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Index
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: April 30, 2023
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________
Commission file number 001-11507
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

New York |  | 13-5593032
State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization |  | I.R.S. Employer Identification No.
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ |  | 07030
Address of principal executive offices |  | Zip Code

(201) 748-6000
Registrant’s telephone number including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share | WLY | New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share | WLYB | New York Stock Exchange

| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: |
| None |

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company o
| Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, October 31, 2022, was approximately $1,821 million. The registrant has no non-voting common stock.
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class A and Class B Common Stock as of May 31, 2023 was 46,255,091 and 9,026,142 respectively.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for use in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders scheduled to be held on September 28, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED APRIL 30, 2023
INDEX

PART I |  | PAGE
ITEM 1. | Business | 5
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 15
ITEM 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 25
ITEM 2. | Properties | 25
ITEM 3. | Legal Proceedings | 26
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 26
| Information About Our Executive Officers | 27
PART II |  |
ITEM 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 28
ITEM 6. | [Reserved] | 28
ITEM 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
ITEM 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 58
ITEM 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 59
ITEM 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 118
ITEM 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 118
ITEM 9B. | Other Information | 118
ITEM 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 118
PART III |  |
ITEM 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 119
ITEM 11. | Executive Compensation | 119
ITEM 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 119
ITEM 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 120
ITEM 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 120
PART IV |  |
ITEM 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 120
ITEM 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 125
SIGNATURES |  | 126

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Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 concerning our business, consolidated financial condition and results of operations. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s prospects and make informed investment decisions. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by such words as “anticipates,” “believes,” “plan,” “assumes,” “could,” “should,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “potential,” “seek,” “predict,” “may,” “will” and similar references to future periods. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this report regarding our strategies, prospects, financial condition, operations, costs, plans and objectives are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding our fiscal year 2024 outlook, anticipated restructuring charges and savings, operations, performance, and financial condition. Reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, as actual results may differ materially from those described in any forward-looking statements. Any such forward-looking statements are based upon many assumptions and estimates that are inherently subject to uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control, and are subject to change based on many important factors. Such factors include, but are not limited to (i) the level of investment by Wiley in new technologies and products; (ii) subscriber renewal rates for our journals; (iii) the financial stability and liquidity of journal subscription agents; (iv) the consolidation of book wholesalers and retail accounts; (v) the market position and financial stability of key retailers; (vi) the seasonal nature of our educational business and the impact of the used book market; (vii) worldwide economic and political conditions; (viii) our ability to protect our copyrights and other intellectual property worldwide; (ix) our ability to successfully integrate acquired operations and realize expected opportunities; (x) the ability to realize operating savings over time and in fiscal year 2024 in connection with our multiyear Business Optimization Program and our Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program; and (xi) other factors detailed from time to time in our filings with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.
Please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for important factors that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from those in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
We present financial information that conforms to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (US GAAP). We also present financial information that does not conform to US GAAP, which we refer to as non-GAAP.
In this report, we may present the following non-GAAP performance measures:
•Adjusted Earnings Per Share (Adjusted EPS);
•Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending;
•Adjusted Revenue;
•Adjusted Contribution to Profit and margin;
•Adjusted Operating Income and margin;
•Adjusted Income Before Taxes;
•Adjusted Income Tax Provision;
•Adjusted Effective Tax Rate;
•EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and margin;
•Organic revenue; and
•Results on a constant currency basis.
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Management uses these non-GAAP performance measures as supplemental indicators of our operating performance and financial position as well as for internal reporting and forecasting purposes, when publicly providing our outlook, to evaluate our performance and calculate incentive compensation. We present these non-GAAP performance measures in addition to US GAAP financial results because we believe that these non-GAAP performance measures provide useful information to certain investors and financial analysts for operational trends and comparisons over time. The use of these non-GAAP performance measures may also provide a consistent basis to evaluate operating profitability and performance trends by excluding items that we do not consider to be controllable activities for this purpose.
The performance metric used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate performance of our reportable segments is Adjusted Contribution to Profit. We present both Adjusted Contribution to Profit and Adjusted EBITDA for each of our reportable segments as we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides additional useful information to certain investors and financial analysts for operational trends and comparisons over time. It removes the impact of depreciation and amortization expense, as well as presents a consistent basis to evaluate operating profitability and compare our financial performance to that of our peer companies and competitors.
For example:
•Adjusted EPS, Adjusted Revenue, Adjusted Contribution to Profit, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted Income Before Taxes, Adjusted Income Tax Provision, Adjusted Effective Tax Rate, Adjusted EBITDA, and organic revenue (excluding acquisitions) provide a more comparable basis to analyze operating results and earnings and are measures commonly used by shareholders to measure our performance.
•Free Cash Flow less Product Development Spending helps assess our ability, over the long term, to create value for our shareholders as it represents cash available to repay debt, pay common stock dividends, and fund share repurchases and acquisitions.
•Results on a constant currency basis remove distortion from the effects of foreign currency movements to provide better comparability of our business trends from period to period. We measure our performance excluding the impact of foreign currency (or at constant currency), which means that we apply the same foreign currency exchange rates for the current and equivalent prior period.
In addition, we have historically provided these or similar non-GAAP performance measures and understand that some investors and financial analysts find this information helpful in analyzing our operating margins and net income, and in comparing our financial performance to that of our peer companies and competitors. Based on interactions with investors, we also believe that our non-GAAP performance measures are regarded as useful to our investors as supplemental to our US GAAP financial results, and that there is no confusion regarding the adjustments or our operating performance to our investors due to the comprehensive nature of our disclosures. We have not provided our fiscal year 2024 outlook for the most directly comparable US GAAP financial measures, as they are not available without unreasonable effort due to the high variability, complexity, and low visibility with respect to certain items, including restructuring charges and credits, gains and losses on foreign currency, and other gains and losses. These items are uncertain, depend on various factors, and could be material to our consolidated results computed in accordance with US GAAP.
Non-GAAP performance measures do not have standardized meanings prescribed by US GAAP and therefore may not be comparable to the calculation of similar measures used by other companies and should not be viewed as alternatives to measures of financial results under US GAAP. The adjusted metrics have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, US GAAP information. It does not purport to represent any similarly titled US GAAP information and is not an indicator of our performance under US GAAP. Non-GAAP financial metrics that we present may not be comparable with similarly titled measures used by others. Investors are cautioned against placing undue reliance on these non-GAAP measures.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
The Company, founded in 1807, was incorporated in the state of New York on January 15, 1904. Throughout this report, when we refer to “Wiley,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us,” we are referring to John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and all of our subsidiaries, except where the context indicates otherwise.
Please refer to Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” for financial information about the Company and its subsidiaries, which is incorporated herein by reference. Also, when we cross reference to a “Note,” we are referring to our “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” unless the context indicates otherwise.
Wiley is a global leader in scientific research and career-connected education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping workforces. For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world’s knowledge ecosystem. Today, our high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals in an ever-changing world. Wiley is a predominantly digital company with approximately 85% of revenue generated by digital products and tech-enabled services. For the year ended April 30, 2023, approximately 57% of our revenue is recurring which includes revenue that is contractually obligated or set to recur with a high degree of certainty.
We have reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. The Academic segment addresses the university customer group and includes Academic Publishing and University Services. The Talent segment addresses the corporate customer group and is focused on delivering training, sourcing, and upskilling solutions. Prior period segment results have been revised to the new segment presentation. There were no changes to our consolidated financial results. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research includes Research Publishing and Research Solutions, and no changes were made as a result of this realignment;
•Academic includes the Academic Publishing and University Services lines. Academic Publishing is the combination of the former Education Publishing line and professional publishing offerings;
•Talent is the combination of the former Talent Development line, and our assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
Through the Research segment, we provide peer-reviewed scientific, technical, and medical (STM) publishing, content platforms, and related services to academic, corporate, and government customers, academic societies, and individual researchers. The Academic segment provides scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, digital courseware, and test preparation services, as well as engages in the comprehensive management of online degree programs for universities. The Talent segment services include sourcing, training, and preparing aspiring students and professionals to meet the skill needs of today’s technology careers and placing them with large companies and government agencies. It also includes assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings. Our operations are primarily located in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), India, Sri Lanka, and Germany. In the year ended April 30, 2023, approximately 45% of our consolidated revenue was from outside the US.
Wiley’s business strategies are tightly aligned with long term growth trends, including open research, career-connected education, and workforce optimization. Research strategies include driving publishing output to meet the global demand for peer-reviewed research and expanding platform and service offerings for corporations and societies. Education strategies include expanding online degree programs and driving online enrollment for university partners, scaling digital content and courseware, and expanding IT talent placement and reskilling programs for corporate partners.
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Business Segments
We report financial information for the following reportable segments, as well as a Corporate expense category, which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research
•Academic
•Talent
Research:
Research’s mission is to support researchers, professionals and learners in the discovery and use of research knowledge to help them achieve their goals. Research provides scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, as well as related content and services, to academic, corporate, and government libraries, learned societies, and individual researchers and other professionals. Journal publishing categories include the physical sciences and engineering, health sciences, social sciences and humanities, and life sciences. Research also includes Atypon Systems, Inc. (Atypon), a publishing software and service provider that enables scholarly and professional societies and publishers to deliver, host, enhance, market, and manage their content on the web through the Literatum™ platform. Research customers include academic, corporate, government, and public libraries, funders of research, researchers, scientists, clinicians, engineers and technologists, scholarly and professional societies, and students and professors. Research products are sold and distributed globally through multiple channels, including research libraries and library consortia, independent subscription agents, direct sales to professional society members, and other customers. Publishing centers include Australia, China, Germany, India, the UK, and the US. Research revenue accounted for approximately 54% of our consolidated revenue in the year ended April 30, 2023, with a 34.9% Adjusted EBITDA margin. See Part II, Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the section "Segment Operating Results" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Approximately 95% of Research revenue is generated by digital and online products, and services.
Research revenue by product type includes Research Publishing and Research Solutions. The graphs below present revenue by product type for the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022:
2023
2022
Key growth strategies for the Research segment include evolving and developing new licensing models for our institutional customers (“pay to read and publish”), developing new open access journals and revenue streams (“pay to publish”), focusing resources on high-growth and emerging markets, and developing new digital products, services, and workflow solutions to meet the needs of researchers, authors, societies, and corporate customers.
Research Publishing
Research Publishing generates the majority of its revenue from contracts with its customers in the following revenue streams:
•Journal Subscriptions (“pay to read”), Open Access (“pay to publish”), and Transformational Models (“pay to read and publish”); and
•Licensing, Backfiles, and Other.
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Journal Subscriptions, Open Access, and Transformational Model s
As of April 30, 2023, we publish over 1,900 academic research journals. We sell journal subscriptions directly to thousands of research institutions worldwide through our sales representatives, indirectly through independent subscription agents, through promotional campaigns, and through memberships in professional societies for those journals that are sponsored by societies. Journal subscriptions are primarily licensed through contracts for digital content available online through our Wiley Online Library platform. Contracts are negotiated by us directly with customers or their subscription agents. Subscription periods typically cover calendar years. Subscription revenue is generally collected in advance. Approximately 53% of Journal Subscription revenue is derived from publishing rights owned by Wiley. Long-term publishing alliances also play a major role in Research Publishing’s success. Approximately 47% of Journal Subscriptions revenue is derived from publication rights that are owned by professional societies and other publishing partners such as charitable organizations or research institutions, and are published by us pursuant to long-term contracts or owned jointly with such entities. These alliances bring mutual benefit: The partners gain Wiley’s publishing, marketing, sales, and distribution expertise, while Wiley benefits from being affiliated with prestigious organizations and their members. Societies that sponsor or own such journals generally receive a royalty and/or other financial consideration. We may procure editorial services from such societies on a prenegotiated fee basis. We also enter into agreements with outside independent editors of journals that define their editorial duties and the fees and expenses for their services. Contributors of articles to our journal portfolio transfer publication rights to us or a professional society, as applicable. We publish the journals of many prestigious societies, including the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the American Anthropological Association, the American Geophysical Union, and the German Chemical Society.
Wiley Online Library, which is delivered through our Literatum platform, provides the user with intuitive navigation, enhanced discoverability, expanded functionality, and a range of personalization options. Access to abstracts is free and full content is accessible through licensing agreements or as individual article purchases. Large portions of the content are provided free or at nominal cost to developing nations through partnerships with certain nonprofit organizations. Our online publishing platforms provide revenue growth opportunities through new applications and business models, online advertising, deeper market penetration, and individual sales and pay-per-view options.
Wiley’s performance in the 2021 release of Clarivate Analytics’ Journal Citation Reports (JCR) remains strong, maintaining its top 3 position in terms of citations received and sits in 4 th place for journals indexed and articles published. Wiley has 7% of titles, 8% of articles, and 11% of citations.
A total of 1,540 Wiley journals were included in the reports. Wiley journals ranked #1 in 19 categories across 17 of its titles and achieved 270 top-10 category rankings.
The annual JCR are one of the most widely used sources of citation metrics used to analyze the performance of peer-reviewed journals. The most famous of these metrics, the Impact Factor, is based on the frequency with which an average article is cited in the JCR report year. Alongside other metrics, this makes it an important tool for evaluating a journal’s impact on ongoing research.
Under the Open Access business model, accepted research articles are published subject to payment of Article Publication Charges (APCs) and then all open articles are immediately free to access online. Contributors of open access articles retain many rights and typically license their work under terms that permit reuse.
Open Access offers authors choices in how to share and disseminate their work, and it serves the needs of researchers who may be required by their research funder to make articles freely accessible without embargo. APCs are typically paid by the individual author or by the author’s funder, and payments are often mediated by the author’s institution. We provide specific workflows and infrastructure to authors, funders, and institutions to support the requirements of Open Access.
We offer two Open Access publishing models. The first of these is Hybrid Open Access where authors publishing in the majority of our paid subscription journals, after article acceptance, are offered the opportunity to make their individual research article openly available online.
The second offering of the Open Access model is a growing portfolio of fully open access journals, also known as Gold Open Access Journals. All Open Access articles are subject to the same rigorous peer-review process applied to our subscription-based journals. As with our subscription portfolio, a number of the Gold Open Access Journals are published under contract for, or in partnership with, prestigious societies, including the American Geophysical Union, the American Heart Association, the European Molecular Biology Organization, and the British Ecological Society. The Open Access portfolio spans life, physical, medical, and social sciences and includes a choice of high impact journals and broad-scope titles that offer a responsive, author-centered service.
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Transformational agreements (“read and publish”), are an innovative model that blends Journal Subscription and Open Access offerings. Essentially, for a single fee, a national or regional consortium of libraries pays for and receives full read access to our journal portfolio and the ability to publish under an open access arrangement. Like subscriptions, transformational agreements involve recurring revenue under multiyear contracts. Transformational models accelerate the transition to open access while maintaining subscription access.
Licensing, Backfiles, and Other
Licensing, Backfiles, and Other includes backfile sales, the licensing of publishing rights, and individual article sales. A backfile license provides access to a historical collection of Wiley journals, generally for a one-time fee. We also engage with international publishers and receive licensing revenue from reproductions, translations, and other digital uses of our content. Through the Article Select and PayPerView programs, we provide fee-based access to non-subscribed journal articles, content, book chapters, and major reference work articles. The Research Publishing business is also a provider of content and services in evidence-based medicine (EBM). Through our alliance with The Cochrane Collaboration, we publish The Cochrane Library, a premier source of high-quality independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. EBM facilitates the effective management of patients through clinical expertise informed by best practice evidence that is derived from medical literature.
Research Solutions
Research Solutions is principally comprised of our Atypon platforms business and our corporate and society services offerings, including advertising, career-centers, knowledge hubs, databases, consulting, and reprints.
Atypon Platforms and Services
Literatum, our online publishing platform for societies and other research publishers, delivers integrated access to more than 10 million articles from approximately 2,100 publishers and societies, as well as over 27,000 online books and hundreds of multivolume reference works, laboratory protocols and databases.
Corporate and Society Service Offerings
Corporate and society service offerings include advertising, spectroscopy software and spectral databases, and job board software and career center services, which includes the products and services from our acquisition of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex) and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics). In addition, it also includes product and service offerings related to recent acquisitions such as J&J Editorial Services, LLC. (J&J) on October 1, 2021, and the e JournalPress business (EJP) on November 30, 2021. J&J is a publishing services company providing expert offerings in editorial operations, production, copyediting, system support and consulting. EJP is a technology platform company with an established journal submission and peer-review management system.
We generate advertising revenue from print and online journal subscription and controlled circulation products, our online publishing platform, Literatum, online events such as webinars and virtual conferences, community interest websites such as analyticalscience.wiley.com, and other websites. Journal and article reprints are primarily used by pharmaceutical companies and other industries for marketing and promotional purposes.
Academic:
Our Academic segment includes Academic Publishing and University Services, whose products and services include scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, and digital courseware to support libraries, corporations, students, professionals, and researchers, as well as online program management or OPM services for higher education institutions. Communities served include business, finance, accounting, management, leadership, computer science, data science, technology, behavioral health, engineering and architecture, mathematics, science and medicine, and education. Products are developed for worldwide distribution through multiple channels, including brick-and-mortar and online retailers, libraries, colleges and universities, corporations, direct-to-consumer, distributor networks, and through other channels. Publishing centers include Australia, Germany, India, the UK, and the US. Academic accounted for approximately 34% of our consolidated revenue in the year ended April 30, 2023, with a 21.4% Adjusted EBITDA margin. See Part II, Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the section "Segment Operating Results" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Approximately 65% of Academic revenue is from digital and online products and services.
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Academic revenue by product type includes Academic Publishing and University Services. The graphs below present revenue by product type for the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022:
2023
2022
Key strategies for the Academic business include developing high-impact, career-aligned courseware, products, brands, franchises, and solutions to meet the evolving needs of global learners and university partners while expanding global discoverability and distribution. We continue to implement strategies to efficiently and effectively manage print revenue declines while driving growth in our digital lines of business.
Book sales for Academic Publishing are generally made on a returnable basis with certain restrictions. We provide for estimated future returns on sales made during the year based on historical return experience and current market trends.
Materials for book publications are obtained from authors throughout most of the world, utilizing the efforts of a best-in-class internal editorial staff, external editorial support, and advisory boards. Most materials originate by the authors themselves or as the result of suggestions or solicitations by editors. We enter into agreements with authors that state the terms and conditions under which the materials will be published, the name in which the copyright will be registered, the basis for any royalties, and other matters. Author compensation models include royalties, which vary depending on the nature of the product and work-for-hire. We may make advance royalty payments against future royalties to authors of certain publications. Royalty advances are reviewed for recoverability and a reserve for loss is maintained, if appropriate.
We continue to add new titles, revise existing titles, and discontinue the sale of others in the normal course of our business. We also create adaptations of original content for specific markets based on customer demand. Our general practice is to revise our textbooks every 3-5 years, as warranted, and to revise other titles as appropriate. Subscription-based products are updated on a more frequent basis.
We generally contract independent printers and binderies globally for their services, using a variety of suppliers and materials to support our range of needs.
We have an agreement to outsource our US-based book distribution operations to Cengage Learning, with the continued aim of improving efficiency in our distribution activities and moving to a more variable cost model. As of April 30, 2023, we had one global warehousing and distribution facility remaining, which is in the UK.
Academic Publishing
Academic Publishing generates the majority of its revenue from contracts with its customers in the following revenue streams:
•Print and Digital Publishing
•Digital Courseware
•Test Preparation and Certification
•Licensing and Other
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Print and Digital Publishing
Education textbooks, related supplementary material, and digital products are sold primarily to bookstores and online retailers serving both for-profit and nonprofit educational institutions (primarily colleges and universities), and direct-to-students. We employ sales representatives who call on faculty responsible for selecting books to be used in courses and on the bookstores that serve such institutions and their students. The textbook business is seasonal, with the majority of textbook sales occurring during the July-through-October and December-through-February periods. There are various channels to drive affordability for print and digital materials within the higher education market, including used, rental, and inclusive access.
STM books (Reference) are sold and distributed globally in digital and print formats through multiple channels, including research libraries and library consortia, independent subscription agents, direct sales to professional society members, bookstores, online booksellers, and other customers.
Professional books, which include business and finance, technology, professional development for educators, and other professional categories, as well as the For Dummies® brand, are sold to brick-and-mortar and online retailers, wholesalers who supply such bookstores, college bookstores, individual practitioners, corporations, and government agencies. We employ sales representatives who call upon independent bookstores, national and regional chain bookstores, wholesalers, and corporations globally. Sales of professional books also result from direct marketing outreach, conferences, and other industry-relevant outreach.
We also promote active and growing custom professional and education publishing programs. Professional organizations use our custom professional publications for marketing outreach. This outreach includes customized digital and print books written for a specific customer and includes custom cover art, such as imprints, messages, and slogans. More specific are customized For Dummies® publications, which leverage the power of this well-known brand to meet the specific information needs of a wide range of organizations around the world.
We develop content in a digital format that can be used for both digital and print products, resulting in productivity and efficiency savings and enabling print-on-demand delivery. Book content is available online through Wiley Online Library (delivered through our Literatum platform), WileyPLUS, zyBooks®, alta™, and other proprietary platforms. Digital books are delivered to intermediaries, including Amazon, Apple, and Google, for sale to individuals in various industry-standard formats. These are now the preferred deliverable for licensees of all types, including foreign language publishers. Digital books are also licensed to libraries through aggregators. Specialized formats for digital textbooks go to distributors servicing the academic market, and digital book collections are sold by subscription through independent third-party aggregators servicing distinct communities. Custom deliverables are provided to corporations, institutions, and associations to educate their employees, generate leads for their products, and extend their brands. Digital content is also used to create online articles, mobile apps, newsletters, and promotional collateral. Continually reusing content improves margins, speeds delivery, and helps satisfy a wide range of evolving customer needs. Our online presence not only enables us to deliver content online, but also to sell more books. The growth of online booksellers benefits us because they provide unlimited virtual “shelf space” for our entire backlist. Publishing alliances and franchise products are important to our strategy. Education and STM publishing alliance partners include IEEE, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and many others. The ability to join Wiley’s product development, sales, marketing, distribution, and technology with a partner’s content, technology, and/or brand name has contributed to our success.
Digital Courseware
We offer high-quality online learning solutions, including WileyPLUS, a research-based online environment for effective teaching and learning that is integrated with a complete digital textbook. WileyPLUS improves student learning through instant feedback, personalized learning plans, and self-evaluation tools, as well as a full range of course-oriented activities, including online planning, presentations, study, homework, and testing. In selected courses, WileyPLUS includes a personalized adaptive learning component.
The highly interactive zyBooks platform enables learners to learn by doing while allowing professors to be more efficient and devote more time to teaching. The platform maximizes learner engagement and retention through demonstration and hands-on learning experiences using interactive question sets, animations, tools, and embedded labs. The zyBooks platform will become an essential component of Wiley’s differentiated digital learning experience and, when combined with alta’s adaptive learning technology and WileyPLUS, powers high-impact education across Wiley’s Academic segment.
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Test Preparation and Certification
The Test Preparation and Certification business represents learning solutions, training activities, and print and digital formats that are delivered to customers directly through online digital delivery platforms, bookstores, online booksellers, and other customers. Products include CPAExcel®, a modular, digital platform comprised of online self-study, videos, mobile apps, and sophisticated planning tools to help professionals prepare for the CPA exam, and test preparation products for the GMAT™, ACT®, CFA®, CMA®, CIA®, CMT®, FRM®, FINRA®, Banking, and PMP® exams. In the last quarter of fiscal year 2023 we sold a portion of our test preparation and certification products referred to as Wiley's Efficient Learning test prep portfolio which focused on test prep for finance, accounting and business certifications. See Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.
Licensing and Other
Licensing and distribution services are made available to other publishers under agency arrangements. We also engage in co-publishing titles with international publishers and receive licensing revenue from photocopies, reproductions, translations, and digital uses of our content and use of the Knewton® adaptive engine. Wiley also realizes advertising revenue from branded websites (e.g., Dummies.com) and online applications.
University Services
Our University Services business offers institutions and their students a rich portfolio of education technology and student and faculty support services, allowing the institutions to reach more students online with their own quality academic programs.
Many of Wiley’s client institutions are regional state universities or small liberal arts colleges. Our resources, expertise and innovations meaningfully impact their ability to increase access to their programs online, as many students now seek these types of flexible offerings. University Services provides institutions with a bespoke suite of services that each institution has determined it needs to serve students, including market research, marketing and recruitment, program development, online platform technology, student retention support, instructional design, faculty development and support, and access to the Engage Learning Management System, which facilitates the online education experience. Graduate degree programs include Business Administration, Finance, Accounting, Healthcare, Engineering, Communications, and others. Revenue is derived from pre-negotiated contracts with institutions that provide for a share of revenue generated after students have enrolled and demonstrated initial persistence. While the majority of our contracts are revenue-share arrangements, we also offer the opportunity to contract on a fee-for-service basis, unlike many other third-party online providers. As of April 30, 2023, the University Services business had 64 university partners under contract.
Talent:
Our Talent segment consists of talent development (Wiley Edge, formerly mthree) for professionals and businesses, assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings. Our key growth strategy includes bridging the IT skills gap through talent development for corporations around the world. Talent accounted for approximately 12% of our consolidated revenue in the year ended April 30, 2023, with a 21.1% Adjusted EBITDA margin. See Part II, Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the section "Segment Operating Results" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details. Talent generated 98% of its revenue from digital and online products and services.
On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed mthree as Wiley Edge. Wiley Edge sources, trains, and prepares aspiring students and professionals to meet the skill needs of today’s technology and banking services careers, and then places them with some of the world’s largest financial institutions, technology companies, and government agencies. Wiley Edge also works with its clients to retrain and retain existing employees so they can continue to meet the changing demands of today’s technology landscape. In fiscal year 2023, Wiley Edge signed 15 new corporate clients and expanded into new industry verticals beyond financial services, such as technology and consumer goods.
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Our assessments (corporate training) offerings include high-demand soft-skills training solutions that are delivered to organizational clients through online digital delivery platforms, either directly or through an authorized distributor network of independent consultants, trainers, and coaches. Wiley’s branded assessment solutions include Everything DiSC®, The Five Behaviors® based on Patrick Lencioni’s perennial bestseller The Five Dysfunctions of a Team, and Leadership Practices Inventory® from Kouzes and Posner’s bestselling The Leadership Challenge®, as well as PXT Select™, a pre-hire selection tool. Our solutions help organizations hire and develop effective managers, leaders, and teams.
We also offer online learning and training solutions for global corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises, which are sold on a subscription or fee basis. Learning experiences, formats and modules on topics such as leadership development, value creation, client orientation, change management, and corporate strategy are delivered on a cloud-based CrossKnowledge Learning Management System (LMS) platform that hosts more than 20,000 content assets (videos, digital learning modules, written files, etc.) in 18 languages. Its offering includes a collaborative e-learning publishing and program creation system. In addition, learning experiences, content, and LMS offerings are continuously refreshed and expanded to serve a wider variety of customer needs. These digital learning solutions are either sold directly to corporate customers or through our global partners’ network.
Fiscal Year 2024 Dispositions, Segment Realignment, and Restructuring
On June 1, 2023, Wiley’s Board of Directors approved a plan to dispose of certain education businesses. Those businesses are University Services (formerly Online Program Management) in our Academic segment, and Wiley Edge (formerly Talent Development) and CrossKnowledge in our Talent segment. These dispositions are expected to be completed in fiscal year 2024, and will be reported as held for sale in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. In fiscal year 2023, these businesses, combined with the two dispositions disclosed in Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures" generated approximately $393 million of revenue (approximately 19% of our consolidated revenue) and $43 million of Adjusted EBITDA (approximately 10% of our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA). We are evaluating the financial statement impact of these planned dispositions. During fiscal year 2024, it is anticipated that additional restructuring actions will be undertaken to rightsize the Company’s expenses. The timing of much of these restructuring actions will be influenced by the completion of the dispositions. The amount of such charges has not yet been determined.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, we are realigning our segments. Our new segment structure will consist of two reportable segments which includes (1) Research (no change) and (2) Learning, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments. Research will continue to have reporting lines of Research Publishing and Research Solutions. Learning will include reporting lines of Academic (education publishing) and Professional (professional publishing and assessments).
Human Capital
As of April 30, 2023, we employed approximately 8,800 colleagues, including 1,800 placement candidates in the Wiley Edge product offering, on a full-time equivalent basis worldwide.
We view our colleagues as one of our most significant assets and investments to deliver on our mission to unlock human potential and to champion and advocate for our customers who want to make impacts in their fields, their workplaces, and their lives, through knowledge creation, use and dissemination. Our success depends on our ability to develop, attract, reward, and retain a diverse population of talented, qualified, and highly skilled colleagues at all levels of our organization and across our global workforce so that they can deliver on our promise to our customers to clear the way to their successes. This includes programs, policies, and initiatives that promote diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI); talent acquisition; ongoing employee learning and development; competitive compensation and benefits; health and well-being; and emphasis on employee satisfaction and engagement.
Our culture differentiates us as an organization and our core values define how we work together. We ask colleagues to embody our three values—Learning Champion, Needle Mover, and Courageous Teammate—and assess their performance against these in addition to what they achieve against their goals. These values define who we are as a company and what we stand for.
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Our human capital metrics summary (excluding placement candidates in Wiley Edge) as of April 30, 2023:

CATEGORY |  | METRIC |
EMPLOYEES | By Region | Americas | 48 | %
|  | APAC | 20 | %
|  | EMEA | 32 | %
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION | Global Gender Representation | % Female Colleagues | 59 | %
|  | % Female Senior Leaders (Vice President and Above) | 43 | %
| US Person of Color (POC) Representation* | % POC | 27 | %
|  | % POC Senior Leaders (Vice President and Above) | 19 | %

