The Group’s financial risk management strategy focuses on minimizing the cash flow impacts of volatility in foreign currency exchange rates and metal prices, while maintaining the financial flexibility the Group requires in order to successfully execute its business strategy.

Due to Constellium’s capital structure and the nature of its operations, the Group is exposed to the following financial risks: (i) market risk including foreign exchange, commodity price and interest rate risks; (ii) credit risk and (iii) liquidity risk.

Constellium has the following foreign exchange risk: i) transaction exposures, which include commercial transactions related to forecasted sales and purchases and on-balance sheet receivables/payables resulting from such transactions and financing transactions related to external and internal net debt, and ii) translation exposures, which relate to net investments in foreign entities that are converted in Euros in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Group policy is to hedge committed and highly probable forecasted foreign currency operational transactions. The Group uses foreign exchange forwards and foreign exchange swaps for this purpose.

The following tables outline the nominal value (converted to millions of Euros at the closing rate) of forward derivatives for Constellium’s most significant foreign exchange exposures at December 31, 2022.

The Group has agreed to supply a major customer with fabricated metal products from a Euro functional currency entity and invoices in U.S. Dollars. The Group has entered into significant foreign exchange derivatives that matched related highly probable future conversion sales. The Group designates these derivatives for hedge accounting, with a total nominal amount of $248 million and $274 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 respectively, with maturities ranging from 2023 to 2025.


		Year ended December 31,
(in millions of Euros)	Notes	2022	2021	2020
Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting
Included in Other gains and losses - net
Realized gains / (losses) on foreign currency derivatives - net	9	—	1	(4)
Unrealized gains / (losses) on foreign currency derivatives - net (A)	9	6	15	(9)
Derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting
Included in Other comprehensive income
Unrealized (losses) / gains on foreign currency derivatives - net		(16)	(21)	20
Gains reclassified from cash flow hedge reserve to the Consolidated Income Statement		8	4	6
Included in Revenue (B)
Realized losses on foreign currency derivatives - net	9	(8)	(2)	(7)
Unrealized (losses) / gains on foreign currency derivatives - net	9	—	(2)	1
Derivatives discontinued from hedge accounting
Included in Other gains and losses - net
Losses reclassified from OCI as a result of hedge accounting discontinuation (C)	9	—	—	(6)

(A)Gains or losses on the hedging instruments are expected to offset losses or gains on the underlying hedged forecasted sales that will be reflected in future years when these sales are recognized.

(C)In the year ended December 31, 2020, we determined that a portion of the hedged forecasted sales for 2020 and 2021, to which hedge accounting was applied, was no longer expected to occur. As a result, the fair value of the related derivatives accumulated in equity was reclassified in the Consolidated Income Statement and resulted a €6 million loss.

When the Group enters into intercompany loans and deposits, the financing is generally provided in the functional currency of the subsidiary. The foreign currency exposure of the Group’s external funding and liquid assets is systematically hedged either naturally through intercompany foreign currency loans and deposits or through foreign currency derivatives.

At December 31, 2022, the net hedged position related to long-term and short-term loans and deposits in U.S. dollars included a forward sale of $115 million versus the Euro using simple foreign exchange forward contracts.


	Year ended December 31,
(in millions of Euros)	2022	2021	2020
Derivatives
Included in Finance costs - net
Realized gains / (losses) on foreign currency derivatives - net	2	(36)	7
Unrealized (losses) / gains on foreign currency derivatives - net	(1)	46	(39)
Total	1	10	(32)

In accordance with the Group policy, total realized and unrealized gains or losses on foreign currency derivatives are expected to offset the net foreign exchange result related to financing activities, both included in Finance costs - net.

The largest exposures of the Group are related to the Euro/U.S. Dollar exchange rate. The table below summarizes the impact on income and equity (before tax effect) of a 10% strengthening of the U.S. Dollar versus the Euro for non U.S. Dollar functional currency entities.


