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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company and the operating partnership are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Any reference to the number of properties, acres and square footage are unaudited and outside the scope of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm’s audit of the Company’s financial statements in accordance with the standards of the United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the Company, the operating partnership and all wholly owned and controlled subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements of the operating partnership include the accounts of the operating partnership and all wholly owned and controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Under the consolidation guidance, the Company first evaluates an entity using the variable interest model, then the voting model. The Company ultimately consolidates all entities that the Company controls through either majority ownership or voting rights, including all variable interest entities (“VIEs”) of which the Company is considered the primary beneficiary. The Company accounts for all other unconsolidated joint ventures using the equity method of accounting. In addition, we continually evaluate each legal entity that is not wholly owned for reconsideration based on changing circumstances.
VIEs are defined as entities in which equity investors do not have:

•the characteristics of a controlling financial interest;

•sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; and/or

•the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights.

The entity that consolidates a VIE is known as its primary beneficiary and is generally the entity with both the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and the right to receive benefits from the VIE or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has determined that five joint ventures and our operating partnership met the definition of a VIE. Four of the joint ventures are consolidated entities and one joint venture is a non-consolidated entity.

Consolidated Entities 

As of December 31, 2018, the operating partnership has determined that four of its joint ventures met the definition of a VIE and are consolidated:
EntityPropertyOwnership interest 
Hudson 1455 Market, L.P.1455 Market55.0 %
Hudson 1099 Stewart, L.P.Hill755.0 %
HPP-MAC WSP, LLC
One Westside and 10850 Pico (collectively, formerly known as Westside Pavilion)
75.0 %
Hudson One Ferry REIT, L.P.Ferry Building55.0 %

On March 1, 2018, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with Macerich WSP, LLC (“Macerich”) to form HPP-MAC WSP, LLC (“HPP-MAC JV”). On August 31, 2018, Macerich contributed Westside Pavilion to the HPP-MAC JV. The HPP-MAC JV is held 75% by the Company and 25% by Macerich, with the Company serving as the managing member and developer. The joint venture agreement lacks substantive participating or kick-out rights and is therefore a VIE. The Company, through its subsidiaries, has the right to (i) receive benefits and absorb losses and (ii) has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the joint venture and, as a result, is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the joint venture.

On October 9, 2018, the Company entered into a joint venture with Allianz U.S. Private REIT LP (“Allianz”) to purchase the Ferry Building property. The Company owns 55% of the joint venture. The joint venture agreement lacks substantive participating or kick-out rights and is therefore a VIE. The Company, through its subsidiaries, has the right to (i) receive benefits and absorb losses and (ii) has the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the joint venture and, as a result, is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the joint venture.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company has determined that our operating partnership met the definition of a VIE and is consolidated.

Substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the Company are related to these VIEs.

Non-consolidated Entity

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of one joint venture that met the definition of a VIE. Due to its significant influence over the non-consolidated entity, the Company accounts for it using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, the Company initially records the investment at cost and subsequently adjusts for equity in earnings or losses and cash contributions and distributions. The Company’s share of net income or loss from the entity is included within other income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s net equity investment of the non-consolidated entities of $86 thousand and $14.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, is reflected within prepaid expenses and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represents the Company’s maximum exposure for loss. 
On June 16, 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture to co-originate a loan secured by land in Santa Clara, California. The Company owns 21% of the non-consolidated entity. The assets of the joint venture consist of notes receivable. On July 10, 2018, the Company received a return of capital related to its share of the repayment of the notes receivable.
Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to acquiring, developing and assessing the carrying values of its real estate properties, its accrued liabilities, and its performance-based equity compensation awards. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates.
Investment in Real Estate Properties
Acquisitions

The Company evaluates each acquisition to determine if the integrated set of assets and activities acquired meet the definition of a business and need to be accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. An integrated set of assets and activities would fail to qualify as a business if either (i) substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in either a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets or (ii) the integrated set of assets and activities is lacking, at a minimum, an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., revenue generated before and after the transaction). An acquired process is considered substantive if (i) the process includes an organized workforce (or includes an acquired contract that provides access to an organized workforce) that is skilled, knowledgeable and experienced in performing the process, (ii) the process cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort, or delay or (iii) the process is considered unique or scarce.

