EBITDA&#8221;, &#8220;Adjusted EBITDA,&#8221;
      &#8220;Adjusted Contribution to Profit,&#8221; &#8220;Adjusted Income before Taxes,&#8221; &#8220;Adjusted Income Tax Provision,&#8221; &#8220;Adjusted Effective Tax Rate,&#8221; &#8220;Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending,&#8221; &#8220;organic revenue,&#8221; and results on a Constant Currency basis to
      assess underlying business performance and trends. Management believes non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude the impact of restructuring charges and credits and certain other items, and the impact of acquisitions provide a useful comparable
      basis to analyze operating results and earnings. See the reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures and explanations of the uses of non-GAAP measures in the supplementary information. We have not provided our 2023 outlook for the most directly
      comparable US GAAP financial measures, as they are not available without unreasonable effort due to the high variability, complexity, and low visibility with respect to certain items, including restructuring charges and credits, gains and losses on
      foreign currency, and other gains and losses. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could be material to our consolidated results computed in accordance with US GAAP.</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">This document contains certain forward-looking statements concerning the Company&#8217;s operations, performance, and financial condition. Reliance should not be
      placed on forward-looking statements, as actual results may differ materially from those in any forward-looking statements. Any such forward-looking statements are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that are inherently subject to
      uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the control of the Company and are subject to change based on many important factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to: (i) the level of investment by Wiley in new technologies and
      products; (ii) subscriber renewal rates for the Company&#8217;s journals; (iii) the financial stability and liquidity of journal subscription agents; (iv) the consolidation of book wholesalers and retail accounts; (v) the market position and financial
      stability of key online retailers; (vi) the seasonal nature of the Company&#8217;s educational business and the impact of the used book market; (vii) worldwide economic and political conditions; (viii) the Company&#8217;s ability to protect its copyrights and
      other intellectual property worldwide (ix) the ability of the Company to successfully integrate acquired operations and realize expected opportunities; (x) the Company&#8217;s ability to realize operating savings over time and in fiscal year 2023 in
      connection with our multi-year Business Optimization Program; (xi) the impact of COVID-19 on our operations, performance, and financial condition; and (xii) other factors detailed from time to time in the Company&#8217;s filings with the Securities and
      Exchange Commission. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.</div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br />
    </div>

    <div style="clear: both; margin-top: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10pt;" class="DSPFPageBreakArea">
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURES</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the
      undersigned thereunto duly authorized.</div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <div><br />
    </div>

    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">JOHN WILEY &amp; SONS, INC.</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="vertical-align: top;" colspan="2">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Registrant)</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">By</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Brian A. Napack</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom; border-top: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brian A. Napack</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">President and</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Executive Officer</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 2px;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">By</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Christina Van Tassell</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Christina Van Tassell</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Executive Vice President and</div>
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chief Financial Officer</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 3%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 47%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dated: July 28, 2022</div>
          </td>

  </tr>


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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
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  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" />
  <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain" xlink:label="ClassOfStockDomain" xlink:title="ClassOfStockDomain" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain_lbl">Class of Stock [Domain]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="ClassOfStockDomain" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain_lbl" xlink:title="label: ClassOfStockDomain to us-gaap_ClassOfStockDomain_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonClassAMember" xlink:label="CommonClassAMember" xlink:title="CommonClassAMember" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonClassAMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="us-gaap_CommonClassAMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="us-gaap_CommonClassAMember_lbl">Common Class A [Member]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CommonClassAMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonClassAMember_lbl" xlink:title="label: CommonClassAMember to us-gaap_CommonClassAMember_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_CommonClassBMember" xlink:label="CommonClassBMember" xlink:title="CommonClassBMember" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonClassBMember_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="us-gaap_CommonClassBMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="us-gaap_CommonClassBMember_lbl">Common Class B [Member]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CommonClassBMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonClassBMember_lbl" xlink:title="label: CommonClassBMember to us-gaap_CommonClassBMember_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2022/elts/us-gaap-2022.xsd#us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis" xlink:label="StatementClassOfStockAxis" xlink:title="StatementClassOfStockAxis" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis_lbl">Class of Stock [Axis]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="StatementClassOfStockAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis_lbl" xlink:title="label: StatementClassOfStockAxis to us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="CoverAbstract" xlink:title="CoverAbstract" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:title="label: CoverAbstract to dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="DocumentType" xlink:title="DocumentType" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentType_lbl">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentType to dei_DocumentType_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="WrittenCommunications" xlink:title="WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:title="label: WrittenCommunications to dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:title="label: SolicitingMaterial to dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:title="label: AmendmentFlag to dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalYearFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:title="label: DocumentPeriodEndDate to dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityRegistrantName to dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityCentralIndexKey to dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityFileNumber to dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityTaxIdentificationNumber to dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode to dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityEmergingGrowthCompany to dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine1 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine2 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine3 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:title="EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressCityOrTown to dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:title="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressStateOrProvince to dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:title="EntityAddressCountry" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressCountry to dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:title="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressPostalZipCode to dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="CityAreaCode" xlink:title="CityAreaCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:title="label: CityAreaCode to dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>jwa-20220615_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:to="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="presentation: EntityListingsLineItems to PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" order="24.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="Security12bTitle" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:to="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="presentation: EntityListingsLineItems to Security12bTitle" order="25.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="TradingSymbol" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:to="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="presentation: EntityListingsLineItems to TradingSymbol" order="26.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2022/dei-2022.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:to="SecurityExchangeName" xlink:title="presentation: EntityListingsLineItems to SecurityExchangeName" order="27.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="EntityListingsTable" xlink:to="EntityListingsLineItems" xlink:title="presentation: EntityListingsTable to EntityListingsLineItems" order="1.0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" />
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  </link:presentationLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140134332261936">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 15, 2022</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jun. 15,  2022<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-11507<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000107140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">13-5593032<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">111 River Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Hoboken<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NJ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">07030<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">201<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">748-6000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassAMember', window );">Common Class A [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">WLY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassBMember', window );">Common Class B [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Listings [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">WLYB<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityListingsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityListingsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassAMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassAMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassBMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonClassBMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
