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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies |
2. | Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, its wholly-owned subsidiary and Digital Biotechnologies, Inc. Other shareholders’ interests in Digital Biotechnologies, Inc. are shown in the consolidated financial statements as noncontrolling interest. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. We base our estimates on historical experience and other relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates are used in several areas including, but not limited to, estimates of progress to date for certain performance obligations and the transaction price for certain contracts with customers, share-based compensation, including the fair value of stock, the provision for income taxes, including related reserves, and goodwill, among others. These estimates generally involve complex issues and require judgments, involve the analysis of historical results and prediction of future trends, can require extended periods of time to resolve and are subject to change from period to period. Actual results may differ materially from management’s estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Cash equivalents include only securities having an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase. We limit our credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing our investments with banks that we believe are highly creditworthy and with highly rated money market funds. Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits and investments in money market funds. Restricted Cash We are required to maintain certain balances under lease arrangements for some of our property and facility leases. We had restricted cash of $2.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Investments in Marketable Securities Marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale, consist of U.S. government debt securities and corporate bonds and are reported at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are reflected as a separate component of shareholders’ equity in accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) until realized. Realized gains and losses on the sale of these securities are recognized in net income or loss. The cost of marketable securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Concentrations of Risk We are subject to a concentration of risk from a limited number of suppliers, or in certain cases, single suppliers for some of our laboratory instruments and materials. This risk is managed by targeting a quantity of surplus stock. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities are financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk. We invest in money market funds, U.S. government debt securities, U.S. government agency securities, commercial paper and corporate bonds with high-quality accredited financial institutions. Significant customers are those that represent more than 10% of our total revenue or accounts receivable, net balances for the periods and as of each date presented, respectively. Revenue from these customers reflects their purchase of our products and services and our collaboration efforts with Genentech. For each significant customer, revenue as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented and accounts receivable, net as a percentage of total accounts receivable, net as of the dates presented were as follows:
|  | Revenue |  | Accounts Receivable, Net |
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  | December 31, |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Customer A |  | *% |  | *% |  | 13.9% |  | *% |  |  | 19.1 | %
Customer B |  | * |  | * |  | * |  | 11.3 |  | 12.2 |
Genentech, Inc. and Roche Group |  | 41.9 |  | 55.8 |  | 42.1 |  | * |  | * |
* less than 10% |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consists of amounts due from customers for services performed. We review our accounts receivable for credit impairment and regularly analyze the status of significant past due receivables to determine if any will potentially be uncollectible to estimate the amount of allowance necessary to reduce accounts receivable to its estimated net realizable value. Additionally, we had $0.2 million and $0.9 million of unbilled receivables as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These contract assets are amounts that will become due for which we have an unconditional right to consideration. Inventory Inventory consists of laboratory materials and supplies used in lab analysis. We capitalize inventory when purchased and record expense upon order fulfillment for servicing revenue or utilization in our research and development laboratories. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or market on a first-in, first-out basis. We periodically perform obsolescence assessments and write off any inventory that is no longer usable. Property and Equipment Property and equipment consists of computer equipment, computer software, laboratory equipment, leasehold improvements and furniture and office equipment. Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method based on estimated useful life. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred and costs of improvements are capitalized. Useful lives assigned to property and equipment are as follows:
Laboratory equipment |  | 3 years to 7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of estimated useful life or remaining lease term
Computer equipment and software |  | 3 years to 5 years
Furniture and office equipment |  | 3 years to 10 years
We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Gains and losses from asset disposals and impairment losses are classified within our consolidated statements of operations in accordance with the use of the asset. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the net amount of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination measured at fair value. We assess goodwill for impairment annually on October 1, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our single reporting unit below its carrying value. We evaluate goodwill for impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we so determine, or if we choose to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated fair value of our one reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If impairment exists, the carrying value of the goodwill is reduced to fair value through an impairment charge recorded in our consolidated statements of operations. To date, we have not recognized any impairment of goodwill. Intangible Assets Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill and are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date, which is regarded as their cost. Intangible assets may also result from the purchase of assets and intellectual property in a transaction that does not qualify as a business combination. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis which approximates their usage pattern. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or if indicators of potential impairment exist. We have not recognized any impairment losses on intangible assets. Leases We determine if an arrangement contains a lease at inception. We have operating lease agreements for the laboratory, office and warehouse facilities that we occupy, as well as server space. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the date the underlying asset becomes available for our use and are based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received. As our leases generally do not provide an implicit interest rate, the present value of our future minimum lease payments is determined using our incremental borrowing rate. This rate is an estimate of the collateralized borrowing rate we would incur on our future lease payments over a similar term and is based on the information available to us at the lease commencement date, or as of January 1, 2020 for commenced leases that existed as of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASC 842”). Certain of our leases contain options to extend or terminate the lease; lease terms are adjusted for these options only when it is reasonably certain we will exercise these options. Our lease agreements do not contain residual value guarantees or covenants. We have made a policy election regarding our real estate leases not to separate nonlease components from lease components, to the extent they are fixed. Nonlease components that are not fixed are expensed as incurred as variable lease expense. Our leases for laboratory, office and warehouse facilities typically include variable nonlease components, such as common-area maintenance costs. We have also elected not to record on our consolidated balance sheets a lease that has a lease term of twelve months or less and does not contain a purchase option that we are reasonably certain to exercise. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases. Incentives granted under our facilities leases, including rent holidays, are recognized as adjustments to lease expense on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has defined fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or an exit price, in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The FASB established a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The hierarchy defines three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
| • | Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
| • | Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
| • | Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
A financial instrument categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In certain cases, where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to valuation, financial instruments are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Our financial instruments consist of Level 1 and Level 2 assets and have included Level 3 liabilities in the past. The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities. We did not have any nonfinancial assets or liabilities that were measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant We had issued a freestanding warrant to a venture capital firm to purchase 56,875 shares of Series C convertible preferred stock with an exercise price of $2.64 in connection with a $5.0 million credit facility entered into in 2014. Immediately prior to and in connection with the completion of our initial public offering, the convertible preferred stock warrant converted to a common stock warrant. Prior to the conversion, the fair value of this warrant was classified as a non-current liability in the balance sheets, since the underlying convertible preferred stock had been classified as temporary equity instead of shareholders’ deficit in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of potentially redeemable securities. Upon certain change in control events that were outside of our control, including liquidation, sale or transfer of control, holders of the convertible preferred stock may have caused its redemption. Prior to conversion, the warrant was subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date, with changes in estimated fair value recognized as a component of interest and other income, net on our statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized $2.3 million of expense related to the revaluation of the convertible preferred stock warrant liability in the interest and other income, net line item on our consolidated statements of operations. When the convertible preferred stock warrant converted to a common stock warrant immediately prior to and in connection with the completion of the initial public offering, the $2.6 million financial liability was reclassified to the additional paid-in capital line item on our balance sheet, thereby concluding the need for revaluation. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Under ASC 606, for all revenue-generating contracts, we perform the following steps to determine the amount of revenue to be recognized: (1) identify the contract or contracts; (2) determine whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (3) measure the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. The following is a summary of the application of the respective model to each of our revenue classifications. Overview Our revenue is generated from immunosequencing (“sequencing”) products and services (“sequencing revenue”) and from regulatory or development support services leveraging our immune medicine platform (“development revenue”). When revenue generating contracts have elements of both sequencing revenue and development revenue, we classify revenue based on the nature of the performance obligation and the allocated transaction price. Sequencing Revenue Sequencing revenue reflects the amounts generated from providing testing services through clonoSEQ to clinical and research customers, from providing our T-Detect COVID test to clinical customers and from providing sequencing services through immunoSEQ to research customers. For clinical customers, we primarily derive revenue from providing our clonoSEQ report to ordering physicians. In these transactions, we have identified one performance obligation, the delivery of a clonoSEQ report, and we bill and receive payments from medical institutions and commercial and government third-party payors. As payment from the respective payors may vary based on the various reimbursement rates and patient responsibilities, we consider the transaction price to be variable and record an estimate of the transaction price, subject to the constraint for variable consideration, as revenue at the time of delivery. The estimate of transaction price is based on historical and expected reimbursement rates with the various payors, which are monitored in subsequent periods and adjusted as necessary based on actual collection experience. For our clonoSEQ coverag e under Medicare, we bill an episode of treatment when we deliver the first eligible test results. This billing contemplates all necessary tests required during a patient’s treatment cycle, which is currently estimated at approximately four tests per patient, including the initial sequence identification test. Revenue recognition commences at the time the initial billable test result is delivered and is based upon cumulative tests delivered to date. We estimate the number of tests we expect to deliver over a patient’s treatment cycle based on historical testing frequencies for patients by indication. These estimates are subject to change as we develop more information about utilization over time. Any unrecognized revenue from the initial billable test is recorded as deferred revenue and is recognized either as we deliver our estimate of the remaining tests in a patient’s treatment cycle or when the likelihood becomes remote that a patient will receive additional testing. For research customers, contracts typically include an amount billed in advance of services (“upfront”) and subsequent billings as sample results are delivered to the customer. Upfront amounts received are recorded as deferred revenue, which we recognize as revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations. We have identified two typical performance obligations under the terms of our research service contracts: sequencing services and related data analysis. We recognize revenue for both identified performance obligations as sample results are delivered to the customer. In periods where our sample estimates are reduced or a customer project is cancelled and, in either case, we have remaining related deferred revenue, we recognize revenue using a cumulative catch-up approach based on the proportion of samples delivered to date relative to the remaining samples expected to be delivered. Development Revenue We derive revenue by providing services through development agreements to biopharmaceutical customers who seek access to our immune medicine platform technologies. We generate revenues from the delivery of professional support activities pertaining to the use of immunoSEQ and our MRD product in the development of the respective customers’ initiatives. The transaction price for these contracts may consist of a combination of non-refundable upfront fees, separately priced sequencing fees, progress-based milestones and regulatory milestones. The development agreements include single or multiple performance obligations, depending on the contract. For certain contracts, we perform services to support the biopharmaceutical customers’ regulatory submissions as part of their registrational trials. These services may include regulatory support pertaining to our technology intended to be utilized as part of the submission, development of analytical plans for our sequencing data, participation on joint research committees and assistance in completing a regulatory submission. Generally, these services are not distinct within the context of the contract and they are accounted for as a single performance obligation. If agreements include sequencing activities, we separately classify those