Acquisitions of real estate will generally not meet the definition of a business because substantially all of the fair value is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets (i.e., land, buildings and improvements and related intangible assets or liabilities) or because the acquisition does not include a substantive process in the form of an acquired workforce or an acquired contract that cannot be replaced without significant cost, effort or delay.

When the Company acquires properties that are considered business combinations, assets acquired and liabilities assumed are fair valued at the acquisition date. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, land, building and improvements, intangible assets related to above-and below-market leases, intangible assets related to in-place leases, debt and other assumed assets and liabilities. The initial accounting for a business combination is based on management’s preliminary assessment, which may differ when final information becomes available. Subsequent adjustments made to the initial purchase price assignment are made within the measurement period, which typically does not exceed one year, within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Acquisition-related expenses associated with business combinations are expensed in the period incurred which is included in the transaction-related expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

When the Company acquires properties that are considered asset acquisitions, the purchase price is allocated based on relative fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. There is no measurement period concept for asset acquisitions, with the purchase price accounting being final in the period of acquisition. Additionally, acquisition-related expenses associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized as part of the purchase price.

The Company assesses fair value based on Level 2 and Level 3 inputs within the fair value framework, which includes estimated cash flow projections that utilize appropriate discount, capitalization rates, renewal probability and available market information, which includes market rental rate and market rent growth rates. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions.
The fair value of tangible assets of an acquired property considers the value of the property as if it were vacant. The fair value of acquired “above- and below-” market leases are based on the estimated cash flow projections utilizing discount rates that reflect the risks associated with the leases acquired. The amount recorded is based on the present value of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for each in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above-market leases and the initial term plus the extended below-market term for any leases with below-market renewal options. Other intangible assets acquired include amounts for in-place lease values that are based on the Company’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Factors considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, the Company includes estimates of lost rents at market rates during the hypothetical expected lease-up periods, which are dependent on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, the Company considers commissions, legal and other leasing related costs. The fair value debt assumed is based on the estimated cash flow projections utilizing interest rates available for the issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities.

Cost Capitalization

The Company capitalizes costs associated with development and redevelopment activities, capital improvements, tenant improvements and leasing activity, which includes internal direct compensation costs. Costs associated with development and redevelopment that are capitalized include interest, property taxes, insurance and other costs directly related and essential to the acquisition, development or construction of a real estate project. Indirect development costs, including salaries and benefits, office rent, and associated costs for those individuals directly responsible for and who spend their time on development activities are also capitalized and allocated to the projects to which they relate. Construction and development costs are capitalized while substantial activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. The Company considers a construction project as substantially complete and held available for occupancy upon the completion of tenant improvements but no later than one year after cessation of major construction activity. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, or after development activities have ceased, are expensed as they are incurred. Costs previously capitalized that related to abandoned acquisitions or developments are charged to earnings. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as they are incurred.
Operating Properties
The properties are generally carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The Company computes depreciation and amortization using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as represented in the table below:
Asset DescriptionEstimated useful life (years)
Building and improvementsShorter of the ground lease term or 39 
Land improvements15
Furniture and fixtures5 to 7 
Tenant improvementsShorter of the estimated useful life or the lease term