* US POC includes employees who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, Other, or two or more races.
Health & Well-Being
Safeguarding and promoting colleague well-being is central to what we do, as it is critical we provide tools and resources to help colleagues be healthy, and an environment that allows us to be at our best. We support our colleagues in maintaining their physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being through working practices, education, and benefit programs.
Our recently implemented post pandemic hybrid work model provides the majority of our colleagues the flexibility to work remotely at least some of the time. The hybrid work model is intended to support colleague health and well-being, while maintaining a culture of innovation and collaboration.
Diversity, Equity & Inclusion
Through our DEI strategy, we are operationalizing critical priorities. We are focused on four DEI Strategic Pillars—Fostering an Inclusive Community, Enhancing our Foundation, Understanding our People, and Creating Impact Through our Business.
These pillars reflect our DEI near-term priorities to propel a sustainable, inclusive organization that embodies diversity and equity throughout our policies, programs, and processes, and fosters an inclusive culture that celebrates the unique contributions of our colleagues and supports human connectivity. In addition, we develop partnerships and launch pilot programs to support communities that are underrepresented in higher education, the workforce, and the field of publishing.
Our Employee Resource Groups help amplify our DEI priorities through learning, community engagement, and allyship and advocacy. As a member of the CEO Action for Diversity and Inclusion, Wiley demonstrates its commitment to sustained, concrete actions that advance diversity and inclusive thinking, behavior, and business practices in the workplace.
Careers & Engagement
Investment in colleague development and growth for current and future roles is central to our culture. Our goal is to provide colleagues with learning opportunities and experiences at every stage of their journey at Wiley. We help colleagues upskill and thrive by leveraging the power of our internal products and tapping into our external partnerships. We focus on delivering quality curated resources, customized learning paths, and comprehensive development programs. We offer interactive development programs that allow our colleagues to share lessons learned, adopt best practices, and have interactive opportunities with their peers. Through our Champion Your Career program, our colleagues get practical advice on updating their resumes and honing their interviewing skills, and have career conversations with our Talent team. Leveraging Wiley's Everything DiSC assessment tools and resources, our colleagues can better understand themselves and others, creating a common language that makes interactions more collaborative and effective.
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Through our Pay@Wiley journey, we enhanced our colleague and manager understanding of pay through our education programs, and raised transparency by sharing segment in range and publishing our first global equitable pay study. We introduced Achievers, our recognition platform that was designed so our colleagues can recognize each other to create a culture of recognition and celebrate success.
We conduct our Talent Review annually, focusing on high-performing and high-potential talent, diversity, and succession for our most critical roles. We are committed to identifying, growing, and retaining top talent and ensuring we have the right skills for the future. We establish key development action planning opportunities for each colleague to build bench strength and review development progress and mobility regularly.
Environment
We continue our journey to support the sustainability of our planet. We believe environmental responsibility and business objectives are fundamentally connected and essential to our operations. This is why we are acting now to protect the environment by making informed choices and limiting our impact on natural resources.
For the fourth consecutive year, we are a CarbonNeutral® certified company across our global operations, in accordance with the CarbonNeutral Protocol. Our locations use 100% renewable energy through green tariffs and energy attribute certificates (EACs). Most of our global office real estate is leased and, whenever possible, we work with property owners to optimize sustainability.
This year, we furthered our commitment by setting a science-based target with the Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi). We set a near and long-term company-wide emissions target, including being net zero by 2040. We are responding to the SBTi’s urgent call for corporate climate action by aligning with 1.5°C and net-zero through the Business Ambition for 1.5°C campaign.
We also work with publishing partners, where possible, to reduce print production and consumption, reduce excess inventory through print-on-demand, and encourage digital consumption of our products. We begun implementing measures to ensure our subcontractors who assist us in providing material aspects of the products and services are held to the same high standards as we hold ourselves.
In July 2022, we submitted to Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) Climate for the first time. We continue to track and trace our paper usage and submitted a CDP Forests disclosure for the second year. Our commitment to sustainably sourced paper is supported by our Paper Selection and Use Policy. We continually evaluate climate and environmental reporting and plan to expand our disclosures in the coming years.
Our partnership with Trees for the Future continues. We plant a tree for every copy of a journal we actively stop printing, up to one million trees, resulting in more than 600,000 trees to date.
We are always seeking opportunities to improve environmental performance. We comply with environmental laws and regulations, thoughtfully investing resources toward managing environmental affairs and raising awareness of global environmental issues through education and research.
Financial Information About Business Segments
The information set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Note 3, “Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers,” and Note 20, “Segment Information,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated herein by reference.
Available Information
Our investor site is investors.wiley.com. Our internet address is www.wiley.com. We make available, free of charge, on or through our investors.wiley.com website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports that we file or furnish pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Introduction
The risks described below should be carefully considered before making an investment decision. You should carefully consider all the information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the following risk factors, before deciding to invest in any of our securities. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains, or may incorporate by reference, forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See the “Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” immediately preceding Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks below are not the only risk factors we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we presently deem insignificant could impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Our businesses, consolidated financial position, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.
Strategic Risks
We may not be able to realize the expected benefits of our growth strategies, which are described in Item 1. Business, including successfully integrating acquisitions, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Our growth strategy includes business acquisitions, including knowledge-enabled services, which complement our existing businesses. Acquisitions may have a substantial impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Acquisitions involve risks and uncertainties, including difficulties in integrating acquired operations and in realizing expected opportunities, cost synergies, diversions of management resources, loss of key employees, challenges with respect to operating new businesses, and other uncertainties.
We have announced our intent to explore the sale of certain of our businesses, and such proposed divestitures may introduce significant risks and uncertainties.
We have initiated a strategic review of our non-core education businesses which could result in the future divestiture of certain assets or businesses that no longer fit with our strategic direction or growth targets. Divestitures involve significant risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations. These include, among others, the inability to find potential buyers on favorable terms, disruption to our business and/or diversion of management attention from other business concerns, the potential loss of key employees, difficulties in separating the operations of the divested business, and retention of certain liabilities related to the divested business. Significant time and expenses could be incurred to divest these non-core businesses which may adversely affect operations as dispositions may require our continued financial involvement, such as through transition service agreements, guarantees, and indemnities or other current or contingent financial obligations and liabilities.
The demand for digital and lower cost books could impact our sales volumes and pricing in an adverse way.
A common trend facing each of our businesses is the digitization of content and proliferation of distribution channels through the Internet and other electronic means, which are replacing traditional print formats. This trend towards digital content has also created contraction in the print book retail market which increases the risk of bankruptcy for certain retail customers, potentially leading to the disruption of short-term product supply to consumers, as well as potential bad debt write-offs. New distribution channels, such as digital formats, the Internet, online retailers, and growing delivery platforms (e.g., tablets and e-readers), combined with the concentration of retailer power, present both risks and opportunities to our traditional publishing models, potentially impacting both sales volumes and pricing.
As the market has shifted to digital products, customer expectations for lower-priced products have increased due to customer awareness of reductions in production costs and the availability of free or low-cost digital content and products. As a result, there has been pressure to sell digital versions of products at prices below their print versions. Increased customer demand for lower prices could reduce our revenue.
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We publish educational content for undergraduate, graduate, and advanced placement students, lifelong learners, and, in Australia, for secondary school students. Due to growing student demand for less expensive textbooks, many college bookstores, online retailers, and other entities, offer used or rental textbooks to students at lower prices than new textbooks. The Internet has made the used and rental textbook markets more efficient and has significantly increased student access to used and rental textbooks. Further expansion of the used and rental textbook markets could further adversely affect our sales of print textbooks, subsequently affecting our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
A reduction in enrollment at colleges and universities could adversely affect the demand for our higher education products.
Enrollment in US colleges and universities can be adversely affected by many factors, including changes in government and private student loan and grant programs, uncertainty about current and future economic conditions, increases in tuition, general decreases in family income and net worth, and record low unemployment due to an active job market. In addition, enrollment levels at colleges and universities outside the US are influenced by global and local economic factors, local political conditions, and other factors that make predicting foreign enrollment levels difficult. Reductions in expected levels of enrollment at colleges and universities both within and outside the US could adversely affect demand for our higher education offerings, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
If we are unable to retain key talent and other colleagues, our consolidated financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.
The Company and industry are highly dependent on the loyal engagement of key leaders and colleagues. Loss of talent due to inadequate skills and career path development or maintaining competitive salaries and benefits could have a significant impact on Company performance.
We are highly dependent on the continued services of key talent who have in-depth market and business knowledge and/or key relationships with business partners. The loss of the services of key talent for any reason and our inability to replace them with suitable candidates quickly or at all, as well as any negative market perception resulting from such loss, could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, and results of operations.
We have a significant investment in our colleagues around the world. We offer competitive salaries and benefits in order to attract and retain the highly skilled workforce needed to sustain and develop new products and services required for growth. Employment costs are affected by competitive market conditions for qualified individuals and factors such as healthcare and retirement benefit costs.
The competitive pressures we face in our business, as well as our ability to retain our business relationships with our authors and professional societies, could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
The contribution of authors and their professional societies is one of the more important elements of the highly competitive publishing business. Success and continued growth depend greatly on developing new products and the means to deliver them in an environment of rapid technological change. Attracting new authors and professional societies while retaining our existing business relationships is critical to our success. If we are unable to retain our existing business relationships with authors and professional societies, this could have an adverse impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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Information Technology Systems and Cybersecurity Risks
Our company is highly dependent on information technology systems and their business management and customer-facing capabilities critical for the long-term competitive sustainability of the business. If we fail to innovate in response to rapidly evolving technological and market developments, our competitive position may be negatively impacted.
We must continue to invest in technology and other innovations to adapt and add value to our products and services to remain competitive. This is particularly true in the current environment, where investment in new technology is ongoing and there are rapid changes in the products competitors are offering, the products our customers are seeking, and our sales and distribution channels. In some cases, investments will take the form of internal development; in others, they may take the form of an acquisition. There are uncertainties whenever developing or acquiring new products and services, and it is often possible that such new products and services may not be launched, or, if launched, may not be profitable or as profitable as existing products and services. If we are unable to introduce new technologies, products, and services, our ability to be profitable may be adversely affected.
In addition, our ability to effectively compete, may be affected by our ability to anticipate and respond effectively to the opportunity and threat presented by new technology disruption and developments, including generative artificial intelligence (GAI). We may be exposed to competitive risks related to the adoption and application of new technologies by established market participants or new entrants, and others.
We cannot predict the effect of technological changes on our business. Failure to keep pace with these technological developments or otherwise bring to market products that reflect these technologies could have a material adverse impact on our overall business and results of operations. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments on a timely and cost-effective basis. Additionally, the effort to gain technological expertise and develop new technologies in our business requires us to incur significant expenses. If we cannot offer new technologies as quickly as our competitors, or if our competitors develop more cost-effective technologies or product offerings, we could experience a material adverse effect on our operating results, growth and financial condition.
We may be susceptible to information technology risks that may adversely impact our business, consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Information technology is a key part of our business strategy and operations. As a business strategy, Wiley’s technology enables us to provide customers with new and enhanced products and services and is critical to our success in migrating from print to digital business models. Information technology is also a fundamental component of all our business processes, collecting and reporting business data, and communicating internally and externally with customers, suppliers, employees, and others. We face technological risks associated with digital products and service delivery in our businesses, including with respect to information technology capability, reliability, security, enterprise resource planning, system implementations, and upgrades. Across our businesses, we hold personal data, including that of employees and customers. Failures of our information technology systems and products (including operational failure, natural disaster, computer virus, or cyberattacks) could interrupt the availability of our digital products and services, result in corruption or loss of data or breach in security, and result in liability or reputational damage to our brands and/or adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Management has designed and implemented policies, processes, and controls to mitigate risks of information technology failure and to provide security from unauthorized access to our systems. In addition, we have disaster recovery plans in place to maintain business continuity for our key financial systems. While key financial systems have backup and tested disaster recovery systems, other applications and services have limited backup and recovery procedures which may delay or prevent recovery in case of disaster. The size and complexity of our information technology and information security systems, and those of our third-party vendors with whom we contract, make such systems potentially vulnerable to cyberattacks common to most industries from inadvertent or intentional actions by employees, vendors, or malicious third parties. While we have taken steps to address these risks, there can be no assurance that a system failure, disruption, or data security breach would not adversely affect our business and could have an adverse impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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We are continually improving and upgrading our computer systems and software. We have implemented a global Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system as part of a multiyear plan to integrate and upgrade our operational and financial systems and processes. We have also implemented record-to-report, purchase-to-pay, and several other business processes within all locations. We implemented order-to-cash for certain businesses and have continued to roll out additional processes and functionality of the ERP system in phases. Implementation of an ERP system involves risks and uncertainties. Any disruptions, delays, or deficiencies in the design or implementation of a new system could result in increased costs, disruptions in operations, or delays in the collection of cash from our customers, as well as having an adverse effect on our ability to timely report our financial results, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, consolidated financial position, and results of operations. We currently use out of support systems for order management for certain businesses. While we have contingency support available, any major disruptions, while unlikely, may require longer remediation time. This could impact our ability to process and fulfill orders for those businesses. We currently use a legacy platform with limited support for order management of the global Academic business. Any defects and disruptions in the legacy systems which cannot be addressed in a timely manner could impact our ability to process orders and reconcile financial statements.
Cyber risk and the failure to maintain the integrity of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with which we do business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, and results of operations.
The cybersecurity risks we face range from cyberattacks common to most industries, such as the development and deployment of malicious software to gain access to our networks and attempt to steal confidential information, launch distributed denial of service attacks, or attempt other coordinated disruptions, to more advanced threats that target us because of our prominence in the global research and advisory field. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of our employees continue to work remotely, at least some of the time, which magnifies the importance of the integrity of our remote access security measures.
Like many multinational corporations, we, and some third parties upon which we rely, have experienced cyberattacks on our computer systems and networks in the past and may experience them in the future, likely with more frequency and sophistication and involving a broader range of devices and modes of attack, all of which will increase the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. To date, none have resulted in any material adverse impact to our business, operations, products, services, or customers. Wiley has invested heavily in Cybersecurity tools and resources to keep our systems safe. We have implemented various security controls to meet our security obligations, while also defending against constantly evolving security threats. Our security controls help to secure our information systems, including our computer systems, intranet, proprietary websites, email and other telecommunications and data networks, and we scrutinize the security of outsourced website(s) and service providers prior to retaining their services. However, the security measures implemented by us or by our outside service providers may not be effective, and our systems (and those of our outside service providers) may be vulnerable to theft, loss, damage and interruption from a number of potential sources and events, including unauthorized access or security breaches, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, power loss, or other disruptive events.
The security compliance landscape continues to evolve, requiring us to stay apprised of changes in cybersecurity, privacy laws and regulations, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD), the Chinese Cybersecurity, Data Security and Personal Information Protection laws (PIPL). The United Kingdom ceased to be an EU Member State on January 31, 2020, but enacted the UK data protection law. It is unclear how UK data protection laws will continue to develop; however, contractual clauses have been established regulating data transfers to and from the United Kingdom. Some countries also are considering or have enacted legislation requiring local storage and processing of data that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services.
In addition, to new and proposed data protection laws, we also stay apprised and adopt certain security standards required by our clients, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Center for Internet Security (CIS). Recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies have led to enhanced government and regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyberattacks and may in the future result in heightened cybersecurity requirements, including additional regulatory expectations for oversight of vendors and service providers.
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A cyberattack could cause delays in initiating or completing sales, impede delivery of our products and services to our clients, disrupt other critical client-facing or business processes, or dislocate our critical internal functions. Additionally, any material breaches or other technology-related catastrophe, or media reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of our third parties, even if no breach has been attempted or has occurred, could cause us to experience reputational harm, loss of customers and revenue, fines, regulatory actions and scrutiny, sanctions or other statutory penalties, litigation, liability for failure to safeguard our customers information, or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us.
Operational Risks
We may not realize the anticipated cost savings and benefits from, or our business may be disrupted by, our business transformation and restructuring efforts.
We continue to transform our business from a traditional publishing model to a global provider of content-enabled solutions with a focus on digital products and services. We have made several acquisitions over the past few years that represent examples of strategic initiatives that were implemented as part of our business transformation. We will continue to explore opportunities to develop new business models and enhance the efficiency of our organizational structure. The rapid pace and scope of change increases the risk that not all our strategic initiatives will deliver the expected benefits within the anticipated timeframes. In addition, these efforts may disrupt our business activities, which could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We continue to restructure and realign our cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions, including our Business Optimization Program and Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program. Significant risks associated with these actions that may impair our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings or that may disrupt our business, include delays in the implementation of anticipated workforce reductions in highly regulated locations outside of the US, decreases in employee morale, the failure to meet operational targets due to the loss of key employees, and disruptions of third parties to whom we have outsourced business functions. In addition, our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from these actions within the expected timeframe is subject to many estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive, and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. If these estimates and assumptions are incorrect, if we experience delays, or if other unforeseen events occur, our business and consolidated financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We may not realize the anticipated cost savings and processing efficiencies associated with the outsourcing of certain business processes.
We have outsourced certain business functions, principally in technology, content management, printing, warehousing, fulfillment, distribution, returns processing, and certain other transactional processing functions, to third-party service providers to achieve cost savings and efficiencies. If these third-party service providers do not perform effectively, we may not be able to achieve the anticipated cost savings, and depending on the function involved, we may experience business disruption or processing inefficiencies, all with potential adverse effects on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Challenges and uncertainties associated with operating in certain global markets has a higher risk due to political instability, economic volatility, crime, terrorism, corruption, social and ethnic unrest, and other factors, which may adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We sell our products to customers in certain sanctioned and previously sanctioned developing markets in accordance with such restrictions. While sales in these markets are not material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations, adverse developments related to the risks associated with these markets may cause actual results to differ from historical and forecasted future consolidated operating results.
We have certain technology development operations in Sri Lanka, and previously in Russia, related to software development and architecture, digital content production, and system testing services. Due to the political instability within these regions, there is the potential for future government embargos and sanctions, which could disrupt our operations in these areas. While we have developed business continuity plans to address these issues, further adverse developments in the region could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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In February 2022, the Russian Federation and Belarus commenced a military action with Ukraine. As a result, the United States, as well as other nations, instituted economic sanctions against Russia and Belarus. The impact of this action and related sanctions on the world economy is not currently determinable but the impact of this conflict has not been material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
In the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, due to the political instability and military actions between Russia and Ukraine, we made the decision to close our operations in Russia, which primarily consists of technology development resources. We are substantially complete with this closure as of April 30, 2023, except for the formal liquidation of our Russian legal entity, which we expect to complete in fiscal year 2024. This action did not materially impact our overall operations. Prior to the closure, the net assets of our Russian operations were not material to our overall consolidated financial position. We have customers in Russia, primarily for our Research offerings, which are not material to our overall consolidated results of operations. We do not have operations in Ukraine or Belarus, and the business conducted in those countries is also not material to our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
In our Research segment, approximately 32% of the articles we published in 2022 included a China based author. This compares to the industry percentage which is approximately 30% of articles published in 2022 which included a China based author. Any restrictions on exporting intellectual property could adversely affect our business and consolidated financial position and results of operations. Chinese governments and institutions are producing early warning lists of journals published by non-Chinese publishers that have high proportions of Chinese content which could have an impact on future article volumes.
In our journal publishing business, we have a trade concentration and credit risk related to subscription agents, and in our book business the industry has a concentration of customers in national, regional, and online bookstore chains. Changes in the financial position and liquidity of our subscription agents and customers could adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
In the journal publishing business, subscriptions are primarily sourced through journal subscription agents who, acting as agents for library customers, facilitate ordering by consolidating the subscription orders/billings of each subscriber with various publishers. Cash is generally collected in advance from subscribers by the subscription agents and is principally remitted to us between the months of December and April. Although at fiscal year-end we had minimal credit risk exposure to these agents, future calendar year subscription receipts from these agents are highly dependent on their financial condition and liquidity.
Subscription agents account for approximately 15% of total annual consolidated revenue and no one agent accounts for more than 10% of total annual consolidated revenue.
Our book business is not dependent upon a single customer; however, the industry is concentrated in national, regional, and online bookstore chains. Although no book customer accounts for more than 6% of total consolidated revenue and 10% of accounts receivable at April 30, 2023, the top 10 book customers account for approximately 10% of total consolidated revenue and approximately 20% of accounts receivable at April 30, 2023.
In our Research business, a lack of integrity in our published research could adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We publish research authored by individuals outside our Company. The integrity of that research could be compromised due to the manipulation, misrepresentation and misconduct by those individuals or other outsiders involved in the publishing process. This activity could adversely impact our open access publishing and article output by causing us to potentially pause publication, retract articles, or halt publication of a journal, which could adversely impact our business and consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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Financial Risks
Changes in global economic conditions could impact our ability to borrow funds and meet our future financing needs.
Changes in global financial markets have not had, nor do we anticipate they will have, a significant impact on our liquidity. Due to our significant operating cash flow, financial assets, access to capital markets, and available lines of credit and revolving credit agreements, we continue to believe that we have the ability to meet our financing needs for the foreseeable future. As market conditions change, we will continue to monitor our liquidity position. However, there can be no assurance that our liquidity or our consolidated financial position and results of operations will not be adversely affected by possible future changes in global financial markets and global economic conditions. Unprecedented market conditions including illiquid credit markets, volatile equity markets, dramatic fluctuations in foreign currency and interest rates, and economic recession, could affect future results.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates could materially impact our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
Non-US revenues, as well as our substantial non-US net assets, expose our consolidated results to volatility from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The percentage of consolidated revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 recognized in the following currencies (on an equivalent US dollar basis) were approximately: 57% US dollar, 24% British pound sterling, 10% euro, and 9% other currencies. In addition, our interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subject to risk from changes in interest rates. We may, from time to time, use derivative instruments to hedge such risks. Notwithstanding our efforts to foresee and mitigate the effects of changes in external market or fiscal circumstances, we cannot predict with certainty changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, inflation, or other related factors affecting our business, consolidated financial position, and results of operations.
We may not be able to mitigate the impact of inflation and cost increases, which could have an adverse impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
From time to time, we experience cost increases reflecting, in part, general inflationary factors. There is no guarantee that we can increase selling prices or reduce costs to fully mitigate the effect of inflation on our costs, which may adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
As a result of acquisitions, we have and may record a significant amount of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets and we may never realize the full carrying value of these assets.
As a result of acquisitions, we recorded a significant amount of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. At April 30, 2023, we had $1,204.1 million of goodwill and $854.8 million of intangible assets, of which $121.9 million are indefinite-lived intangible assets, on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The intangible assets are principally composed of content and publishing rights, customer relationships, brands and trademarks, and developed technology. Failure to achieve business objectives and financial projections could result in an asset impairment, which would result in a noncash charge to our consolidated results of operations. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment on an annual basis and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Intangible assets with definite lives, which were $732.9 million at April 30, 2023, are tested for impairment only when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may have occurred. Determining whether an impairment exists can be difficult as a result of increased uncertainty and current market dynamics and requires management to make significant estimates and judgments. A noncash intangible asset impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. See Note 11, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for further information related to goodwill and intangible assets, and the impairment charges recorded in the year ended April 30, 2023.
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Changes in pension costs and related funding requirements may impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We provide defined benefit pension plans for certain employees worldwide. Our Board of Directors approved amendments to the US, Canada, and UK defined benefit plans that froze the future accumulation of benefits effective June 30, 2013, December 31, 2015, and April 30, 2015, respectively. The retirement benefit pension plan in Russia was discontinued on February 28, 2023 and we retain no further obligations for retirement benefits in Russia. The funding requirements and costs of these plans are dependent upon various factors, including the actual return on plan assets, discount rates, plan participant population demographics, and changes in global pension regulations. Changes in these factors affect our plan funding, consolidated financial position, and results of operations.
Legal, Regulatory, and Compliance Risks
Changes in laws, tariffs, and regulations, including regulations related to open access, could adversely impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We maintain operations in Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and the US. The conduct of our business, including the sourcing of content, distribution, sales, marketing, and advertising, is subject to various laws and regulations administered by governments around the world. Changes in laws, regulations, or government policies, including tax regulations and accounting standards, may adversely affect our future consolidated financial position and results of operations.
The scientific research publishing industry generates much of its revenue from paid customer subscriptions to online and print journal content. There is interest within government, academic, and library communities for such journal content to be made available for free immediately or following a period of embargo after publication, referred to as open access. For instance, certain governments and privately held funding bodies have implemented mandates that require journal articles derived from government-funded research to be made available to the public at no cost immediately or after an embargo period. Open access can be achieved in two ways: Green, which enables authors to publish articles in subscription-based journals and self–archive the author accepted version of the article for free public use after any embargo period; and Gold, which enables authors to publish their articles in journals that provide immediate free access to the final version of the article on the publisher’s website, and elsewhere under permissive licensing terms, following payment or waiver of an APC. These mandates have the potential to put pressure on subscription-based publications. If such regulations are widely implemented, our consolidated financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
To date, many of the governments and national research councils that have taken a position on open access have favored the Green model and have generally specified embargo periods of twelve months. The publishing community generally takes the view that this period should be sufficient to protect subscription revenues, provided that publishers’ platforms offer sufficient added value to the article. Governments in Europe have been more supportive of the Gold model, which thus far is generating incremental revenue for publishers with active open access programs. Many institutions have signed on to the business model which combines the purchasing of subscription content with the purchase of open access publishing for affiliated authors. This development removes an element of risk by fixing revenues from that market, provided that the terms, price, and rate of transition negotiated are acceptable.
On January 31, 2020, the UK exited the European Union (EU), an action referred to as Brexit. The uncertainty concerning the UK’s legal, political, and economic relationship with the EU after Brexit may be a source of instability in the international markets, create significant currency fluctuations, and/or otherwise adversely affect trading agreements or similar cross-border cooperation arrangements (whether economic, tax, fiscal, legal, regulatory, or otherwise) beyond the date of Brexit.
Additional Brexit-related impacts on our business could include potential inventory shortages in the UK, increased regulatory burdens and costs to comply with UK-specific regulations, and higher transportation costs for our products coming into and out of the UK. Any of these effects, among others, could materially and adversely affect our business and consolidated financial position and results of operations.
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Changes in global and local tax laws and regulations in, and the distribution of income among, jurisdictions in which the Company operates could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
We are subject to tax laws in the jurisdictions where we conduct business, including the US and many foreign jurisdictions. Wiley's future results of operations could be adversely affected by changes in the effective tax rate as a result of a change in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, the result of audits of previously filed tax returns, or changes in liabilities for uncertain tax positions, the cost of repatriation, or changes in tax laws and regulations and the interpretations thereof in the jurisdictions where we operate.
A number of international legislative and regulatory bodies have proposed legislation and begun investigations of the tax practices of multinational companies and, in the European union, the tax policies of certain European Union member states. One of these efforts has been led by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which has finalized recommendations to revise corporate tax, transfer pricing, and tax treaty provisions in member countries. On December 15, 2022, European Union member states unanimously adopted the Minimum Tax Directive ensuring a global minimum level of taxation for multinational companies. Member states have until December 31, 2023, to transpose the Minimum Tax Directive into national legislation. The enactment of this and the heightened interest in and taxation of large multinational companies increase tax uncertainty and could ultimately have a material effect on our effective tax rate, income tax expense, net income, or cash flows.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was enacted into law in the United States, which, among other things, created a new corporate alternative minimum tax of 15% for certain corporations and a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded US.companies after December 31, 2022. In addition, there are proposals to increase the rate and otherwise change US tax laws, which could significantly increase the Company's tax rate. Given the unpredictability of possible further changes to, and the potential interdependency of, the United States or foreign tax laws and regulations, it is difficult to predict the cumulative effect of such laws and regulations on Wiley's results of operations.
We are also subject to potential taxes in jurisdictions where we have sales even though we do not have a physical presence. These potential taxes could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations as substantially all our taxable income is earned outside the US. In addition, we are subject to examination by tax authorities and although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals and could have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Our intellectual property rights may not be protected, which could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
A substantial portion of our publications are protected by copyright, held either in our name, in the name of the author of the work, or in the name of a sponsoring professional society. Such copyrights protect our exclusive right to publish the work in many countries abroad for specified periods, in most cases, the author’s life plus 70 years. Our ability to continue to achieve our expected results depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our intellectual property rights. Our consolidated financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected by lack of legal and/or technological protections for its intellectual property in some jurisdictions and markets.
A disruption or loss of data sources could limit our collection and use of certain kinds of information, which could adversely impact our communication with our customers.
Several of our businesses rely extensively upon content and data from external sources. Data is obtained from public records, governmental authorities, customers, and other information companies, including competitors. Legal regulations, such as the EU’s GDPR, relating to Internet communications, privacy and data protection, e-commerce, information governance, and use of public records, are becoming more prevalent worldwide. The disruption or loss of data sources, either because of changes in the law or because data suppliers decide not to supply them, may impose limits on our collection and use of certain kinds of information about individuals and our ability to communicate such information effectively with our customers. In addition, GDPR imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with severe penalties of up to 4% of worldwide revenue or €20 million, whichever is greater.
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If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) and the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are required to perform system and process evaluations and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This may require us to incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to further expand our accounting and finance functions and expend significant management efforts.
We may in the future discover material weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to errors or fraud will not occur, or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.
If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities.
General Risks
Global economic, market, public health and geopolitical conditions or other events could negatively impact our consolidated financial positions and results of operations.
We are exposed to risks and uncertainties caused by factors beyond our control, including global economic, public health and geopolitical conditions. These include economic weakness, softness in consumer and corporate spending, uncertainty and volatility, including the potential for a recession; a competitive labor market and evolving workforce expectations; inflation, rising interest rates; public health crisis, including pandemics; financial stability of the banking industry, and political and sociopolitical uncertainties and conflicts. These factors may result in declines and/or volatility in our results or stock price. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. Our business could also be impacted by volatility caused by geopolitical events, such as the conflict in Ukraine. In addition, the actual or perceived effects of a disease outbreak, epidemic, pandemic or similar widespread public health concern, such as COVID-19, could also materially and adversely affect our results. The future impact that global economic, public health and geopolitical conditions will have on our business operations and financial results is uncertain and will depend on numerous evolving factors and developments that we are not able to reliably predict or mitigate. It is also possible that these conditions may impact other risks discussed in this section.
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The trading price of the shares of our common stock may fluctuate materially, and investors of our common stock could incur substantial losses.
Our stock price may fluctuate materially. The stock market in general has experienced significant volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price paid for the shares. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:
•Actual or anticipated changes in our consolidated operating results;
•Variances between actual consolidated operating results and the expectations of securities analysts, investors, and the financial community;
•Changes in financial estimates by us or by any securities analysts who might cover our stock;
•Conditions or trends in our industry, the stock market, or the economy;
•The level of demand for our stock, the stock market price, and volume fluctuations of comparable companies;
•Announcements by us or our competitors of new product or service offerings, significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or divestitures;
•Announcements of investigations or regulatory scrutiny of our operations or lawsuits filed against us;
•Capital commitments;
•Investors’ general perception of the Company and our business;
•Recruitment or departure of key personnel; and
•Sales of our common stock, including sales by our directors and officers or specific stockholders.
Adverse publicity could negatively impact our reputation, which could adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Our professional customers worldwide rely upon many of our publications to perform their jobs. It is imperative that we consistently demonstrate our ability to maintain the integrity of the information included in our publications. Adverse publicity, whether valid or not, may reduce demand for our publications and adversely affect our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
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Item 2. Properties
We occupy office, warehouse, and distribution facilities in various parts of the world, as listed below (excluding those locations with less than 10,000 square feet of floor area, none of which is considered material property).
Due to the increased use of virtual work arrangements for post-pandemic operations and our various restructuring programs, we exited certain leased office space, subleased certain office spaces, and reduced occupancy at other facilities. In Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” see Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits),” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of these restructuring programs.
All of the current buildings and the equipment owned or leased are believed to be in good operating condition and are suitable for the conduct of our business.

Location |  | Purpose |  | Owned or Leased |  | Approx. Sq. Ft.
United States: |  |  |  |  |  |
New Jersey |  | Corporate Headquarters |  | Leased |  | 294,000
Indiana |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 42,000
California |  | Offices |  | Leased |  | 21,000
Massachusetts |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 26,000
Florida |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 58,000
Minnesota |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 28,000
North Carolina |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 12,000
International: |  |  |  |  |  |
England |  | Distribution Centers |  | Leased |  | 298,000
|  | Offices |  | Leased |  | 85,000
|  | Offices |  | Owned |  | 70,000
France |  | Offices |  | Leased |  | 17,000
Germany |  | Office |  | Owned |  | 104,000
|  | Office |  | Leased |  | 14,000
Jordan |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 24,000
China |  | Offices |  | Leased |  | 40,000
India |  | Distribution Centers |  | Leased |  | 12,000
|  | Office |  | Leased |  | 25,000
Greece |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 11,000
Brazil |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 12,000
Sri Lanka |  | Office |  | Leased |  | 38,000

Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The information set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Note 16, “Commitment and Contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated herein by reference.
We are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of our business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of all pending litigation will not have a material effect upon our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Information About Our Executive Officers
Set forth below are the current executive officers of the Company.

Name, Current and Former Positions |  | Age |  | First Elected to Current Position
BRIAN A. NAPACK |  | 61 |  | December 2017
President and Chief Executive Officer and Director |  |  |  |
March 2012 – Senior Advisor, Providence Equity Partners LLC |  |  |  |
CHRISTINA VAN TASSELL |  | 52 |  | October 2021
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  |  |  |
November 2017 – Chief Financial Officer – Dow Jones & Company, Inc. |  |  |  |
DEIRDRE SILVER |  | 55 |  | February 2020
Executive Vice President, General Counsel |  |  |  |
August 2015 – Associate General Counsel, Senior Vice President of Legal, Research |  |  |  |
JAMES FLYNN |  | 52 |  | September 2021
Executive Vice President and General Manager, Research |  |  |  |
July 2018 – Chief Product Officer, Research, Wiley |  |  |  |
May 2015 – Senior Vice President and Managing Director, Research Publishing, Wiley |  |  |  |
CHRISTOPHER F. CARIDI |  | 57 |  | October 2020
Senior Vice President, Global Corporate Controller, and Chief Accounting Officer |  |  |  |
June 2020 – SVP, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller, Teladoc Health, Inc. |  |  |  |
March 2017 – SVP, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller, John Wiley & Sons |  |  |  |
March 2014 – Vice President, Finance, Thomson Reuters |  |  |  |
KEVIN MONACO |  | 59 |  | October 2018
Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Tax |  |  |  |
October 2009 – SVP, Finance, Treasurer, and Investor Relations, Coty Inc. |  |  |  |
AREF MATIN |  | 64 |  | May 2018
Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer |  |  |  |
February 2015 – Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, Ascend Learning |  |  |  |
July 2012 – Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, Pearson Learning Technologies & Pearson Higher Education |  |  |  |
MATTHEW LEAVY |  | 55 |  | September 2019
Executive Vice President and General Manager, Academic |  |  |  |
September 2018 – SVP, Business Development |  |  |  |
January 2018 – Principal Leavy Consulting LLC |  |  |  |
August 2013 – Managing Director Global Managed Services, Pearson plc |  |  |  |
DANIELLE MCMAHAN |  | 48 |  | November 2019
Executive Vice President, Chief People & Operations Officer |  |  |  |
June 2017 – Chief Human Resources Officer, York Risk Services Group |  |  |  |
July 2014 – VP, Global Talent, American Express |  |  |  |
TODD ZIPPER |  | 46 |  | June 2020
Executive Vice President and General Manager, Talent |  |  |  |
November 2018 – Co-President, Wiley Education Services |  |  |  |
January 2015 – President and CEO, The Learning House, Inc |  |  |  |
SHARI HOFFER |  | 52 |  | December 2021
Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer |  |  |  |
May 2017 – SVP Marketing |  |  |  |

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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our Class A and Class B shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols WLY and WLYB, respectively.
On a quarterly basis, the Board of Directors considers the payment of cash dividends based upon its review of earnings, our financial position, and other relevant factors. As of May 31, 2023, the approximate number of holders of our Class A and Class B Common Stock were 672 and 44, respectively, based on the holders of record.
During the year ended April 30, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an additional share repurchase program of $200 million of Class A or B Common Stock. As of April 30, 2023, we had authorization from our Board of Directors to purchase up to $162.5 million that was remaining under this program.
During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, we made the following purchases of Class A and Class B Common Stock under the publicly announced stock repurchase program.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Program |  | Maximum Number of Shares that May Be Purchased Under the Program |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under Additional Plans or Programs (Dollars in Millions)
February 2023 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | $ | 173.5 |
March 2023 | 151 |  | 36.97 |  |  | 151 |  | — |  | 167.9 |
April 2023 | 141 |  | 38.37 |  |  | 141 |  | — |  | 162.5 |
Total | 292 |  | $ | 37.64 |  |  | 292 |  | — |  | $ | 162.5 |

Performance Graph
The below graph provides an indicator of the cumulative total return to shareholders of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as compared with the cumulative total return on the Russell 2000, the Dow Jones Publishing Index and the S&P 400 Midcap, for the period from April 30, 2018 to April 30, 2023. The Company has elected to use the Russell 2000 Index and the S&P 400 Midcap index as its broad equity market indices because it is currently included in these indices. Cumulative total return assumes $100.00 invested on April 30, 2018 and reinvestment of dividends throughout the period.

| April 30, 2018 | April 30, 2019 | April 30, 2020 | April 30, 2021 | April 30, 2022 | April 30, 2023
WLY | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 71.81 |  | $ | 60.24 |  | $ | 94.44 |  | $ | 86.54 |  | $ | 67.90 |
Russell 2000 | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 104.57 |  | $ | 87.41 |  | $ | 152.86 |  | $ | 127.04 |  | $ | 122.36 |
Dow Pub | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 106.96 |  | $ | 104.62 |  | $ | 174.28 |  | $ | 154.93 |  | $ | 146.55 |
S&P 400 | $ | 100.00 |  | $ | 106.98 |  | $ | 90.97 |  | $ | 152.73 |  | $ | 141.95 |  | $ | 143.77 |

Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The information in our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read together with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes set forth in Part II, Item 8, as well as the discussion included in Part I, Item 1, “Business,” “Cautionary Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995” and “Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” along with Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All amounts and percentages are approximate due to rounding and all dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts or where otherwise noted. When we cross-reference to a “Note,” we are referring to our “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” unless the context indicates otherwise.
Overview
Wiley is a global leader in scientific research and career-connected education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping workforces. For over 200 years, Wiley has fueled the world’s knowledge ecosystem. Today, our high-impact content, platforms, and services help researchers, learners, institutions, and corporations achieve their goals in an ever-changing world. Wiley is a predominantly digital company with approximately 85% of revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 generated by digital products and tech-enabled services. For the year ended April 30, 2023, approximately 57% of our revenue is recurring which includes revenue that is contractually obligated or set to recur with a high degree of certainty.
We have reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. The Academic segment addresses the university customer group and includes Academic Publishing and University Services. The Talent segment addresses the corporate customer group and will be focused on delivering training, sourcing, and upskilling solutions. Prior period segment results have been revised to the new segment presentation. There were no changes to our consolidated financial results. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research includes Research Publishing and Research Solutions, and no changes were made as a result of this realignment;
•Academic includes the Academic Publishing and University Services lines. Academic Publishing is the combination of the former Education Publishing line and professional publishing offerings;
•Talent is the combination of the former Talent Development line, and our assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
Through the Research segment, we provide peer-reviewed STM publishing, content platforms, and related services to academic, corporate, and government customers, academic societies, and individual researchers. The Academic segment provides scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, digital courseware, and test preparation services, as well as engages in the comprehensive management of online degree programs for universities. The Talent segment services include sourcing, training, and preparing aspiring students and professionals to meet the skill needs of today’s technology careers and placing them with large companies and government agencies. It also includes assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
Wiley’s business strategies are tightly aligned with long term growth trends, including open research, career-connected education, and workforce optimization. Research strategies include driving publishing output to meet the global demand for peer-reviewed research and expanding platform and service offerings for corporations and societies. Education strategies include expanding online degree programs and driving online enrollment for university partners, scaling digital content and courseware, and expanding IT talent placement and reskilling programs for corporate partners.
Wiley has announced for fiscal year 2024 strategic actions that will focus Wiley on its strongest and most profitable businesses and large market opportunities in Research and Learning. We are divesting non-core education businesses, including University Services (known as online program management), Wiley Edge (formerly Talent Development) and CrossKnowledge. These assets will be reported as businesses held for sale starting in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. We will be streamlining our organization and rightsizing our cost structure to reflect these portfolio actions. In addition, we will be changing our reportable segments for fiscal year 2024 reporting. These actions and our fiscal year 2024 transition year outlook are described further below in the section "Fiscal Year 2024 Transition Year Outlook."
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Consolidated Results of Operations
FISCAL YEAR 2023 AS COMPARED TO FISCAL YEAR 2022 SUMMARY RESULTS
SUMMARY
•US GAAP Results: Revenue of $2,019.9 million (-3% compared with the prior year), Operating income of $55.9 million (-$163.4 million compared with the prior year), and EPS of $0.31 (-$2.31 compared with prior year). US GAAP earnings performance primarily due to $99.8 million ($1.77 per share) of non-cash goodwill impairment in Education Services/University Services and restructuring charges totaling $49.4 million ($0.66 per share).
•Adjusted Results (at constant currency compared with the prior year): Revenue of $2,019.9 million (flat compared with the prior year), Adjusted EBITDA of $422.0 million (-2% compared with the prior year), and Adjusted EPS of $3.84 (-8% compared with the prior year).
•Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities of $277.1 million ($-62.0 million compared with the prior year) and Free Cash Flow of $173.0 million ($-50.3 million compared with the prior year).
Revenue:
Revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 decreased $63.0 million, or 3%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, revenue was flat as compared with the prior year including contributions from acquisitions. Excluding the contributions from acquisitions, revenue decreased 1% on a constant currency basis.
See the “Segment Operating Results” below for additional details on each segment’s revenue and Adjusted EBITDA performance.
Cost of Sales:
Cost of sales for the year ended April 30, 2023 decreased $8.1 million, or 1% as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, cost of sales increased 2% as compared with the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher employee costs to support the growth in placements in the Talent segment, partially offset by lower royalty costs.
Operating and Administrative Expenses:
Operating and administrative expenses for the year ended April 30, 2023 decreased $42.2 million, or 4%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating and administrative expenses were flat as compared with the prior year primarily reflecting higher technology related costs, travel and entertainment costs, and a $3.7 million charge related to the settlement of a litigation matter related to consideration for a previous acquisition. These were offset by lower professional fees, employment costs and facility related costs.
Impairment of Goodwill:
We recorded an impairment of goodwill in the year ended April 30, 2023 of $99.8 million. T his charge is reflected in the Impairment of goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
In accordance with applicable accounting standards, we were required to test goodwill for impairment immediately before and after our segment realignment. Prior to the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the Education Services reporting unit was below its carrying value, which resulted in a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $31.0 million. Education Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs. This has led to a decline in projected student enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term, which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows. This was partially offset by projected growth in talent placements, partially due to expansion into new regions and the addition of new corporate clients, which are forecasted to have a positive impact on revenue growth and operating cash flows.
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Index
After the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the University Services reporting unit within the Academic segment was below its carrying value, which resulted in an additional pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $68.8 million. University Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs, which lead to a decline in projected enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows.
See Note 11, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for details on these charges.
Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits):
Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program
In May 2022, the Company initiated a global program to restructure and align our cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions. This program includes severance related charges for the elimination of certain positions, the exit of certain leased office space which began in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. We are reducing our real estate square footage occupancy by approximately 22%. We realized $35 million in savings from actions starting in fiscal year 2023.
In the three months ended January 31, 2023, due to the political instability and military actions between Russia and Ukraine, we made the decision to close our operations in Russia which primarily consisted of technology development resources. We were substantially complete with our closure as of April 30, 2023, except for the formal liquidation of our Russian legal entity, which we expect to complete in our fiscal year 2024.
For the year ended April 30, 2023, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $48.9 million related to this program, which includes $8.3 million related to the closure of our operations in Russia as described above. These charges are reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Consolidated Statements of Income. This restructuring charge primarily reflects the following charges:
•Severance charges of $25.8 million for the elimination of certain positions;
•Impairment charges of $12.7 million, which included the impairment of operating lease right-of-use (ROU) assets of $7.6 million related to certain leases that will be subleased, and the related property and equipment of $5.1 million;
•Acceleration of expense of $2.1 million, which included the acceleration of rent expense associated with operating lease ROU assets of $0.9 million related to certain leases that will be abandoned or terminated and the related depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $1.2 million;
•Ongoing facility-related costs with previously vacated properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $4.2 million; and
•Consulting, relocation and other costs of $4.1 million.
These actions are anticipated to yield annualized cost savings estimated to be approximately $70 million. We anticipate ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties to result in additional restructuring charges in future periods.
See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges.
Business Optimization Program
For the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, we recorded pretax restructuring charges of $0.5 million and credits of $1.4 million, respectively, related to this program.
These charges (credits) are reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) in the Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more details on these charges (credits).
For the impact of our restructuring programs on diluted earnings per share, see the section below, “Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS).”
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Index
Amortization of Intangible Assets:
Amortization of intangible assets was $84.9 million for the year ended April 30, 2023, and was flat as compared to the prior year. On a constant currency basis, amortization of intangible assets increased 3% as compared with the prior year primarily due to the acceleration of expense of $4.6 million related to the discontinued use of the mthree trademark.
On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Talent segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted, and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.
Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income (OI) and Adjusted EBITDA:
Operating income for the year ended April 30, 2023, decreased $163.4 million, or 75% as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating income decreased 76% as compared with the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to the impairment of goodwill in the three months ended January 31, 2023 as described above, an increase in restructuring charges and, to a lesser extent, higher cost of sales.
Adjusted OI on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits), impairment of goodwill, legal settlement, and the accelerated amortization of an intangible asset, decreased 3% as compared with the prior year primarily due to an increase in cost of sales as described above, partially offset by lower operating and administrative expenses.
Adjusted EBITDA on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits), decreased 2% as compared with the prior year primarily due to a decrease in Adjusted OI.
Adjusted OI
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted OI:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating Income | $ | 55,890 |  |  | $ | 219,276 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring charges (credits) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |
Impairment of goodwill | 99,800 |  |  | — |
Legal settlement (1) | 3,671 |  |  | — |
Accelerated amortization of an intangible asset (2) | 4,594 |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 213,344 |  |  | $ | 217,849 |

(1) | We settled a litigation matter related to consideration for a previous acquisition for $3.7 million during the three months ended January 31, 2023. This amount is reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2) | As described above, we determined that a revision of the useful life of the mthree trademark was warranted, and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.

