
(in millions of Euros)	Land and Property Rights	Buildings	Machinery and Equipment	Construction Work in Progress	Other	Total



Net balance at January 1, 2021	20	379	1,361	132	14	1,906

Additions	—	6	52	169	6	233
Disposals	—	(1)	(2)	—	(1)	(4)
Depreciation expense	(1)	(27)	(210)	(3)	(12)	(253)

Transfer and other changes	1	5	153	(174)	8	(7)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	1	12	57	3	—	73
Net balance at December 31, 2021	21	374	1,411	127	15	1,948

Cost	38	590	2,750	142	57	3,577


Less accumulated depreciation and impairment	(17)	(216)	(1,339)	(15)	(42)	(1,629)
Net balance at December 31, 2021	21	374	1,411	127	15	1,948


(in millions of Euros)	Land and Property Rights	Buildings	Machinery and Equipment	Construction Work in Progress	Other	Total


Net balance at January 1, 2020	19	366	1,451	203	17	2,056

Additions	—	20	76	129	3	228
Disposals	—	—	(3)	—	—	(3)
Depreciation expense	(1)	(27)	(211)		(10)	(249)
Impairment	—	(6)	(28)	(8)	—	(42)
Transfer and other changes	3	38	139	(189)	5	(4)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	(1)	(12)	(63)	(3)	(1)	(80)
Net balance at December 31, 2020	20	379	1,361	132	14	1,906

Cost	35	559	2,473	145	48	3,260


Less accumulated depreciation and impairment	(15)	(180)	(1,112)	(13)	(34)	(1,354)
Net balance at December 31, 2020	20	379	1,361	132	14	1,906


(in millions of Euros)	Buildings	Machinery and Equipment	Other	Total


Net balance at January 1, 2021	112	72	2	186

Additions	5	7	—	12

Depreciation expense	(11)	(16)	(1)	(28)

Transfer and other changes	—	(1)	—	(1)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	2	3	—	5
Net balance at December 31, 2021	108	65	1	174

Cost	150	144	3	297
Less accumulated depreciation and impairment	(42)	(79)	(2)	(123)
Net balance at December 31, 2021	108	65	1	174


(in millions of Euros)	Buildings	Machinery and Equipment	Other	Total


Net balance at January 1, 2020	116	71	3	190

Additions	19	33	1	53
Disposals	—	(1)	—	(1)
Depreciation expense	(12)	(22)	(2)	(36)
Impairment	(4)	(5)	—	(9)
Transfer and other changes	(4)	(1)	—	(5)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	(3)	(3)	—	(6)
Net balance at December 31, 2020	112	72	2	186

Cost	142	135	4	281
Less accumulated depreciation and impairment	(30)	(63)	(2)	(95)
Net balance at December 31, 2020	112	72	2	186

The total expense relating to short-term leases, low value asset leases and variable lease payments that are still recognized as operating expenses was €12 million and €11 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Total depreciation expense relating to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are presented in the Consolidated Income Statement as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
(in millions of Euros)	2021	2020	2019
Cost of sales	(245)	(240)	(237)
Selling and administrative expenses	(17)	(14)	(13)
Research and development expenses	(5)	(5)	(6)
Total depreciation expense	(267)	(259)	(256)

At December 31, 2020, the downturn in the aerospace industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic was identified as an indicator of impairment for all the Cash Generating Units (“CGUs”) in the A&T segment.

As a result, these CGUs were tested for impairment and their value in use was calculated using discounted cash flows based on a financial forecast for the period 2021-2025 prepared by management and reflecting the following key assumptions:

This impairment test conclusion to fully impair two CGUs for €16 million (€9 million for the Montreuil-Juigné plant and €7 million for the Ussel plant) was reached in the year ended December 31, 2020.

The Group also tested the sensitivity of two other A&T CGUs to changes in cash flows, in discount rates, and in perpetuity growth rates:

•With cash-flows that were 20% lower from 2021 to 2025, including the terminal year cash flow, the recoverable value would exceed the carrying value for one CGU, and equal the carrying value for the other CGU,

•With an increase in the discount of 275 basis points, the recoverable value of one CGU would exceed the carrying value, and equal the carrying value for the other CGU,

•With a decrease in the perpetual growth rate of 400 basis points, the recoverable value of one CGU would exceed the carrying value, and equal the carrying value for the other CGU.

At December 31, 2020, management also reviewed the CGUs in the AS&I segment and identified an indicator of impairment for two Automotive Structures plants - Nanjing, China and White, Georgia, U.S.

In June 2020, one of the main customers of the Nanjing plant announced a suspension of its operations as well as a strategic reorganization and the business prospects were reviewed consequently. The White Georgia plant was tested for impairment due to lower profitability than expected as a result of operational challenges faced in the implementation of a new technology developed for one specific automotive platform leading management to reassess the long-term prospects of the plant.

As a result, these two CGUs were tested for impairment and their values in use were calculated using discounted cash flows and a discount rate of 9%. Based on this analysis the conclusion to fully impair the Nanjing plant for €12 million was reached in the year ended December 31, 2020. The White Georgia plant was partially impaired for €13 million, leading to a carrying value of €11 million at December 31, 2020.

At December 31, 2019, a triggering event was identified for the Automotive Structure USA CGUs due to the fact that actual operating profit and net cash flows were impacted by higher than expected costs related to operational challenges on some of the newer automotive programs. The Automotive Structure USA CGUs were tested for impairment at December 31, 2019 and management concluded that no impairment charge was required. No triggering events were identified at December 31, 2019 for our other CGUs.