(in millions of Euros)	Effect on income before tax	Effect on pretax equity
Trade receivables	3	—
Trade payables	(1)	—
Derivatives on commercial transactions (A)	(25)	(24)
Net commercial transaction exposure	(23)	(24)
Cash in Bank and intercompany loans	105	—
Borrowings	(117)	—
Derivatives on financing transactions	12	—
Net financing transaction exposure	—	—
Total	(23)	(24)

(A)Gains or losses on the hedging instruments are expected to offset losses or gains on the underlying hedged forecasted sales that will be reflected in future years when these sales are recognized. The impact on pretax equity of €24 million relates to derivatives hedging the future sales spread from 2023 to 2025 which are designated as cash flow hedges.

Foreign exchange impacts related to the translation of net investments in foreign subsidiaries from functional currency to Euro, and of the related revenue and expenses, are not hedged as the Group operates in these various countries on permanent basis except as described below.

The exposure relates to foreign currency translation of net investments in foreign subsidiaries and arises mainly from operations conducted by U.S. Dollar functional currency subsidiaries.

The table below summarizes the impact on income and equity (before tax effect) of a 10% strengthening of the U.S. Dollar versus the Euro (on average rate for income before tax and closing rate for pretax equity) for U.S. Dollar functional currency entities.

The Group is subject to the effects of market fluctuations in the price of aluminium, which is the Group’s primary metal input and a significant component of its output. The Group is also exposed to variation in regional premiums and in the price of zinc, natural gas, silver and copper and other alloying metals but in a less significant way.

The Group policy is to minimize exposure to aluminium price volatility by passing through the aluminium price risk to customers and using derivatives where necessary. For most of its aluminium price exposure, sales and purchases of aluminium are converted to be on the same floating basis and then the same quantities are bought and sold at the same market price.

The Group also purchases fixed price copper, aluminium premium, silver and zinc derivatives to offset the commodity exposure where sales contracts have embedded fixed price agreements for these commodities.


(in millions of Euros)	Maturity	Less than 1 year	Over 1 year
Aluminium	2023-2024	290	5
Premium	2023-2025	18	5
Copper	2023	12	—
Silver	2023-2024	18	—
Natural gas	2023-2026	31	29
Zinc	2023	8	—

The value of the contracts will fluctuate due to changes in market prices but our hedging strategy helps protect the Group’s margin on future conversion and fabrication activities. At December 31, 2022, these contracts were directly entered into with external counterparties.


	Year ended December 31,
(in millions of Euros)	2022	2021	2020
Derivatives
Included in Other gains and losses - net
Realized (losses) / gains on commodity derivatives - net	(6)	112	(31)
Unrealized (losses) / gains on commodity derivatives - net	(53)	24	25

The net impact on earnings and equity of a 10% increase in the market price of aluminium, based on the aluminium derivatives held by the Group at December 31, 2022 (before tax), with all other variables held constant, was estimated to be a €28 million gain. The balances of these financial instruments may change in future years, and therefore these amounts may not be indicative of future results.

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s interest rate risk arises principally from borrowings. Borrowings issued at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk, which is partially offset by cash and cash equivalent deposits earning interest at variable interest rates. Borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. At December 31, 2022, the Group’s borrowings were mainly at fixed rates.

The impact on income before income tax of a 50 basis point increase or decrease in the LIBOR, EURIBOR or SOFR interest rates as applicable, based on the variable rate financial instruments held by the Group at December 31, 2022 and 2021, with all other variables held constant, was estimated to be approximately €3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and approximately €1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. However, the balances of such financial instruments may not remain constant in future years, and therefore these amounts may not be indicative of future results.

Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Group is exposed to credit risk with financial institutions and other parties as a result of cash-in-bank, cash deposits, mark-to-market on derivative transactions and customer trade receivables arising from the Group’s operating activities. The maximum exposure to credit risk for the year ended December 31, 2022 is the carrying value of each class of financial asset as described in NOTE 21 - Financial Instruments. The Group does not generally hold any collateral as security.

Credit risk with financial institutions is managed by the Group’s Treasury department in accordance with a Board approved policy. Management is not aware of any significant risks associated with financial institutions as a result of cash and cash equivalent deposits, including short-term investments and financial derivative transactions.