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Index
Adjusted EBITDA
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Net Income to Non-GAAP EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Net Income | $ | 17,233 |  |  | $ | 148,309 |
Interest expense | 37,745 |  |  | 19,802 |
Provision for income taxes | 15,867 |  |  | 61,352 |
Depreciation and amortization | 213,253 |  |  | 215,170 |
Non-GAAP EBITDA | 284,098 |  |  | 444,633 |
Impairment of goodwill | 99,800 |  |  | — |
Legal settlement | 3,671 |  |  | — |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |
Foreign exchange (gains) losses on intercompany transactions, including the write off of certain cumulative translation adjustments | (894) |  |  | 3,192 |
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | (10,177) |  |  | (3,694) |
Other income, net | (3,884) |  |  | (9,685) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 422,003 |  |  | $ | 433,019 |

Interest Expense:
Interest expense for the year ended April 30, 2023, was $37.7 million compared with the prior year of $19.8 million. This increase was primarily due to a higher weighted average effective interest rate.
Foreign Exchange Transaction Gains (Losses):
Foreign exchange transaction gains were $0.9 million for the year ended April 30, 2023, and were primarily due to the write off of the $1.1 million cumulative translation adjustment in earnings since the Russia entity was deemed substantially liquidated. As described above, we were substantially complete with our exit from Russia as of April 30, 2023.
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $3.2 million for the year ended April 30, 2022, and were primarily due to losses on our foreign currency denominated third-party and, to a lesser extent, intercompany accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
Gain on Sale of Businesses and Certain Assets:
The pretax gain on sale of businesses for the year ended April 30, 2023, was $10.2 million. As part of our ongoing initiatives to simplify our portfolio and focus our attention on strategic growth areas, we have completed two dispositions during the year ended April 30, 2023. Both were included in our Academic segment. On February 28, 2023, we completed the sale of Wiley's Efficient Learning test prep portfolio business. In addition, on March 31, 2023, we completed the sale of our advancement courses business. Neither disposition constituted a strategic shift, and the impact on our overall operations and financial results was not material. Accordingly, the operations associated with the dispositions are not reported in discontinued operations. See Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures" for more details on these divestitures.
The gain on sale of certain assets for the year ended April 30, 2022, was due to the sale of our world languages product portfolio which was included in our Academic segment and resulted in a pretax gain of approximately $3.7 million.
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Index
Other Income, Net:
Other income, net was $3.9 million for the year ended April 30, 2023, a decrease of $5.8 million, or 60%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, other income, net decreased 51%. This decrease was primarily due to lower pension income for our defined benefit plans, partially offset by a decrease in donations and pledges to humanitarian organizations to provide aid to those impacted by the crisis in Ukraine, and a curtailment and settlement credit due to the wind up of the Russia pension plan of $1.8 million.
Provision for Income Taxes:
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Before Taxes to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
US GAAP Income Before Taxes | $ | 33,100 |  |  | $ | 209,661 |
Pretax Impact of Adjustments: |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill | 99,800 |  |  | — |
Legal settlement | 3,671 |  |  | — |
Pension income related to the wind up of the Russia plan | (1,750) |  |  | — |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions, including the write off of certain cumulative translation adjustments | 457 |  |  | 1,513 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 89,177 |  |  | 89,346 |
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | (10,177) |  |  | (3,694) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes | $ | 263,667 |  |  | $ | 295,399 |

Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Tax Provision to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision, including our US GAAP Effective Tax Rate and our Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
US GAAP Income Tax Provision | $ | 15,867 |  | $ | 61,352
Income Tax Impact of Adjustments (1): |  |  |
Legal settlement | 716 |  | —
Pension income related to the wind up of the Russia plan | (437) |  | —
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 12,151 |  | (260)
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions, including the write off of certain cumulative translation adjustments | 132 |  | 597
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 20,183 |  | 20,816
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | (3,860) |  | (922)
Income Tax Adjustments |  |  |
Impact of increase in UK statutory rate on deferred tax balances (2) | 2,370 |  | (21,415)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision | $ | 47,122 |  | $ | 60,168
US GAAP Effective Tax Rate | 47.9 | % |  | 29.3 | %
Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate | 17.9 | % |  | 20.4 | %

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Index

(1) | For the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, substantially all of the tax impact was from deferred taxes.
(2) | In the three months ended July 31, 2021, the UK enacted legislation that increased its statutory rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023. This resulted in a $21.4 million non-cash deferred tax expense from the re-measurement of the Company’s applicable UK net deferred tax liabilities during the three months ended July 31, 2021. These adjustments impacted deferred taxes. For the year ended April 30, 2023, we recorded a $2.4 million non-cash deferred tax benefit related to pensions due to the UK statutory rate change. These adjustments impacted deferred taxes.

The effective tax rate was 47.9% for the year ended April 30, 2023, compared to 29.3% for the year ended April 30, 2022. Our rate for the year ended April 30, 2023, was higher due to the rate differential with respect to certain restructuring charges, the impairment of non-deductible goodwill resulting from the segment realignment described in Note 11, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets," offset by a benefit of $2.4 million relating to the effect of the increase in the UK statutory tax rate on UK pensions. On June 10, 2021, the UK increased its statutory corporate tax rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023. The 29.3% effective tax rate for the year ended April 30, 2022, was increased by a similar $21.4 million nonrecurring, noncash US GAAP deferred tax expense relating to the UK statutory tax rate increase described above.
Excluding the UK rate change, the tax implications of certain restructuring and related actions, and other unusual items, the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the year ended April 30, 2023, was 17.9%. The Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the year ended April 30, 2022, excluding the impact of the UK statutory rate change, was 20.4%. The decrease in the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate before these items was primarily due to a more favorable mix of earnings by jurisdiction for the year ended April 30, 2023.
Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS):
Diluted earnings per share for the year ended April 30, 2023, was $0.31 per share compared to $2.62 per share in the prior year. This decrease was due to lower operating income and, to a lesser extent, higher interest expense and lower other income. These were partially offset by a lower provision for income taxes and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the gain on sale of businesses and certain assets, and foreign exchange transaction gains.
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP EPS to Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS. The amount of the pretax and the related income tax impact for the adjustments included in the table below are presented in the section above, “Provision for Income Taxes.”

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
US GAAP EPS | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 2.62 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill | 1.77 |  |  | — |
Legal settlement | 0.05 |  |  | — |
Pension income related to the wind up of the Russia plan | (0.02) |  |  | — |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 0.66 |  |  | (0.02) |
Foreign exchange losses on intercompany transactions, including the write off of certain cumulative translation adjustments | 0.01 |  |  | 0.02 |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 1.21 |  |  | 1.21 |
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | (0.11) |  |  | (0.05) |
Income tax adjustments | (0.04) |  |  | 0.38 |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS | $ | 3.84 |  |  | $ | 4.16 |

On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS decreased 8% primarily due to an increase in interest expense, lower pension income, and lower Adjusted OI. These were partially offset by a lower provision for income taxes.
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Index
SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS:

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
RESEARCH | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (1) | $ | 926,773 |  |  | $ | 963,715 |  |  | (4) | % |  | (1) | %
Research Solutions (1) | 153,538 |  |  | 147,628 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 7 | %
Total Research | 1,080,311 |  |  | 1,111,343 |  |  | (3) | % |  | — | %
Cost of Sales | 286,361 |  |  | 300,373 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 2 | %
Operating Expenses | 463,731 |  |  | 468,012 |  |  | 1 | % |  | (4) | %
Amortization of Intangibles | 46,235 |  |  | 47,731 |  |  | 3 | % |  | (1) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 2,182 |  |  | 238 |  |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 281,802 |  |  | 294,989 |  |  | (4) | % |  | (4) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 2,182 |  |  | 238 |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 283,984 |  |  | 295,227 |  |  | (4) | % |  | (3) | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 93,008 |  |  | 94,899 |  |  | 2 | % |  | (1) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 376,992 |  |  | $ | 390,126 |  |  | (3) | % |  | (2) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 34.9 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | As previously announced in May 2022, our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified was $93.3 million and $80.3 million for the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Revenue:
Research revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 decreased $31.0 million, or 3%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, revenue was flat as compared with the prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue decreased 1% on a constant currency basis. This decrease was primarily due to lower article volume in Research Publishing, notably in Hindawi, and to a lesser extent corporate spending headwinds in Research Solutions. Starting in the three months ended January 31, 2023, open access publishing was adversely impacted by the publishing pause in a Hindawi special issues program. The program was suspended temporarily due to the presence in certain special issues of compromised articles. As a result, Hindawi revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 decreased $3.0 million on a constant currency basis as compared with the prior year. We have closed four Hindawi journals and retracted over 1,700 articles. We expect a decrease in fiscal year 2024 revenue of $30 to $35 million due to this disruption.
Excluding Hindawi, Wiley’s Research revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 on a constant currency basis was flat as compared with the prior year. Open access article output was flat for the year ended April 30, 2023, as compared with the prior year. Excluding Hindawi, open access article output growth was approximately 6% for the year ended April 30, 2023.
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Index
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 2% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to investments to optimize and scale publishing and solutions, higher employment costs and, to a lesser extent, travel and entertainment costs due to the resumption of in-person activities. These were partially offset by lower royalty costs largely due to the product mix. We expect a decrease in fiscal year 2024 Adjusted EBITDA of $25 to $30 million due to the Hindawi disruption as described above.

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
ACADEMIC: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Academic Publishing | $ | 481,752 |  |  | $ | 531,705 |  |  | (9) | % |  | (7) | %
University Services | 208,656 |  |  | 227,407 |  |  | (8) | % |  | (8) | %
Total Academic Revenue | 690,408 |  |  | 759,112 |  |  | (9) | % |  | (7) | %
Cost of Sales | 286,647 |  |  | 309,220 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 6 | %
Operating Expenses | 312,159 |  |  | 333,098 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | %
Impairment of Goodwill (see Note 11) | 99,800 |  |  | — |  |  | # |  | #
Amortization of Intangibles | 23,323 |  |  | 25,547 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 9 | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 7) | 10,366 |  |  | (470) |  |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | (41,887) |  |  | 91,717 |  |  | # |  | #
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 7) | 10,366 |  |  | (470) |  |  | # |  | #
Impairment of Goodwill (see Note 11) | 99,800 |  |  | — |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 68,279 |  |  | 91,247 |  |  | (25) | % |  | (23) | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 79,741 |  |  | 81,721 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 1 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 148,020 |  |  | $ | 172,968 |  |  | (14) | % |  | (13) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 21.4 | % |  | 22.8 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Academic revenue decreased $68.7 million, or 9%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased 7% as compared with prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue decreased 8% on a constant currency basis. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in Academic Publishing due to a decline in print, partially offset by an increase in digital courseware. University Services revenue decreased primarily due to continued online enrollment challenges, and lower tuition share in services. For the year ended April 30, 2023, University Services experienced a 5% decline in online enrollment.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 13% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to lower revenues and, to a lesser extent, inflationary impacts on inventory, and higher technology and distribution costs. These were partially offset by expense savings from restructuring activities, and lower annual incentive compensation.
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Index

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
TALENT: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
Total Talent Revenue | $ | 249,181 |  |  | $ | 212,473 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 24 | %
Cost of Sales | 119,533 |  |  | 91,065 |  |  | (31) | % |  | (40) | %
Operating Expenses | 86,032 |  |  | 85,891 |  |  | — | % |  | (5) | %
Amortization of Intangibles | 15,203 |  |  | 11,558 |  |  | (32) | % |  | (35) | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 3,009 |  |  | 23 |  |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 25,404 |  |  | 23,936 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 10 | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 3,009 |  |  | 23 |  |  | # |  | #
Accelerated Amortization of an Intangible Asset | 4,594 |  |  | — |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 33,007 |  |  | 23,959 |  |  | 38 | % |  | 41 | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 19,448 |  |  | 21,997 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 7 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 52,455 |  |  | $ | 45,956 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 18 | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 21.1 | % |  | 21.6 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Talent revenue increased $36.7 million, or 17%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue increased 24% as compared with prior year. This increase was primarily due to double-digit growth in placements and, to a lesser extent, an increase in assessments (corporate training), partially offset by a decrease in corporate learning. For the year ended April 30, 2023, we delivered approximately 18% growth in talent placements in talent development (Wiley Edge).
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased 18% as compared with the prior year. This was due to revenue, partially offset by increased inflationary impacts on placements, and investments to scale talent development (Wiley Edge).
CORPORATE EXPENSES:
Corporate expenses for the year ended April 30, 2023, increased $18.1 million, or 9%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring charges (credits) and a legal settlement, these expenses decreased 7% as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 8% as compared with the prior year. This was primarily due to lower employee related costs, including lower annual incentive compensation for fiscal year 2023.
FISCAL YEAR 2022 AS COMPARED TO FISCAL YEAR 2021 SUMMARY RESULTS
Revenue:
Revenue for the year ended April 30, 2022, increased $141.4 million, or 7%, as compared with the prior year on a reported and on a constant currency basis including contributions from acquisitions. Excluding the contributions from acquisitions, revenue increased 5% on a constant currency basis.
See the “Segment Operating Results” below for additional details on each segment’s revenue and Adjusted EBITDA performance.
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Index
Cost of Sales:
Cost of sales for the year ended April 30, 2022, increased $75.3 million, or 12%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, cost of sales increased 11% as compared with the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher employee costs and, to a lesser extent, higher student acquisition costs in Academic and increased royalty costs in Research.
Operating and Administrative Expenses:
Operating and administrative expenses for the year ended April 30, 2022, increased $56.9 million, or 6%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, operating and administrative expenses increased 5% as compared with the prior year primarily reflecting higher editorial costs due to additional resources to support investments in growth, technology costs to support growth initiatives, higher advertising and marketing costs and, to a lesser extent, higher employee-related costs.
Restructuring and Related (Credits) Charges:
For the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021, we recorded pretax restructuring credits of $1.4 million and charges of $33.3 million, respectively primarily related to our Business Optimization Program.
In November 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company’s successful transition to a virtual work environment, we increased use of virtual work arrangements for postpandemic operations. As a result, we expanded the scope of the Business Optimization Program to include the exit of certain leased office space beginning in the third quarter of fiscal year 2021, and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. We are reducing our real estate square footage occupancy by approximately 12%. These actions resulted in a pretax restructuring charge of $18.3 million in the year ended April 30, 2021.
In addition, we also incurred ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $1.8 million and $3.7 million in the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We anticipate ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties to result in additional restructuring charges in future periods.
These (credits) charges are reflected in Restructuring and related (credits) charges in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related (Credits) Charges” for more details on these (credits) charges.
For the impact of our restructuring program on diluted earnings per share, see the section below, “Diluted Earnings per Share (EPS).”
Amortization of Intangible Assets:
Amortization of intangible assets was $84.8 million for the year ended April 30, 2022, an increase of $10.2 million, or 14%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis, amortization of intangible assets increased 13% as compared with the prior year primarily due to the intangibles acquired as part of the Hindawi acquisition completed in fiscal year 2021 and, to a lesser extent, other acquisitions completed in fiscal year 2022, partially offset by the completion of amortization of certain acquired intangible assets. See Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures” for more details on our acquisitions.
Operating Income, Adjusted Operating Income (OI) and Adjusted EBITDA:
Operating income for the year ended April 30, 2022 increased $33.8 million, or 18% as compared with the prior year on a reported and on a constant currency basis. The increase was primarily due to the increase in revenue and, to a lesser extent, lower restructuring charges, partially offset by an increase in cost of sales and operating and administrative expenses.
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Index
Adjusted OI on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring (credits) charges decreased 1% as compared with the prior year primarily due to an increase in cost of sales, operating and administrative expenses and, to a lesser extent, amortization of intangible assets, partially offset by higher revenues as described above.
Adjusted EBITDA on a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring (credits) charges, increased 3%, as compared with the prior year primarily due to revenue performance, partially offset by an increase in operating and administrative expenses, and cost of sales.
Adjusted OI
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted OI:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Operating Income | $ | 219,276 |  |  | $ | 185,511 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Non-GAAP Adjusted OI | $ | 217,849 |  |  | $ | 218,821 |

Adjusted EBITDA
Below is a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Net Income to Non-GAAP EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Net Income | $ | 148,309 |  |  | $ | 148,256 |
Interest expense | 19,802 |  |  | 18,383 |
Provision for income taxes | 61,352 |  |  | 27,656 |
Depreciation and amortization | 215,170 |  |  | 200,189 |
Non-GAAP EBITDA | 444,633 |  |  | 394,484 |
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Foreign exchange transaction losses | 3,192 |  |  | 7,977 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | (3,694) |  |  | — |
Other income, net | (9,685) |  |  | (16,761) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 433,019 |  |  | $ | 419,010 |

Interest Expense:
Interest expense for the year ended April 30, 2022 was $19.8 million compared with the prior year of $18.4 million. This increase was due to a higher average debt balance outstanding, which included borrowings for the funding of acquisitions and, to a lesser extent, higher weighted average effective interest rate.
Foreign Exchange Transaction Losses:
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $3.2 million for the year ended April 30, 2022 and were primarily due to losses on our foreign currency denominated third-party and, to a lesser extent, intercompany accounts receivable and payable balances due to the impact of the change in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar.
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Index
Foreign exchange transaction losses were $8.0 million for the year ended April 30, 2021 and were due to the unfavorable impact of the changes in exchange rates on US dollar cash balances held in the UK to fund the acquisition of Hindawi and the net impact of changes in average foreign exchange rates as compared to the US dollar on our third-party accounts receivable and payable balances.
Gain on Sale of Certain Assets:
The gain on the sale of certain assets is due to the sale of our world languages product portfolio which was included in our Academic segment and resulted in a pretax gain of approximately $3.7 million during the year ended April 30, 2022.
Other Income, Net:
Other income, net was $9.7 million for the year ended April 30, 2022, a decrease of $7.1 million, or 42%, as compared with the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to $3 million in donations and pledges made in the year ended April 30, 2022 to humanitarian organizations to provide aid to those impacted by the crisis in Ukraine.
Provision for Income Taxes:
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Before Taxes to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Before Taxes | $ | 209,661 |  |  | $ | 175,912 |
Pretax Impact of Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Foreign exchange losses (gains) on intercompany transactions | 1,513 |  |  | (1,457) |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 89,346 |  |  | 79,421 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | (3,694) |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Before Taxes | $ | 295,399 |  |  | $ | 287,186 |

Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP Income Tax Provision to Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision, including our US GAAP Effective Tax Rate and our Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate:

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Income Tax Provision | $ | 61,352 |  | $ | 27,656
Income Tax Impact of Adjustments(1): |  |  |
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | (260) |  | 8,065
Foreign exchange losses (gains) on intercompany transactions | 597 |  | (363)
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 20,816 |  | 18,511
Gain on sale of certain assets | (922) |  | —
Income Tax Adjustments: |  |  |
Impact of increase in UK statutory rate on deferred tax balances(2) | (21,415) |  | (3,511)
Impact of US CARES Act(3) | — |  | 13,998
Impact of change in certain US state tax rates in 2021(2) | — |  | (3,225)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Income Tax Provision | $ | 60,168 |  | $ | 61,131
US GAAP Effective Tax Rate | 29.3 | % |  | 15.7 | %
Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate | 20.4 | % |  | 21.3 | %

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Index

(1) | For the year ended April 30, 2022, substantially all of the tax impact was from deferred taxes. For the year ended April 30, 2021, except for the $8.4 million current tax impact from the US CARES Act noted below, substantially all of the tax impact was from deferred taxes.
(2) | These adjustments impacted deferred taxes in the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021.
(3) | The tax impact was $8.4 million from current taxes and $5.6 million from deferred taxes in the year ended April 30, 2021.

The effective tax rate was 29.3% for the year ended April 30, 2022, compared to 15.7% for the year ended April 30, 2021. Our effective tax rate for the year ended April 30, 2022, was increased by $21.4 million due to an increase in the UK statutory rate during the three months ended July 31, 2021. On June 10, 2021, the UK announced an increase to its statutory corporate income tax rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023, resulting in this nonrecurring, noncash US GAAP deferred tax expense. The 15.7% tax expense rate for the year ended April 30, 2021, benefited by $14.0 million from provisions in the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (the CARES Act) and certain regulations issued in late July 2020, which enabled us to carry certain net operating losses back to a year with a higher statutory tax rate.
Excluding the expense from the UK rate change, the Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the year ended April 30, 2022, was 20.4%. The Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate for the year ended April 30, 2021, excluding the impact of the UK statutory rate change, the CARES Act, and state tax expense from rate changes, was 21.3%. The Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate before these items decreased because the year ended April 30, 2021, included US state tax expenses from our expanded presence due to employees working in additional locations given the COVID-19 pandemic.
Diluted Earnings Per Share (EPS):
Diluted earnings per share for the year ended April 30, 2022 was $2.62 per share compared to $2.63 per share in the prior year. This decrease was due to a higher weighted average number of common shares outstanding in the year ended April 30, 2022 as net income was flat compared to the year ended April 30, 2021. Net income was flat as higher operating income and, to a lesser extent, lower foreign exchange losses and the gain on sale of certain assets were offset by higher provision for income taxes and, to a lesser extent, lower other income, net.
Below is a reconciliation of our US GAAP EPS to Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS. The amount of the pretax and the related income tax impact for the adjustments included in the table below are presented in the section above, “Provision for Income Taxes.”

| Year Ended April 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP EPS | $ | 2.62 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |
Adjustments: |  |  |
Restructuring and related (credits) charges | (0.02) |  |  | 0.44 |
Foreign exchange losses (gains) on intercompany transactions | 0.02 |  |  | (0.02) |
Amortization of acquired intangible assets | 1.21 |  |  | 1.08 |
Gain on sale of certain assets | (0.05) |  |  | — |
Income tax adjustments | 0.38 |  |  | (0.13) |
Non-GAAP Adjusted EPS | $ | 4.16 |  |  | $ | 4.00 |

On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EPS increased 1% primarily due to a lower Non-GAAP Adjusted Effective Tax Rate, partially offset by lower Other income, net and, to a lesser extent, lower Adjusted OI.
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Index
SEGMENT OPERATING RESULTS:

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
RESEARCH: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (1) | $ | 963,715 |  |  | $ | 892,176 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 8 | %
Research Solutions (1) | 147,628 |  |  | 123,173 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 20 | %
Total Research Revenue | 1,111,343 |  |  | 1,015,349 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 9 | %
Cost of Sales | 300,373 |  |  | 275,377 |  |  | (9) | % |  | (8) | %
Operating Expenses | 468,012 |  |  | 429,916 |  |  | (9) | % |  | (9) | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 47,731 |  |  | 37,033 |  |  | (29) | % |  | (28) | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 7) | 238 |  |  | (36) |  |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 294,989 |  |  | 273,059 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 9 | %
Restructuring Charges (Credits) (see Note 7) | 238 |  |  | (36) |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 295,227 |  |  | 273,023 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 9 | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 94,899 |  |  | 83,866 |  |  | (13) | % |  | (13) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 390,126 |  |  | $ | 356,889 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 10 | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 35.1 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful

(1) | As previously announced in May 2022, our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified was $93.3 million and $80.3 million for the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. |

Revenue:
Research revenue for the year ended April 30, 2022 increased $96.0 million, or 9%, as compared with the prior year on a reported and constant currency basis. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue increased 5% on a constant currency basis. This increase was primarily due to an increase in publishing and, to a lesser extent corporate solutions. Research Publishing has continued growth due to Transformational Agreements (read and publish). Excluding the impact from acquisitions, Open Access article output growth was approximately 27% for the year ended April 30, 2022 as compared with the prior year.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased 10% as compared with the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher editorial costs due to additional resources to support investments in growth, which includes the impact of the acquisition of Hindawi and, to a lesser extent, higher cost of sales including the incremental impact of acquisitions, technology, and sales-related costs.
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Index

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
ACADEMIC: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Academic Publishing | $ | 531,705 |  |  | $ | 538,643 |  |  | (1) | % |  | (2) | %
University Services | 227,407 |  |  | 230,371 |  |  | (1) | % |  | (1) | %
Total Academic Revenue | 759,112 |  |  | 769,014 |  |  | (1) | % |  | (2) | %
Cost of Sales | 309,220 |  |  | 294,365 |  |  | (5) | % |  | (5) | %
Operating Expenses | 333,098 |  |  | 333,858 |  |  | — | % |  | 1 | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 25,547 |  |  | 23,786 |  |  | (7) | % |  | (7) | %
Restructuring (Credits) Charges (see Note 7) | (470) |  |  | 3,457 |  |  | # |  | #
Contribution to Profit | 91,717 |  |  | 113,548 |  |  | (19) | % |  | (20) | %
Restructuring (Credits) Charges (see Note 7) | (470) |  |  | 3,457 |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 91,247 |  |  | 117,005 |  |  | (22) | % |  | (23) | %
Depreciation and Amortization | 81,721 |  |  | 77,823 |  |  | (5) | % |  | (5) | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 172,968 |  |  | $ | 194,828 |  |  | (11) | % |  | (12) | %
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 22.8 | % |  | 25.3 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Academic revenue decreased $9.9 million, or 1%, as compared with the prior year on a reported basis. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased 2% as compared with prior year. Excluding revenue from acquisitions, organic revenue decreased 2% on a constant currency basis. This decrease was due to Academic Publishing due to a decrease in education publishing due to lower US college enrollment and some easing of prior year COVID-19-related favorability for courseware and content and, to a lesser extent, test preparation. This was partially offset by an increase in professional publishing. This decrease was also due University Services due to a decrease in student enrollments. For the year ended April 30, 2022, University Services experienced an 8% decrease in online enrollment.
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA decreased 12% as compared with the prior year. This decrease was due to lower revenue, higher student acquisition costs in University Services, and higher print product costs. This was partially offset by lower operating expenses.
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Index

| Year Ended April 30, |  | % Change Favorable (Unfavorable) |  | Constant Currency % Change Favorable (Unfavorable)
TALENT: | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
Total Talent Revenue | $ | 212,473 |  |  | $ | 157,138 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 35 | %
Cost of Sales | 91,065 |  |  | 55,593 |  |  | (64) | % |  | (63) | %
Operating Expenses | 85,891 |  |  | 91,833 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 6 | %
Amortization of Intangible Assets | 11,558 |  |  | 13,866 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 17 | %
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 23 |  |  | 577 |  |  | (96) | % |  | (96) | %
Contribution to Profit | 23,936 |  |  | (4,731) |  |  | # |  | #
Restructuring Charges (see Note 7) | 23 |  |  | 577 |  |  | (96) | % |  | (96) | %
Adjusted Contribution to Profit | 23,959 |  |  | (4,154) |  |  | # |  | #
Depreciation and Amortization | 21,997 |  |  | 23,828 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 7 | %
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 45,956 |  |  | $ | 19,674 |  |  | # |  | #
Adjusted EBITDA Margin | 21.6 | % |  | 12.5 | % |  |  |  |

# Not meaningful
Revenue:
Talent revenue increased $55.3 million, or 35%, as compared with the prior year on a reported and constant currency basis. This increase was primarily due to an increase in placements in talent development (Wiley Edge) and, to a lesser extent, driven by a strong recovery in assessments (corporate training) from prior year COVID-19 lockdown impacts. For the year ended April 30, 2022, we delivered approximately 112% growth in IT talent placements in talent development (Wiley Edge).
Adjusted EBITDA:
On a constant currency basis, Adjusted EBITDA increased $26.3 million as compared with the prior year. This was due to an increase in revenue, partially offset by higher employee-related costs due to increased investments to accelerate growth in talent development (Wiley Edge).
CORPORATE EXPENSES:
Corporate expenses for the year ended April 30, 2022 decreased $5.0 million, or 3%, as compared with the prior year. On a constant currency basis and excluding restructuring (credits) charges, these expenses increased 16% as compared with the prior year. This was primarily due to higher employee-related costs, marketing costs and, to a lesser extent, technology-related spending.
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Index
FISCAL YEAR 2024 TRANSITION YEAR OUTLOOK
Wiley has announced strategic actions that will focus Wiley on its strongest and most profitable businesses and large market opportunities in Research and Learning. We are divesting non-core education businesses, including University Services (known as online program management), Wiley Edge (formerly Talent Development) and CrossKnowledge. These assets will be reported as businesses held for sale starting in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. We will be streamlining our organization and rightsizing our cost structure to reflect these portfolio actions. The benefits of these actions will be realized in fiscal year 2025 and fiscal year 2026.
Wiley’s fiscal year 2024 outlook excludes businesses held for sale: University Services, Wiley Edge (Talent Development), and CrossKnowledge, as well as those businesses sold in fiscal year 2023 (test prep and advancement courses). Collectively, these businesses generated $393 million of revenue (19% of our consolidated revenue) and $43 million of Adjusted EBITDA (10% of our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA) in fiscal year 2023.
Wiley’s go-forward reporting structure will consist of two reportable segments: (1) Research and (2) Learning, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments. Research is unchanged with reporting lines of Research Publishing and Research Solutions. Learning will include reporting lines of Academic (education publishing) and Professional (professional publishing and assessments). Wiley will begin to report on this structure in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024.
(amounts in millions, except Adjusted EPS)

Metric | Fiscal Year 2023 All Company |  | Fiscal Year 2023 Ex-Divestitures |  | Fiscal Year 2024 Outlook Ex-Divestitures
Adjusted Revenue (1) | $2,020 |  | $1,627 |  | $1,580 to $1,630
Research |  |  | $1,080 |  | Flat (+3% ex-Hindawi)
Learning |  |  | $547 |  | Down low single digits
Adjusted EBITDA (1) | $422 |  | $379 |  | $305 to $330
Adjusted EPS (1) | $3.84 |  | $3.48 |  | $2.05 to $2.40

(1) | Wiley’s fiscal year 2024 outlook (“Adjusted Revenue,” “Adjusted EBITDA,” and “Adjusted EPS”) exclude businesses held for sale, including University Services, Wiley Edge (formerly Talent Development), and CrossKnowledge, as well as those sold in fiscal year 2023, Test Prep and Advancement Courses.

