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Derivative Instruments
 9 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]    
Derivative Instruments
Note 7. Derivative Instruments
Interest Rate Derivatives
Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, we have used interest rate swaps and caps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy.
For interest rate derivatives designated and qualified as a hedge for GAAP purposes, the change in the fair value of the effective portion of the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to such derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable rate debt. In addition, we classify cash flows from qualifying cash flow hedging relationships in the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items in our consolidated statements of cash flows. We do not use interest rate derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
 
Interest rate derivatives not designated as hedges for GAAP are not speculative and are used to manage our exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but we have elected not to apply hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of interest rate derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded in other income (expense) within our consolidated statements of operations.
Foreign Currency Hedges
Our objectives in using foreign currency derivatives are to add stability to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar and to manage our exposure to exchange rate movements. To accomplish this objective, we have used foreign currency forwards and foreign currency options as part of our exchange rate risk management strategy. A foreign currency forward contract is a commitment to deliver a certain amount of currency at a certain price on a specific date in the future. By entering into the forward contract and holding it to maturity, we are locked into a future currency exchange rate in an amount equal to and for the term of the forward contract. A foreign currency option contract is a commitment by the seller of the option to deliver, solely at the option of the buyer, a certain amount of currency at a certain price on a specific date.
For derivatives designated as net investment hedges for GAAP purposes, the changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. The change in the value of the designated portion of our settled and unsettled foreign currency hedges is recorded net in foreign currency hedge contract gain (loss) in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) in the related period.
The change in the value of the portion of our settled and unsettled foreign currency hedges that is not designated for hedge accounting for GAAP is recorded in other income (expense) within our consolidated statements of operations and represented a gain of approximately $3.8 million and $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and a gain of approximately $0.6 million and $11.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
On April 12, 2021, we entered into an approximately $125.9 million CAD currency forward with a settlement date of April 12, 2023. On April 12, 2023, we settled this foreign currency forward and received approximately USD $6.4 million, and simultaneously entered into a new approximately $134.4 million CAD currency forward with a maturity date of July 6, 2023. On July 5, 2023, we settled this foreign currency forward and paid approximately USD $1.2 million, and simultaneously entered into a new approximately $132.4 million CAD currency forward with a settlement date of April 12, 2024.
On April 12, 2022, we settled a $122 million CAD foreign currency forward, receiving a net settlement of approximately USD $3.2 million, and simultaneously entered into a new $126.2 million CAD currency forward with a settlement date of October 12, 2022. On October 12, 2022, we settled this foreign currency forward, receiving a net settlement of approximately $8.7 million, and simultaneously entered into a new $137.7 million CAD currency forward with a settlement date of October 12, 2023.
 
The following table summarizes the terms of our derivative financial instruments as of September 30, 2023:
 
   
Notional
Amount
    
Strike
    
Effective Date or
Date Assumed
  
Maturity Date
  
Interest Rate Derivatives:
        
SOFR Cap
  
$
125,000,000
      
2.00
% 
  
June 1, 2022
    
June 28, 2024
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
    
December 1, 2025
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
    
December 2, 2024
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
    
December 2, 2024
  
Foreign Currency Forwards:
        
Denominated in CAD
(1)
 
$
132,350,000
      
1.3273
    
July 5, 2023
    
April 12, 2024
  
Denominated in CAD
(1)
 
$
137,680,000
      
1.3768
    
October 12, 2022
    
October 12, 2023
 (2)
  
 
(1)
 
Notional amounts shown are denominated in CAD.
(2)
 
On October 11, 2023, we rolled this hedge without any cash settlement, effectively extending the maturity date to November 9, 2023 at a strike rate of 1.3766, and notional of $137,664,000 CAD. On November 9, 2023, we rolled this hedge without any cash settlement, effectively extending the maturity date to November 16, 2023 at a strike rate of 1.3767, and notional of $137,669,000 CAD.
The following table summarizes the terms of our derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2022:
 
   
Notional
Amount
    
Strike
    
Effective Date or
Date Assumed
    
Maturity Date
  
Interest Rate Derivatives:
        
SOFR Cap
  
$
125,000,000
      
1.75
% 
    
June 1, 2022
      
June 30, 2023
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
125,000,000
      
2.00
% 
    
June 1, 2022
      
June 28, 2024
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
    
December 1, 2022
      
December 1, 2025
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
    
December 1, 2022
      
December 2, 2024
  
SOFR Cap
  
$
100,000,000
      
4.75
% 
    
December 1, 2022
      
December 2, 2024
  
Foreign Currency Forwards:
        