The Company amortizes above- and below-market lease intangibles over the remaining non-cancellable lease terms and bargain renewal periods, if applicable. The in-place lease intangibles are amortized over the remaining non-cancellable lease term. When tenants vacate prior to the expiration of lease, the amortization of intangible assets and liabilities are accelerated. The Company amortizes above- and below-market ground lease intangibles over the remaining non-cancellable lease terms.
Held for sale The Company classifies properties as held for sale when certain criteria set forth in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, are met. These criteria include (i) whether the Company is committed to a plan to sell, (ii) whether the asset or disposal group is available for immediate sale, (iii) whether an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated, (iv) whether the sale of the asset or disposal group is probable (i.e., likely to occur) and the transfer is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, (v) whether the long-lived asset or disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, (vi) whether actions necessary to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. At the time a property is classified as held for sale, the Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities to held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all periods presented and ceases recognizing depreciation expense. Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of their carrying value or their estimated fair value, less estimated costs to sell. According to ASC 205, Presentation of Financial Statements, the Company does not present the operating results in net loss from discontinued operations for disposals if they do not represent a strategic shift in the Company’s business.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company assesses the carrying value of real estate assets and related intangibles for impairment on a quarterly basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable in accordance with GAAP. Impairment losses are recorded on real estate assets held for investment when indicators of impairment are present and the future undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the assets’ carrying amount. The Company recognizes impairment losses to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the properties.
Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition cost over the fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business acquisitions. The Company does not amortize this asset but instead analyzes it on a quarterly basis for impairment.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on hand and in banks, plus all short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash primarily consists of amounts held by lenders to fund reserves such as capital improvements, taxes, insurance, debt service and operating expenditures. 

The Company maintains some of its cash in bank deposit accounts that, at times, may exceed the federally insured limit. No losses have been experienced related to such accounts.
Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable consist of amounts due for monthly rents and other charges. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from tenant defaults or the inability of tenants to make contractual rent and tenant recovery payments. The Company monitors the liquidity and creditworthiness of its tenants and operators on an ongoing basis. This evaluation considers industry and economic conditions, property performance, credit enhancements, length of time the receivables are past due, specific identification of uncollectible amounts, historical experience and other relevant factors. Historical experience has been within management’s expectations.
Straight-line Rent Receivables, net For straight-line rent amounts, the Company’s assessment is based on amounts estimated to be recoverable over the term of the lease. The Company evaluates the collectability of straight-line rent receivables based on the length of time the related rental receivables are past due, the current business environment and the Company’s historical experience.
U.S. Government Securities The Company holds U.S. Government securities related to assumed debt held by a trust subsidiary. These securities are considered held to maturity investments and are carried at amortized cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity.
Revenue Recognition
The Company has compiled an inventory of its sources of revenues and has identified the following material revenue streams: (i) rental revenues (ii) tenant recoveries and other tenant-related revenues (iii) ancillary revenues (iv) guest parking revenues and (v) sale of real estate.

Revenue Stream Components Financial Statement Location 
Rental revenues Office rentals, stage rentals and storage rentals Office and studio segments: rental 
Tenant recoveries and other tenant-related revenues Reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, other operating expenses and must take parking revenues Office segment: tenant recoveries and parking and other
Studio segment: tenant recoveries and other property-related revenue 
Ancillary revenues Revenues derived from tenants’ use of lighting, equipment rental, power, HVAC and telecommunications (i.e., telephone and internet) Studio segment: other property-related revenue 
Guest parking revenues Parking revenue that is not associated with lease agreements Office segment: parking and other
Studio segment: other property-related revenue 
Sale of real estate Gains on sales derived from cash consideration less cost basis Gains on sale of real estate 

Currently, rental revenues are accounted for under ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”). The Company recognizes rental revenue from tenants on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectability is reasonably assured and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. Tenant improvement ownership is determined based on various factors including, but not limited to:

•whether the lease stipulates how and on what a tenant improvement allowance may be spent;

•whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements at the end of the lease term;

•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or general-purpose in nature; and

•whether the tenant improvements are expected to have any residual value at the end of the lease.

Currently, tenant recoveries are accounted for under ASC 840. Tenant recoveries related to reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance, repairs and maintenance, and other operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period during which the applicable expenses are incurred. The reimbursements are recognized and presented gross, as the Company is generally the primary obligor with respect to purchasing goods and services from third-party suppliers, has discretion in selecting the supplier and bears the associated credit risk. 

Rental revenues and tenant recoveries and other tenant-related revenues will be accounted for under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), which the Company will adopt on January 1, 2019. The Company elected the practical expedient to classify tenant recoveries as a single lease component and account for tenant recoveries with rental revenues in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Please refer to our Update on ASC 842 implementation section below for details.