Fiscal Year 2024 Transition Year Outlook
•Adjusted Revenue – Projected year-over-year performance excluding divestitures primarily due to the Hindawi special issues publishing pause and continued softness in consumer and corporate spending. Research revenue is expected to be flat. Excluding Hindawi, our base business is anticipated to grow 3% driven by open access and solutions. In Learning, we are anticipating a low-single decline. We expect steadier market conditions in professional publishing than we saw in fiscal year 2023, but enrollment and print demand remain constrained in higher education, offsetting a modest growth expectation in our professional line. Note, this is a new metric defined as revenue adjusted to exclude businesses held for sale or sold.
•Adjusted EBITDA – Projected year-over-year decline excluding divestitures primarily due to projected revenue performance, notably Hindawi, particularly in the first half of the year, and to a lesser extent the Learning revenue decline. Other contributors include higher employment costs, notably a standard reset of incentive compensation after fiscal year 2023 underperformance ($30 million of Adjusted EBITDA impact) and wage inflation ($20 million of Adjusted EBITDA impact). Wiley is implementing its multi-year business optimization program by expanding its scope to drive operating efficiency and modernization while reducing corporate overhead. Wiley’s Adjusted EBITDA margin for its go-forward business is projected to be 19-20%, down from 23.3% in fiscal year 2023. The Company expects to more than recover its fiscal 2023 margin of 23.3% as it exits fiscal year 2024 and progress from there in fiscal year 2025 and fiscal year 2026.
•Adjusted EPS – Projected year-over-year decline excluding divestitures due to lower projected Adjusted EBITDA, and further impacted by $0.42 of non-operational items including a higher tax rate (-$0.21/share), pension expense (-$0.11/share), and interest expense (-$0.10/share). Our Adjusted Effective Tax Rate is expected to rise from 17.9% in fiscal year 2023 to approximately 25% in fiscal year 2024. Wiley’s higher tax rate is primarily due to a less favorable mix of earnings by country and an increase in the UK statutory rate. Wiley froze its US and UK pension programs in 2015, and they are approximately 90% funded.
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Index
Wiley is not providing a Free Cash Flow outlook due to the uncertainty around both the timing of divestitures and the size and scope of restructuring payments.
In August 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued guidance for US federal agencies to make federally funded research freely available starting no later than December 31, 2025, without an embargo. For reference, approximately 10% of Wiley’s published articles today are funded by US federal departments impacted by this guidance, and approximately 27% of those articles are already open access. Wiley has been working for several years with the OSTP and other stakeholders around the world to support the orderly transition to open research. This new guidance is aligned with Wiley’s stated strategy and mission and is supported by the growth the Company is seeing in open research publishing. Wiley supports multiple publishing models to execute against the industry’s shared objective of unlocking access to scientific research and improving the efficiency of peer review and publication. Those models include journal subscriptions (“pay to read”), transformational agreements (“pay to read and publish”), and open access (“pay to publish”). In the past three years, our open access revenues, including from transformational agreements, have increased from less than 9% of total Research Publishing revenues to approximately 32% today. Based on our assessment of the guidance, we do not believe it will have a material financial impact on our Company.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES:
Principal Sources of Liquidity
We believe that our operating cash flow, together with our revolving credit facilities and other available debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing, and financing needs in the foreseeable future. Operating cash flow provides the primary source of cash to fund operating needs and capital expenditures. Excess operating cash is used to fund shareholder dividends. Other discretionary uses of cash flow include share repurchases and acquisitions to complement our portfolio of businesses. As necessary, we may supplement operating cash flow with debt to fund these activities. The overall cash position of the Company reflects our durable business results and a global cash management strategy that considers liquidity management, economic factors and tax considerations. Our cash and cash equivalents are maintained at a number of financial institutions. To mitigate the risk of uninsured balances, we select financial institutions based on their credit ratings and financial strength, and we perform ongoing evaluations of these institutions to limit our concentration risk exposure to any financial institution.
As of April 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $106.7 million, of which approximately $104.6 million, or 98%, was located outside the US. Maintenance of these cash and cash equivalent balances outside the US does not have a material impact on the liquidity or capital resources of our operations. We intend to repatriate earnings from our non-US subsidiaries, and to the extent we repatriate these funds to the US, we will be required to pay income taxes in various US state and local jurisdictions and applicable non-US withholding or similar taxes in the periods in which such repatriation occurs. Accordingly, as of April 30, 2023, we have recorded an approximately $2.8 million deferred tax liability related to the estimated taxes that would be incurred upon repatriating certain non-US earnings to the US.
On November 30, 2022, we entered into the second amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (collectively, the Amended and Restated CA). See Note 14, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities” for more details on the amendment. The Amended and Restated CA provided for senior unsecured credit facilities comprised of a (i) five-year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount up to $1.115 billion, (ii) a five-year term loan A facility consisting of $200 million, and (iii) $185 million aggregate principal amount revolving credit facility through May 2024.
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Index
As of April 30, 2023, we had approximately $748.3 million of debt outstanding, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.7 million, and approximately $749.5 million of unused borrowing capacity under our Amended and Restated CA and other facilities. Our Amended and Restated CA contains certain restrictive covenants related to our consolidated leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio, which we were in compliance with as of April 30, 2023.
Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments
A summary of contractual obligations and commercial commitments, excluding unrecognized tax benefits further described in Note 13, “Income Taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, as of April 30, 2023 is as follows:

| Payments Due by Period (in millions)
| Total |  | Within Year 1 |  | 2–3 Years |  | 4–5 Years |  | After 5 Years
Total debt(1) | $ | 749.0 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 35.0 |  |  | $ | 709.0 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest on debt(2) | 164.3 |  |  | 33.9 |  |  | 74.4 |  |  | 56.0 |  |  | — |
Non-cancellable leases | 171.5 |  |  | 26.5 |  |  | 48.5 |  |  | 32.3 |  |  | 64.2 |
Minimum royalty obligations | 385.5 |  |  | 98.1 |  |  | 147.5 |  |  | 93.6 |  |  | 46.3 |
Other operating commitments | 85.2 |  |  | 51.4 |  |  | 33.7 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,555.5 |  |  | $ | 214.9 |  |  | $ | 339.1 |  |  | $ | 891.0 |  |  | $ | 110.5 |

(1) | Total debt is exclusive of unamortized issuance costs of $0.7 million.
(2) | Interest on debt includes the effect of our interest rate swap agreements and the estimated future interest payments on our unhedged variable rate debt, assuming that the interest rates as of April 30, 2023 remain constant until the maturity of the debt.

Analysis of Historical Cash Flow
The following table shows the changes in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

| Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 277,071 |  |  | $ | 339,100 |  |  | $ | 359,923 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (98,398) |  |  | (194,024) |  |  | (433,154) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (168,568) |  |  | (131,638) |  |  | (47,086) |
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | (3,570) |  |  | $ | (7,070) |  |  | $ | 11,629 |

Cash flow from operations is seasonally a use of cash in the first half of Wiley’s fiscal year principally due to the timing of collections for annual journal subscriptions, which typically occurs in the beginning of the second half of our fiscal year.
Free cash flow less product development spending helps assess our ability, over the long term, to create value for our shareholders, as it represents cash available to repay debt, pay common dividends, and fund share repurchases, and acquisitions. Below are the details of Free cash flow less product development spending.
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Index
Free Cash Flow Less Product Development Spending:

| Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 277,071 |  |  | $ | 339,100 |  |  | $ | 359,923 |
Less: Additions to technology, property and equipment | (81,155) |  |  | (88,843) |  |  | (77,407) |
Less: Product development spending | (22,958) |  |  | (27,015) |  |  | (25,954) |
Free cash flow less product development spending | $ | 172,958 |  |  | $ | 223,242 |  |  | $ | 256,562 |

Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities
2023 compared to 2022
The following is a summary of the $62.0 million change in Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended April 30, 2023, as compared with the year ended April 30, 2022 (amounts in millions).

Net cash provided by operating activities – Year ended April 30, 2022 | $ | 339.1 |
Net income adjusted for items to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities, which would include such noncash items as depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill, restructuring and related charges (credits), and the change in deferred taxes | (27.8) |
Working capital changes: |
Accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities | 6.6 |
Accounts payable and accrued royalties | 6.5 |
Changes in other assets and liabilities | (47.3) |
Net cash provided by operating activities – Year ended April 30, 2023 | $ | 277.1 |

The favorable change in accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities was primarily due to the timing of collections and billings with customers.
The favorable change in accounts payable and accrued royalties was due to the timing of payments.
The unfavorable changes in other assets and liabilities noted in the table above was primarily due to higher restructuring payments in fiscal year 2023, and lower employee related costs due to lower annual incentive compensation for fiscal year 2023.
Our negative working capital (current assets less current liabilities) was $354.3 million and $418.6 million as of April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2022, respectively. The primary driver of the negative working capital is the benefit realized from unearned contract liabilities related to subscriptions for which cash has been collected in advance. The contract liabilities will be recognized as income when the products are shipped or made available online to the customers over the term of the subscription. Current liabilities as of April 30, 2023 and as of April 30, 2022 include contract liabilities of $504.7 million and $538.1 million, respectively, primarily related to deferred subscription revenue for which cash was collected in advance.
Cash collected in advance for subscriptions is used by us for a number of purposes, including funding operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt repayments, dividend payments, and share repurchases.
2022 compared to 2021
The following is a summary of the $20.8 million change in Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended April 30, 2022 as compared with the year ended April 30, 2021 (amounts in millions).
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Net cash provided by operating activities – Year ended April 30, 2021 | $ | 359.9 |
Net income adjusted for items to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities, which would include such noncash items as depreciation and amortization and the change in deferred taxes | (16.3) |
Working capital changes: |
Accounts payable and accrued royalties | 47.5 |
Accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities | (23.3) |
Changes in other assets and liabilities | (28.7) |
Net cash provided by operating activities – Year ended April 30, 2022 | $ | 339.1 |

The favorable change in accounts payable and accrued royalties was due to the timing of payments.
The unfavorable change in accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities was primarily the result of sales growth, as well as the timing of billings and collections with customers.
The unfavorable changes in other assets and liabilities noted in the table above was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs, including payments due to higher annual incentive compensation payments in fiscal year 2022, partially offset by a favorable change in income taxes, and a decrease in restructuring payments.
Our negative working capital (current assets less current liabilities) was $418.6 million and $462.7 million as of April 30, 2022 and April 30, 2021, respectively. The primary driver of the negative working capital is the benefit realized from unearned contract liabilities related to subscriptions for which cash has been collected in advance. The contract liabilities will be recognized as income when the products are shipped or made available online to the customers over the term of the subscription. Current liabilities as of April 30, 2022 and as of April 30, 2021 include contract liabilities of $538.1 million and $545.4 million, respectively, primarily related to deferred subscription revenue for which cash was collected in advance.
Cash collected in advance for subscriptions is used by us for a number of purposes, including funding operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt repayments, dividend payments, and share repurchases.
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities
2023 Compared to 2022
Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended April 30, 2023 was $98.4 million compared to $194.0 million in the prior year. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease of $68.4 million in cash used to acquire businesses. Additionally, cash proceeds related to the sale of businesses and certain assets increased $12.2 million. See Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures” for more information related to the acquisitions and divestitures that occurred in the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022. For additions of technology, property, and equipment and product development spending decreased $7.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively.
2022 Compared to 2021
Net cash used in investing activities in the year ended April 30, 2022 was $194.0 million compared to $433.2 million in the prior year. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was due to a decrease of $224.2 million in cash used to acquire businesses. See Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures” for more information related to the acquisitions that occurred in the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021. Additionally, cash outflows for the acquisitions of publication rights and other activities decreased $24.0 million. This was partially offset by an increase of $11.4 million for additions of technology, property, and equipment.
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Net Cash Used In Financing Activities
2023 Compared to 2022
Net cash used in financing activities in the year ended April 30, 2023 was $168.6 million compared to $131.6 million in the year ended April 30, 2022. This change was primarily due to an increase in net debt repayments of $27.9 million and, to a lesser extent, a $5.0 million increase in cash used for purchases of treasury shares, and $4.5 million of cash used for costs related to the second amendment of the Amended and Restated CA.
2022 Compared to 2021
Net cash used in financing activities was $131.6 million in the year ended April 30, 2022 compared to net cash used of $47.1 million in the year ended April 30, 2021. This change was primarily due to net debt repayments of $11.0 million in the year ended April 30, 2022 compared with net debt borrowings of $30.7 million in the year ended April 30, 2021 and, to a lesser extent, a $24.7 million change from book overdrafts, and a $14.2 million increase in cash used for purchases of treasury shares.
Dividends and Share Repurchases
In the year ended April 30, 2023, we increased our quarterly dividend to shareholders to $1.39 per share annualized versus $1.38 per share annualized in the prior year.
In the year ended April 30, 2022, we increased our quarterly dividend to shareholders to $1.38 per share annualized versus $1.37 per share annualized in the prior year.
During the year ended April 30, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an additional share repurchase program of $200 million of Class A or B Common Stock. As of April 30, 2023, we had authorization from our Board of Directors to purchase up to $162.5 million that was remaining under this program. During the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, we purchased $35.0 million and $2.5 million, respectively, under this program. No share repurchases were made under this program during the year ended April 30, 2021. The share repurchase program described above is in addition to the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors during the year ended April 30, 2017 of four million shares of Class A or B Common Stock. As of April 30, 2022, no additional shares were remaining under this program for purchase.
The following table summarizes the shares repurchased of Class A and B Common Stock (shares in thousands):

| Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Shares repurchased – Class A | 831 |  | 542 |  | 308
Shares repurchased – Class B | 1 |  | 2 |  | 2
Average Price – Class A and Class B | $ | 42.07 |  |  | $ | 55.14 |  |  | $ | 50.93 |

RECENTLY ISSUED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE, AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS
We are subject to numerous recently issued statements of financial accounting standards, accounting guidance, and disclosure requirements. The information set forth in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference and describes these new accounting standards.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES:
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures in conformity with US GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates include, among other items, sales return reserves, allocation of acquisition purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, intangible assets with definite lives and other long-lived assets, and retirement plans. We review these estimates and assumptions periodically using historical experience and other factors and reflect the effects of any revisions on the Consolidated Financial Statements in the period we determine any revisions to be necessary. Actual results could differ from those estimates, which could affect the reported results. In Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies and methods used in preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. Set forth below is a discussion of our more critical accounting policies and methods.
Revenue Recognition:
In Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” see Note 3, “Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of our revenue recognition policy.
Sales Return Reserves:
In Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” see Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” in the section “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of our sales return reserves.
A one percent change in the estimated sales return rate could affect net income by approximately $2.6 million. A change in the pattern or trends in returns could also affect the estimated allowance.
Allocation of Acquisition Purchase Price to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
In connection with acquisitions, we allocate the cost of the acquisition to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on the estimates of fair value for such items, including intangible assets. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. The determination of the acquisition date fair value of the assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, such as, if applicable, forecasted revenue growth rates and operating cash flows, royalty rates, customer attrition rates, obsolescence rates of developed technology, and discount rates. We may use a third-party valuation consultant to assist in the determination of such estimates.
In Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” see Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of our acquisitions.
Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets:
Goodwill is reviewed for possible impairment at least annually on a reporting unit level during the fourth quarter of each year. Our annual impairment assessment date is February 1. A review of goodwill may be initiated before or after conducting the annual analysis if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may no longer be recoverable.
A reporting unit is the operating segment unless, at businesses one level below that operating segment– the “component” level, discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by management, and the component has economic characteristics that are different from the economic characteristics of the other components of the operating segment, in which case the component is the reporting unit.
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As part of the annual impairment test, we may elect to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In a qualitative assessment, we would consider the macroeconomic conditions, including any deterioration of general conditions and industry and market conditions, including any deterioration in the environment where the reporting unit operates, increased competition, changes in the products/services and regulatory and political developments, cost of doing business, overall financial performance, including any declining cash flows and performance in relation to planned revenues and earnings in past periods, other relevant reporting unit specific facts, such as changes in management or key personnel or pending litigation, and events affecting the reporting unit, including changes in the carrying value of net assets.
If the results of our qualitative assessment indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we are required to perform a quantitative assessment to determine the fair value of the reporting unit.
Alternatively, if an optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment is not performed, we may perform a quantitative assessment. Under the quantitative assessment, we compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, there would be no indication of impairment. If the fair value of the reporting unit were less than the carrying value, an impairment charge would be recognized for the difference.
We derive an estimate of fair values for each of our reporting units using a combination of an income approach and a market approach, each based on an applicable weighting. We assess the applicable weighting based on such factors as current market conditions and the quality and reliability of the data. Absent an indication of fair value from a potential buyer or similar specific transactions, we believe that the use of these methods provides a reasonable estimate of a reporting unit’s fair value.
Fair value computed by these methods is arrived at using a number of key assumptions including forecasted revenues and related growth rates, forecasted operating cash flows, the discount rate, and the selection of relevant market multiples of comparable publicly-traded companies with similar characteristics to the reporting unit. There are inherent uncertainties, however, related to these factors and to our judgment in applying them to this analysis. We believe that the combination of these methods provides a reasonable approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. Assumptions for sales, net earnings, and cash flows for each reporting unit were consistent among these methods.
Fiscal Year 2023 and 2022 Annual Goodwill Impairment Test
As of February 1, 2023, we completed a quantitative assessment for our annual goodwill impairment test for our University Services reporting unit. We concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit was above the carrying value and, therefore, there was no indication of impairment. For our other reporting units, we performed a qualitative assessment by reporting unit as of February 1, 2023. This assessment included consideration of key factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, and other relevant entity and reporting unit-specific events. Based on our qualitative assessment, we determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As such, it was not necessary to perform a quantitative test. There have been no significant events or circumstances affecting the valuation of goodwill subsequent to the qualitative assessment performed as of February 1, 2023.
As of February 1, 2022, we completed a quantitative assessment for our annual goodwill impairment test for our reporting units. We concluded that the fair values of our reporting units were above their carrying values and, therefore, there was no indication of impairment.
Income Approach Used to Determine Fair Values
The income approach is based upon the present value of expected cash flows. Expected cash flows are converted to present value using factors that consider the timing and risk of the future cash flows. The estimate of cash flows used is prepared on an unleveraged debt-free basis. We use a discount rate that reflects a market-derived weighted average cost of capital. We believe that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate based upon the reporting unit’s expected long-term operating and cash flow performance. The projections are based upon our best estimates of forecasted economic and market conditions over the related period including growth rates, expected changes in forecasted operating cash flows, and cash expenditures. Other estimates and assumptions include terminal value long-term growth rates, provisions for income taxes, future capital expenditures, and changes in future cashless, debt-free working capital.
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Changes in any of these assumptions could materially impact the estimated fair value of our reporting units. As noted below, the University Services reporting unit incurred an interim goodwill impairment. If the University Services reporting unit fair value decreases further in future periods, we could potentially have an additional impairment which would be limited to the remaining allocated goodwill of approximately $11 million as of April 30, 2023. Our forecasts take into account the near and long-term expected business performance, considering the long-term market conditions and business trends within the reporting units. However, changes in these assumptions may impact our ability to recover the allocated goodwill in the future. For further discussion of the factors that could result in a change in our assumptions, see “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Market Approach Used to Determine Fair Values
The market approach estimates the fair value of the reporting unit by applying multiples of operating performance measures to the reporting unit’s operating performance (the Guideline Public Company Method). These multiples are derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with similar investment characteristics to the reporting unit, and such comparable data are reviewed and updated as needed annually. We believe that this approach is appropriate because it provides a fair value estimate using multiples from entities with operations and economic characteristics comparable to our reporting units and Wiley.
The key estimates and assumptions that are used to determine fair value under this market approach include current and forward 12-month revenue and EBITDA results, as applicable, and the selection of the relevant multiples to be applied. Under the Guideline Public Company Method, a control premium, or an amount that a buyer is usually willing to pay over the current market price of a publicly traded company is considered, and applied to the calculated equity values to adjust the public trading value upward for a 100% ownership interest, where applicable.
In order to assess the reasonableness of the calculated fair values of our reporting units, we also compare the sum of the reporting units’ fair values to our market capitalization and calculate an implied control premium (the excess of the sum of the reporting units’ fair values over the market capitalization). We evaluate the control premium by comparing it to control premiums of recent comparable market transactions. If the implied control premium is not reasonable in light of these recent transactions, we will reevaluate our fair value estimates of the reporting units by adjusting the discount rates and/or other assumptions.
If our assumptions and related estimates change in the future, or if we change our reporting unit structure or other events and circumstances change (such as a sustained decrease in the price of our common stock, a decline in current market multiples, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climates, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, heightened competition, strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, or a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or disposed of), we may be required to record impairment charges in future periods. Any impairment charges that we may take in the future could be material to our consolidated results of operations and financial condition.
Fiscal Year 2023 Segment Realignment Goodwill Impairment Test
In the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, we began to operate under a new organizational structure, which resulted in a change in our composition of our reportable segments, which resulted in a change in our reporting units. See Note 20, “Segment Information,” for more details. The Academic reportable segment includes two reporting units, Academic Publishing and University Services, and the Talent reportable segment includes two reporting units, Talent Development and Professional Learning. No changes were made to the Research reportable segment. As a result of this realignment, we are required to test goodwill for impairment immediately before and after the realignment. Since there were no changes to the Research reportable segment, no interim impairment test of the Research reportable segment goodwill was required.
We estimated the fair value of the reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from an income and a market approach. Under the income approach, we determined the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our best estimates of forecasted economic and market conditions over the period including growth rates, expected changes in operating cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows. The market approach estimates fair value based on market multiples of current and forward 12-month revenue or EBITDA, as applicable, derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit.
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Goodwill Impairment Before Realignment
Prior to the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the Academic & Professional Learning reporting unit was above its carrying value. Therefore, there was no indication of impairment. The carrying value of the Education Services reporting unit was above its fair value which resulted in a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $31.0 million. This charge is reflected in Impairment of goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Education Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs. This has led to a decline in projected student enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term, which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows. This was partially offset by projected growth in talent placements, partially due to expansion into new regions and the addition of new corporate clients, which are forecasted to have a positive impact on revenue growth and operating cash flows.
The key assumptions underlying the estimate of the fair value of the Education Services reporting unit included the following:
•Future cash flow assumptions – the projections for future cash flows utilized in the model were derived from historical experience and assumptions regarding future growth and profitability of the reporting unit. These projections include forecasted revenues and related growth rates, and forecasted operating cash flows, and are consistent with our operating budget and strategic plan. We applied a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 8.5% for forecasted sales in our projected cash flows through fiscal year 2036. Beyond the forecasted period, a terminal value was determined using a perpetuity growth rate of 3.0% to reflect our estimate of stable and perpetual growth.
•Discount rate based on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) – the WACC is the rate used to discount the reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows. The WACC is calculated based on a proportionate weighting of the cost of debt and equity. The cost of equity is based on a capital asset pricing model and includes a company-specific risk premium to capture the perceived risks and uncertainties associated with the reporting unit’s projected cash flows. The cost of debt component is calculated based on the after-tax cost of debt of Moody’s Baa-rated corporate bonds. The cost of debt and equity is weighted based on the debt to market capitalization ratio of publicly traded companies with similarities to the Education Services reporting unit. The WACC applied to the Education Services reporting unit was 15%.
•Valuation Multiples – for the Guideline Public Company Method, we applied relevant current and forward 12-month revenue multiples based on an evaluation of multiples of publicly-traded companies with similarities to the Education Services reporting unit. The multiples applied ranged from 1.1x to 1.2x revenue.
The following hypothetical changes in the valuation of the Education Services reporting unit would have impacted the goodwill impairment as follows (absent of any related impact in discount rates applies):
•A hypothetical 1% increase to revenue growth and EBITDA margins would have reduced the impairment charge by approximately $30 million.
•A hypothetical 1% decrease to revenue growth and EBITDA margins would have increased the impairment charge by approximately $25 million.
Prior to performing the goodwill impairment test for Education Services, we also evaluated the recoverability of long-lived assets of the reporting unit. The carrying value of the long-lived assets that were tested for impairment was approximately $467.0 million. When indicators of impairment are present, we test definite lived and long-lived assets for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of an asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. We considered the lower-than-expected revenue and forecasted operating cash flows over a sustained period of time, and downward revisions to our cash flow forecasts for this reporting unit to be indicators of impairment for their long-lived assets. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group of the Education Services reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Therefore, there was no impairment.
Goodwill Impairment After Realignment
After the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the Academic Publishing, Talent Development and Professional Learning reporting units were above their carrying values. Therefore, there was no indication of impairment. The carrying value of the University Services reporting unit was above its fair value which resulted in a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $68.8 million. This charge is reflected in Impairment of goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
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University Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs which led to a decline in projected enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows.
The key assumptions underlying the estimate of the fair value of the University Services reporting unit included the following:
•Future cash flow assumptions – the projections for future cash flows utilized in the model were derived from historical experience and assumptions regarding future growth and profitability of the reporting unit. These projections include forecasted revenues and related growth rates, and forecasted operating cash flows, and are consistent with our operating budget and strategic plan. We applied a compounded annual growth rate of approximately 3.7% for forecasted sales in our projected cash flows through fiscal year 2036. Beyond the forecasted period, a terminal value was determined using a perpetuity growth rate of 3.0% to reflect our estimate of stable and perpetual growth.
•Discount rate based on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) – the WACC is the rate used to discount the reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows. The WACC is calculated based on a proportionate weighting of the cost of debt and equity. The cost of equity is based on a capital asset pricing model and includes a company-specific risk premium to capture the perceived risks and uncertainties associated with the reporting unit’s projected cash flows. The cost of debt component is calculated based on the after-tax cost of debt of Moody’s Baa-rated corporate bonds. The cost of debt and equity is weighted based on the debt to market capitalization ratio of publicly traded companies with similarities to the University Services reporting unit. The WACC applied to the University Services reporting unit was 11.0%.
•Valuation Multiples – for the Guideline Public Company Method, we applied relevant current and forward 12-month EBITDA multiples based on an evaluation of multiples of publicly-traded companies with similarities to the University Services reporting unit. The multiples applied ranged from 6.0x to 7.0x EBITDA.
The following hypothetical changes in the valuation of the University Services reporting unit would have impacted the goodwill impairment as follows (absent of any related impact in discount rates applies):
•A hypothetical 1% increase to revenue growth and EBITDA margins would have reduced the impairment charge by approximately $15 million.
•A hypothetical 1% decrease to revenue growth and EBITDA margins would have increased the impairment charge by approximately $12 million.
Prior to performing the goodwill impairment test for University Services, we also evaluated the recoverability of long-lived assets of the reporting unit. The carrying value of the long-lived assets that were tested for impairment was approximately $326.0 million. When indicators of impairment are present, we test definite lived and long-lived assets for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of an asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. We considered the lower-than-expected revenue and forecasted operating cash flows over a sustained period of time, and downward revisions to our cash flow forecasts for this reporting unit to be indicators of impairment for their long-lived assets. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group of the University Services reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Therefore, there was no impairment.
Fiscal Year 2023 and 2022 Annual Indefinite-lived Intangible Impairment Test
We also review our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, which consists of brands and trademarks and certain acquired publishing rights.
For fiscal year 2023, we performed a qualitative assessment for our annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test. This assessment included consideration of key factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, and other relevant entity and reporting unit-specific events. Based on our qualitative assessment, we determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of any indefinite-lived intangible asset was less than its carrying amount. As such, it was not necessary to perform a quantitative test.
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For fiscal year 2022, we estimated the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets using a relief from royalty method under an income approach. The key assumptions for this method were revenue projections, a royalty rate as determined by management in consultation with valuation experts, and a discount rate. We concluded that the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets were above their carrying values and therefore, there was no indication of impairment.
Intangible Assets with Definite Lives and Other Long-Lived Assets:
See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards,” in the section “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details of definite lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets.
Retirement Plans:
We provide defined benefit pension plans for certain employees worldwide. Our Board of Directors approved amendments to the US, Canada, and UK defined benefit plans that froze the future accumulation of benefits effective June 30, 2013, December 31, 2015, and April 30, 2015, respectively. Under the amendments, no new employees will be permitted to enter these plans and no additional benefits for current participants for future services will be accrued after the effective dates of the amendments.
The accounting for benefit plans is highly dependent on assumptions concerning the outcome of future events and circumstances, including discount rates, long-term return rates on pension plan assets, healthcare cost trends, compensation increases, and other factors. In determining such assumptions, we consult with outside actuaries and other advisors.
The discount rates for the US, Canada, and UK pension plans are based on the derivation of a single-equivalent discount rate using a standard spot rate curve and the timing of expected benefit payments as of the balance sheet date. The spot rate curves are based upon portfolios of corporate bonds rated at Aa or above by a respected rating agency. The discount rate for Germany is based on the expected benefit payments for the sample mixed population plan. The expected long-term rates of return on pension plan assets are estimated using forecasted returns for the asset classifications within the asset portfolio, and a composite return assumption range is determined using a weighted average based on each plan’s target asset allocation percentage. Salary growth and healthcare cost trend assumptions are based on our historical experience and future outlook. While we believe that the assumptions used in these calculations are reasonable, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions could materially affect the expense and liabilities related to our defined benefit pension plans. A hypothetical one percent increase in the discount rate would increase net income and decrease the accrued pension liability by approximately $1.2 million and $76.2 million, respectively. A one percent decrease in the discount rate would decrease net income and increase the accrued pension liability by approximately $0.3 million and $89.2 million, respectively. A one percent change in the expected long-term rate of return would affect net income by approximately $5.1 million.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk primarily related to interest rates, foreign exchange, and credit risk. It is our policy to monitor these exposures, and to use derivative financial investments and/or insurance contracts from time to time to reduce fluctuations in earnings and cash flows when it is deemed appropriate to do so. We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rates:
From time to time, we may use interest rate swaps, collars, or options to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. It is management’s intention that the notional amount of interest rate swaps be less than the variable rate loans outstanding during the life of the derivatives.
The information set forth in Note 15, “Derivative Instruments and Activities,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Interest Rate Contracts,” is incorporated herein by reference.
On an annual basis, a hypothetical 1% change in interest rates for the $249.1 million of unhedged variable rate debt as of April 30, 2023 would affect net income and cash flow by approximately $2 million.
Foreign Exchange Rates:
Fluctuations in the currencies of countries where we operate outside the US may have a significant impact on financial results. We are primarily exposed to movements in British pound sterling, euros, Canadian and Australian dollars, and certain currencies in Asia. The statements of financial position of non-US business units are translated into US dollars using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and the Statements of Income are translated into US dollars using weighted-average exchange rates for revenues and expenses. The percentage of consolidated revenue for the year ended April 30, 2023 recognized in the following currencies (on an equivalent US dollar basis) were approximately: 57% US dollar, 24% British pound sterling, 10% euro, and 9% other currencies.
Our significant investments in non-US businesses are exposed to foreign currency risk. Adjustments resulting from translating assets and liabilities are reported as a separate component of Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of Tax within Shareholders’ Equity under the caption Foreign currency translation adjustment. During the year ended April 30, 2023, we recorded foreign currency translation gains in Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax of approximately $3.2 million primarily as a result of the fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the euro and the British pound sterling, partially offset by fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the Australian dollar. During the year ended April 30, 2022, we recorded foreign currency translation (losses) in Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax of approximately $(71.6) million primarily as a result of the fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the British pound sterling and, to a lesser extent, the euro. During the year ended April 30, 2021, we recorded foreign currency translation gains in Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax of approximately $82.8 million, primarily as a result of the fluctuations of the US dollar relative to the British pound sterling and, to a lesser extent, the euro.
Exchange rate gains or losses related to foreign currency transactions are recognized as transaction gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Income as incurred. Under certain circumstances, we may enter into derivative financial instruments in the form of foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against specific transactions, including intercompany purchases and loans.
The information set forth in Note 15, “Derivative Instruments and Activities,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Foreign Currency Contracts,” is incorporated herein by reference.
Customer Credit Risk:
In the journal publishing business, subscriptions are primarily sourced through journal subscription agents who, acting as agents for library customers, facilitate ordering by consolidating the subscription orders/billings of each subscriber with various publishers. Cash is generally collected in advance from subscribers by the subscription agents and is principally remitted to us between the months of December and April. Although at fiscal year-end we had minimal credit risk exposure to these agents, future calendar year subscription receipts from these agents are highly dependent on their financial condition and liquidity. Subscription agents account for approximately 15% of total annual consolidated revenue, and no one agent accounts for more than 10% of total annual consolidated revenue.
Our book business is not dependent upon a single customer; however, the industry is concentrated in national, regional, and online bookstore chains. Although no book customer accounts for more than 6% of total consolidated revenue and 10% of accounts receivable at April 30, 2023, the top 10 book customers account for approximately 10% of total consolidated revenue and approximately 20% of accounts receivable at April 30, 2023.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes are filed as part of this report.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |
Financial Statements |
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of April 30, 2023 and 2022 | 64
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | 65
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | 66
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | 67
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | 68
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |
Note 1. | Description of Business | 69
Note 2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards | 69
Note 3. | Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers | 76
Note 4. | Acquisitions and Divestitures | 82
Note 5. | Reconciliation of Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 85
Note 6. | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | 86
Note 7. | Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | 86
Note 8. | Inventories | 90
Note 9. | Product Development Assets | 90
Note 10. | Technology, Property, and Equipment | 90
Note 11. | Goodwill and Intangible Assets | 91
Note 12. | Operating Leases | 95
Note 13. | Income Taxes | 97
Note 14. | Debt and Available Credit Facilities | 100
Note 15. | Derivative Instruments and Activities | 101
Note 16. | Commitment and Contingencies | 103
Note 17. | Retirement Plans | 104
Note 18. | Stock-Based Compensation | 109
Note 19. | Capital Stock and Changes in Capital Accounts | 112
Note 20. | Segment Information | 114
Note 21. | Subsequent Events | 117
Financial Statement Schedule |
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | 125