	At December 31,
	2022		2021
	Number of financial counterparties (A)	Exposure (in millions of Euros)	Number of financial counterparties (A)	Exposure (in millions of Euros)
Rated Aa or better	2	51	3	54
Rated A	6	112	13	98
Rated Baa	1	3	3	33
Total	9	166	19	185

The Group has a diverse customer base geographically and by industry. The responsibility for customer credit risk management rests with management. Payment terms vary and are set in accordance with practices in the different geographies and end-markets served. Credit limits are typically established based on internal or external rating criteria, which take into account such factors as the financial condition of the customers, their credit history and the risk associated with their industry segment.

Trade receivables are actively monitored and managed, at the business unit or site level. Business units report credit exposure information to Constellium management on a regular basis. Over 76% of the Group’s trade account receivables are insured by insurance companies rated A3 or better or sold to a factor on a non-recourse basis. In situations where collection risk is considered to be above acceptable levels, risk is mitigated through the use of advance payments, bank guarantees or letters of credit.

Historically, we have a very low level of customer default as a result of long history of dealing with our customer base and an active credit monitoring function. See NOTE 13 - Trade Receivables and Other for the aging of trade receivables.

The Group’s capital structure includes shareholder’s equity, borrowings and various third-party financing arrangements. Constellium’s total capital is defined as total equity plus net debt. Net debt includes borrowings due to third parties less cash and cash equivalents.

Constellium’s overriding objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the business as a going concern, to maintain an optimal capital structure in order to minimize the weighted cost of capital, and to maximize returns for its owners.

The liquidity requirements of the overall Company are funded by cash and drawings on available credit facilities, while the internal management of liquidity is optimized by means of cash pooling agreements and/or intercompany loans and deposits between the Company’s operating entities and central Treasury.

At December 31, 2022, the borrowing base for the Pan-U.S. ABL and the French Inventory Facility were €469 million and €100 million, respectively. After deduction of amounts drawn and letters of credit, the Group had €480 million outstanding availability under these revolving credit facilities.

At December 31, 2022, liquidity was €709 million, comprised of €166 million of cash and cash equivalents and €543 million of available undrawn facilities, including the €480 million described above.

The Group’s financial institution counterparties may require margin calls should the mark-to-market of our derivatives hedging foreign exchange and commodity price risks exceed a pre-agreed contractual limit. In order to protect from potential margin calls for significant market movements, the Group enters into derivatives with a large number of financial counterparties and monitors margin requirements on a daily basis. In addition, the Group (i) ensures that financial counterparts hedging transactional exposure are also hedging foreign currency loan and deposit exposures and (ii) holds a significant liquidity buffer in cash or in availability under its various borrowing facilities.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no margin requirement paid as collateral to counterparties related to foreign exchange hedges nor related to aluminium or any other commodity hedges.

The tables below show undiscounted contractual financial assets and financial liabilities values by relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining periods from December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to the contractual maturity date.


	At December 31,
	2022			2021
(in millions of Euros)	Less than 1 year	Between 1- 5 years	Over 5 years	Less than 1 year	Between 1 - 5 years	Over 5 years
Financial assets

Net cash flows from derivative assets related to currencies and commodities	31	9	—	60	12	—
Trade receivables	465	—	—	603	—	—
Total	496	9	—	663	12	—


		At December 31,
		2022			2021
(in millions of Euros)	Notes	Less than 1 year	Between 1 - 5 years	After 5 years	Less than 1 year	Between 1 - 5 Years	After 5 years
Financial liabilities
Borrowings		5	698	1,087	195	710	1,046
Leases		35	98	86	37	99	85
Interest (A)		78	260	54	79	285	96

Net cash flows from derivative liabilities related to currencies and commodities		42	19	—	26	12	—
Trade payables and fixed asset payables	19	1,191	—	—	1,087	—	—
Total		1,351	1,075	1,227	1,424	1,106	1,227