Ancillary revenues and guest parking revenues have been accounted for under ASC 606 since the Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. This standard requires the Company to recognize revenues based on a five-step model and results in the consideration being recognized once all performance obligations are satisfied. The entity satisfies its performance obligations all at once upon completion of services. The timing and pattern of revenue recognition as it relates to ancillary revenues and guest parking revenues have not changed from those under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. As of December 31, 2018, the Company recognized ancillary revenues and guest parking revenues of $23.9 million and $24.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $3.8 million and $1.0 million of receivables related to ancillary revenues and guest parking revenues, respectively.
Sale of real estate has been accounted for under ASC 610, Other Income, since the Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. As a result of the adoption, there was no change in respect to the timing and pattern of revenue recognition. This standard requires the Company to apply certain recognition and measurement principles in accordance with ASC 606 when it de-recognizes nonfinancial assets and in-substance nonfinancial assets, and the counterparty is not a customer. This is the case for the Company’s sales of real estate, and as a result the Company is required to evaluate the sales of real estate based on transfer of control. If a real estate sale contract includes ongoing involvement by the seller with the sold property, the seller must evaluate each promised good or service under the contract to determine whether it represents a performance obligation, constitutes a guarantee or prevents the transfer of control. The timing and pattern of revenue recognition might change as it relates to gains of sale of real estate if the sale includes continued involvement that represents a separate performance obligation.
Deferred Financing Costs and Debt Discount/Premium Deferred financing costs are amortized over the contractual loan term into interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred financing costs, and related amortization, related to the unsecured revolving credit facility and undrawn term loans are presented within prepaid expenses and other assets, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. All other deferred financing costs, and related amortization, are included within the respective debt line item in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Debt discounts and premiums are amortized and accreted on a straight-line basis over the contractual loan term, which approximates the effective interest method, into interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Discounts are recorded as additional interest expense and premiums are recorded as a reduction to interest expense.
Derivative Instruments The Company manages interest rate risk associated with borrowings by entering into derivative instruments. The Company recognizes all derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a gross basis at fair value. Derivative instruments that are not effective hedges are adjusted to fair value and the changes in fair value are reflected as income or expense. If the derivative instrument is an effective hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings, or recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), which is a component of equity. In 2018, the Company early adopted ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. As a result of the adoption, the Company no longer recognizes unrealized gains or losses related to ineffective portions of derivatives in earnings.
Stock-Based Compensation Compensation cost of restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance units under the Company’s equity incentive award plans are accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). The Company accounts for forfeitures of awards as they occur. With the adoption of ASU 2018-07, Compensation, in 2018, share-based payments granted to non-employees are accounted for in the same manner as share-based payments granted to employees.
Income Taxes
The Company’s property-owning subsidiaries are limited liability companies and are treated as pass-through entities or disregarded entities (or, in the case of the entities that own the 1455 Market, Hill7 and Ferry Building properties, REITs) for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no provision has been made for federal income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the activities of these entities.

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010. The Company believes that it has operated in a manner that has allowed the Company to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with such taxable year, and the Company intends to continue operating in such manner. To qualify as a REIT, the Company is required to distribute at least 90% of its net taxable income, excluding net capital gains, to the Company’s stockholders and to meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to such matters as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership.

Provided that it continues to qualify for taxation as a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to corporate level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and is unable to avail itself of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all of its taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax. Unless entitled to relief under specific
statutory provisions, the Company would be ineligible to elect to be treated as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year for which the Company loses its qualification. It is not possible to state whether in all circumstances the Company would be entitled to this statutory relief.

The Company may acquire direct or indirect interests in one or more Subsidiary REITs. A Subsidiary REIT is subject to the various REIT qualification requirements and other limitations described herein that are applicable to the Company. If a subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, then (i) that Subsidiary REIT would become subject to federal income tax, (ii) shares in such REIT would cease to be qualifying assets for purposes of the asset tests applicable to REITs and (iii) it is possible that the Company would fail certain of the asset tests applicable to REITs, in which event the Company would fail to qualify as a REIT unless the Company could avail itself of certain relief provisions. 