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive (loss) income, cash flows, and shareholders’ equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended April 30, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended April 30, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated June 26, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over certain subscriber and publishing revenue
As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generated revenue of $926.7 million from Research Publishing Products, including Journal Subscriptions, and $481.8 million from Academic Publishing Products, including Print and Digital Publishing, for the year ended April 30, 2023. The Company uses multiple information technology (IT) systems to record revenue.
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We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over certain Journal Subscription and Print and Digital Publishing revenue as a critical audit matter. Evaluating the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge and required especially subjective auditor judgment because of the multiple revenue recognition processes, IT applications, and data interfaces.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We performed risk assessment procedures and applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over certain Journal Subscription and Print and Digital Publishing revenue, including the determination of the IT systems where those procedures were to be performed based on the nature of the information processed by those systems. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the related revenue recognition processes. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in testing 1) certain general IT controls, and 2) certain application controls within those revenue recognition process, including the interface of relevant revenue data between different IT systems used therein. To assess certain Journal Subscription and Print and Digital Publishing revenue recognized during a portion of the year, we selected a sample and traced the recorded amounts for specific transactions back to underlying documentation. Based on this assessment and prior year revenue, we also developed an expectation of certain Journal Subscription and Print and Digital Publishing revenue recorded for the remainder of the year and compared such expectation to the revenue recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, for other Journal Subscription and Print and Digital Publishing revenue recognized during the year, we selected a sample and traced the recorded amounts for specific transactions back to underlying documentation. We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over revenue by assessing the results of procedures performed.
Assessment of fair value of the Education Services and University Services reporting units
As discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, in the third quarter of the year ended April 30, 2023, the Company realigned its prior Academic & Professional Learning and Education Services segments into two new customer-centric segments, Academic and Talent. As a result of this change, the Company was required to test goodwill for impairment immediately before and after the realignment. Evaluating goodwill for impairment involves comparing the fair values of the Education Services reporting unit before realignment, and University Services reporting unit after realignment to their respective carrying values. The Company used a combination of an income approach and a market approach to estimate the fair value of its reporting units, which requires the Company to make key assumptions regarding forecasted revenues and related growth rates, forecasted operating cash flows, the discount rates, and the selection of relevant market multiples of comparable publicly traded companies with similar characteristics to each of these reporting units. The Company concluded that the fair values of the Education Services reporting unit pre-realignment and University Services reporting unit post-realignment were below their carrying values and an aggregated impairment loss of $99.8 million was recognized.
We identified the assessment of the fair value of the Education Services and University Services reporting units as a critical audit matter. Testing the Company’s key assumptions described above that were used to estimate the fair value of the Education Services and University Services reporting units, involved a high degree of auditor judgment as changes to those assumptions could have had a significant effect on the Company’s assessment of the fair value.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment process, including controls related to the development of the key assumptions. We evaluated (1) the revenue growth rates used by the Company to determine forecasted revenues, and (2) forecasted operating cash flows, by comparing them to industry, market and economic reports, and historical results of the Education Services and University Services reporting units. We performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of possible changes to the key assumptions on the measurement date fair value for the Education Services and University Services reporting units. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
–evaluating the discount rates by comparing them to (1) a weighted average cost of capital that was independently developed using publicly available market data, including for comparable entities, (2) discount rates used in previous impairment analyses of the Education Services reporting unit, and (3) discount rates utilized in historical acquisitions of the Education Services and University Services reporting units,
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–evaluating the long-term revenue growth rates used in the impairment tests by comparing against economic data and information specific to the respective reporting units, including projected long-term nominal and gross domestic product growth, inflation, as well as industry and forecasted growth for guideline public companies,
–evaluating selected market multiples of comparable publicly traded companies with similar characteristics to the reporting units, and
–developing independent estimated fair values of the Education Services and University Services reporting units using the Company’s cash flow forecasts, and independently developed discount rates, long-term revenue growth rates under the income approach, and market multiples under the market approach, and then comparing them to the Company’s fair value estimates.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
New York, New York
June 26, 2023
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive (loss) income, cash flows, and shareholders’ equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended April 30, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated June 26, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
June 26, 2023
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
In thousands

| April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Assets: |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 106,714 |  |  | $ | 100,397 |
Accounts receivable, net | 310,121 |  |  | 331,960 |
Inventories, net | 30,733 |  |  | 36,585 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 93,711 |  |  | 81,924 |
Total current assets | 541,279 |  |  | 550,866 |
Technology, property, and equipment, net | 247,149 |  |  | 271,572 |
Intangible assets, net | 854,794 |  |  | 931,429 |
Goodwill | 1,204,050 |  |  | 1,302,142 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 91,197 |  |  | 111,719 |
Other non-current assets | 170,341 |  |  | 193,967 |
Total assets | $ | 3,108,810 |  |  | $ | 3,361,695 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 84,325 |  |  | $ | 77,438 |
Accrued royalties | 113,423 |  |  | 101,596 |
Short-term portion of long-term debt | 5,000 |  |  | 18,750 |
Contract liabilities | 504,695 |  |  | 538,126 |
Accrued employment costs | 80,458 |  |  | 117,121 |
Short-term portion of operating lease liabilities | 19,673 |  |  | 20,576 |
Other accrued liabilities | 87,979 |  |  | 95,812 |
Total current liabilities | 895,553 |  |  | 969,419 |
Long-term debt | 743,292 |  |  | 768,277 |
Accrued pension liability | 86,304 |  |  | 78,622 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 144,042 |  |  | 180,065 |
Operating lease liabilities | 115,540 |  |  | 132,541 |
Other long-term liabilities | 79,052 |  |  | 90,502 |
Total liabilities | 2,063,783 |  |  | 2,219,426 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value: Authorized – 2 million, Issued – 0 | — |  |  | — |
Class A common stock, $1 par value: Authorized – 180 million, Issued – 70,231 and 70,226 as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 70,231 |  |  | 70,226 |
Class B common stock, $1 par value: Authorized – 72 million, Issued – 12,951 and 12,956 as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively | 12,951 |  |  | 12,956 |
Additional paid-in capital | 469,802 |  |  | 459,297 |
Retained earnings | 1,860,872 |  |  | 1,921,160 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss: |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (326,346) |  |  | (329,566) |
Unamortized retirement costs, net of tax | (206,806) |  |  | (182,226) |
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, net of tax | 4,250 |  |  | 3,646 |
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (528,902) |  |  | (508,146) |
Less: treasury shares at cost (Class A – 23,983 and 23,515 as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, Class B – 3,925 and 3,924 as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively) | (839,927) |  |  | (813,224) |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,045,027 |  |  | 1,142,269 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 3,108,810 |  |  | $ | 3,361,695 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Dollars in thousands, except per share information

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue, net | $ | 2,019,900 |  |  | $ | 2,082,928 |  |  | $ | 1,941,501 |
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales | 692,541 |  |  | 700,658 |  |  | 625,335 |
Operating and administrative expenses | 1,037,399 |  |  | 1,079,585 |  |  | 1,022,660 |
Impairment of goodwill | 99,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 84,881 |  |  | 84,836 |  |  | 74,685 |
Total costs and expenses | 1,964,010 |  |  | 1,863,652 |  |  | 1,755,990 |
Operating income | 55,890 |  |  | 219,276 |  |  | 185,511 |
Interest expense | (37,745) |  |  | (19,802) |  |  | (18,383) |
Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) | 894 |  |  | (3,192) |  |  | (7,977) |
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | 10,177 |  |  | 3,694 |  |  | — |
Other income, net | 3,884 |  |  | 9,685 |  |  | 16,761 |
Income before taxes | 33,100 |  |  | 209,661 |  |  | 175,912 |
Provision for income taxes | 15,867 |  |  | 61,352 |  |  | 27,656 |
Net income | $ | 17,233 |  |  | $ | 148,309 |  |  | $ | 148,256 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 2.66 |  |  | $ | 2.65 |
Diluted | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 2.62 |  |  | $ | 2.63 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 55,558 |  | 55,759 |  | 55,930
Diluted | 56,355 |  | 56,598 |  | 56,461

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
Dollars in thousands

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income | $ | 17,233 |  |  | $ | 148,309 |  |  | $ | 148,256 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 3,220 |  |  | (71,625) |  |  | 82,762 |
Unamortized retirement costs, net of tax benefit (expense) of $5,967, $(13,440), and $(2,103), respectively | (24,580) |  |  | 45,920 |  |  | (226) |
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, net of tax (expense) of $(393), $(2,787), and $(657), respectively | 604 |  |  | 8,349 |  |  | 2,171 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (20,756) |  |  | (17,356) |  |  | 84,707 |
Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (3,523) |  |  | $ | 130,953 |  |  | $ | 232,963 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Dollars in thousands

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 17,233 |  |  | $ | 148,309 |  |  | $ | 148,256 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Impairment of goodwill | 99,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of intangible assets | 84,881 |  |  | 84,836 |  |  | 74,685 |
Amortization of product development assets | 32,366 |  |  | 35,162 |  |  | 34,365 |
Depreciation and amortization of technology, property, and equipment | 96,006 |  |  | 95,172 |  |  | 91,139 |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 26,504 |  |  | 25,705 |  |  | 21,982 |
Employee retirement plan expense | 26,956 |  |  | 19,146 |  |  | 12,975 |
Foreign exchange transaction (gains) losses | (894) |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | 7,977 |
Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets | (10,217) |  |  | (3,694) |  |  | — |
Other noncash (credits) charges | (6,319) |  |  | 37,128 |  |  | 35,138 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | 26,757 |  |  | (26,318) |  |  | (7,263) |
Inventories, net | (522) |  |  | 2,311 |  |  | 7,842 |
Accounts payable and accrued royalties | 22,908 |  |  | 16,373 |  |  | (31,121) |
Contract liabilities | (36,529) |  |  | 9,973 |  |  | 14,164 |
Restructuring payments | (26,599) |  |  | (5,911) |  |  | (19,667) |
Other accrued liabilities | (48,787) |  |  | (13,476) |  |  | 28,142 |
Employee retirement plan contributions | (45,985) |  |  | (46,729) |  |  | (40,676) |
Operating lease liabilities | (26,919) |  |  | (29,737) |  |  | (32,344) |
Other | (2,958) |  |  | (10,915) |  |  | (18,981) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 277,071 |  |  | 339,100 |  |  | 359,923 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Product development spending | (22,958) |  |  | (27,015) |  |  | (25,954) |
Additions to technology, property, and equipment | (81,155) |  |  | (88,843) |  |  | (77,407) |
Businesses acquired in purchase transactions, net of cash acquired | (7,292) |  |  | (75,703) |  |  | (299,942) |
Proceeds related to the sale of businesses and certain assets | 15,585 |  |  | 3,375 |  |  | — |
Acquisitions of publication rights and other | (2,578) |  |  | (5,838) |  |  | (29,851) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (98,398) |  |  | (194,024) |  |  | (433,154) |
Financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Repayments of long-term debt | (1,044,205) |  |  | (661,873) |  |  | (562,752) |
Borrowings of long-term debt | 1,005,271 |  |  | 650,877 |  |  | 593,405 |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (4,493) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchases of treasury shares | (35,000) |  |  | (30,000) |  |  | (15,765) |
Change in book overdrafts | (4,841) |  |  | (6,327) |  |  | 18,398 |
Cash dividends | (77,298) |  |  | (77,205) |  |  | (76,938) |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | (8,002) |  |  | (7,110) |  |  | (3,434) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (168,568) |  |  | (131,638) |  |  | (47,086) |
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (3,570) |  |  | (7,070) |  |  | 11,629 |
Cash reconciliation: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 100,397 |  |  | 93,795 |  |  | 202,464 |
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 330 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 583 |
Balance at beginning of year | 100,727 |  |  | 94,359 |  |  | 203,047 |
Increase/(decrease) for year | 6,535 |  |  | 6,368 |  |  | (108,688) |
Cash and cash equivalents | 106,714 |  |  | 100,397 |  |  | 93,795 |
Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 548 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 564 |
Balance at end of year | $ | 107,262 |  |  | $ | 100,727 |  |  | $ | 94,359 |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 36,130 |  |  | $ | 17,834 |  |  | $ | 17,171 |
Income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 50,891 |  |  | $ | 48,887 |  |  | $ | 41,064 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued in connection with the acquisition of a business | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,363 |  |  | $ | — |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Dollars in thousands

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | Treasury stock |  | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at April 30, 2020 | $ | 70,166 |  |  | $ | 13,016 |  |  | $ | 431,680 |  |  | $ | 1,780,129 |  |  | $ | (575,497) |  |  | $ | (785,870) |  |  | $ | 933,624 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,390) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,390) |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,206) |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,454 |  |  | 249 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 902 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,336) |  |  | (3,434) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,982 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,982 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,765) |  |  | (15,765) |
Class A common stock dividends ($1.37 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,614) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (67,614) |
Class B common stock dividends ($1.37 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,324) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,324) |
Common stock class conversions | 42 |  |  | (42) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148,256 |  |  | 84,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 232,963 |
Balance at April 30, 2021 | $ | 70,208 |  |  | $ | 12,974 |  |  | $ | 444,358 |  |  | $ | 1,850,058 |  |  | $ | (490,790) |  |  | $ | (795,517) |  |  | $ | 1,091,291 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,578) |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | 12,854 |  |  | 274 |
Issuance of Class A common stock related to the acquisition of a business | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,363 |  |  | 7,363 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 814 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,924) |  |  | (7,110) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,703 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,703 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,000) |  |  | (30,000) |
Class A common stock dividends ($1.38 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (64,724) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (64,724) |
Class B common stock dividends ($1.38 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,481) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,481) |
Common stock class conversions | 18 |  |  | (18) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 148,309 |  |  | (17,356) |  |  | — |  |  | 130,953 |
Balance at April 30, 2022 | $ | 70,226 |  |  | $ | 12,956 |  |  | $ | 459,297 |  |  | $ | 1,921,160 |  |  | $ | (508,146) |  |  | $ | (813,224) |  |  | $ | 1,142,269 |
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,152) |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,436 |  |  | 287 |
Impact of tax withholding on stock-based compensation and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,139) |  |  | (8,002) |
Stock-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,520 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,520 |
Purchases of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,000) |  |  | (35,000) |
Class A common stock dividends ($1.39 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (64,973) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (64,973) |
Class B common stock dividends ($1.39 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,551) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,551) |
Common stock class conversions | 5 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,233 |  |  | (20,756) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,523) |
Balance at April 30, 2023 | $ | 70,231 |  |  | $ | 12,951 |  |  | $ | 469,802 |  |  | $ | 1,860,872 |  |  | $ | (528,902) |  |  | $ | (839,927) |  |  | $ | 1,045,027 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 – Description of Business
The Company, founded in 1807, was incorporated in the state of New York on January 15, 1904. Throughout this report, when we refer to “Wiley,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us,” we are referring to John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and all our subsidiaries, except where the context indicates otherwise.
Wiley is a global leader in scientific research and career-connected education, unlocking human potential by enabling discovery, powering education, and shaping workforces. We have reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. The Academic segment addresses the university customer group and includes Academic Publishing and University Services. The Talent segment addresses the corporate customer group and is focused on delivering training, sourcing, and upskilling solutions. Prior period segment results have been revised to the new segment presentation. There were no changes to our consolidated financial results. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research includes Research Publishing and Research Solutions, and no changes were made as a result of this realignment;
•Academic includes the Academic Publishing and University Services lines. Academic Publishing is the combination of the former Education Publishing line and professional publishing offerings;
•Talent is the combination of the former Talent Development line, and our assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
Through the Research segment, we provide peer-reviewed STM publishing, content, platforms, and related services to academic, corporate, and government customers, academic societies, and individual researchers. The Academic segment provides scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, digital courseware, and test preparation services, as well as engages in the comprehensive management of online degree programs for universities. The Talent segment services include sourcing, training, and preparing aspiring students and professionals to meet the skill needs of today’s technology careers and placing them with large companies and government agencies. It also includes assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings. We have operations primarily located in the US, UK, India, Sri Lanka, and Germany.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation:
Our Consolidated Financial Statements include all the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries. We have eliminated all intercompany transactions and balances in consolidation. All amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts, and approximate due to rounding.
Reclassifications:
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Use of Estimates:
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures in conformity with US GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and revenue and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates include, among other items, sales return reserves, allocation of acquisition purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, intangible assets with definite lives and other long-lived assets, and retirement plans. We review these estimates and assumptions periodically using historical experience and other factors and reflect the effects of any revisions on the Consolidated Financial Statements in the period we determine any revisions to be necessary. Actual results could differ from those estimates, which could affect the reported results.
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Book Overdrafts:
Under our cash management system, a book overdraft balance exists for our primary disbursement accounts. This overdraft represents uncleared checks in excess of cash balances in individual bank accounts. Our funds are transferred from other existing bank account balances or from lines of credit as needed to fund checks presented for payment. As of April 30, 2023 and 2022, book overdrafts of $14.6 million and $19.4 million, respectively, were included in Accounts payable on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
Revenue Recognition:
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized using a five-step model consisting of the following: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. Performance obligations are satisfied when we transfer control of a good or service to a customer, which can occur over time or at a point in time. The amount of revenue recognized is based on the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, including the expected value of variable consideration. The customer’s ability and intent to pay the transaction price is assessed in determining whether a contract exists with the customer. If collectability of substantially all the consideration in a contract is not probable, consideration received is not recognized as revenue unless the consideration is nonrefundable, and we no longer have an obligation to transfer additional goods or services to the customer, or collectability becomes probable.
See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers,” for further details of our revenue recognition policy.
Cash and Cash Equivalents:
Cash and cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase and are stated at cost, which approximates market value, because of the short-term maturity of the instruments.
Allowance for Credit Losses:
We are exposed to credit losses through our accounts receivable with customers. Accounts receivable, net, is stated at amortized cost net of provision for credit losses. Our methodology to measure the provision for credit losses requires an estimation of loss rates based upon historical loss experience adjusted for factors that are relevant to determining the expected collectability of accounts receivable such as, delinquency trends, aging behavior of receivables, credit and liquidity indicators for industry groups, customer classes or individual customers, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of the economic and geopolitical conditions that may exist through the contractual life of the asset. Our provision for credit losses is reviewed and revised periodically. Our accounts receivable is evaluated on a pool basis that is based on customer groups with similar risk characteristics. This includes consideration of the following factors to develop these pools: size of the customer, industry, geographical location, historical risk, and types of services or products sold.
Our customers’ ability to pay is assessed through our internal credit review processes. Based on the value of credit extended, we assess our customers’ credit by reviewing the total expected receivable exposure, expected timing of payments, and the customers’ established credit rating. In determining customer creditworthiness, we assess our customers’ credit utilizing different resources including third-party validations and/or our own assessment through analysis of the customers’ financial statements and review of trade/bank references. We also consider contract terms and conditions, country and geopolitical risk, and the customers’ mix of products purchased in our evaluation. A credit limit is established for each customer based on the outcome of this review. Credit limits are periodically reviewed for existing customers and whenever an increase in the credit limit is being considered. When necessary, we utilize collection agencies and legal counsel to pursue recovery of defaulted receivables. We write off receivables only when deemed no longer collectible.
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The following table presents the change in provision for credit losses, which is presented net in Accounts receivable on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position for the period indicated:

| Provision for Credit Losses
Balance as of April 30, 2022 | $ | 21,221 |
Current period provision | 347 |
Amounts written off, less recoveries | (2,592) |
Foreign exchange translation adjustments and other | (314) |
Balance as of April 30, 2023 | $ | 18,662 |

Sales Return Reserves:
The process that we use to determine our sales returns and the related reserve provision charged against revenue, is based on applying an estimated return rate to current year returnable print book sales. This rate is based upon an analysis of actual historical return experience in the various markets and geographic regions in which we do business. We collect, maintain, and analyze significant amounts of sales returns data for large volumes of homogeneous transactions. This allows us to make reasonable estimates of the amount of future returns. All available data is utilized to identify the returns by market and to which fiscal year the sales returns apply. This enables management to track the returns in detail and identify and react to trends occurring in the marketplace, with the objective of being able to make the most informed judgments possible in setting reserve rates. Associated with the estimated sales return reserves, we also include a related increase to inventory and a reduction to accrued royalties as a result of the expected returns. Print book sales return reserves amounted to a net liability balance of $14.4 million and $19.4 million as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The reserves are reflected in the following accounts of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of April 30:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Increase in Inventories, net | $ | 6,923 |  |  | $ | 7,820 |
Decrease in Accrued royalties | (3,240) |  |  | (3,893) |
Increase in Contract liabilities | 24,582 |  |  | 31,135 |
Print book sales return reserve net liability balance | $ | (14,419) |  |  | $ | (19,422) |

Inventories:
Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. US book inventories aggregating $16.6 million and $20.6 million at April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are valued using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. All other inventories are valued using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Finished goods not recorded at LIFO have been recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value.
Product Development Assets:
Product development assets consist of book composition costs and other product development costs and were included in Other non-current assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Costs associated with developing a book for publication are expensed until the product is determined to be commercially viable. Book composition costs represent the costs incurred to bring an edited commercial manuscript to publication, which include typesetting, proofreading, design, illustration costs, and digital formatting. Book composition costs are capitalized and are generally amortized on a double-declining basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from 1 to 3 years. Other product development costs represent the costs incurred in developing software, platforms, and digital content to be sold and licensed to third parties. Other product development costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. As of April 30, 2023, the weighted average estimated useful life of other product development costs was approximately 6 years.
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Royalty Advances:
Royalty advances are capitalized and, upon publication, are expensed as royalties earned based on sales of the published works. Royalty advances are reviewed for recoverability and a reserve for loss is maintained, if appropriate.
Shipping and Handling Costs:
Costs incurred for third party shipping and handling are primarily reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. We incurred $27.1 million, $29.0 million, and $27.8 million in shipping and handling costs in the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Advertising and Marketing Costs:
Advertising and marketing costs are expensed as incurred. These costs are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Advertising and marketing costs | $ | 93,385 |  |  | $ | 100,572 |  |  | $ | 93,646 |
Cost of sales(1) | 55,907 |  |  | 62,889 |  |  | 56,956 |
Operating and administrative expenses | 37,478 |  |  | 37,683 |  |  | 36,690 |

(1) | This includes certain advertising and marketing costs incurred by our Academic business to fulfill performance obligations from contracts with educational institutions.

Technology, Property, and Equipment:
Technology, property, and equipment is recorded at cost, except for property and equipment that have been impaired, for which we reduce the carrying amount to the estimated fair value at the impairment date. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
Technology, property, and equipment is depreciated using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: Computer Software – 3 to 10 years; Computer Hardware – 3 to 5 years; Buildings and Leasehold Improvements – the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset up to 40 years or the duration of the lease; Furniture, Fixtures, and Warehouse Equipment – 5 to 10 years.
Costs incurred for computer software internally developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized during the application development stage and expensed as incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages. Costs incurred during the application development stage include costs of materials, services, and payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with the software project. Such costs are amortized over the expected useful life of the related software, which is generally 3 to 5 years. Costs related to the investment in our Enterprise Resource Planning and related systems are amortized over an expected useful life of 10 years. Maintenance, training, and upgrade costs that do not result in additional functionality are expensed as incurred.
Allocation of Acquisition Purchase Price to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed:
In connection with acquisitions, we allocate the cost of the acquisition to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on the estimates of fair value for such items, including intangible assets and technology acquired. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. The determination of the acquisition-date fair value of the assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, such as forecasted revenue growth rates and operating cash flows, royalty rates, customer attrition rates, obsolescence rates of developed technology, and discount rates. We may use a third-party valuation consultant to assist in the determination of such estimates.
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Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets:
Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate of the following: (1) consideration transferred, (2) the fair value of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, and (3) if the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition-date fair value of our previously held equity interest in the acquiree over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of brands and trademarks, and publishing rights, and are typically characterized by intellectual property with a long and well-established revenue stream resulting from strong and well-established imprint/brand recognition in the market.
We use the acquisition method of accounting for all business combinations and do not amortize goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for possible impairment annually during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.
See Note 11, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for further details of our policy.
Intangible Assets with Definite Lives and Other Long-Lived Assets:
Definite-lived intangible assets principally consist of content and publishing rights, customer relationships, developed technology, brands and trademarks, and covenants not to compete agreements, and are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The most significant factors in determining the estimated lives of these intangibles are the history and longevity, combined with the strength and pattern of projected cash flows.
Intangible assets with definite lives as of April 30, 2023 are amortized on a straight-line basis over the following weighted average estimated useful lives: content and publishing rights – 27 years, customer relationships – 16 years, developed technology – 7 years, brands and trademarks – 15 years, and covenants not to compete agreements – 5 years.
Assets with definite lives are evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macroeconomic environment. In these circumstances, if an evaluation of the projected undiscounted cash flows indicates impairment, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on the discounted future cash flows.
Leases:
We have contractual obligations as a lessee with respect to offices, warehouses and distribution centers, automobiles, and office equipment. See Note 12, “Operating Leases” for further details of our policy.
Employee Benefit Plans:
We provide various defined benefit plans to our employees. We use actuarial assumptions to calculate pension and benefit costs as well as pension assets and liabilities included in the consolidated financial statements. See Note 17, “Retirement Plans” for further details of our policy.
Income Taxes:
Income taxes are recorded using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred taxes are measured using rates the Company expects to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The financial effect of changes in tax laws or rates is accounted for in the period of enactment. Future tax benefits are recognized to the extent that the realization of such benefits is more likely than not. Valuation allowances are established when management determines that it is more likely than not that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
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From time to time, the Company engages in transactions in which the tax consequences may be subject to uncertainty. Judgment is required in assessing and estimating the tax consequences of these transactions. The Company prepares and files tax returns based on its interpretation of tax laws and regulations. In the normal course of business, the Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax and interest assessments by these taxing authorities.
In determining the Company’s tax provision for financial reporting purposes, the Company establishes a reserve for uncertain tax positions, unless such positions are determined to be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination based on their technical merits, including the resolution of any appeals or litigation processes. The Company includes interest and, where appropriate, penalties as a component of income tax expense. There is judgment involved in determining whether positions taken on the Company’s tax returns are more likely than not of being sustained, which involve the use of estimates and assumptions with respect to the potential outcome of positions taken on tax returns that may be reviewed by tax authorities.
Derivative Financial Instruments:
From time to time, we enter into foreign exchange forward and interest rate swap contracts as a hedge against foreign currency asset and liability commitments, changes in interest rates, and anticipated transaction exposures, including intercompany purchases. All derivatives are recognized as assets or liabilities and measured at fair value. Derivatives that are not determined to be effective hedges are adjusted to fair value with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Foreign Currency Gains/Losses:
We maintain operations in many non-US locations. Assets and liabilities are translated into US dollars using end-of-period exchange rates and revenues, and expenses are translated into US dollars using weighted average rates. Our significant investments in non-US businesses are exposed to foreign currency risk. Foreign currency translation adjustments are reported as a separate component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss within Shareholders’ Equity. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Income as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation:
We recognize stock-based compensation expense based on the fair value of the stock-based awards on the grant date, reduced by an estimate for future forfeited awards. As such, stock-based compensation expense is only recognized for those awards that are expected to ultimately vest. The fair value of stock-based awards is recognized in net income generally on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense associated with performance-based stock awards is based on actual financial results for targets established up to three years in advance, or less. The cumulative effect on current and prior periods of a change in the estimated number of performance share awards, or estimated forfeiture rate, is recognized as an adjustment to earnings in the period of the revision. If actual results differ significantly from estimates, our stock-based compensation expense and Consolidated Statements of Income could be impacted. The grant date fair value for stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The determination of the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model include the expected life of an option, the expected volatility of our common stock over the estimated life of the option, a risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. Judgment was also required in estimating the amount of stock-based awards that may be forfeited.
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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Reference Rate Reform
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” In January 2021, the FASB clarified the scope of that guidance with the issuance of ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform: Scope.” These ASUs provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. This would apply to companies meeting certain criteria that have contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," which extended the date to December 31, 2024. This standard was effective for us immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2024. On November 30, 2022, we amended the Amended and Restated CA (as defined in Note 14, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities”) and as a result we amended our outstanding interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges to change the rates from LIBOR-based rates to SOFR-based rates. We applied ASU 2020-04 at the time of modification, and there was no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. The future impact of this ASU on our consolidated financial statements will be based on any future contract modifications.
Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance thereafter. ASU 2016-13 requires entities to measure all expected credit losses for most financial assets held at the reporting date based on an expected loss model which includes historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Entities will now use forward-looking information to better form their credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 also required enhanced disclosures to help financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses.
We adopted the new standard on May 1, 2020, with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 primarily impacted our trade receivables, specifically our allowance for doubtful accounts. The adoption of the standard did not have an impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income, or our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See above under the caption “Allowance for Credit Losses” for a discussion of our policy.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” This ASU requires that an acquirer recognize, and measure, contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606) as if it had originated the contracts. Generally, this would result in an acquirer recognizing and measuring the acquired contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements if the acquiree prepared financial statements in accordance with US GAAP. This standard is effective for us on May 1, 2023, including interim periods within the fiscal year. The standard is applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The impact will be based on future business combinations after we adopt the standard.
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Note 3 — Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers
Disaggregation of Revenue
As described in Note 1, "Description of Business", we have reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments which includes Research (no changes), Academic, and Talent, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments. Prior period segment results have been revised to the new segment presentation. There were no changes to our consolidated financial results. As a result of this realignment, we were required to test goodwill for impairment immediately before and after the realignment. See Note 11, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets" for more details on the interim goodwill impairment test and the impairment charges. See also Note 20, “Segment Information,” for more details regarding our reportable segments.
The following tables present our revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by segment and product type.

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Research: |  |  |  |  |
Research Publishing (1) | $ | 926,773 |  |  | $ | 963,715 |  |  | $ | 892,176 |
Research Solutions (1) | 153,538 |  |  | 147,628 |  |  | 123,173 |
Total Research | 1,080,311 |  |  | 1,111,343 |  |  | 1,015,349 |
Academic: |  |  |  |  |
Academic Publishing | 481,752 |  |  | 531,705 |  |  | 538,643 |
University Services | 208,656 |  |  | 227,407 |  |  | 230,371 |
Total Academic | 690,408 |  |  | 759,112 |  |  | 769,014 |
Talent | 249,181 |  |  | 212,473 |  |  | 157,138 |
Total Revenue | $ | 2,019,900 |  |  | $ | 2,082,928 |  |  | $ | 1,941,501 |