Denominated in CAD
(1)
 
$
125,925,000
      
1.2593
      
April 12, 2021
      
April 12, 2023
  
Denominated in CAD
(1)
 
$
137,680,000
      
1.3768
      
October 12, 2022
      
October 12, 2023
  
 
(1)
 
Notional amount shown is denominated in CAD.
The following table presents a gross presentation of the fair value of our derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
 
    
Asset/Liability Derivatives

Fair Value
  
Balance Sheet Location
   
September 30,
2023
     
December 31,
2022
  
Interest Rate Derivatives
      
Other assets
   
$
6,418,387
     
$
9,681,298
  
Foreign Currency Hedges
      
Other assets
   
$
2,202,304
     
$
6,971,265
  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
   
$
(1,394,714
) 
   
$
(1,776,371
) 
 
 
The following tables presents the effect of our derivative financial instruments on our consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:
 
    
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI
     
Location of amounts
reclassified from
OCI into income
   
Gain (loss) reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive income
  
    
For the three months ended September 30,
  
Type
   
2023
     
2022
     
 
   
2023
     
2022
  
Interest rate swaps
     
—  
       
—  
     
Interest expense
     
—  
       
47,320
  
Interest rate caps
     
162,303
       
2,591,329
     
Interest expense
     
801,790
       
(306,370
) 
Foreign currency forwards
     
1,243,128
       
3,474,253
     
N/A
     
—  
       
—  
  
  
 
 
     
 
 
        
 
 
     
 
 
  
  
$
1,405,431
     
$
6,065,582
        
$
801,790
     
$
(259,050
) 
  
 
 
     
 
 
        
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
    
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI
    
Location of amounts
reclassified from
OCI into income
   
Gain (loss) reclassified from
accumulated other
comprehensive income
  
    
For the nine months ended September 30,
  
Type
   
2023
     
2022
    
 
   
2023
     
2022
  
Interest rate swaps
     
—  
       
(2,793
) 
  
Interest expense
     
50,587
       
(351,611
) 
Interest rate caps
     
1,532,815
       
3,843,967
    
Interest expense
     
3,065,021
       
(569,925
) 
Foreign currency forwards
     
189,267
       
4,152,494
    
N/A
     
—  
       
—  
  
  
 
 
     
 
 
       
 
 
     
 
 
  
  
$
1,722,082
     
$
7,993,668
       
$
3,115,608
     
$
(921,536
) 
  
 
 
     
 
 
       
 
 
     
 
 
  
Based on the forward rates in effect as of September 30, 2023, we estimate that approximately $2.6 million related to our qualifying cash flow hedges will be reclassified to reduce interest expense during the next 12 months.
Note 7. Derivative Instruments
Interest Rate
Derivatives
Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, we have used interest rate swaps and caps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. For derivatives designated and qualified as a hedge, the change in the fair value of the effective portion of the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable rate debt. In addition, we classify cash flows from qualifying cash flow hedging relationships in the same category as the cash flows from the hedged items in our consolidated statements of cash flows.
We do not use interest rate derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage our exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but we have elected not to apply hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of interest rate derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded in other income (expense) within our consolidated statements of operations.
Foreign Currency Hedges
Our objectives in using foreign currency derivatives are to add stability to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar and to manage our exposure to exchange rate movements. To accomplish this objective, we have used foreign currency forwards and foreign currency options as part of our exchange rate risk management strategy. A foreign currency forward contract is a commitment to deliver a certain amount of currency at a certain price on a specific date in the future. By entering into the forward contract and holding it to maturity, we are locked into a future currency exchange rate in an amount equal to and for the term of the forward contract. A foreign currency option contract is a commitment by the seller of the option to deliver, solely at the option of the buyer, a certain amount of currency at a certain price on a specific date. For derivatives designated as net investment hedges, the changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts are reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated.
 