The Company believes that its operating partnership is properly treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, the Company’s operating partnership is not subject to federal income tax on its income. Instead, each of its partners, including the Company, is allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of the operating partnership’s income. As such, no provision for federal income taxes has been included for the operating partnership.  

The Company has elected, together with one of the Company’s subsidiaries, to treat such subsidiary as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) for federal income tax purposes. Certain activities that the Company may undertake, such as non-customary services for the Company’s tenants and holding assets that the Company cannot hold directly, will be conducted by a TRS. A TRS is subject to federal and, where applicable, state income taxes on its net income. The Company’s TRS did not have significant tax provisions or deferred income tax items for 2018, 2017 or 2016.

The Company is subject to the statutory requirements of the states in which it conducts business.

The Company periodically evaluates its tax positions to determine whether it is more likely than not that such positions would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority for all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, based on their technical merits. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has not established a liability for uncertain tax positions.

The Company and its TRS file income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions. The Company and its TRS are no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2014. Generally, the Company has assessed its tax positions for all open years, which include 2014 to 2017, and concluded that there are no material uncertainties to be recognized.
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
Under GAAP, the Company is required to measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, the Company is required to measure other financial instruments and balances at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired real estate and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

•Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

•Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

When available, the Company utilizes quoted market prices from an independent third-party source to determine fair value and classifies such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require the Company to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third party. When the Company determines the market for a financial instrument owned by the Company to be illiquid
or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, the Company uses several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) and establishes a fair value by assigning weights to the various valuation sources.

Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The Company considers the following factors to be indicators of an inactive market: (i) there are few recent transactions, (ii) price quotations are not based on current information, (iii) price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers (for example, some brokered markets), (iv) indexes that previously were highly correlated with the fair values of the asset or liability are demonstrably uncorrelated with recent indications of fair value for that asset or liability, (v) there is a significant increase in implied liquidity risk premiums, yields, or performance indicators (such as delinquency rates or loss severities) for observed transactions or quoted prices when compared with the Company’s estimate of expected cash flows, considering all available market data about credit and other nonperformance risk for the asset or liability, (vi) there is a wide bid-ask spread or significant increase in the bid-ask spread, (vii) there is a significant decline or absence of a market for new issuances (that is, a primary market) for the asset or liability or similar assets or liabilities, and (viii) little information is released publicly (for example, a principal-to-principal market).

The Company considers the following factors to be indicators of non-orderly transactions: (i) there was not adequate exposure to the market for a period before the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities under current market conditions, (ii) there was a usual and customary marketing period, but the seller marketed the asset or liability to a single market participant, (iii) the seller is in or near bankruptcy or receivership (that is, distressed), or the seller was required to sell to meet regulatory or legal requirements (that is, forced), and (iv) the transaction price is an outlier when compared with other recent transactions for the same or similar assets or liabilities.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Changes to GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of ASUs. The following ASUs were adopted by the Company in 2018:
StandardDescriptionEffect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2018-09, Codification Improvements The amendment, among other things, clarifies when excess tax benefits should be recognized for share-based compensation awards, removes inconsistent guidance in income tax accounting for business combinations, clarifies the circumstances when derivatives may be offset, and the measurement of liability or equity-classified financial instruments when an identical asset is held as an asset, and allows portfolios of financial instruments and nonfinancial instruments accounted for as derivatives to use the portfolio exception to valuation. The Company adopted this guidance during Q2 2018 using the prospective approach. The adoption did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. 
ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting This amendment expands the scope of ASC 718 to include all share-based payment arrangements. It simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to non-employees for goods and services by aligning the accounting with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. The Company adopted this guidance during Q2 2018 using the prospective approach. The adoption did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. 
StandardDescriptionEffect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2018-04, Investments—Debt Securities (Topic 320) and Regulated Operations (Topic 980): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 117 and SEC Release No. 33-9273 (SEC Update)

ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments— Overall (Subtopic 825-10), Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities 		The guidance no longer allows the use of cost method of accounting for equity instruments that do not have a readily determinable fair value, and companies are now required to measure equity investments at fair value through net income. Companies are permitted to elect a measurement alternative that allows for measuring equity instruments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes, adjusted as of the date that an observable transaction takes place, rather than the report date. For equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value, this guidance is adopted prospectively for all investments that exist as of the date of adoption. The guidance allows entities to use a prospective transition approach only for securities they elect to measure using the measurement alternative. The Company adopted this guidance during Q1 2018 using the prospective approach. The Company has elected to measure our equity instruments using the measurement alternative. Please see Note 6 for details. 
ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities The guidance eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report partial hedge ineffectiveness and generally requires the entire change in the fair value of a hedging instrument to be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged item. Therefore, a cumulative effect adjustment related to elimination of ineffectiveness measurement is required to be recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption for a cash flow hedge. The guidance also eases certain documentation and assessment requirements and modifies the accounting for components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness. This guidance must be applied using a modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted this guidance during Q1 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. As a result of the adoption, the concept of ineffectiveness from an accounting perspective is eliminated. Subsequent changes in fair value for a hedging instrument that has been designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge will be recognized as a component in other comprehensive income. Additionally, the Company eliminated any previously recorded ineffectiveness with a cumulative effect adjustment. Please see Note 8 for details.
ASU 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification AccountingThe guidance clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. This guidance must be applied prospectively. The Company adopted this guidance during Q1 2018 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial AssetsThe guidance updates the definition of an in-substance nonfinancial asset and clarifies the scope of ASC 610-20 on the sale or transfer of nonfinancial assets to non-customers, including partial sales. It also clarifies the de-recognition guidance for nonfinancial assets to conform with the new revenue recognition standard. Either a full or modified retrospective approach can be applied.The Company adopted this guidance during Q1 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. The Company has not had variable consideration in our sale of real estate, or partial sales of nonfinancial assets or contribution of a nonfinancial asset to form a joint venture with retained non-controlling interest. The adoption did not have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
StandardDescriptionEffect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers amended by ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers—Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)

Update 2016-20—Technical Corrections and Improvements to (Topic 606), Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Update 2016-12—Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients

Update 2016-10—Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing

Update 2016-08—Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) 		Issued on May 28, 2014, ASU 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenues arising from contracts with customers and specifically notes that lease contracts with customers are a scope exception. Issued on March 17, 2016, ASU 2016-08 clarifies certain aspects of the principal-versus-agent guidance in its new revenue recognition standard related to the determination of whether an entity is a principal or agent and the determination of the nature of each specified good or service. The guidance provides for practical expedients associated with the determination of whether a significant financing component exists and the expedient for recording an immediate expense for certain incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. The Company adopted this guidance during Q1 2018 using the modified retrospective approach and is using the practical expedients associated with expensing incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer with terms of one year or less. The adoption of this ASU did not result in any changes with respect to the timing and pattern of revenue recognition. Please refer to the revenue recognition policy note above for the additional disclosures.

In August 2018, the SEC adopted a Disclosure Update and Simplification release, which outlines Regulation S-X amendments to eliminate outdated or duplicative disclosure requirements. The final rule also amends the financial statement requirements to require a reconciliation of changes in stockholders’ equity and capital in the notes or as a separate statements. These amendments are effective for all filings made 30 days after the amendments are published in the Federal Register, which was on October 4, 2018. The Company has adopted these amendments for the fourth quarter of 2018 and as of December 31, 2018. The Company plans to use the new presentation for stockholders’ equity and capital in the first quarter of 2019.

Update on ASC 842, Leases, implementation

The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, to amend the accounting guidance for leases and set out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a lease agreement (i.e., lessees and lessors). This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2019 and elected to use the modified retrospective transition method that must be applied for leases that exist or are entered into after January 1, 2019, with a cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit on the effective date of the ASU. 

This guidance requires all lessees to record a lease liability at lease inception, with a corresponding right of use asset, except for short-term leases.