(1) | As previously announced, in May 2022 our revenue by product type previously referred to as Research Platforms was changed to Research Solutions. Research Solutions includes infrastructure and publishing services that help societies and corporations thrive in a complex knowledge ecosystem. In addition to Platforms (Atypon), certain product offerings such as corporate sales which included the recent acquisitions of Madgex Holdings Limited (Madgex), and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.’s Informatics products (Informatics) that were previously included in Research Publishing moved to Research Solutions to align with our strategic focus. Research Solutions also includes product offerings related to certain recent acquisitions such as J&J, and EJP. Prior period results have been revised to the new presentation. There were no changes to the total Research segment or our consolidated financial results. The revenue reclassified to Research Solutions was $93.3 million and $80.3 million for the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following information describes our disaggregation of revenue by segment and product type. Overall, the majority of our revenue is recognized over time.
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Research
Research customers include academic, corporate, government, and public libraries, funders of research, researchers, scientists, clinicians, engineers and technologists, scholarly and professional societies, and students and professors. Research products are sold and distributed globally through multiple channels, including research libraries and library consortia, independent subscription agents, direct sales to researchers and professional society members, and other customers. Publishing centers include Australia, China, Germany, India, the UK, and the US. The majority of revenue generated from Research products is recognized over time. Total Research revenue was $1,080.3 million in the year ended April 30, 2023.
We disaggregated revenue by Research Publishing and Research Solutions to reflect the different type of products and services provided.
Research Publishing Products
Research Publishing products provide scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, as well as related content and services, to academic, corporate, and government libraries, learned societies, and individual researchers and other professionals. Research Publishing revenue was $926.8 million in the year ended April 30, 2023, and the majority is recognized over time.
In the year ended April 30, 2023, Research Publishing produc ts generated approximately 86% of its revenue from contracts with its customers from Journal Subscriptions (pay to read), Open Access (pay to publish), and Transformational Agreements (read and publish), and the remainder from Licensing, Backfiles, and Other.
Journal Subscriptions, Open Access, and Transformational Models
Journal subscription contracts are negotiated by us directly with customers or their subscription agents. Subscription periods typically cover calendar years. In a typical journal subscription sale, there is a written agreement between us and our customer that covers multiple years. However, we typically account for these agreements as one-year contracts because our enforceable rights under the agreements are subject to an annual confirmation and negotiation process with the customer.
In journal subscriptions, there are generally two performance obligations: a functional intellectual property license with a stand-ready obligation to provide access to new content for one year, which includes online hosting of the content, and a functional intellectual property perpetual license for access to historical journal content, which also includes online hosting of the content. The transaction price consists of fixed consideration. Journal subscription revenue is generally collected in advance when the annual license is granted and no significant financing component exists.
The total transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We allocate revenue to the stand-ready obligation to provide access to new content for one year based on its observable standalone selling price which is generally the contractually stated price, and the revenue for new content is recognized over one year as we have a continuous stand-ready obligation to provide the right of access to additional intellectual property. The allocation of revenue to the perpetual licenses for access to historical journal content is done using the expected cost plus a margin approach as permitted by the revenue standard. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when access to historical content is initially granted.
Under the Open Access business model, we have a signed contract with the customer that contains enforceable rights. The Open Access business model in a typical model includes an over-time single performance obligation that combines a promise to host the customer’s content on our open access platform, and a promise to provide an Article Publication Charge (APC) at a discount to eligible users who are defined in the contract, in exchange for an upfront payment. Enforceable right to payment occurs over time as we fulfill our obligation to provide a discount to eligible users, as defined, on future APCs. Therefore, the upfront payment is recorded as a contract liability and revenue is recognized over time.
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Transformational agreements (read and publish) are the innovative new model that blends journal subscription and open access offerings. Essentially, for a single fee, a national or regional consortium of libraries pays for and receives full read access to our journal portfolio and the ability to publish under an open access arrangement. Like subscriptions, transformational deals involve recurring revenue under multiyear contracts. Unlike subscriptions, some transformational agreements also allow for further upside depending on how much publishing volume we generate. Transformational models accelerate the transition to open access while maintaining subscription access.
Starting in calendar year 2022, we signed transformational agreements that generally include three performance obligations: (1) a functional intellectual property license with a stand-ready obligation to provide access to new content for one year, which includes online hosting of the content, (2) a functional intellectual property perpetual license for access to historical journal content, which also includes online hosting of the content, and (3) a publishing entitlement that generally allows for a fixed number of articles to be published in hybrid open access journals each contract year. In addition, some of these transformational agreements also include another performance obligation that includes the promise to provide an APC at a discount in gold open access journals and is recognized over time.
Starting in calendar year 2023, we expanded our transformational agreements to include a model that generally includes four performance obligations. The publishing entitlement was expanded to include an additional performance obligation which provided the ability to publish in gold open access journals, as well as in hybrid open access journals as described above. The transaction price consists of fixed consideration and is allocated to the publishing entitlement performance obligation based on its observable standalone selling price, the residual approach for the license to access new content, and the expected cost plus a margin approach for the perpetual license. The revenue for the publishing entitlement and the license to access new content is generally recognized straight-line over the contract year due to the stand-ready obligations. The revenue for the perpetual license is recognized at the point in time when access to historical content is initially granted. Cash is generally collected in advance.
In January 2019, Wiley announced a contractual arrangement in support of open access, a countrywide partnership agreement with Projekt DEAL, a representative of nearly 700 academic institutions in Germany. This three-year agreement, which was extended for two years, provides all Projekt DEAL institutions with access to read Wiley’s academic journals back to the year 1997, and researchers at Projekt DEAL institutions can publish articles open access in Wiley’s journals. The partnership will better support institutions and researchers in advancing open science, driving discovery, and developing and disseminating knowledge. Projekt DEAL includes multiple performance obligations, which include a stand-ready obligation to provide access to new content, perpetual license for access to historical journal content, and accepting articles to be hosted on our open access platform. We are compensated primarily through a fee per article published and a consolidated access fee. The consideration for Projekt DEAL consists of fixed and variable consideration. We allocated the total consideration to the fixed and variable components based on its relative standalone selling prices for each performance obligation.
Licensing, Backfiles, and Other
Within licensing, the revenue derived from these contracts is primarily comprised of advance payments, including minimum guarantees and sales- or usage-based royalty agreements. Our intellectual property is considered to be functional intellectual property. Due to the stand-ready obligation to provide updates during the subscription period, which is generally an annual period, revenue for the minimum guarantee is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. For our sales- or usage-based royalty agreements, we recognize revenue in the period of usage based on the amounts earned. We record revenue under these arrangements for the amounts due and not yet reported to us based on estimates of the sales or usage of these customers and pursuant to the terms of the contracts. We also have certain licenses whereby we receive a non-refundable minimum guarantee against a volume-based royalty throughout the term of the agreement. We recognize volume-based royalty income only when cumulative consideration exceeds the minimum guarantee.
For Backfiles, the performance obligation is the granting of a functional intellectual property license. Revenue is recognized at the time the functional intellectual property license is granted.
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Other includes our Article Select offering, whereby we have a single performance obligation to our customers to give access to an article through the purchase of a token. The customer redeems the token for access to the article for a 24-hour period. The customer purchases the tokens with an upfront cash payment. Revenue is recognized when access to the article is provided. In addition, we also provide subscriptions to certain databases in evidence-based medicine (EBM). These subscriptions generally include a functional intellectual property license with a stand-ready promise to provide access to new content for one year. Revenue is generally recognized straight-line over the contract year due to the stand-ready obligations.
Research Solutions Products and Services
Research Solutions revenue was $153.5 million in the year ended April 30, 2023 and the majority is recognized over time. In the year ended April 30, 2023, Research Solutions products and services generated approximately 68% of their revenue from contracts with their customers from corporate and society offerings and 32% from Atypon platforms and services.
Corporate and Society Service Offerings
Corporate and society service offerings includes advertising, spectroscopy software and spectral databases, and job board software and career center services, which includes the products and services from our acquisition of Madgex and Informatics. In addition, it also includes product and service offerings related to recent acquisitions such as J&J and the EJP business. J&J is a publishing services company providing expert offerings in editorial operations, production, copyediting, system support and consulting. EJP is a technology platform company with an established journal submission and peer-review management system.
We generate advertising revenue from print and online journal subscription products, our online publishing platform, Literatum, online events such as webinars and virtual conferences, community interest websites such as s pectroscopyNOW.com, and other websites. Journal and article reprints are primarily used by pharmaceutical companies and other industries for marketing and promotional purposes.
Generally these product and service offerings can include either a single or multiple performance obligations, and have a mix of revenue recognized at a point in time and over time.
Atypon Platforms and Services
Atypon is a publishing software and service provider that enables scholarly and professional societies and publishers to deliver, host, enhance, market, and manage their content on the web through the Literatum TM platform. Atypon services primarily includes a single performance obligation for the implementation and hosting of subscription services. The transaction price is fixed which may include price escalators that are fixed increases per year, and therefore, revenue is recognized upon the initiation of the subscription period and recognized on a straight-line basis over the time of the contractual period. The duration of these contracts is generally multiyear ranging from 2 to 5 years.
Academic
Total Academic revenue was $690.4 million in the year ended April 30, 2023. We disaggregated revenue by type of products provided. Academic products are Academic Publishing and University Services.
Academic Publishing Products
Academic Publishing products revenue was $481.8 million in the year ended April 30, 2023. Products and services include scientific, professional, and education print and digital books, digital courseware, and test preparation services to libraries, corporations, students, professionals, and researchers. Communities served include business, finance, accounting, workplace learning, management, leadership, technology, behavioral health, engineering/architecture, science and medicine, and education. Products are developed for worldwide distribution through multiple channels, including chain and online booksellers, libraries, colleges and universities, corporations, direct to consumer, web sites, distributor networks and other online applications. Publishing centers include Australia, Germany, India, the UK, and the US.
In the year ended April 30, 2023, Academic Publishing products generated approximately 67% of their revenue from contracts with their customers for print and digital publishing, which is recognized at a point in time. Digital Courseware products generate approximately 19% of their revenue from contracts with their customers which is recognized over time. The remainder of their revenues were from Test Preparation and Certification, and Licensing and Other, which has a mix of revenue recognized at a point in time and over time.
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Print and Digital Publishing
Our performance obligations as they relate to print and digital publishing are primarily book products delivered in both print and digital form which could include single or multiple performance obligations based on the number of print or digital books purchased. Each is represented by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), with each ISBN representing a performance obligation. Each ISBN has an observable stand-alone selling price as Wiley sells the books separately.
This revenue stream also includes variable consideration as it relates to discounts and returns for both print and digital books. Discounts are identifiable by performance obligation and therefore are applied at the point of sale by performance obligation. The process that we use to determine our sales returns and the related reserve provision charged against revenue, is based on applying an estimated return rate to current year returnable print book sales. This rate is based upon an analysis of actual historical return experience in the various markets and geographic regions in which we do business. We collect, maintain, and analyze significant amounts of sales returns data for large volumes of homogeneous transactions. This allows us to make reasonable estimates of the amount of future returns. All available data is utilized to identify the returns by market and to which fiscal year the sales returns apply. This enables management to track the returns in detail and identify and react to trends occurring in the marketplace, with the objective of being able to make the most informed judgments possible in setting reserve rates. Associated with the estimated sales return reserves, we also include a related increase to inventory and reduction to accrued royalties as a result of the expected returns.
As it relates to print and digital books, revenue is recognized at the point when control of the product transfers, which for print is upon shipment or for digital when fulfillment of the products has been rendered.
Digital Courseware Products
Courseware customers purchase access codes to utilize the product. This could include single or multiple performance obligations based on the number of course ISBNs purchased. Revenue is recognized over time in the period from when the access codes are activated over the applicable semester term to which such product relates.
Test Preparation and Certification Products
Test Preparation and Certification contracts are generally three-year agreements. This revenue stream includes multiple performance obligations as it relates to the online and printed course materials, including such items as textbooks, ebooks, video lectures, flashcards, study guides, and test banks. The transaction price is fixed; however, discounts are offered and returns of certain products are allowed. We allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. This standalone selling price is generally based upon the observable selling prices where the product is sold separately to customers. Depending on the performance obligation, revenue is recognized at the time the product is delivered and control has passed to the customer or over time due to our stand-ready obligation to provide updates to the customer.
In the three months ended April 30, 2023, we sold a portion of our test preparation and certification products referred to as Wiley's Efficient Learning test prep portfolio which focused on test prep for finance, accounting and business certifications. See Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures" for further details.
Licensing and Other
Revenue derived from our licensing contracts is primarily comprised of advance payments and sales- or usage-based royalties. Revenue for advance payments is recognized at the point in time that the functional intellectual property license is granted. For sales- or usage-based royalties, we record revenue under these arrangements for the amounts due and not yet reported to us based on estimates of the sales or usage of these customers and pursuant to the terms of the contracts.
University Services
University Services revenue was $208.7 million in the year ended April 30, 2023 and is mainly recognized over time. Our University Services business offers institutions and their students a rich portfolio of education technology and student and faculty support services, allowing the institutions to reach more students online with their own quality academic programs.
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University Services provides institutions with a bespoke suite of services that each institution has determined it needs to serve students, including market research, marketing and recruitment, program development, online platform technology, student retention support, instructional design, faculty development and support, and access to the Engage Learning Management System, which facilitates the online education experience. Graduate degree programs include Business Administration, Finance, Accounting, Healthcare, Engineering, Communications, and others.
Revenue is derived from pre-negotiated contracts with institutions that provide for a share of revenue generated after students have enrolled and demonstrated initial persistence. While the majority of our contracts are revenue-share arrangements, we also offer the opportunity to contract on a fee-for-service basis. As of April 30, 2023, the University Services business had 64 university partners under contract. The University Services revenue-share contracts are generally multiyear agreements ranging from a period of 7 to 10 years, with some having optional renewal periods. These optional renewal periods are not a material right and are not considered a separate performance obligation.
University Services revenue-share contracts include a single performance obligation for the services provided because of the integrated technology and services our institutional clients need to attract, enroll, educate, and support students. Consideration is variable since it is based on the number of students enrolled in a program. We begin to recognize revenue at the start of the delivery of the class within a semester overtime, which is also when the variable consideration contingency is resolved.
Talent
Talent revenue was $249.2 million in the year ended April 30, 2023. Our Talent segment consists of talent development (Wiley Edge, formerly mthree) for professionals and businesses, assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
Talent development includes Wiley Edge which sources, trains, and prepares aspiring students and professionals to meet the skill needs of today’s technology careers, and then places them with some of the world's largest financial institutions, technology companies, and government agencies. Wiley Edge also works with its clients to retrain and retain existing employees so they can continue to meet the changing demands of today’s technology landscape. Wiley Edge revenue is recognized at the point in time the services are provided to its customers.
Talent services also includes assessments (corporate training) for high-demand soft-skills training solutions that are delivered to organizational clients through online digital delivery platforms, either directly or through an authorized distributor network of independent consultants, trainers, and coaches. This corporate training product offering i ncludes multiple performance obligations. This includes a performance obligation that includes an annual membership which includes the right to purchase products and services, access to the platform, support, and training. This performance obligation is recognized over time as we have an obligation to stand-ready for the customer’s use of the services. In addition, there are performance obligations for the assessments and related products or services which are recognized at a point in time when the assessment, product, or service is provided or delivered. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on its observable standalone selling price which is generally the contractually stated price for the performance obligation related to the annual membership, and for the other performance obligations based on its relative observable selling price when sold separately. In addition, customers’ unexercised rights for situations where we have received a nonrefundable payment for a customer to receive an assessment and the customer is not expected to exercise such right, we will recognize such “breakage” amounts as revenue in proportion to the pattern of rights exercised by the customer, which is generally one year.
In addition, Talent services includes corporate learning online learning and training solutions for global corporations, universities, and small and medium-sized enterprises sold on a subscription or fee basis. The transaction price for these corporate learning services consists of fixed consideration that is determined at the beginning of each year and received at the same time. There are multiple performance obligations, which include the licenses to learning content and the learning application. Revenue is recognized over time as we have a continuous obligation to provide the right of access to the intellectual property which includes the licenses and learning applications.
Accounts Receivable, net and Contract Liability Balances
When consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract, a contract liability is recorded. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when, or as, control of the products or services are transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met.
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The following table provides information about accounts receivable, net and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

| April 30, 2023 |  | April 30, 2022 |  | Increase/ (Decrease)
Balances from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | $ | 310,121 |  |  | $ | 331,960 |  |  | $ | (21,839) |
Contract liabilities(1) | 504,695 |  |  | 538,126 |  |  | (33,431) |
Contract liabilities (included in Other long-term liabilities) | $ | 17,426 |  |  | $ | 19,072 |  |  | $ | (1,646) |

(1) | The sales return reserve recorded in Contract liabilities is $24.6 million and $31.1 million as of April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2022, respectively. See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” for further details of the sales return reserve.

For the year ended April 30, 2023, we estimate that we recognized as revenue substantially all of the current contract liability balance at April 30, 2022.
The decrease in contract liabilities, excluding the sales return reserve, was primarily driven by revenue earned on journal subscription agreements, transformational agreements, and open access and, to a lesser extent, the impact of foreign exchange. This was partially offset by an increase due to renewals of journal subscription agreements, transformational agreements, and open access.
Remaining Performance Obligations included in Contract Liability
As of April 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations is approximately $522.1 million, which includes the sales return reserve of $24.6 million. Excluding the sales return reserve, we expect that approximately $480.1 million will be recognized in the next twelve months with the remaining $17.4 million to be recognized thereafter.
Assets Recognized for the Costs to Fulfill a Contract
Costs to fulfill a contract are directly related to a contract that will be used to satisfy a performance obligation in the future and are expected to be recovered. These costs are amortized on a systematic basis that is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. These types of costs are incurred in the following product types: (1) Research Solutions services, which includes customer specific implementation costs per the terms of the contract and (2) University Services, which includes customer specific costs to develop courses per the terms of the contract.
Our assets associated with incremental costs to fulfill a contract were $10.6 million and $10.9 million at April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included within Other non-current assets on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. We recorded amortization expense of $4.5 million, $5.2 million, and $5.1 million in the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, related to these assets within Cost of sales on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Sales and value-added taxes are excluded from revenues. Shipping and handling costs, which are primarily incurred within the Academic segment, occur before the transfer of control of the related goods. Therefore, in accordance with the revenue standard, it is not considered a promised service to the customer and would be considered a cost to fulfill our promise to transfer the goods. Costs incurred for third-party shipping and handling are primarily reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. We incurred $27.1 million, $29.0 million, and $27.8 million in shipping and handling costs in the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Note 4 – Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
Pro forma financial information related to these acquisitions has not been provided as it is not material to our consolidated results of operations.
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Fiscal Year 2023
On November 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of an immaterial business included in our Academic segment. The fair value of consideration transferred was $6.1 million, which included $5.2 million of cash at the acquisition date and $0.9 million to be paid after the acquisition date. The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. We recorded the preliminary aggregate excess purchase price over identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which included a preliminary allocation of $3.9 million of goodwill allocated to the Academic segment and $3.7 million of intangible assets subject to amortization.
The allocation of the total consideration transferred to the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and the liabilities assumed could be revised as a result of additional information obtained due to tax related matters and contingencies and certain assets and liabilities, including receivables and payables, but such amounts will be finalized within the measurement period, which will not exceed one year from the acquisition date.
Fiscal Year 2022
XYZ Media
On December 29, 2021, we completed the acquisition of certain assets of XYZ Media Inc. (XYZ Media). XYZ Media is a company that generates leads for higher education institutions. The results of XYZ Media are included in our Academic segment results. The fair value of consideration transferred at the date of acquisition was $45.4 million, which included $38.0 million of cash and approximately 129 thousand shares of Wiley Class A common stock, or approximately $7.4 million. We financed the payment of the cash consideration with a combination of cash on hand and borrowings under our Amended and Restated CA (as defined below in Note 14, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities”).
The XYZ Media acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The excess purchase price over identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed, has been recorded to Goodwill in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Goodwill represents synergies and economies of scale expected from the combination of services. We recorded the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date. The goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes. The acquisition related costs to acquire XYZ Media were expensed when incurred and were approximately $0.1 million for the year ended April 30, 2022. Such costs were allocated to the Academic segment and are reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended April 30, 2022.
XYZ Media’s incremental revenue and operating loss included in our Academic segment results for the year ended April 30, 2023 was $6.9 million and $(3.1) million, respectively. XYZ Media’s revenue and operating loss included in our Academic segment results for the year ended April 30, 2022 was $3.6 million and $(1.5) million, respectively.
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During the year ended April 30, 2023, no revisions were made to the allocation of the consideration transferred to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred to acquire XYZ Media and the final allocation of the purchase price among the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

| Final Allocation
Total consideration transferred | $ | 45,363 |
Assets: |
Current assets | 913 |
Intangible assets, net | 22,711 |
Goodwill | 22,226 |
Other non-current assets | 46 |
Total assets | $ | 45,896 |
Liabilities: |
Current liabilities | 533 |
Total liabilities | $ | 533 |

The following table summarizes the identifiable intangible assets acquired and their weighted-average useful life at the date of acquisition.

| Fair Value |  | Weighted-Average Useful Life (in Years)
Developed technology | $ | 20,930 |  |  | 7
Customer relationships | 1,340 |  |  | 6
Covenants not to compete | 323 |  |  | 5
Tradename | 118 |  |  | 1
Total | $ | 22,711 |  |  |

The allocation of the total consideration transferred to the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and the liabilities assumed was finalized during the three months ended January 31, 2023.
Other Acquisitions in Fiscal Year 2022
On November 30, 2021, we acquired the assets of the eJournalPress (EJP) business from Precision Computer Works, Inc. EJP is a technology platform company with an established journal submission and peer review management system. The results of EJP are included in our Research segment results.
On October 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of certain assets of J&J Editorial Services, LLC. (J&J). J&J is a publishing services company providing expert offerings in editorial operations, production, copyediting, system support, and consulting. The results of J&J are included in our Research segment results.
We also completed in the year ended April 30, 2022 the acquisition of two immaterial businesses included in our Research segment and the acquisition of one immaterial business in our Talent segment.
The aggregate fair value of consideration transferred for these other acquisitions was approximately $41.2 million during the year ended April 30, 2022. This included $36.2 million of cash paid at the acquisition dates and $5.0 million of additional cash to be paid after the acquisition dates, of which $2.0 million was paid in the year ended April 30, 2023. The fair value of the cash consideration transferred, net of $1.2 million of cash acquired was approximately $34.9 million.
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These other acquisitions were accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting as of their respective acquisition dates.
Associated with these other acquisitions, the aggregate excess purchase price over identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed of $24.8 million has been recorded to Goodwill on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of April 30, 2022 and $15.6 million of intangible assets subject to amortization have been recorded, including developed technology, customer relationships, trademarks, covenants not to compete, and content that is being amortized over weighted-average useful lives of 4, 8, 2, 4, and 4 years, respectively. The fair value assessed for the majority of the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed approximated their carrying value. Goodwill represents synergies and economies of scale expected from the combination of services. Goodwill of $24.8 million has been allocated to the Research segment and none has been allocated to the Talent segment. Approximately $18.7 million of the goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes, and $6.1 million will not be deductible for tax purposes. The aggregate acquisition related costs to acquire these other acquisitions was expensed when incurred and was approximately $0.5 million for the year ended April 30, 2022. Such costs were allocated to the Research segment and are reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended April 30, 2022.
The incremental revenue for the years ended April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2022 related to these other acquisitions was approximately $9.5 million and $8.1 million, respectively.
During the year ended April 30, 2023, the allocation of the total consideration transferred to the assets acquired, including intangible assets and goodwill, and the liabilities assumed was finalized for all of these other acquisitions.
Divestitures
As part of our ongoing initiatives to simplify our portfolio and focus our attention on strategic growth areas, we have completed two dispositions during the year ended April 30, 2023. Both were included in our Academic segment.
On February 28, 2023, we completed the sale of Wiley's Efficient Learning test prep portfolio business. In addition, on March 31, 2023, we completed the sale of our advancement courses business.
Neither dispositions constituted a strategic shift, and the impact on our overall operations and financial results was not material. Accordingly, the operations associated with the dispositions are not reported in discontinued operations. The selling price for both dispositions was $16.5 million, which included $15.5 million of cash received net of transaction costs at the date of disposition, and $1.0 million to be received after the disposition date. The pretax gain on sale of $10.2 million, after accounting for the assets sold, liabilities transferred upon sale and transaction costs, is included in Gain on sale of businesses and certain assets in our Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended April 30, 2023. As a result of the closing of the transactions, we derecognized net assets of $6.4 million, including goodwill of $5.3 million and intangible assets of $2.4 million.
Note 5 – Reconciliation of Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
A reconciliation of the shares used in the computation of earnings per share follows (shares in thousands):

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted average shares outstanding | 55,558 |  | 55,759 |  | 55,931
Less: Unvested restricted shares | — |  | — |  | (1)
Shares used for basic earnings per share | 55,558 |  | 55,759 |  | 55,930
Dilutive effect of unvested restricted stock units and other stock awards | 797 |  | 839 |  | 531
Shares used for diluted earnings per share | 56,355 |  | 56,598 |  | 56,461
Antidilutive options to purchase Class A common shares, restricted shares, warrants to purchase Class A common shares and contingently issuable restricted stock which are excluded from the table above | 393 |  | 772 |  | 982

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The shares associated with performance-based stock awards (PSU) are considered contingently issuable shares and will be included in the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding when they have met the performance conditions, and when their effect is dilutive.
We included contingently issuable shares using the treasury stock method for certain PSU in the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding based on the number of contingently issuable shares that would be issued assuming the end of our reporting period was the end of the relevant PSU contingency period.
Note 6 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component, net of tax, for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unamortized Retirement Costs |  | Interest Rate Swaps |  | Total
Balance at April 30, 2020 | $ | (340,703) |  |  | $ | (227,920) |  |  | $ | (6,874) |  |  | $ | (575,497) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 82,762 |  |  | (6,273) |  |  | (639) |  |  | 75,850 |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 6,047 |  |  | 2,810 |  |  | 8,857 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 82,762 |  |  | (226) |  |  | 2,171 |  |  | 84,707 |
Balance at April 30, 2021 | $ | (257,941) |  |  | $ | (228,146) |  |  | $ | (4,703) |  |  | $ | (490,790) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (71,625) |  |  | 40,247 |  |  | 5,165 |  |  | (26,213) |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 5,673 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | 8,857 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | (71,625) |  |  | 45,920 |  |  | 8,349 |  |  | (17,356) |
Balance at April 30, 2022 | $ | (329,566) |  |  | $ | (182,226) |  |  | $ | 3,646 |  |  | $ | (508,146) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 3,220 |  |  | (29,053) |  |  | 4,385 |  |  | (21,448) |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 4,473 |  |  | (3,781) |  |  | 692 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 3,220 |  |  | (24,580) |  |  | 604 |  |  | (20,756) |
Balance at April 30, 2023 | $ | (326,346) |  |  | $ | (206,806) |  |  | $ | 4,250 |  |  | $ | (528,902) |

For the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, pretax actuarial losses included in Unamortized Retirement Costs of approximately $6.0 million, $7.2 million, and $7.8 million, respectively, were amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive loss and recognized as pension and post-retirement benefit (expense) primarily in Operating and administrative expenses and Other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Our policy for releasing the income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income is to release when the corresponding pretax accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income items are reclassified to earnings.
Note 7 – Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)
Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program
In May 2022, the Company initiated a global program to restructure and align our cost base with current and anticipated future market conditions (Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program). This program includes severance related charges for the elimination of certain positions, the exit of certain leased office space, and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. We are reducing our real estate square footage occupancy by approximately 22%.
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The following tables summarize the pretax restructuring charges related to this program:

| For the Year Ended April 30,
| 2023
Charges by Segment: |
Research | $ | 2,413 |
Academic | 10,335 |
Talent | 3,255 |
Corporate Expenses | 32,879 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges | $ | 48,882 |
Charges by Activity: |
Severance and termination benefits | $ | 25,827 |
Impairment of operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | 12,696 |
Acceleration of expense related to operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | 2,140 |
Facility related charges, net | 4,150 |
Consulting costs | 2,285 |
Other activities | 1,784 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges | $ | 48,882 |

The impairment charges of $12.7 million for the year ended April 30, 2023 included the impairment of operating lease ROU assets of $7.6 million related to certain leases that will be subleased, and the related property and equipment of $5.1 million described further below. These charges were recorded in corporate expenses.
The acceleration of expense of $2.1 million for the year ended April 30, 2023 included the acceleration of rent expense associated with operating lease ROU assets of $0.9 million related to certain leases that will be abandoned or terminated, and the related depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $1.2 million.
Due to the actions taken above, we tested the operating lease ROU assets and the related property and equipment for those being subleased for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset groups were below the carrying values. Therefore, there was an indication of impairment. We then determined the fair value of the asset groups by utilizing the present value of the estimated future cash flows attributable to the assets. The fair value of these operating lease ROU assets and the property and equipment immediately subsequent to the impairment was $12.1 million and was categorized as Level 3 within the FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” fair value hierarchy.
In addition, we also incurred ongoing facility-related costs associated with certain properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $4.2 million in the year ended April 30, 2023. We also incurred consulting costs of $2.3 million and other activities of $1.8 million in the year ended April 30, 2023.
In the three months ended January 31, 2023, due to the political instability and military actions between Russia and Ukraine, we made the decision to close our operations in Russia which primarily consists of technology development resources. We were substantially complete with our closure as of April 30, 2023, except for the formal liquidation of the Russian legal entity, which we expect to complete in fiscal year 2024. Since we were substantially liquidated as of April 30, 2023, we wrote off the $1.1 million cumulative translation adjustment gain in earnings. This is reflected in Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Included in the table above are restructuring charges for the year ended April 30, 2023 of $8.3 million, related to these actions, and include the following:
•Severance charges of $6.8 million for the elimination of certain positions;
•Relocation and other charges of $1.1 million primarily for positions that will remain with the Company but will be in another geographic location; and
•Acceleration of depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $0.3 million.
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The following table summarizes the activity for the Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program liability for the year ended April 30, 2023:

| April 30, 2022 |  | Charges |  | Payments |  | Foreign Translation & Other Adjustments |  | April 30, 2023
Severance and termination benefits | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,827 |  |  | $ | (21,247) |  |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | 4,572 |
Consulting costs | — |  |  | 2,285 |  |  | (2,285) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other activities | — |  |  | 1,784 |  |  | (1,986) |  |  | 211 |  |  | 9 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,896 |  |  | $ | (25,518) |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 4,581 |

Approximately $3.8 million of the restructuring liability for accrued severance and termination benefits is reflected in Accrued employment costs and approximately $0.8 million is reflected in Other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The liability for Other activities is reflected in Other accrued liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
Business Optimization Program
Beginning in fiscal year 2020, we initiated a multiyear Business Optimization Program (the Business Optimization Program) to drive efficiency improvement and operating savings.
The following tables summarize the pretax restructuring charges (credits) related to this program:

| For the Years Ended April 30, |  | Total Charges Incurred to Date
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Charges (Credits) by Segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | (231) |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 3,652 |
Academic | 31 |  |  | (470) |  |  | 3,457 |  |  | 12,447 |
Talent | (246) |  |  | 23 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 4,900 |
Corporate Expenses | 953 |  |  | (1,218) |  |  | 29,590 |  |  | 44,343 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | (1,427) |  |  | $ | 33,449 |  |  | $ | 65,342 |
Charges (Credits) by Activity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Severance and termination benefits | $ | (1,012) |  |  | $ | (3,276) |  |  | $ | 11,531 |  |  | $ | 34,107 |
Impairment of operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,918 |  |  | 15,079 |
Acceleration of expense related to operating lease ROU assets and property and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,378 |  |  | 3,378 |
Facility related charges, net | 1,519 |  |  | 1,849 |  |  | 3,684 |  |  | 11,038 |
Other activities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |  |  | 1,740 |
Total Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits) | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | (1,427) |  |  | $ | 33,449 |  |  | $ | 65,342 |

The credits in severance and termination benefits activities for the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022 primarily reflect changes in the number of headcount reductions and estimates for previously accrued costs.
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In November 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company’s successful transition to a virtual work environment, we increased use of virtual work arrangements for post-pandemic operations. As a result, we expanded the scope of the Business Optimization Program to include the exit of certain leased office space beginning in the three months ended January 31, 2021, and the reduction of our occupancy at other facilities. These actions resulted in a pretax restructuring charge of $18.3 million in the three months ended January 31, 2021. This restructuring charge primarily reflects the following noncash charges:
•Impairment charges of $14.9 million recorded in our corporate category, which included the impairment of operating lease ROU assets of $10.6 million related to certain leases that will be subleased, and the related property and equipment of $4.3 million described further below, and
•Acceleration of expense of $3.4 million, which included the acceleration of rent expense associated with operating lease ROU assets of $2.9 million related to certain leases that will be abandoned or terminated and the related depreciation and amortization of property and equipment of $0.5 million.
Due to the actions taken above, we tested the operating lease ROU assets and the related property and equipment for those being subleased for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset groups were below the carrying values. Therefore, there was an indication of impairment. We then determined the fair value of the asset groups by utilizing the present value of the estimated future cash flows attributable to the assets. The fair value of these operating lease ROU assets and the property and equipment immediately subsequent to the impairment was $7.5 million and was categorized as Level 3 within the FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” fair value hierarchy.
In addition, we also incurred ongoing facility related costs associated with certain properties that resulted in additional restructuring charges of $1.5 million, $1.8 million, and $3.7 million in the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively. Facilities related charges, net include sublease income related to those operating leases we had identified in the year ended April 30, 2021 as part of our Business Optimization Program that would be subleased.
The following table summarizes the activity for the Business Optimization Program liability for the year ended April 30, 2023:

| April 30, 2022 |  | (Credits) |  | Payments |  | Foreign Translation & Other Adjustments |  | April 30, 2023
Severance and termination benefits | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | (1,012) |  |  | $ | (1,042) |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | — |
Total | $ | 2,079 |  |  | $ | (1,012) |  |  | $ | (1,042) |  |  | $ | (25) |  |  | $ | — |

Severance and termination benefits were paid in full during the year ended April 30, 2023.
We currently do not anticipate any further material charges related to the Business Optimization Program, except for ongoing facility related charges.
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Note 8 – Inventories
Inventories, net consisted of the following at April 30:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Finished goods | $ | 29,339 |  |  | $ | 31,270 |
Work-in-process | 1,031 |  |  | 1,729 |
Paper and other materials | 248 |  |  | 275 |
Total inventories before estimated sales returns and LIFO reserve | 30,618 |  |  | 33,274 |
Inventory value of estimated sales returns | 6,923 |  |  | 7,820 |
LIFO reserve | (6,808) |  |  | (4,509) |
Inventories, net | $ | 30,733 |  |  | $ | 36,585 |

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards,” under the caption “Sales Return Reserves,” for a discussion of the Inventory value of estimated sales returns.
Finished goods not recorded at LIFO have been recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which resulted in a reduction of $13.0 million and $11.2 million as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note 9 – Product Development Assets
Product development assets, net were included in Other non-current assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and consisted of the following at April 30:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Book composition costs | $ | 19,067 |  |  | $ | 20,574 |
Software costs | 11,338 |  |  | 17,479 |
Content development costs | 1,916 |  |  | 3,405 |
Product development assets, net | $ | 32,321 |  |  | $ | 41,458 |

Product development assets include $7.4 million and $4.4 million of work-in-process as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of April 30, 2023 and 2022 this is primarily for book composition costs.
Product development assets are net of accumulated amortization of $297.4 million and $269.7 million as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note 10 – Technology, Property, and Equipment
Technology, property, and equipment, net consisted of the following at April 30:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Capitalized software | $ | 649,138 |  |  | $ | 605,503 |
Computer hardware | 57,670 |  |  | 55,386 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 89,056 |  |  | 94,861 |
Furniture, fixtures, and warehouse equipment | 34,990 |  |  | 38,816 |
Land and land improvements | 3,316 |  |  | 3,283 |
Technology, property, and equipment, gross | 834,170 |  |  | 797,849 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (587,021) |  |  | (526,277) |
Technology, property, and equipment, net | $ | 247,149 |  |  | $ | 271,572 |

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The following table details our depreciation and amortization expense for technology, property, and equipment, net:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Capitalized software amortization expense | $ | 78,441 |  |  | $ | 73,847 |  |  | $ | 69,184 |
Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding capitalized software | 17,565 |  |  | 21,325 |  |  | 21,955 |
Total depreciation and amortization expense for technology, property and equipment | $ | 96,006 |  |  | $ | 95,172 |  |  | $ | 91,139 |

Technology, property, and equipment includes $0.1 million and $7.2 million of work-in-process as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for capitalized software.
The net book value of capitalized software costs was $189.3 million and $201.5 million as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Note 11 – Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill by segment as of April 30:

| 2022(1) |  | Acquisition(2) |  | Impairment |  | Divestitures(3) |  | Foreign Translation Adjustment |  | 2023
Research | $ | 610,416 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (687) |  |  | $ | 609,729 |
Academic | 442,015 |  |  | 3,878 |  |  | (99,800) |  |  | (5,306) |  |  | (89) |  |  | 340,698 |
Talent | 249,711 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,912 |  |  | 253,623 |
Total | $ | 1,302,142 |  |  | $ | 3,878 |  |  | $ | (99,800) |  |  | $ | (5,306) |  |  | $ | 3,136 |  |  | $ | 1,204,050 |

(1) | The Academic goodwill balance as of April 30, 2022 includes a cumulative pretax noncash goodwill impairment of $110.0 million.

(2) | Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” for more information related to the acquisition that occurred in the year ended April 30, 2023.
(3) | Represents the goodwill allocated to the disposition of Wiley's Efficient Learning test prep and advancement courses businesses. Refer to Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures," for more information.

Change in Segment Reporting Structure and New Reporting Units
In the three months ended January 31, 2023, we reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments which includes Research (no changes), Academic, and Talent, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments. See Note 20, “Segment Information,” for more details. The Academic reportable segment includes two reporting units, Academic Publishing and University Services, and the Talent reportable segment includes two reporting units, Talent Development and Professional Learning.
Due to this realignment, we reallocated goodwill as of April 30, 2022 to our reporting units.
As a result of this realignment, we were required to test goodwill for impairment immediately before and after the realignment. Since there were no changes to the Research reportable segment, no interim impairment test of the Research segment goodwill was required.
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We estimated the fair value of the reporting units using a weighting of fair values derived from an income and a market approach. Fair value computed by these methods is arrived at using a number of key assumptions including forecasted revenues and related growth rates, forecasted operating cash flows, the discount rate, and the selection of relevant market multiples of comparable publicly-traded companies with similar characteristics to the reporting unit. Under the income approach, we determined the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our best estimates of forecasted economic and market conditions over the period including growth rates, expected changes in operating cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows. The market approach estimates fair value based on market multiples of current and forward 12-month revenue or EBITDA, as applicable, derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit.
Goodwill Impairment Before Realignment
Prior to the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the Academic & Professional Learning reporting unit was above its carrying value. Therefore, there was no indication of impairment. The carrying value of the Education Services reporting unit was above its fair value, which resulted in a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $31.0 million. This charge is reflected in Impairment of goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Education Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs. This has led to a decline in projected student enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term, which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows. This was partially offset by projected growth in talent placements, partially due to expansion into new regions and the addition of new corporate clients, which are forecasted to have a positive impact on revenue growth and operating cash flows.
Prior to performing the goodwill impairment test for Education Services, we also evaluated the recoverability of long-lived assets of the reporting unit. The carrying value of the long-lived assets that were tested for impairment was approximately $467.0 million. When indicators of impairment are present, we test definite lived and long-lived assets for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of an asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. We considered the lower-than-expected revenue and forecasted operating cash flows over a sustained period of time, and downward revisions to our cash flow forecasts for this reporting unit to be indicators of impairment for their long-lived assets. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group of the Education Services reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Therefore, there was no impairment.
Goodwill Impairment After Realignment
After the realignment, we concluded that the fair value of the Academic Publishing, Talent Development and Professional Learning reporting units were above their carrying values. Therefore, there was no indication of impairment. The carrying value of the University Services reporting unit was above its fair value, which resulted in a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment of $68.8 million. This charge is reflected in Impairment of goodwill in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
University Services was adversely impacted by market conditions and headwinds for online degree programs which led to a decline in projected enrollments from existing partners, pricing pressures and revenue share concessions, and a decline in new partner additions over both the short-term and long-term which adversely impacted forecasted revenue growth and operating cash flows.
Prior to performing the goodwill impairment test for University Services, we also evaluated the recoverability of long-lived assets of the reporting unit. The carrying value of the long-lived assets that were tested for impairment was approximately $326.0 million. When indicators of impairment are present, we test definite lived and long-lived assets for recoverability by comparing the carrying value of an asset group to an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. We considered the lower-than-expected revenue and forecasted operating cash flows over a sustained period of time, and downward revisions to our cash flow forecasts for this reporting unit to be indicators of impairment for their long-lived assets. Based on the results of the recoverability test, we determined that the undiscounted cash flows of the asset group of the University Services reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. Therefore, there was no impairment.
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Annual Goodwill Impairment Test as of February 1, 2023
As of February 1, 2023, we completed a quantitative assessment for our annual goodwill impairment test for our University Services reporting unit. We concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit was above the carrying value and, therefore, there was no indication of impairment. For our other reporting units, we performed a qualitative assessment by reporting unit as of February 1, 2023. This assessment included consideration of key factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, weighted average cost of capital (WACC), market multiples of current and forward 12-month revenue or EBITDA, as applicable, and other relevant entity and reporting unit-specific events. Based on our qualitative assessment, we determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As such, it was not necessary to perform a quantitative test. There have been no significant events or circumstances affecting the valuation of goodwill subsequent to the qualitative assessment performed as of February 1, 2023.
We estimated the fair value of the University Services reporting unit using a weighting of fair values derived from an income and a market approach. Under the income approach, we determined the fair value of the reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. Cash flow projections are based on our best estimates of forecasted economic and market conditions over the period including growth rates, expected changes in operating cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a weighted average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with the characteristics of the business and the projected cash flows. The market approach estimates fair value based on market multiples of current and forward 12-month revenue or EBITDA, as applicable, derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit.
If the fair value of these reporting units decreases in future periods, we could potentially have an impairment. As noted above, the University Services reporting unit there was an impairment. If the University Services reporting unit fair value decreases further in future periods, we could potentially have an additional impairment. The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a decrease in expected net earnings, changes in assumptions, adverse equity market conditions, a decline in current market multiples, a decline in our common stock price, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climates, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, or a more-likely-than-not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or disposed of, could require an interim assessment for some or all of the reporting units before the next required annual assessment.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Test as of February 1, 2022
As of February 1, 2022, we completed a quantitative assessment for our annual goodwill impairment test for our reporting units. We concluded that the fair values of our reporting units were above their carrying values and, therefore, there was no indication of impairment.
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Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, net as of April 30 were as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Intangible assets with definite lives, net(1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Content and publishing rights | $ | 1,100,463 |  |  | $ | (638,000) |  |  | $ | 462,463 |  |  | $ | 1,099,778 |  |  | $ | (599,841) |  |  | $ | 499,937 |
Customer relationships | 407,289 |  |  | (189,943) |  |  | 217,346 |  |  | 409,097 |  |  | (167,039) |  |  | 242,058 |
Developed technology(2) | 76,154 |  |  | (30,654) |  |  | 45,500 |  |  | 72,398 |  |  | (17,677) |  |  | 54,721 |
Brands and trademarks(3) | 44,230 |  |  | (36,949) |  |  | 7,281 |  |  | 47,533 |  |  | (31,512) |  |  | 16,021 |
Covenants not to compete | 1,663 |  |  | (1,363) |  |  | 300 |  |  | 1,655 |  |  | (1,262) |  |  | 393 |
Total intangible assets with definite lives, net | 1,629,799 |  |  | (896,909) |  |  | 732,890 |  |  | 1,630,461 |  |  | (817,331) |  |  | 813,130 |
Intangible assets with indefinite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brands and trademarks(2) | 37,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,000 |  |  | 37,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,000 |
Publishing rights | 84,904 |  |  | — |  |  | 84,904 |  |  | 81,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,299 |
Total intangible assets with indefinite lives | 121,904 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,904 |  |  | 118,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 118,299 |
Total intangible assets, net | $ | 1,751,703 |  |  | $ | (896,909) |  |  | $ | 854,794 |  |  | $ | 1,748,760 |  |  | $ | (817,331) |  |  | $ | 931,429 |

(1) | Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions and Divestitures,” for more information related to the acquisitions that occurred in the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022.