The following table summarizes the terms of our derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2022:
 
    
Notional
Amount
     
Strike
    
Effective Date or

Date Assumed
   
Maturity Date
Interest Rate Derivatives:
           
SOFR Cap
   
$
125,000,000
       
1.75
% 
  
June 1, 2022
   
June 30, 2023
SOFR Cap
   
$
125,000,000
       
2.00
% 
  
June 1, 2022
   
June 28, 2024
SOFR Cap
   
$
100,000,000
       
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
   
December 1, 2025
SOFR Cap
   
$
100,000,000
       
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
   
December 2, 2024
SOFR Cap
   
$
100,000,000
       
4.75
% 
  
December 1, 2022
   
December 2, 2024
Foreign Currency Forwards:
           
Denominated in

CAD
 (1)
   
$
125,925,000
       
1.2593
    
April 12, 2021
   
April 12, 2023
Denominated in

CAD
 (1)
   
$
137,680,000
       
1.3768
    
October 12, 2022
   
October 12, 2023
 
(1)
 
Notional amounts shown are denominated in CAD.
On February 10, 2021, we rolled a previously existing CAD $95 million currency forward into a two month CAD $95 million foreign currency forward, with a settlement date of April 12, 2021. On April 12, 2021, we settled this foreign currency forward, paying a net settlement of approximately USD $4.5 million, and simultaneously entered into a new approximately CAD $125.9 million currency forward with a settlement date of April 12, 2023.
On May 6, 2021, we entered into a second currency forward, for approximately CAD $122 million, with a settlement date of April 12, 2022. On April 12, 2022, we settled this foreign currency forward, receiving a net settlement of approximately USD $3.2 million, and simultaneously entered into a new CAD $126.2 million currency forward with a settlement date of October 12, 2022. On October 12, 2022, we settled this foreign currency forward, receiving a net settlement of approximately USD $8.7 million, and simultaneously entered into a new CAD $137.7 million currency forward with a settlement date of October 12, 2023.
The designated portion of our gain (loss) from our settled and unsettled foreign currency hedges is recorded net in foreign currency hedge contract gain (loss) in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), the other portion, a gain of approximately $9.5 million and $3.5 million related to the portion that is not designated for hedge accounting, was recorded in Other, net within our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table summarizes the terms of our derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2021:
 
    
Notional
Amount
     
Strike
    
Effective Date or
Date Assumed
     
Maturity Date
  
Interest Rate Swap:
           
LIBOR Swap
   
$
235,000,000
       
1.79
% 
    
June 15, 2019
       
February 15, 2022
  
Foreign Currency Forwards:
           
Denominated in CAD
(1)
   
$
125,925,000
       
1.2593
      
April 12, 2021
       
April 12, 2023
  
Denominated in CAD
(1)
   
$
122,020,000
       
1.2202
      
May 6, 2021
       
April 12, 2022
  
 
(1)
 
Notional amounts shown are denominated in CAD
 
The following table presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
 
    
Asset/Liability Derivatives Fair
Value
  
Balance Sheet Location
   
December 31,
2022
     
December 31,
2021
  
Interest Rate Derivatives
      
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
   
$
—  
     
$
490,341
  
Other assets
   
$
9,681,298
     
$
—  
  
Foreign Currency Hedges
      
Other assets
   
$
6,971,265
     
$
4,261,100
  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
   
$
(1,776,371
) 
   
$
—  
  
The following table presents the effect of our derivative financial instruments on our consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:
 
   
Gain (loss) recognized in OCI
for the Year Ended
December 31,
    
Location of amounts

reclassified from OCI

into income
  
Gain (loss) reclassified from OCI
for the Year Ended

December 31,
  
Type
  
      2022      
    
      2021      
    
2022
    
2021
    
2020
  
Interest Rate Swaps
  
$
(2,793
) 
  
$
(124,163
) 
  
Interest expense
  
$
(304,670
) 
  
$
(3,818,917
) 
  
$
(3,557,950
) 
Interest Rate Caps
    
4,480,001
      
(955
) 
  
Interest expense
    
(139,888
) 
    
(473,148
) 
    
(371,051
) 
Foreign Currency Forwards
    
3,354,899
      
(394,417
) 
  
N/A
    
—  
      
—  
      
—  
  
 
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
$
7,832,107
    
$
(519,535
) 
    
$
(444,558
) 
  
$
(4,292,065
) 
  
$
(3,929,001
) 
 
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Based on the forward rates in effect as of December 31, 2022, we estimate that approximately $3.2 million related to our qualifying cash flow hedges will be reclassified to reduce interest expense during the next 12 months.