ASC 842 provides transition practical expedients that must be elected together that allow entities to not (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are considered or contain leases; (ii) reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (iii) reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases that are in effect as of the date of adoption. Additionally, the guidance allows an entity to elect for a practical expedient to not assess whether an existing or expired land easement that was not previously accounted for as a lease under ASC 840 is considered in a lease under ASC 842. For lessors, the guidance provides for a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to elect a combined single lease component presentation if (i) the timing and pattern of the transfer of the combined single lease component is the same, and (ii) the related lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease.
The Company elected the practical expedients above. The lessor practical expedient to combine lease and non-lease components was elected only for the Company’s leases related to the office properties. The Company is currently in the process of finalizing its computation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

Lessor Accounting

ASC 842 requires companies to identify lease and non-lease components of a lease agreement. Lease components relate to the right to use the leased asset whereas non-lease components relate to payments for goods or services that are transferred separately from the right to use the underlying asset.

For the Company’s rentals at the studio properties, total lease consideration is allocated to lease and non-lease components on a relative standalone basis. The recognition of revenues related to lease components will be governed by ASC 842, while revenue related to non-lease components will be subject to ASC 606. There will be no impact to the timing of recognition of revenues.

For the Company’s rentals at the office properties, non-lease components qualified to be combined under a single lease component presentation. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company anticipates $627.4 million, $643.1 million and $572.0 million, respectively, would be combined in our Consolidated Statement of Operations under a single lease component presentation.

There will be no impact to the timing of recognition of revenues.

ASC 842 also requires lessors to capitalize only those costs that are defined as initial direct costs. Under the current accounting standards, the Company capitalizes initial direct and indirect leasing costs. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company capitalized $7.0 million, $8.9 million and $6.3 million, respectively. Under ASC 842, and based on our current policies and processes, these costs will be expensed as incurred. The Company is currently in the process of finalizing its computation of the write-off of previously capitalized direct and indirect leasing costs related to uncommenced leases.

Lessee Accounting 

As of December 31, 2018, the future undiscounted minimum lease payments under the Company’s ground leases totaled $571.4 million. This guidance requires lessees to record a lease liability at lease inception, with a corresponding right-of-use asset, except for short-term leases.

Other recently issued ASUs

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The following table lists the recently issued ASUs that have not been adopted by the Company. The list excludes those ASUs that are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the ASUs related to ASC 842 which are discussed above.
StandardDescriptionEffective DateEffect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses
The amendments clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of ASC 326. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases.
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December
15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. 
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update.
ASU 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities
Indirect interests held through related parties in common control arrangements should be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests.
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December
15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years.
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update.
StandardDescriptionEffective DateEffect on the Financial Statements or Other Significant Matters
ASU 2018-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) Overnight Index Swap (“OIS”) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes
The Financial Conduct Authority (the authority that regulates LIBOR) announced it intends to stop requiring banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has proposed that the SOFR is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. The amendment permits use of the OIS rate based on SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under ASC 815.
Effective for fiscal years beginning after December
15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.
The Company has material hedging contracts that are indexed to USD-LIBOR and is monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks.
ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) The amendment allows for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted including adoption in any interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this update.
ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements The amendment provides (i) a transition option to adopt ASC 842 using the modified retrospective transition provision and (ii) a practical expedient for lessors to elect a combined single lease component presentation. The effective date and transition requirements are the same as that in Update 2016-02 (Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.) The Company elected to use the transition method and practical expedient as described above in the Update on ASC 842 Implementation section.
ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases The amendments make 16 technical corrections to the lease standard, which include clarification of the rate implicit in the lease, impairment of the net investment in the lease, lessee reassessment of lease classification, lessor reassessment of lease term and purchase options, variable payments that depend on an index or rate and certain transition adjustments. The effective date and transition requirements are the same as that in Update 2016-02 (Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.) The Company does not expect this update to have an impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842): Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842 The amendments in this update permit an entity to elect an optional transition practical expedient to not evaluate under ASC 842 land easements that exist or expired before the entity’s adoption of ASC 842 and that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840. An entity that elects this practical expedient should apply the practical expedient consistently to all of its existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840. Once an entity adopts ASC 842, it should apply it prospectively to all new (or modified) land easements to determine whether the arrangement should be accounted for as a lease. The effective date and transition requirements are the same as that in Update 2016-02 (Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years.)
The Company elected the transition practical expedient for land easements.