(2) | The developed technology balance as of April 30, 2023 and 2022 is presented net of accumulated impairments and write-offs of $2.8 million. The indefinite-lived brands and trademarks balance as of April 30, 2023 and 2022 is net of accumulated impairments of $93.1 million.
(3) | On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Talent segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022.

Based on the current amount of intangible assets subject to amortization and assuming current foreign exchange rates, the estimated amortization expense for the following years are as follows:

Fiscal Year | Amount
2024 | $ | 77,287 |
2025 | 70,583 |
2026 | 68,077 |
2027 | 63,429 |
2028 | 57,347 |
Thereafter | 396,167 |
Total | $ | 732,890 |

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Annual Indefinite-lived Intangible Impairment Test as of February 1, 2023 and 2022
We also review our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, which consists of brands and trademarks and certain acquired publishing rights.
For fiscal year 2023, we performed a qualitative assessment for our annual indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test. This assessment included consideration of key factors including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, and other relevant entity and reporting unit-specific events. Based on our qualitative assessment, we determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of any indefinite-lived intangible asset was less than its carrying amount. As such, it was not necessary to perform a quantitative test.
For fiscal year 2022, we estimated the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets using a relief from royalty method under an income approach. The key assumptions for this method were revenue projections, a royalty rate as determined by management in consultation with valuation experts, and a discount rate. We concluded that the fair values of these indefinite-lived intangible assets were above their carrying values and therefore, there was no indication of impairment.
Note 12 – Operating Leases
We have contractual obligations as a lessee with respect to offices, warehouses and distribution centers, automobiles, and office equipment.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract in accordance with guidance detailed in the lease standard and we perform the lease classification test as of the lease commencement date. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.
The present value of the lease payments is calculated using an incremental borrowing rate, which was determined based on the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over a similar term. We use an unsecured borrowing rate and risk-adjust that rate to approximate a collateralized rate.
We recognize operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Lease payments may be fixed or variable. Only lease payments that are fixed, in-substance fixed or depend on a rate or index are included in determining the lease liability. Variable lease payments include payments made to the lessor for taxes, insurance and maintenance of the leased asset and are recognized as operating costs as incurred.
We apply certain practical expedients allowed by FASB Topic 842, "Leases". Leases that are more than one year in duration are capitalized and recorded on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are recognized as short term lease operating costs on a straight-line basis over the term. We have also elected to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single component. Some of our leases offer an option to extend the term of such leases. We utilize the reasonably certain threshold criteria in determining which options we will exercise.
For operating leases, the ROU assets and liabilities as of April 30 are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease ROU assets | $ | 91,197 |  |  | $ | 111,719 |
Short-term portion of operating lease liabilities | 19,673 |  |  | 20,576 |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | $ | 115,540 |  |  | $ | 132,541 |

During the year ended April 30, 2023, we added $2.4 million to the ROU assets and $2.7 million to the operating lease liabilities due to new leases, as well as modifications and remeasurements to our existing operating leases.
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As a result of the Fiscal Year 2023 Restructuring Program, which included the exit of certain leased office space beginning in the three months ended July 31, 2022, we recorded restructuring charges. These charges included severance, impairment charges and acceleration of expense associated with certain operating lease ROU assets. See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more information on this program and the charges incurred.
Our total net lease costs were as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease cost | $ | 18,620 |  |  | $ | 24,180 |  |  | $ | 24,862 |
Variable lease cost | 1,326 |  |  | 1,496 |  |  | 2,135 |
Short-term lease cost | 744 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 248 |
Sublease income | (770) |  |  | (945) |  |  | (722) |
Total net lease cost(1) | $ | 19,920 |  |  | $ | 24,918 |  |  | $ | 26,523 |

(1) | Total net lease cost does not include those costs and sublease income included in Restructuring and related charges (credits) on our Consolidated Statements of Income. This includes those operating leases we had identified as part of our restructuring programs that would be subleased. See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” for more information on these programs.

Other supplemental information includes the following:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted-average remaining contractual lease term (years) | 8 |  | 9 |  | 9
Weighted-average discount rate | 5.95 | % |  | 5.84 | % |  | 5.89 | %
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 26,919 |  |  | $ | 29,737 |  |  | $ | 32,344 |

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The table below reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for the first five years and total of the remaining years to the operating lease liabilities recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of April 30, 2023:

Fiscal Year | Operating Lease Liabilities
2024 | $ | 26,508 |
2025 | 25,263 |
2026 | 23,225 |
2027 | 18,470 |
2028 | 13,848 |
Thereafter | 64,186 |
Total future undiscounted minimum lease payments | 171,500 |
Less: Imputed interest | 36,287 |
Present value of minimum lease payments | 135,213 |
Less: Current portion | 19,673 |
Noncurrent portion | $ | 115,540 |

Note 13 – Income Taxes
The provisions for income taxes were as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current Provision |  |  |  |  |
US – Federal | $ | 2,857 |  |  | $ | (324) |  |  | $ | (6,631) |
International | 48,694 |  |  | 57,905 |  |  | 43,269 |
State and local | 1,797 |  |  | 221 |  |  | 1,359 |
Total current provision | $ | 53,348 |  |  | $ | 57,802 |  |  | $ | 37,997 |
Deferred provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  |
US – Federal | $ | (24,368) |  |  | $ | (9,793) |  |  | $ | (11,996) |
International | (8,705) |  |  | 15,882 |  |  | 1,175 |
State and local | (4,408) |  |  | (2,539) |  |  | 480 |
Total deferred provision (benefit) | $ | (37,481) |  |  | $ | 3,550 |  |  | $ | (10,341) |
Total provision | $ | 15,867 |  |  | $ | 61,352 |  |  | $ | 27,656 |

International and United States pretax income were as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
International | $ | 204,055 |  |  | $ | 256,456 |  |  | $ | 202,490 |
United States | (170,955) |  |  | (46,795) |  |  | (26,578) |
Total | $ | 33,100 |  |  | $ | 209,661 |  |  | $ | 175,912 |

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Our effective income tax rate as a percentage of pretax income differed from the US federal statutory rate as shown below:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
US federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Cost (benefit) of higher (lower) taxes on non-US income | (9.2) | % |  | 9.7 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Foreign tax credits related to CARES Act carryback and audit | — | % |  | (11.9) | % |  | 12.3 | %
Change in valuation allowance | (7.4) | % |  | 11.9 | % |  | (12.3) | %
State income taxes, net of US federal tax benefit | (7.2) | % |  | (1.0) | % |  | 0.8 | %
US NOL carryback under CARES Act | — | % |  | — | % |  | (8.0) | %
Tax credits and related net benefits | (10.4) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | (0.5) | %
Impairment of goodwill | 66.7 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Other | (5.6) | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Effective income tax rate | 47.9 | % |  | 29.3 | % |  | 15.7 | %

The effective tax rate was 47.9% for the year ended April 30, 2023, compared to 29.3% for the year ended April 30, 2022. Our US GAAP effective tax rate for the year ended April 30, 2023, was higher primarily due to the rate differential with respect to certain restructuring items, which includes the impairment of non-deductible goodwill resulting from the segment realignment described in Note 11, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets," offset by the release of valuation allowances associated with foreign tax credits, and a more favorable mix of non-US income by jurisdiction. Our US GAAP effective tax rate for the year ended April 30, 2022, included an increase in the UK statutory rate from 19% to 25% enacted during the period, which resulted in a $21.4 million noncash, nonrecurring deferred tax expense from the remeasurement of applicable UK net deferred tax liabilities.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes:
As of April 30, 2023, and April 30, 2022, the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits were $9.4 million and $8.6 million, respectively, of which $0.3 million and $0.6 million represented accruals for interest and penalties recorded as additional tax expense in accordance with our accounting policy. We recorded net interest expense on reserves for unrecognized and recognized tax benefits of $0.2 million in each of the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022. As of April 30, 2023, and April 30, 2022, the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits that would reduce our income tax provision, if recognized, were approximately $9.4 million and $8.6 million, respectively. We do not expect any significant changes to the unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits included within the Other long-term liabilities line item on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position is as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at May 1 | $ | 8,592 |  |  | $ | 9,144 |
Additions for current year tax positions | 1,236 |  |  | 947 |
Additions for prior year tax positions | 533 |  |  | 16 |
Reductions for prior year tax positions | — |  |  | — |
Foreign translation adjustment | (24) |  |  | (55) |
Payments and settlements | — |  |  | — |
Reductions for lapse of statute of limitations | (916) |  |  | (1,460) |
Balance at April 30 | $ | 9,421 |  |  | $ | 8,592 |

Tax Audits:
We file income tax returns in the US and various states and non-US tax jurisdictions. Our major taxing jurisdictions are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. We are no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to fiscal year 2014 in the major jurisdictions in which we are subject to tax.
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Deferred Taxes:
Deferred taxes result from temporary differences in the recognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial reporting purposes.
We believe that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets. The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of April 30 were as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022 (1)
Net operating losses | $ | 27,434 |  |  | $ | 20,847 |
Reserve for sales returns and doubtful accounts | 2,523 |  |  | 3,771 |
Accrued employee compensation | 24,928 |  |  | 26,722 |
Foreign and federal credits | 31,930 |  |  | 34,537 |
Other accrued expenses | 2,513 |  |  | 2,700 |
Retirement and post-employment benefits | 16,880 |  |  | 15,769 |
Operating lease liabilities | 26,631 |  |  | 28,111 |
Total gross deferred tax assets | $ | 132,839 |  |  | $ | 132,457 |
Less valuation allowance | (27,448) |  |  | (30,000) |
Total deferred tax assets | $ | 105,391 |  |  | $ | 102,457 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | (2,927) |  |  | $ | (2,684) |
Unremitted foreign earnings | (2,835) |  |  | (2,685) |
Intangible and fixed assets | (216,251) |  |  | (249,104) |
Right-of-use assets | (16,049) |  |  | (19,286) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | $ | (238,062) |  |  | $ | (273,759) |
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (132,671) |  |  | $ | (171,302) |
Reported As |  |  |
Deferred tax assets | $ | 11,371 |  |  | $ | 8,763 |
Deferred tax liabilities | (144,042) |  |  | (180,065) |
Net Deferred Tax Liabilities | $ | (132,671) |  |  | $ | (171,302) |

(1) | Prior year amounts were updated to reflect an immaterial correction of previous netting of certain deferred taxes.

The decrease in net deferred taxes was due to the decrease in net deferred tax liabilities, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in intangible and fixed assets. In addition, we had an increase in net deferred tax assets related to net operating losses and retirement and post-employment benefits. We have concluded that, after valuation allowances, it is more likely than not that we will realize substantially all of the net deferred tax assets at April 30, 2023. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we take into account related deferred tax liabilities and estimated future reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable earnings and tax planning strategies to determine which deferred tax assets are more likely than not to be realized in the future. Changes to tax laws, statutory tax rates and future taxable earnings can have an impact on our valuation allowances.
We have provided a $27.4 million valuation allowance as of April 30, 2023, based primarily on the uncertainty of utilizing the tax benefits related to our deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits. This valuation allowance is decreased by approximately $2.6 million from the valuation allowance as of April 30, 2022.
As of April 30, 2023, we have apportioned state net operating loss carryforwards totaling approximately $111 million, with a tax effected value of $6.3 million net of federal benefits. Our state and federal NOLs and credits, to the extent they expire, expire in various amounts over 1 to 20 years.
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We intend to repatriate earnings from our non-US subsidiaries, and to the extent we repatriate these funds to the US, we will be required to pay income taxes in various US state and local jurisdictions and applicable non-US withholding or similar taxes in the periods in which such repatriation occurs. As of April 30, 2023, we have recorded a $2.8 million liability related to the estimated taxes that would be incurred upon repatriating certain non-US earnings to the US.
Note 14 – Debt and Available Credit Facilities
Our total debt outstanding as of April 30 consisted of the amounts set forth in the following table:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Short-term portion of long-term debt (1) | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 18,750 |
Term loan A - Amended and Restated CA(2) | 191,757 |  |  | 204,343 |
Revolving credit facility - Amended and Restated CA | 551,535 |  |  | 563,934 |
Total long-term debt, less current portion | 743,292 |  |  | 768,277 |
Total debt | $ | 748,292 |  |  | $ | 787,027 |

(1) | Relates to our term loan A under the Amended and Restated CA.

(2) | Amounts are shown net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.7 million as of April 30, 2023 and $0.3 million as of April 30, 2022.

The following table summarizes the scheduled annual maturities for the next five years of our long-term debt, including the short-term portion of long-term debt. This schedule represents the principal portion amount of debt outstanding and therefore excludes unamortized issuance costs.

Fiscal Year | Amount
2024 | $ | 5,000 |
2025 | 12,500 |
2026 | 22,500 |
2027 | 35,000 |
2028 | 674,035 |
Total | $ | 749,035 |

Amended and Restated CA
On November 30, 2022, we entered into the second amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (collectively, the Amended and Restated CA). The Amended and Restated CA as of November 30, 2022 provided for senior unsecured credit facilities comprised of a (i) five-year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount up to $1.115 billion, (ii) a five-year term loan A facility consisting of $200 million, and (iii) $185 million aggregate principal amount revolving credit facility through May 2024.
Under the terms of the Amended and Restated CA, which can be drawn in multiple currencies, we have the option of borrowing at the following floating interest rates depending on the currency borrowed: (i) at a rate based on the US Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), the Sterling Overnight Index Average Rate (SONIA) or a EURIBOR-based rate, each rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 0.98% to 1.50%, depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio, as defined, or (ii) at the lender’s base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from zero to 0.50%, depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio. With respect to SOFR loans, there is a SOFR adjustment of between 0.10% and 0.25% depending on the duration of the loan. The lender’s base rate is defined as the highest of (i) the US federal funds effective rate plus a 0.50% margin, (ii) the Daily SOFR rate, as defined, plus a 1.00% margin, or (iii) the Bank of America prime lending rate. In addition, we pay a facility fee for the Amended and Restated CA ranging from 0.15% to 0.25% depending on our consolidated net leverage ratio. We also have the option to request an increase in the revolving credit facility by an amount not to exceed $500 million, in minimum increments of $50 million, subject to the approval of the lenders.
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The Amended and Restated CA contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant in the form of a consolidated net leverage ratio and consolidated interest coverage ratio, which we were in compliance with as of April 30, 2023.
In the three months ended January 31, 2023, we incurred $4.5 million of costs related to the second amendment of the Amended and Restated CA which resulted in total costs capitalized of $5.8 million for the Amended and Restated CA. The amount related to the term loan A facility was $0.8 million, consisting of lender fees of $0.8 million recorded as a reduction to Long-term debt and non-lender fees of less than $0.1 million included in Other non-current assets on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The amount related to the revolving credit facility of which a portion matures in May 2024 and in November 2027 was $0.2 million and $4.8 million, respectively, all of which is included in Other non-current assets on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
In the three months ended January 31, 2023, we incurred a loss of $(0.2) million on the write-off of unamortized deferred costs in connection with the second amendment of the Amended and Restated CA which is reflected in Other income, net on our Consolidated Statement of Income for the year ended April 30, 2023.
The amortization expense of the costs incurred related to the Amended and Restated CA related to the lender and non-lender fees is recognized over a five-year term for credit commitments that mature in November 2027 and an 18-month term for credit commitments that mature in May 2024. Total amortization expense was $1.1 million for each of the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 and is included in Interest expense on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Lines of Credit
We have other lines of credit aggregating $1.0 million at various interest rates. There were no outstanding borrowings under these credit lines at April 30, 2023, and 2022.
Our total available lines of credit as of April 30, 2023 were approximately $1.5 billion, of which approximately $0.7 billion was unused. The weighted average interest rates on total debt outstanding during the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022 were 4.05% and 2.02%, respectively. As of April 30, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average interest rates for total debt were 4.76% and 2.55%, respectively.
Based on estimates of interest rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and maturities, the fair value of our debt approximates its carrying value.
Note 15 – Derivative Instruments and Activities
From time to time, we enter into forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts as a hedge against foreign currency asset and liability commitments, changes in interest rates, and anticipated transaction exposures, including intercompany sales and purchases. All derivatives are recognized as assets or liabilities and measured at fair value. Derivatives that are not determined to be effective hedges are adjusted to fair value with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. We do not use financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Interest Rate Contracts
As of April 30, 2023, we had total debt outstanding of $748.3 million, net of unamortized issuance costs of $0.7 million, of which $749.0 million are variable rate loans outstanding under the Amended and Restated CA, which approximated fair value.
As of April 30, 2023 and 2022, the interest rate swap agreements we maintained were designated as fully effective cash flow hedges as defined under FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (ASC Topic 815). As a result, there was no impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income from changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps, as they were fully offset by changes in the interest expense on the underlying variable rate debt instruments. Under ASC Topic 815, derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges have changes in their fair value recorded initially within Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As interest expense is recognized based on the variable rate loan agreements, the corresponding deferred gain or loss on the interest rate swaps is reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. It is management’s intention that the notional amount of interest rate swaps be less than the variable rate loans outstanding during the life of the derivatives.
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The following table summarizes our interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges:

|  |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  |
|  |  |  | As of April 30, |  |  |
Hedged Item (1) | Date entered into | Nature of Swap |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Fixed Interest Rate | Variable Interest Rate
Amended and Restated CA | March 15, 2023 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3.565 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending April 15, 2026
Amended and Restated CA | March 14, 2023 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.053 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending March 15, 2026
Amended and Restated CA | March 13, 2023 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.720 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending March 15, 2026
Amended and Restated CA | December 13, 2022 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.772 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending December 15, 2025
Amended and Restated CA | June 16, 2022 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 100,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.467 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 2-year period ending May 15, 2024 (2)
Amended and Restated CA | April 06, 2022 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 2.588 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 2-year period ending April 15, 2024 (2)
Amended and Restated CA | April 12, 2021 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | 100,000 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 0.465 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending April 15, 2024 (2)
Amended and Restated CA | February 26, 2020 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 1.168 | % | 1-month SOFR reset every month for a 3-year period ending March 15, 2023 (2)
Amended and Restated CA | August 07, 2019 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 1.400 | % | 1-month LIBOR reset every month for a 3-year period ending August 15, 2022
Amended and Restated CA | June 24, 2019 | Pay fixed/receive variable |  | — |  |  | 100,000 |  |  | 1.650 | % | 1-month LIBOR reset every month for a 3-year period ending July 15, 2022
|  |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  |  |

(1) | On November 30, 2022, we entered into the second amendment to our Amended and Restated CA. Refer to Note 14, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities” for more information related to our Amended and Restated CA.
(2) | On November 30, 2022, we amended the Amended and Restated CA (as defined in Note 14, “Debt and Available Credit Facilities”) and as a result we amended our outstanding interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges to change the rates from LIBOR-based rates to SOFR-based rates. We applied ASU 2020-04 at the time of modification, and there was no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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We record the fair value of our interest rate swaps on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs of quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets. The fair value of the interest rate swaps as of April 30, 2023 was a deferred loss of $(0.6) million and a deferred gain of $7.8 million. Based on the maturity dates of the contracts, the entire deferred loss as of April 30, 2023 was recorded within Other long-term liabilities, $6.4 million of the deferred gain was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $1.4 million was recorded within Other non-current assets.
The fair value of the interest rate swaps as of April 30, 2022 was a deferred loss of $(0.2) million and a deferred gain of $5.8 million. Based on the maturity dates of the contracts, the entire deferred loss as of April 30, 2022 was recorded within Other accrued liabilities, $0.9 million of the deferred gain was recorded within Prepaid expenses and other current assets, and $4.9 million was recorded within Other non-current assets.
The pretax gains (losses) that were reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into Interest expense for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $5.0 million, $(4.2) million, and $(3.7) million, respectively. Based on the amount in Accumulated other comprehensive loss at April 30, 2023, approximately $7.2 million, net of tax, would be reclassified into Net income in the next twelve months.
Foreign Currency Contracts
We may enter into forward exchange contracts to manage our exposure on certain foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. The forward exchange contracts are marked to market through Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) on our Consolidated Statements of Income and carried at fair value on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are remeasured at spot rates in effect on the balance sheet date, with the affects of changes in spot rates reported in Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
As of April 30, 2023 and 2022, we did not maintain any open forward exchange contracts. In addition, we did not maintain any open forward contracts during the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022.
During the year ended April 30, 2021, to manage foreign currency exposures on an intercompany loan, we entered into one forward exchange contract to sell €32 million and buy $38.8 million. This forward contract expired on April 15, 2021. We did not designate this forward exchange contract as a hedge under the applicable sections of ASC Topic 815 as the benefits of doing so were not material due to the short-term nature of the contract. The fair value changes in the forward exchange contract substantially mitigated the changes in the value of the applicable foreign currency denominated liability. The fair value of the open forward exchange contract was measured on a recurring basis using Level 2 inputs of quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets. For the year ended April 30, 2021, the loss recognized on this forward contract was $0.8 million and included in Foreign exchange transaction gains (losses) on our Consolidated Statement of Income.
Note 16 – Commitment and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
We are involved in routine litigation in the ordinary course of our business. A provision for litigation is accrued when information available to us indicates that it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment may be required to determine both the probability and estimates of loss. When the amount of the loss can only be estimated within a range, the most likely outcome within that range is accrued. If no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount within the range is accrued. When uncertainties exist related to the probable outcome of litigation and/or the amount or range of loss, we do not record a liability, but disclose facts related to the nature of the contingency and possible losses if management considers the information to be material. Reserves for legal defense costs are recognized when incurred. The accruals for loss contingencies and legal costs are reviewed regularly and may be adjusted to reflect updated information on the status of litigation and advice of legal counsel. In the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of all pending litigation as of April 30, 2023, will not have a material effect upon our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.
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Non-Income Tax Matters
We conduct operations in many tax jurisdictions, and non-income-based taxes, such as sales, use, value-added, goods and services, and other taxes, are assessed on our operations in many jurisdictions. Although we are diligent in collecting and remitting such taxes, there is uncertainty as to the appropriate tax treatment of digital goods and services in many jurisdictions. No assessment has been made, and we have received no indication that an assessment will be made, with respect to such taxes. Therefore, no provisions have been recorded for uncertainties in sales, use, value-added, goods and services, or other indirect tax liabilities in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Nonetheless, changes in law or interpretation may occur in the future, which may have a material effect on the consolidated results of operations or cash flows in the period in which a new determination is made.
Note 17 – Retirement Plans
We have retirement plans that cover substantially all employees. The plans generally provide for employee retirement between the ages 60 and 65, and benefits based on length of service and compensation, as defined.
Our Board of Directors approved plan amendments that froze the following retirement plans:
•Retirement Plan for the Employees of John Wiley & Sons, Canada was frozen effective December 31, 2015;
•Retirement Plan for the Employees of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., a UK plan was frozen effective April 30, 2015 and;
•U.S. Employees’ Retirement Plan, Supplemental Benefit Plan, and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, were frozen effective June 30, 2013.
We maintain the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for certain officers and senior management which provides for the payment of supplemental retirement benefits after the termination of employment for 10 years, or in a lifetime annuity. Under certain circumstances, including a change of control as defined, the payment of such amounts could be accelerated on a present value basis. Future accrued benefits to this plan have been discontinued as noted above.
The components of net pension expense (income) for the defined benefit plans and the weighted average assumptions were as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| US |  | Non-US |  | US |  | Non-US |  | US |  | Non-US
Service cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 796 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,396 |
Interest cost | 11,242 |  |  | 13,389 |  |  | 9,451 |  |  | 11,148 |  |  | 9,504 |  |  | 8,901 |
Expected return on plan assets | (9,924) |  |  | (23,134) |  |  | (12,144) |  |  | (28,118) |  |  | (11,969) |  |  | (26,971) |
Amortization of prior service cost | (154) |  |  | 60 |  |  | (154) |  |  | 67 |  |  | (154) |  |  | 58 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | 2,295 |  |  | 3,851 |  |  | 2,617 |  |  | 4,846 |  |  | 3,501 |  |  | 4,516 |
Curtailment/settlement (credit) | — |  |  | (1,828) |  |  | — |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net pension expense (income) | $ | 3,459 |  |  | $ | (6,866) |  |  | $ | (230) |  |  | $ | (10,900) |  |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | (12,100) |
Discount rate | 4.6 | % |  | 3.0 | % |  | 3.2 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | 1.6 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  | 3.1 | % |  | N/A |  | 3.0 | % |  | N/A |  | 3.0 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 5.0 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 5.7 | %

In the year ended April 30, 2023, b ecause of a reduction in force, there was a curtailment credit of $0.3 million related to the r etirement allowances for employees of CrossKnowledge, a France Pension Plan, which is reflected in Other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Income. In addition, in the year ended April 30, 2023 due to the closure of our operations in Russia, there was a curtailment and a settlement credit due to the wind up of the Russia Pension Plan of $1.5 million which is primarily reflected in Other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
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In the year ended April 30, 2022, because of a reduction in force, there was a curtailment credit of less than $0.1 million related to the Retirement Indemnity Plan for the Employees of Cross Knowledge, a France pension Plan, which is reflected in Restructuring and related charges (credits) in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The service cost component of net pension expense (income) is reflected in Operating and administrative expenses on our Consolidated Statements of Income. The other components of net pension expense (income) are reported separately from the service cost component and below Operating income. Such amounts are reflected in Other income, net on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
The Recognized Net Actuarial Loss for each fiscal year is calculated using the “corridor method,” which reflects the amortization of the net loss at the beginning of the fiscal year in excess of 10% of the greater of the market value of plan assets or the projected benefit obligation. The amortization period is based on the average expected life of plan participants for plans with all or almost all inactive participants and frozen plans, and on the average remaining working lifetime of active plan participants for all other plans.
We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of defined benefit postretirement plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The change in the funded status of the plan is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Plan assets and obligations are measured at fair value as of our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position date.
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The following table sets forth the changes in, and the status of, our defined benefit plans’ assets and benefit obligations:

| 2023 |  | 2022
| US |  | Non-US |  | US |  | Non-US
CHANGE IN PLAN ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of year | $ | 204,455 |  |  | $ | 442,259 |  |  | $ | 237,129 |  |  | $ | 523,886 |
Actual return on plan assets | (5,953) |  |  | (133,855) |  |  | (21,257) |  |  | (37,543) |
Employer contributions | 3,701 |  |  | 11,600 |  |  | 3,812 |  |  | 12,595 |
Employee contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Settlements | — |  |  | (394) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Benefits paid | (15,596) |  |  | (10,458) |  |  | (15,229) |  |  | (10,703) |
Foreign currency rate changes | — |  |  | (7,097) |  |  | — |  |  | (45,976) |
Fair value, end of year | $ | 186,607 |  |  | $ | 302,055 |  |  | $ | 204,455 |  |  | $ | 442,259 |
CHANGE IN PROJECTED BENEFIT OBLIGATION |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation, beginning of year | $ | (249,570) |  |  | $ | (474,802) |  |  | $ | (302,632) |  |  | $ | (609,614) |
Service cost | — |  |  | (796) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,196) |
Interest cost | (11,242) |  |  | (13,389) |  |  | (9,451) |  |  | (11,148) |
Actuarial gains | 9,328 |  |  | 127,635 |  |  | 47,284 |  |  | 84,746 |
Benefits paid | 15,596 |  |  | 10,458 |  |  | 15,229 |  |  | 10,703 |
Foreign currency rate changes | — |  |  | 5,416 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,660 |
Settlements and other | — |  |  | 2,470 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Benefit obligation, end of year | $ | (235,888) |  |  | $ | (343,008) |  |  | $ | (249,570) |  |  | $ | (474,802) |
Underfunded status, end of year | $ | (49,281) |  |  | $ | (40,953) |  |  | $ | (45,115) |  |  | $ | (32,543) |
AMOUNTS RECOGNIZED ON THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noncurrent assets | — |  |  | 830 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,855 |
Current pension liability | (3,557) |  |  | (1,203) |  |  | (3,545) |  |  | (1,346) |
Noncurrent pension liability | (45,724) |  |  | (40,580) |  |  | (41,570) |  |  | (37,052) |
Net amount recognized in statement of financial position | $ | (49,281) |  |  | $ | (40,953) |  |  | $ | (45,115) |  |  | $ | (32,543) |
AMOUNTS RECOGNIZED IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (BEFORE TAX) CONSIST OF |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial losses | $ | (84,367) |  |  | $ | (197,701) |  |  | $ | (80,114) |  |  | $ | (171,274) |
Prior service cost gains (losses) | 1,792 |  |  | (1,058) |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | (1,165) |
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (82,575) |  |  | $ | (198,759) |  |  | $ | (78,168) |  |  | $ | (172,439) |
Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (4,407) |  |  | $ | (26,320) |  |  | $ | 16,345 |  |  | $ | 42,818 |
INFORMATION FOR PENSION PLANS WITH AN ACCUMULATED BENEFIT OBLIGATION IN EXCESS OF PLAN ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 235,888 |  |  | $ | 35,068 |  |  | $ | 249,570 |  |  | $ | 37,801 |
Fair value of plan assets | $ | 186,607 |  |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | 204,455 |  |  | $ | 475 |
INFORMATION FOR PENSION PLANS WITH A PROJECTED BENEFIT OBLIGATION IN EXCESS OF PLAN ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 235,888 |  |  | $ | 335,109 |  |  | $ | 249,570 |  |  | $ | 38,871 |
Fair value of plan assets | $ | 186,607 |  |  | $ | 293,326 |  |  | $ | 204,455 |  |  | $ | 475 |
WEIGHTED AVERAGE ASSUMPTIONS USED IN DETERMINING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 5.1 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Rate of compensation increase | N/A |  | 3.0 | % |  | N/A |  | 3.1 | %
Accumulated benefit obligations | $ | (235,888) |  |  | $ | (329,329) |  |  | $ | (249,570) |  |  | $ | (450,037) |

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Actuarial gains in the US resulting in a decrease to our projected benefit obligation for the year ended April 30, 2023 were primarily due to an increase in the discount rate. Actuarial gains for the non-US plans, resulting in a decrease to our projected benefit obligation for the year ended April 30, 2023 were primarily due to significant increases in the discount rates.
Actuarial gains in the US resulting in a decrease to our projected benefit obligation for the year ended April 30, 2022 were primarily due to an increase in the discount rate. Actuarial gains in non-US countries resulting in a decrease to our projected benefit obligation for the year ended April 30, 2022 were primarily due to an increase in the discount rate partially offset by an increase in the UK inflation rate.
Pension plan assets/investments:
The investment guidelines for the defined benefit pension plans are established based upon an evaluation of market conditions, plan liabilities, cash requirements for benefit payments, and tolerance for risk. Investment guidelines include the use of actively and passively managed securities. The investment objective is to ensure that funds are available to meet the plans' benefit obligations when they are due. The investment strategy is to invest in high quality and diversified equity and debt securities to achieve our long-term expectation. The plans’ risk management practices provide guidance to the investment managers, including guidelines for asset concentration, credit rating, and liquidity. For those plan assets measured at NAV as def ined below, a redemption request can be executed within a 7-day notice. Asset allocation favors a balanced portfolio, with a global aggregated target allocation of approximately 47% equity securities and 53% fixed income securities and cash. Due to volatility in the market, the target allocation is not always desirable and asset allocations will fluctuate between acceptable ranges of plus or minus 5%. We regularly review the inve stment allocations and periodically rebalance investments to the target allocations. We categorize our pension assets into three levels based upon the assumptions (inputs) used to price the assets. Level 1 provides the most reliable measure of fair value, whereas Level 3 generally requires significant management judgment. The three levels are defined as follows:
•Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.
•Level 2: Observable inputs other than those included in Level 1. For example, quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets in inactive markets.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting assumptions about the inputs used in pricing the asset.
We did not maintain any level 3 assets during the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022. In accordance with ASU 2015-07, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent),” certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient do not have to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the following tables are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented for the total pension benefit plan assets.
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The following tables set forth, by level within the fair value hierarchy, pension plan assets at their fair value as of April 30:

| 2023 |  | 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV |  | Total
US Plan Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global Equity Securities: Limited Partnership |  |  | $ | 6,537 |  |  | $ | 73,469 |  |  | $ | 80,006 |  |  | $ | 7,477 |  |  |  |  | $ | 77,849 |  |  | $ | 85,326 |
Fixed Income Securities: Commingled Trust Funds |  |  |  |  | 106,601 |  |  | 106,601 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119,129 |  |  | 119,129 |
Total Assets |  |  | $ | 6,537 |  |  | $ | 180,070 |  |  | $ | 186,607 |  |  | $ | 7,477 |  |  |  |  | $ | 196,978 |  |  | $ | 204,455 |
Non-US Plan Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US equities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,806 |  |  |  |  | $ | 48,806 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,443 |  |  |  |  | $ | 48,443 |
Non-US equities | — |  |  | 39,618 |  |  |  |  | 39,618 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,162 |  |  |  |  | 112,162 |
Balanced managed funds | — |  |  | 58,036 |  |  |  |  | 58,036 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,623 |  |  |  |  | 94,623 |
Fixed income securities: Commingled funds | — |  |  | 133,878 |  |  |  |  | 133,878 |  |  | — |  |  | 185,192 |  |  |  |  | 185,192 |
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate/other | — |  |  | 496 |  |  |  |  | 496 |  |  | — |  |  | 475 |  |  |  |  | 475 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 1,902 |  |  | 19,319 |  |  |  |  | 21,221 |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  | 1,364 |
Total Non-US plan assets | $ | 1,902 |  |  | $ | 300,153 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 302,055 |  |  | $ | 1,338 |  |  | $ | 440,921 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 442,259 |
Total plan assets | $ | 1,902 |  |  | $ | 306,690 |  |  | $ | 180,070 |  |  | $ | 488,662 |  |  | $ | 8,815 |  |  | $ | 440,921 |  |  | $ | 196,978 |  |  | $ | 646,714 |

