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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Components of Income Tax Provision | Components of the income tax provision applicable to federal, state and foreign income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Federal income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,977 | )
Deferred |  |  | 11,820 |  |  |  | (86,878 | ) |  |  | (107,334 | )
|  |  | 12,300 |  |  |  | (86,878 | ) |  |  | (109,311 | )
State income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 2,647 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 225 |
Deferred |  |  | (4,896 | ) |  |  | 23,028 |  |  |  | (17,949 | )
|  |  | (2,249 | ) |  |  | 23,172 |  |  |  | (17,724 | )
Foreign income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | (291 | )
Deferred |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | 870 |  |  | — |
|  |  | 3,153 |  |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | (291 | )
Total income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  | 5,877 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | (2,043 | )
Deferred |  |  | 7,327 |  |  |  | (62,980 | ) |  |  | (125,283 | )
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 13,204 |  |  | $ | (62,702 | ) |  | $ | (127,326 | )
Difference Between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Income Tax Rate | The difference between the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is summarized as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Statutory tax rate |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 21.0 | %
State income taxes - net of the federal income tax benefit |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
State deferred tax remeasurement |  |  | 9.4 |  |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  |  | — |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8.2 | )
Valuation allowance |  |  | (33.4 | ) |  |  | (13.3 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )
U.S. impact of foreign operations |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Effect of foreign taxes |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | )
Non-deductible compensation |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | (0.5 | )
Non-deductible expenses |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | )
Other differences, net |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | (0.3 | ) |  |  | 0.1 |
Effective tax rate |  |  | 7.9 | % |  |  | 8.7 | % |  |  | 13.7 | %
Tax Effect of Temporary Differences and Tax Attributes Representing Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | The tax effect of temporary differences and tax attributes representing deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 382,936 |  |  | $ | 457,362 |
Tax credits |  |  | 4,222 |  |  |  | 4,453 |
Expense associated with stock options and restricted stock |  |  | 8,178 |  |  |  | 9,364 |
Workers’ compensation allowance |  |  | 15,770 |  |  |  | 14,833 |
Other deferred tax asset |  |  | 25,020 |  |  |  | 26,483 |
|  |  | 436,126 |  |  |  | 512,495 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance to reduce deferred tax asset to expected realizable value |  |  | (91,685 | ) |  |  | (189,737 | )
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 344,441 |  |  |  | 322,758 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment basis difference |  |  | (355,129 | ) |  |  | (335,980 | )
Other |  |  | (14,840 | ) |  |  | (12,037 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (369,969 | ) |  |  | (348,017 | )
Net deferred tax liability |  | $ | (25,528 | ) |  | $ | (25,259 | )

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