activities as sequencing revenue. When sequencing services are separately priced customer options, we assess if a material right exists and, if not, the customer option to purchase additional sequencing services is not considered part of the contract. Except for any non-refundable upfront fees, the other forms of compensation represent variable consideration. Variable consideration related to progress-based and regulatory milestones is estimated using the most likely amount method, where variable consideration is constrained until it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Progress milestones, such as the first sample result delivered or final patient enrollment in a customer trial, are customer dependent and are included in the transaction price when the respective milestone is probable of occurring. Milestone payments that are not within our customers’ control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Determining whether regulatory milestone payments are probable is an area that requires significant judgment. In making this assessment, we evaluate scientific, clinical, regulatory and other risks, as well as the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price for performance obligations is the adjusted market assessment approach. Using this approach, we evaluate the market in which we sell our services and estimate the price that a customer in that market would be willing to pay for our services. We recognize revenue using either an input or output measure of progress that faithfully depicts performance on a contract, depending on the contract. The measure used is dependent on the nature of the service to be provided in each contract. Selecting the measure of progress and estimating progress to date requires significant judgment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we executed an intellectual property license agreement that includes variable consideration related to sales-based royalties. Any consideration related to such royalties will be recognized as development revenue at the later of when (i) the related sales occur or (ii) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). Contract Balances In certain circumstances, billing may occur prior to services being performed. Upfront payments are recorded as deferred revenue, contract liabilities. We classify deferred revenue as current for sequencing revenue, as we expect our performance obligations will be completed within the next twelve months; however, we do not control the timing of customer provided samples. For development services, we assess the performance obligations and recognize deferred revenue as current or non-current based upon forecasted delivery times, which are customer coordinated. In certain circumstances, the customer project may be cancelled or terminated prior to the delivery of all related services covered by a customer’s upfront payment. In these circumstances, we recognize revenue when sufficient evidence is obtained that a reversal of revenue is not probable. Share-Based Compensation Share-based compensation includes compensation expense for stock option and restricted stock unit grants to employees and non-employees. It represents the grant date fair value of the grants and is recognized over the requisite service period of the awards, usually the vesting period, on a straight-line basis, net of actual forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Advertising Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were $22.4 million, $14.5 million and $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue includes the cost of materials, personnel-related expenses (including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation), shipping and handling expenses, equipment costs and allocated facility costs associated with processing samples and professional support for our sequencing revenue activities. Allocated facility costs include depreciation of laboratory equipment, as well as allocated facility occupancy and information technology costs. Costs associated with processing samples are recorded as expense, regardless of the timing of revenue recognition. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses consist of laboratory materials costs, personnel-related expenses, equipment costs, allocated facility costs, information technology expenses and contract service expenses. We also include in research and development expenses the costs associated with software development of applications to support future commercial opportunities, as well as development activities to support laboratory scaling and workflow. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Upfront payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized, then are recognized as an expense as the goods are consumed or the related services are performed. Costs to support our Genentech Agreement are also a component of our research and development expenses. Sales and Marketing Expenses Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for commercial sales, product and account management, marketing, reimbursement, medical education and business development personnel that support commercialization of our platform products. In addition, these expenses include external costs such as advertising expenses, customer education and promotional expenses, market analysis expenses, conference fees, travel expenses and allocated facility costs. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and the operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the consolidated balance sheet date using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities due to a change in tax rates is recognized in the period such tax rate changes are enacted. Our net deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance, because of our history of losses. We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation Common Shareholders We calculate basic net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders by dividing net loss attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. For purposes of this calculation, common stock warrants, stock options and nonvested restricted stock units are considered common stock equivalents but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders, as their effect is anti-dilutive. Prior to the closing of our initial public offering in July 2019 and the related conversion of our convertible preferred stock into common stock, we calculated our basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. We considered our convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. In the event a dividend had been declared or paid on common stock, holders of convertible preferred stock would have been entitled to a share of such dividend in proportion to the holders of common stock on an as-if converted basis. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Net loss attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings between common and preferred shareholders. The net loss attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders was not allocated to the convertible preferred stock under the two-class method, as the convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in our losses. The diluted net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders was computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury stock method. For purposes of this calculation, convertible preferred stock, convertible preferred stock warrants, common stock warrants and stock options were considered common stock equivalents but were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation common shareholders, as their effect was anti-dilutive. Segment Information We have determined that our chief executive officer is the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM regularly reviews operating results and other financial information presented on a consolidated basis. While revenue is reviewed at levels lower than the consolidated entity, resource allocation decisions are made by the CODM based on the results presented at the consolidated entity level, which is determined to be a single reporting unit. There are no segment managers who are held accountable by the CODM for operations, operating results or planning at levels or components below the consolidated entity. As such, the consolidated entity operates as one operating segment and represents one reportable segment. We present disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers by type of service. See Note 3, Revenue.

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