Expected employer contributions to the defined benefit pension plans in the year ende d April 30, 2024 will be approximately $15.5 million, including $11.8 million of minimum amounts required for our non-US plans. From time to time, we may elect to make voluntary contributions to our defined benefit plans to improve their funded status.
Benefit payments to retirees from all defined benefit plans are expected to be the following in the fiscal year indicated:

Fiscal Year |  | US |  | Non-US |  | Total
2024 |  | $ | 15,889 |  |  | $ | 11,986 |  |  | $ | 27,875 |
2025 |  | 15,529 |  |  | 14,064 |  |  | 29,593 |
2026 |  | 15,333 |  |  | 13,124 |  |  | 28,457 |
2027 |  | 15,398 |  |  | 13,882 |  |  | 29,280 |
2028 |  | 15,482 |  |  | 14,485 |  |  | 29,967 |
2029–2033 |  | 76,729 |  |  | 86,148 |  |  | 162,877 |
Total |  | $ | 154,360 |  |  | $ | 153,689 |  |  | $ | 308,049 |

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Retiree Health Benefits
We provide contributory life insurance and health care benefits, subject to certain dollar limitations, for substantially all of our eligible retired US employees. The retiree health benefit is no longer available for any employee who retires after December 31, 2017. The cost of such benefits is expensed over the years the employee renders service and is not funded in advance. The accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, was $0.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Annual credits for these plans were less than $(0.1) million for the year ended April 30, 2023. Annual credits for these plans were $(0.1) million for each of the years ended April 30, 2022 and 2021.
Defined Contribution Savings Plans
We have defined contribution savings plans. Our contribution is based on employee contributions and the level of our match. We may make discretionary contributions to all employees as a group. The expense recorded for these plans was approximately $30.7 million, $30.3 million, and $24.3 million in the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Note 18 – Stock-Based Compensation
The Company provides stock-based compensation to its employees and non-employee directors, which may include restricted stock units (RSUs), PSU, and stock options, (collectively, stock-based awards). All equity compensation plans have been approved by shareholders. On September 29, 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2022 Omnibus Stock and Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2022 Plan), which replaced, with respect to new award grants, our 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan and 2018 Director Stock Plan (the Prior Plans) that were previously in effect. Following the approval of the 2022 Plan, no further awards were available to be issued under the Prior Plans, but awards outstanding under the Prior Plans as of that date remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. A total numb er of 6.2 million shares of our Class A stock was authorized under the 2022 Plan. In addition, any outstanding awards cancelled from the Prior Plans are added to the shares available under the 2022 Plan. As of April 30, 2023, there were approximately 6.3 million securities remaining available for future issuance under the 2022 Plan. We issue treasury shares to fund awards issued under the 2022 Plan.
Stock Option Activity
Under the terms of our stock option plan, the exercise price of stock options granted may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the stock at the date of grant. Options are exercisable over a maximum period of ten years from the date of grant.
Options Granted in Fiscal Years 2023 and 2022
During the year ended April 30, 2023, we granted 20,000 stock option awards to other leaders at fair market value on the date of grant. During the year ended April 30, 2022, we granted 300,000 stock option awards. The grants in the year ended April 30, 2022 included 260,000 stock options to our executive leadership team, at a grant price of $63.07, which was generally 10% above the fair market value at the time of grant, and 40,000 stock options granted to other leaders at fair market value on date of grant. For the options granted in the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, such options generally vest 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% on April 30, or on each anniversary date after the award is granted.The following table provides the estimated weighted average fair value for options granted during the years ended April 30 using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, and the significant weighted average assumptions used in their determination.
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Index

| 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average fair value of options on grant date | $ | 9.24 |  |  | $ | 11.75 |
Weighted average assumptions: |  |  |
Expected life of options (years) | 5.9 |  | 6.3
Risk-free interest rate | 2.0 | % |  | 1.2 | %
Expected volatility | 32.4 | % |  | 30.7 | %
Expected dividend yield | 3.4 | % |  | 2.4 | %
Fair value of common stock on grant date | $ | 41.30 |  |  | $ | 56.51 |
Exercise price of stock option grant | $ | 41.30 |  |  | $ | 61.84 |

Options Granted Prior to Fiscal Year 2022
Prior to the stock options granted in the year ended April 30, 2022, we did not grant any stock option awards since the year ended April 30, 2016. As of April 30, 2019, all outstanding options vested, allowing the participant the right to exercise their awards, and there was no unrecognized share-based compensation expense remaining related to these stock options.
The fair value of the options granted in the year ended April 30, 2016 was $14.77 using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The significant weighted average assumptions used in the fair value determination was the expected life, which represented an estimate of the period of time stock options will be outstanding based on the historical exercise behavior of option recipients. The risk-free interest rate was based on the corresponding US Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of our Common Stock price over the estimated life of the option, while the dividend yield was based on the expected dividend payments to be made by us.
As of April 30, 2023, there was $1.7 million of unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to options, which is expected to be recognized over a period up to 4 years, or 2.2 years on a weighted average basis.
A summary of the activity and status of our stock option plans follows during the year ended April 30, 2023:

| Number of Options (in 000’s) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Outstanding at beginning of year | 310 |  | $ | 59.89 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 20 |  | $ | 41.30 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (14) |  | $ | 39.53 |  |  |  |  |
Expired or forfeited | (4) |  | $ | 48.06 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at end of year | 312 |  | $ | 59.77 |  |  | 7.6 |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at end of year | 103 |  | $ | 60.49 |  |  | 6.1 |  | $ | — |
Vested and expected to vest in the future at April 30 | 302 |  | $ | 60.18 |  |  | 7.6 |  | $ | — |

The intrinsic value is the difference between our common stock price and the option grant price. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $0.1 million, $0.4 million, and $0.2 million, respectively. The total grant date fair value of stock options vested during the year ended April 30, 2023 and 2022 was $0.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively. As noted above, as of April 30, 2019, all outstanding stock options, prior to those granted in the year ended April 30, 2022 vested allowing the participant the right to exercise their awards.
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The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at April 30, 2023:

| Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices | Number of Options (in 000’s) |  | Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Options (in 000’s) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$36.60 to $39.53 | 13 |  | 7.7 |  | $ | 37.26 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 39.53 |
$45.99 to $53.79 | 40 |  | 8.7 |  | $ | 51.43 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 53.24 |
$55.62 to $63.07 | 259 |  | 7.5 |  | $ | 62.17 |  |  | 97 |  | $ | 61.34 |
Total/average | 312 |  | 7.6 |  | $ | 59.77 |  |  | 103 |  | $ | 60.49 |

Performance-Based and Other Restricted Stock Activity
Under the terms of our long-term incentive plans, performance-based restricted unit awards are payable in restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock upon the achievement of certain three-year or less financial performance-based targets. During each three-year period or less, we adjust compensation expense based upon our best estimate of expected performance. Beginning in the year ended April 30, 2018, restricted performance share units vest 100% on June 30 following the end of the three-year performance cycle.
We may also grant individual restricted unit awards payable in restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock to key employees in connection with their employment. Starting with the year ended April 30, 2016 grants, restricted shares generally vest ratably 25% per year.
Under certain circumstances relating to a change of control or termination, as defined, the restrictions would lapse and shares would vest earlier.
Activity for performance-based and other restricted stock awards during the years ended April 30, was as follows (shares in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Restricted Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Value |  | Restricted Shares |  | Restricted Shares
Nonvested shares at beginning of year | 1,274 |  | $ | 49.17 |  |  | 1,280 |  | 943
Granted | 540 |  | $ | 45.23 |  |  | 658 |  | 706
Change in shares due to performance | (44) |  | $ | 43.29 |  |  | (3) |  | 118
Vested and issued | (544) |  | $ | 47.27 |  |  | (432) |  | (362)
Forfeited | (153) |  | $ | 48.39 |  |  | (229) |  | (125)
Nonvested shares at end of year | 1,073 |  | $ | 48.49 |  |  | 1,274 |  | 1,280

For the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense (including stock options), on a pretax basis, of $26.5 million, $25.7 million and $22.0 million, respectively.
As of April 30, 2023, there was $30.7 million of unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to performance-based and other restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a period up to 4, or 2.3 on a weighted average basis.
Compensation expense for restricted stock awards is measured using the closing market price of our Class A Common Stock at the date of grant. The total grant date value of shares vested during the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $25.7 million, $22.0 million, and $17.6 million, respectively.
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Index
President and CEO New Hire Equity Awards
On October 17, 2017, we announced Brian A. Napack as the new President and Chief Executive Officer of Wiley effective December 4, 2017 (the Commencement Date). Upon the Commencement Date, Mr. Napack also became a member of our Board of Directors. In connection with his appointment, Wiley and Mr. Napack entered into an employment offer letter (the Employment Agreement).
The Employment Agreement provides that beginning with the year ended April 30, 2018–2020 performance cycle, eligibility to participate in annual grants under our Executive Long-Term Incentive Program (ELTIP). Targeted long-term incentive for this cycle was equal to 300% of base salary, or $2.7 million. Sixty percent of the ELTIP value was delivered in the form of target performance share units and forty percent in restricted share units. The grant date fair value for restricted share units was $59.15 per share and included 20,611 restricted share units, which vested 25% each year starting on April 30, 2018 to April 30, 2021. In addition, there was a performance share unit award with a target of 30,916 units and a grant date fair value of $59.15. The performance metrics were based on cumulative EBITDA for the year ended April 30, 2018–2020 and cumulative normalized free cash flow for the year ended April 30, 2018–2020.
In addition, the Employment Agreement provided for a sign-on grant of restricted share units, with a grant value of $4.0 million, converted to shares using our Class A closing stock price as of the Commencement Date, and vesting in two equal installments on the first and second anniversaries of the employment date. The grant date fair value for this award was $59.15 per share and included 67,625 units at the date of grant. Grants were subject to forfeiture in the case of voluntary termination prior to vesting and accelerated vesting in the case of earlier termination of employment without Cause, due to death or Disability or Constructive Discharge, or upon a Change in Control (as such terms are defined in the Employment Agreement).
Director Stock Awards
On September 29, 2022, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2022 Plan, which replaced, with respect to new award grants, the 2018 Director Stock Plan (the 2018 Plan) that was previously in effect. Under the terms of the 2022 Plan, each nonemployee director is eligible to receive an annual award of restricted shares of our Class A Common Stock equal in value to 100% of the annual director stock retainer fee, based on the stock price at the close of the New York Stock Exchange on the date of grant. Such restricted shares will vest on the earliest of (i) the day before the next annual meeting of stockholders following the grant, (ii) the nonemployee director’s death or disability (as determined by the Governance Committee of the Board of Directors (Governance Committee)), or (iii) a change in control (as defined in the 2022 Plan). The granted shares may not be sold or transferred during the time the nonemployee director remains a director. There were 30,706, 18,384, and 28,360 restricted shares awarded under the 2022 Plan, or the 2018 Plan, as the case may be, for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. In addition, pursuant to the John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors’ 2005 & After Compensation, as amended through September 20, 2022 (Deferred Compensation Plan), each nonemployee director has the option of receiving all or part of the annual retainer in the form of deferred stock and receive dividends in the form of deferred stock. The annual retainers deferred as stock and the dividends received in the form of deferred stock, all pursuant to the Deferred Compensation Plan, are nominal.
Note 19 – Capital Stock and Changes in Capital Accounts
Each share of our Class B Common Stock is convertible into one share of Class A Common Stock. The holders of Class A stock are entitled to elect 30% of the entire Board of Directors and the holders of Class B stock are entitled to elect the remainder. On all other matters, each share of Class A stock is entitled to one tenth of one vote and each share of Class B stock is entitled to one vote.
Share Repurchases
During the year ended April 30, 2020, our Board of Directors approved an additional share repurchase program of $200 million of Class A or B Common Stock. As of April 30, 2023, we had authorization from our Board of Directors to purchase up to $162.5 million that was remaining under this program.
The share repurchase program described above is in addition to the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors during the year ended April 30, 2017 of four million shares of Class A or B Common Stock. As of April 30, 2022, no additional shares were remaining under this program for purchase.
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The following table summarizes the share repurchases of Class A and B Common Stock during the years ended April 30 (shares in thousands):

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Shares repurchased – Class A | 831 |  | 542 |  | 308
Shares repurchased – Class B | 1 |  | 2 |  | 2
Average price – Class A and Class B | $ | 42.07 |  |  | $ | 55.14 |  |  | $ | 50.93 |

Dividends
The following table summarizes the cash dividends paid during the year ended April 30, 2023:

Date of Declaration by Board of Directors | Quarterly Cash Dividend | Total Dividend | Class of Common Stock | Dividend Paid Date | Shareholders of Record as of Date
June 22, 2022 | $0.3475 per common share | $19.4 million | Class A and Class B | July 20, 2022 | July 6, 2022
September 29, 2022 | $0.3475 per common share | $19.3 million | Class A and Class B | October 26, 2022 | October 11, 2022
December 15, 2022 | $0.3475 per common share | $19.3 million | Class A and Class B | January 11, 2023 | December 27, 2022
March 29, 2023 | $0.3475 per common share | $19.2 million | Class A and Class B | April 25, 2023 | April 11, 2023

Changes in Common Stock
The following is a summary of changes during the years ended April 30, in shares of our common stock and common stock in treasury (shares in thousands).

Changes in Class A Common Stock: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Number of shares, beginning of year | 70,226 |  | 70,208 |  | 70,166
Common stock class conversions | 5 |  | 18 |  | 42
Number of shares issued, end of year | 70,231 |  | 70,226 |  | 70,208
Changes in Class A Common Stock in treasury: |  |  |  |  |
Number of shares held, beginning of year | 23,515 |  | 23,419 |  | 23,405
Purchases of treasury shares | 831 |  | 542 |  | 308
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans – non-PSU Awards | (394) |  | (323) |  | (268)
Restricted shares issued under stock-based compensation plans – PSU Awards | (150) |  | (108) |  | (88)
Shares issued to directors | — |  | (2) |  | (6)
Restricted shares issued from exercise of stock options | (14) |  | (49) |  | (60)
Shares issued related to the acquisition of a business | — |  | (129) |  | —
Shares withheld for taxes | 195 |  | 167 |  | 129
Other | — |  | (2) |  | (1)
Number of shares held, end of year | 23,983 |  | 23,515 |  | 23,419
Number of Class A Common Stock outstanding, end of year | 46,248 |  | 46,711 |  | 46,789

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Changes in Class B Common Stock: | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Number of shares, beginning of year | 12,956 |  | 12,974 |  | 13,016
Common stock class conversions | (5) |  | (18) |  | (42)
Number of shares issued, end of year | 12,951 |  | 12,956 |  | 12,974
Changes in Class B Common Stock in treasury: |  |  |  |  |
Number of shares held, beginning of year | 3,924 |  | 3,922 |  | 3,920
Purchases of treasury shares | 1 |  | 2 |  | 2
Number of shares held, end of year | 3,925 |  | 3,924 |  | 3,922
Number of Class B Common Stock outstanding, end of year | 9,026 |  | 9,032 |  | 9,052

Warrants
In connection with the acquisition of The Learning House, Inc. on November 1, 2018, a portion of the fair value of the consideration transferred was $0.6 million of warrants. The warrants were classified as equity and allowed the holder to purchase 400,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $90.00, subject to adjustments. The term of the warrants was three years and expired on November 1, 2021. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
Note 20 – Segment Information
We have reorganized our Education lines of business into two new customer-centric segments. The Academic segment addresses the university customer group and includes Academic Publishing and University Services. The Talent segment addresses the corporate customer group and will be focused on delivering training, sourcing, and upskilling solutions. Prior period segment results have been revised to the new segment presentation. There were no changes to our consolidated financial results. Our new segment reporting structure consists of three reportable segments, which are listed below, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments:
•Research includes Research Publishing and Research Solutions. No changes were made as a result of this realignment;
•Academic includes the Academic Publishing and University Services lines. Academic Publishing is the combination of the former Education Publishing line and professional publishing offerings;
•Talent is the combination of the former Talent Development line, and our assessments (corporate training) and corporate learning offerings.
We report our segment information in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting.” These segments reflect the way our chief operating decision maker evaluates our business performance and manages the operations. The performance metric used by our chief operating decision maker to evaluate performance of our reportable segments is Adjusted Contribution to Profit.
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Segment information is as follows:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | 1,080,311 |  |  | $ | 1,111,343 |  |  | $ | 1,015,349 |
Academic | 690,408 |  |  | 759,112 |  |  | 769,014 |
Talent | 249,181 |  |  | 212,473 |  |  | 157,138 |
Total revenue | $ | 2,019,900 |  |  | $ | 2,082,928 |  |  | $ | 1,941,501 |
Adjusted Contribution to Profit: |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | 283,984 |  |  | $ | 295,227 |  |  | $ | 273,023 |
Academic | 68,279 |  |  | 91,247 |  |  | 117,005 |
Talent (1) | 33,007 |  |  | 23,959 |  |  | (4,154) |
Total adjusted contribution to profit | $ | 385,270 |  |  | $ | 410,433 |  |  | $ | 385,874 |
Adjusted corporate contribution to profit | (171,926) |  |  | (192,584) |  |  | (167,053) |
Total adjusted operating income | $ | 213,344 |  |  | $ | 217,849 |  |  | $ | 218,821 |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |
Research | $ | 93,008 |  |  | $ | 94,899 |  |  | $ | 83,866 |
Academic | 79,741 |  |  | 81,721 |  |  | 77,823 |
Talent (1) | 24,042 |  |  | 21,997 |  |  | 23,828 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 196,791 |  |  | $ | 198,617 |  |  | $ | 185,517 |
Corporate depreciation and amortization | 16,462 |  |  | 16,553 |  |  | 14,672 |
Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 213,253 |  |  | $ | 215,170 |  |  | $ | 200,189 |

(1) | On January 1, 2020, Wiley acquired mthree, a talent placement provider that addresses the IT skills gap by finding, training, and placing job-ready technology talent in roles with leading corporations worldwide. Its results of operations are included in our Talent segment. In late May 2022, Wiley renamed the mthree talent development solution to Wiley Edge and discontinued use of the mthree trademark during the three months ended July 31, 2022. As a result of these actions, we determined that a revision of the useful life was warranted and the intangible asset was fully amortized over its remaining useful life resulting in accelerated amortization expense of $4.6 million in the three months ended July 31, 2022. This amortization expense was an adjustment to the Talent Adjusted contribution to profit. In addition, it was included in Depreciation and amortization in the table above for segment reporting.

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The following table shows a reconciliation of our consolidated US GAAP Operating Income to Non-GAAP Adjusted Operating Income:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
US GAAP Operating Income | $ | 55,890 |  |  | $ | 219,276 |  |  | $ | 185,511 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring and related charges (credits) (1) | 49,389 |  |  | (1,427) |  |  | 33,310 |
Impairment of goodwill (1) | 99,800 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Legal settlement (2) | 3,671 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accelerated amortization of an intangible asset (3) | 4,594 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-GAAP Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 213,344 |  |  | $ | 217,849 |  |  | $ | 218,821 |

(1) | See Note 7, “Restructuring and Related Charges (Credits)” and Note 11, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” for these charges by segment.
(2) | In the three months ended January 31, 2023, we settled a litigation matter related to consideration for a previous acquisition for $3.7 million which is included in our Corporate category.
(3) | As described above, this accelerated amortization relates to the mthree trademark.

See Note 3, “Revenue Recognition, Contracts with Customers,” for revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by segment and product type for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The following tables show assets allocated by reportable segment and by the corporate category as of April 30 as follows:

| 2023 |  | 2022
Research | $ | 1,521,450 |  |  | $ | 1,593,297 |
Academic | 870,586 |  |  | 1,023,887 |
Talent | 394,866 |  |  | 413,137 |
Corporate | 321,908 |  |  | 331,374 |
Total | $ | 3,108,810 |  |  | $ | 3,361,695 |

The following tables show product development spending and additions to technology, property, and equipment by reportable segment and by the corporate category:

| For the Years Ended April 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Research | $ | (29,424) |  |  | $ | (30,139) |  |  | $ | (24,284) |
Academic | (39,069) |  |  | (43,580) |  |  | (36,831) |
Talent | (5,865) |  |  | (7,810) |  |  | (8,515) |
Corporate | (29,755) |  |  | (34,329) |  |  | (33,731) |
Total | $ | (104,113) |  |  | $ | (115,858) |  |  | $ | (103,361) |

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Revenue for the years ended April 30 from external customers is based on the location of the customer, and technology, property and equipment, net by geographic area as of April 30 were as follows:

| Revenue, net |  | Technology, Property, and Equipment, Net
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
United States | $ | 995,918 |  |  | $ | 1,011,716 |  |  | $ | 990,499 |  |  | $ | 210,547 |  |  | $ | 232,824 |  |  | $ | 241,217 |
China | 150,939 |  |  | 140,323 |  |  | 92,305 |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | 2,609 |  |  | 567 |
United Kingdom | 150,601 |  |  | 164,205 |  |  | 145,806 |  |  | 19,664 |  |  | 19,260 |  |  | 19,436 |
Japan | 89,084 |  |  | 94,040 |  |  | 91,957 |  |  | 675 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 234 |
Canada | 83,039 |  |  | 80,640 |  |  | 67,635 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 1,067 |
Australia | 79,802 |  |  | 80,993 |  |  | 57,569 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 476 |  |  | 890 |
Germany | 59,867 |  |  | 75,805 |  |  | 78,035 |  |  | 8,333 |  |  | 7,267 |  |  | 8,459 |
India | 43,505 |  |  | 38,279 |  |  | 32,228 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 984 |  |  | 1,012 |
France | 34,260 |  |  | 43,007 |  |  | 45,681 |  |  | 1,977 |  |  | 3,284 |  |  | 4,329 |
Other Countries | 332,885 |  |  | 353,920 |  |  | 339,786 |  |  | 2,977 |  |  | 3,867 |  |  | 5,059 |
Total | $ | 2,019,900 |  |  | $ | 2,082,928 |  |  | $ | 1,941,501 |  |  | $ | 247,149 |  |  | $ | 271,572 |  |  | $ | 282,270 |

Note 21 – Subsequent Events
Fiscal Year 2024 Dispositions, Segment Realignment, and Restructuring
On June 1, 2023, Wiley’s Board of Directors approved a plan to dispose of certain education businesses. Those businesses are University Services (formerly Online Program Management) in our Academic segment, and Wiley Edge (formerly Talent Development) and CrossKnowledge in our Talent segment. These dispositions are expected to be completed in fiscal year 2024, and will be reported as held for sale in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. In fiscal year 2023, these businesses, combined with the two dispositions disclosed in Note 4, "Acquisitions and Divestitures" generated approximately $393 million of revenue (approximately 19% of our consolidated revenue) and $43 million of Adjusted EBITDA (approximately 10% of our consolidated Adjusted EBITDA). We are evaluating the financial statement impact of these planned dispositions.
During fiscal year 2024, it is anticipated that additional restructuring actions will be undertaken to rightsize the Company’s expenses. The timing of much of these restructuring actions will be influenced by the completion of the dispositions. The amount of such charges has not yet been determined.
In the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, we are realigning our segments. Our new segment structure will consist of two reportable segments which includes (1) Research (no change) and (2) Learning, as well as a Corporate expense category (no change), which includes certain costs that are not allocated to the reportable segments. Research will continue to have reporting lines of Research Publishing and Research Solutions. Learning will include reporting lines of Academic (education publishing) and Professional (professional publishing and assessments).
Dividend
On June 26, 2023, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.3500 per share, or approximately $19.3 million, on our Class A and Class B Common Stock. The dividend is payable on July 20, 2023 to shareholders of record on July 6, 2023.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures: The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, together with the Chief Accounting Officer and other members of the Company’s management, have conducted an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting: Our Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on their evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of April 30, 2023.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of April 30, 2023 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Certain information about our Executive Officers is reported under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following information will be included in the Company's Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year end of April 30, 2023 (2023 Proxy Statement) and is incorporated herein by reference.
•Information about our directors who are standing for reelection and any persons nominated to become directors of the Company is contained under the caption “Election of Director Nominees”.
•Information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the captio n "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports".
•Information concerning the Company's committees of the Board of Directors, including the audit committee and designated financial experts is contained under the captions “Report of the Audit Committee” and “Committees of the Board of Directors and Certain Other Information concerning the Board”.
•Information concerning the Company's code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, also known as the "Business Conduct and Ethics Policy" and the "Code of Ethics Policy for Senior Financial Officers" and on Company's "Corporate Governance Principles" are set forth under "Corporate Governance—Key Corporate Governance Documents." All of these documents are publicly available on the Company’s Corporate Governance website at https://www.wiley.com/en-us/corporategovernance.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The Information required by this item will be included in the 2023 Proxy Statement under the headers “Directors’ Compensation,” "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” and “Executive Compensation,” respectively, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following information required in this item will be included under the Ownership of Common Stock section in the Company's 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
•Information on the beneficial ownership reporting for the directors and executive officers is contained under the caption “Stock Ownership of Officers and Directors.”
•Information on the beneficial ownership reporting for all other shareholders that own 5% or more of the Company’s Class A or Class B Common Stock is contained under the caption “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners."
The following table summarizes the Company’s equity compensation plan information as of April 30, 2023:

Plan Category |  | Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (2)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders |  | 1,385,361 |  | $ | 59.77 |  |  | 6,279,259

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(1)This amount includes the following awards issued under the 2022 Plan and Prior Plans:
•312,509 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $59.77.
•1,072,852 non-vested performance-based and other restricted stock awards. Since these awards have no exercise price, they are not included in the weighted average exercise price calculation.
(2)Per the terms of the 2022 Plan, a total of 6,200,000 shares shall be authorized for awards granted under the 2022 Plan, less one (1) share for every one (1) share that was subject to an award granted under a Prior Plan after July 13, 2022 and prior to the approval of the 2022 Plan on September 29, 2022 (Effective Date). In addition, after July 13, 2022, if any shares subject to an award under any Prior Plans are forfeited or an award under any Prior Plans expires or is settled for cash, then in each such case the shares subject to such Award or award under any Prior Plan shall be added to the shares available for awards under the Plan, on a one-for-one-basis. After the Effective Date of the 2022 Plan, no awards may be granted under any Prior Plan.
All of the Company’s equity compensation plans are approved by shareholders.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information on related party transactions and the policies and procedures for reviewing and approving related party transactions will be contained under the caption “Transactions with Related Persons” within the “Corporate Governance” section of the 2023 Proxy Statement and are incorporated herein by reference.
Information on director independence will be contained under the caption “Director Independence” within the “Corporate Governance” section of the 2023 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, New York, NY, Auditor ID: 185
Information required by this item will be contained in the 2023 Proxy Statement under the captions “Audit Committee Matters" and “Audit Committee Report” and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) Documents filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1) Financial Statements
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in Part II Item 8.
(2) Financial Statement Schedule
See Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves - Years Ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The other schedules are omitted as they are not applicable, or the amounts involved are not material.
(3) Exhibits

Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws
3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. July 1, 1992 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 202 2).
3.2 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 1992).

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3.3 | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation dated October 13, 1995 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 1996).
3.4 | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation dated as of September 1998 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 1998).
3.5 | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation dated as of September 1999 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 1999).
3.6 | Amended and Restated By-Laws dated as of September 2007 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2018).
Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures
4.1 | Description of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A (Amendment No. 1) for the year ended April 30, 2020).
Material Contracts
10.1 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2023 Executive Annual Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 202 2).●
10.2 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2023 Executive Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2022).●
10.3 | Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement Under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, Under the Business Officer Equity Program Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2022).●
10.4 | Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement Under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, Under the Business Officer Equity Program Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2022).●
10.5 | 2018 Director Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2019).●
10.6 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2022 Omnibus Stock Plan and Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022).●
10.7 | Amended 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2014).●
10.8 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Director Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022.●
10.9 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors’ 2005 & After Compensation Amended and Restated as of September 29, 2022 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022).●
10.10 | Second Amendment to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2022, among John Wiley & Sons, Inc., John Wiley & Sons Limited, J Wiley Limited, Wiley Europe Investment Holdings Limited, and Wiley-VCH GmbH, as borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, L/C Issuer and Swing Line Lender, and the other Lenders party thereto, which amends the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 30, 2019 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 8-K dated as of December 6, 2022).

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10.11 | Revised as of November 30, 2022 Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, among John Wiley & Sons, Inc., John Wiley & Sons Limited, J Wiley Limited, Wiley Europe Investment Holdings Limited, and Wiley-VCH GmbH , as borrowers, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, L/C Issuer and Swing Line Lender, and the other Lenders party thereto, which amends the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 30, 2019 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Report on Form 8-K dated as D ecember 6, 2022).
10.12 | Agreement of the Lease dated as of July 14, 2014 between Hub Properties Trust as Landlord, an independent third party, and John Wiley & Sons, Inc as Tenant (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2014).
10.13 | 2014 Executive Annual Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2014).●
10.14 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2022 Executive Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.15 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2022 Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, under the Business Officer Equity Program, Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2021).●
10.16 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2022 Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement, under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, Under the Business Officer Equity Program Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2021).●
10.17 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2022 Non-Qualified Premium Stock Option Grant Agreement Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended July 31, 2021).●
10.18 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2021 Executive Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended January 31, 2021).●
10.19 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2021 Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, under the Business Officer Equity Program, Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended July 31, 2020).●
10.20 | Form of the Fiscal Year 2021 Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement, Under the Executive Long-Term Incentive Plan, Under the Business Officer Equity Program Pursuant to the 2014 Key Employee Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended January 31, 2021).●
10.21 | Employment Letter dated October 12, 2017 between Brian A. Napack, President and Chief Executive Officer, and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended October 31, 2017).●
10.22 | Employment Letter dated February 5, 2019 between Matthew Kissner, Group Executive, and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 7, 2019).●
10.23 | Separation and Release Agreement, dated June 11, 2021 between Matthew S. Kissner, Group Executive Vice President, and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2021).●
10.24 | Transition and Consulting Agreement, dated June 15, 2021 between Matthew S. Kissner, Group Executive Vice President, and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 17, 2021).●
10.25 | Employment Letter dated April 20, 2018 between Aref Matin, Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended July 31, 2020).●

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10.26 | Senior Executive Employment Agreement dated as of October 25, 2021 between Christina Van Tassell and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated as of October 28, 2021).●
10.27 | Employment Agreement dated August 7, 2020 between Todd Zipper, Executive Vice President & General Manager, Education Services and the Company (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2021).●
10.28* | Employment Agreement dated August 18, 2018 between Matthew Leavy, Senior Vice President, Business Development and the Company.●
10.29 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan as Amended and Restated effective as of January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.30 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Supplemental Benefit Plan Amended and Restated as of January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.31 | Deferred Compensation Plan of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. as Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2016 including amendments through December 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.32 | Amendment to the Deferred Compensation Plan of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.33 | Amendment to the Deferred Compensation Plan of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. effective January 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended January 31, 2022).●
10.34 | Amendment to the Employees’ Retirement Plan of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. effective October 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.35 | Amendment to the Employees’ Retirement Plan of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (IRS model 436 provisions) (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.36 | John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Employees’ Savings Plan Amended and Restated Effective July 1, 2013 including amendments through January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.37 | Amendment to the John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Employees’ Savings Plan approved December 19, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.38 | Amendment to the John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Employees’ Savings Plan approved September 26, 2019 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.39 | Amendment to the John Wiley & Sons, inc. Employees’ Savings Plan effective January 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.40 | Amendment to the John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Employees’ Savings Plan effective September 1, 2020 and January 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2021).●
10.41 | Amendment to the John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Employees' Savings Plan effective January 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended January 31, 2022).●
Subsidiaries

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21* | List of Subsidiaries of the Company.
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
23* | Consent of KPMG LLP.
Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certifications Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1** | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2** | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Inline XBRL
101.INS* | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

*Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
● Indicates management compensatory plan, contract, or arrangement
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Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.
(2) Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule II
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED APRIL 30, 2023, 2022, AND 2021
(Dollars in thousands)

Description |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting Principle(1) |  | Charged to Expenses |  | Deductions From Reserves and Other(2) |  | Balance at End of Period
Year Ended April 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for sales returns(4) |  | $ | 19,422 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,439 |  |  | $ | 29,442 |  |  | $ | 14,419 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 21,221 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 2,906 |  |  | $ | 18,662 |
Allowance for inventory obsolescence |  | $ | 11,219 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,222 |  |  | $ | 5,451 |  |  | $ | 12,990 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(3) |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,037) |  |  | $ | (1,485) |  |  | $ | 27,448 |
Year Ended April 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for sales returns(4) |  | $ | 22,199 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,191 |  |  | $ | 31,968 |  |  | $ | 19,422 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 21,474 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,029 |  |  | $ | 4,282 |  |  | $ | 21,221 |
Allowance for inventory obsolescence |  | $ | 13,970 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,786 |  |  | $ | 9,537 |  |  | $ | 11,219 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(3) |  | $ | 4,855 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | (24,915) |  |  | $ | 30,000 |
Year Ended April 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for sales returns(4) |  | $ | 19,642 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,997 |  |  | $ | 34,440 |  |  | $ | 22,199 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  | $ | 18,335 |  |  | $ | 1,776 |  |  | $ | 6,957 |  |  | $ | 5,594 |  |  | $ | 21,474 |
Allowance for inventory obsolescence |  | $ | 16,067 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,236 |  |  | $ | 11,333 |  |  | $ | 13,970 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets(3) |  | $ | 23,287 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,213 |  |  | $ | 21,645 |  |  | $ | 4,855 |

(1) | See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Recently Issued, and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” We adopted the new standard on May 1, 2020, with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption.

(2) | Deductions From Reserves and Other for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 include foreign exchange translation adjustments. Included in Allowance for doubtful accounts are accounts written off, less recoveries. Included in Allowance for inventory obsolescence are items removed from inventory.

(3) | Included in Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are valuation allowances related to, and required with respect to, foreign tax credits generated by tax reform enacted in December 2017. In connection with a 5-year loss carryback and a subsequent audit, certain foreign tax credits requiring a valuation allowance were reinstated.

(4) | Allowance for sales returns represents anticipated returns net of a recovery of inventory and royalty costs. The provision is reported as a reduction of gross sales to arrive at revenue and the reserve balance is reported as an increase in Contract liabilities with a corresponding increase in Inventories, net and a reduction in Accrued royalties for the years ended April 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

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Index
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
|  | (Company)
Dated: June 26, 2023 | By: | /s/ Brian A. Napack
|  | Brian A. Napack
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Company and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signatures |  | Titles |  | Dated
/s/ Brian A. Napack |  | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director |  | June 26, 2023
Brian A. Napack |  |  |
/s/ Christina Van Tassell |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  | June 26, 2023
Christina Van Tassell |  |  |  |
/s/ Christopher F. Caridi |  | Senior Vice President, Global Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer |  | June 26, 2023
Christopher F. Caridi |  |  |
/s/ Jesse C. Wiley |  | Chairman of the Board |  | June 26, 2023
Jesse C. Wiley |  |  |  |
/s/ Mari J. Baker |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Mari J. Baker |  |  |  |
/s/ George D. Bell |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
George D. Bell |  |  |  |
/s/ Beth A. Birnbaum |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Beth A. Birnbaum |  |  |  |
/s/ David C. Dobson |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
David C. Dobson |  |  |  |
/s/ Brian O. Hemphill |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Brian O. Hemphill |  |  |  |
/s/ Laurie A. Leshin |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Laurie A. Leshin |  |  |  |
/s/ Raymond W. McDaniel, Jr. |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Raymond W. McDaniel, Jr. |  |  |  |
/s/ William J. Pesce |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
William J. Pesce |  |  |  |
/s/ Inder Singh |  | Director |  | June 26, 2023
Inder Singh |  |  |  |

126