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Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Management Estimates Management estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates
Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents — Cash equivalents are highly liquid, short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less from their date of purchase.
Restricted cash

Restricted cash — Restricted cash includes amounts restricted as cash collateral for the issuance of standby letters of credit.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheet that sum to the total of such amounts shown in the statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

Cash and cash equivalents

$

190,108

 

 

$

137,553

 

Restricted cash

 

2,572

 

 

 

—

 

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

$

192,680

 

 

$

137,553

 
Revenue Recognition

Revenue recognition — Revenues from our drilling services, completion services, drilling products, and other activities are recognized as services are performed. All of the wells we drilled in 2023, 2022 and 2021 were drilled under daywork contracts. Revenue is presented net of any sales tax charged to the customer that we are required to remit to local or state governmental taxing authorities.

Reimbursements for the purchase of supplies, equipment, personnel services, shipping and other services that are provided at the request of our customers are recorded as revenue when incurred. The related costs are recorded as operating expenses when incurred.

As a result of the Ulterra acquisition, our revenues now include a significant amount of rental revenue included within the new “Drilling products” segment. See Note 3 for details
Goodwill

Goodwill — As a result of both the Ulterra acquisition and the NexTier merger, we have recognized goodwill. Goodwill from acquisitions is recorded as the excess of the consideration transferred plus the fair value of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at the acquisition date over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is considered to have an indefinite useful economic life and is not amortized. We assess impairment of goodwill at least annually, as of July 31, or on an interim basis if events or circumstances indicate that the fair value of goodwill may have decreased below its carrying value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we would recognize an impairment in an amount equal to the excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. See Note 7 for details.
Leases

Leases — We have operating leases for operating locations, corporate offices and certain operating equipment. We determine if a contract contains a lease at inception or as a result of an acquisition. A right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability are recognized on our consolidated balance sheet at commencement at an amount based on the present value of the remaining lease payments over the lease term. Renewal options are included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option, and termination options are included in the right-of-use asset and lease liability if it is not reasonably certain we will exercise the option. By our policy election, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities with an initial term of one year or less are not recognized for leasing arrangements, and non-lease and lease components are treated as a single lease component instead of bifurcating those components. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. If available, we use the rate implicit in the lease at commencement date to discount the lease payments. If the implicit rate is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in the determination of the present value of future lease payments.

In the third quarter of 2023, as part of the Ulterra acquisition and the NexTier merger, we acquired operating and finance leases. We inherited NexTier’s and Ulterra’s lease classifications as of the time of each respective acquisition. We have elected as an accounting policy election by class of underlying assets to not recognize assets or liabilities at the acquisition date for leases that had a remaining lease term of twelve months or less. See Notes 2 and 13 for details.

For finance leases, we amortize the right-of-use asset on a straight-line basis over the earlier of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term and record this amortization in depreciation and amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations. If available, we use the rate implicit in the lease at commencement date to discount the lease payments. If the implicit rate is not available, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in the determination of the present value of future lease payments. We include the term of any renewal option for the right-of-use asset and lease liability if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. We also include the term of any termination option for the right-of-use asset and lease liability if it is not reasonably certain we will exercise the option. By our policy election, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities with an initial term of one year or less are not recognized for leasing arrangements, and non-lease and lease components are treated as a single lease component instead of bifurcating those components. For finance leases where we have determined we are reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option to acquire the underlying asset, we amortize the right-of-use asset over the lease term and record this amortization in “Depreciation, depletion, amortization and impairment” in the consolidated statements of operations. We adjust the lease liability to reflect lease payments made during the period and interest incurred on the lease liability using the effective interest method. The incurred interest expense is recorded in “Interest expense” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable — Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of the amount of probable credit losses existing in our accounts receivable. Significant individual accounts receivable balances and balances which have been outstanding greater than 90 days are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances, when determined to be uncollectible, are charged against the allowance.

Inventories

Inventories — Inventories consist primarily of sand and other products to be used in conjunction with our completion services activities, materials used in our equipment servicing business, spare parts for drilling services and raw materials for drilling products. Such inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. As inventory is consumed, expense is recorded in direct operating cost in the consolidated statements of operations using the weighted average cost method for non-manufacturing inventory and standard cost method for manufacturing inventory.

We periodically review the nature and quantities of inventory on hand and evaluate the net realizable value of items based on historical usage patterns, known changes to equipment or processes and customer demand for specific products. Provision for excess or obsolete inventories is determined based on historical usage of inventory on-hand, volume on-hand versus anticipated usage, technological advances and consideration of current market conditions. Inventories that have not turned over for more than a year are subject to slow-moving reserve provisions. In addition, inventories that have become obsolete due to technological advances, excess volume on-hand or are no longer configured to operate with our equipment are written off.
Other Current Assets

Other current assets — Other current assets include reimbursement from our workers compensation insurance carrier for claims in excess of our deductible in the amount of $31.0 million and $34.6 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We also maintain prepayments for items such as insurance, rent and inventory.

Long-lived assets with definite lives

Long-lived assets with definite lives — Property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization, depletion and impairment. Depreciation and amortization is recorded on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives. The method of depreciation does not change whenever property and equipment become idle.

The estimated useful lives are shown below:

 

Useful Lives

Equipment

 

1-25 years

Rental equipment

 

4-8 runs

Buildings and leasehold improvements

 

1-30 years

Other

 

3-20 years

Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets is calculated on the straight-lined method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 to 15 years.

Long-lived assets with definite lives, including property and equipment and certain intangible assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of certain assets may not be recovered over their estimated remaining useful lives (“triggering events”). Assets are grouped at the lowest level at which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of other asset groupings for impairment assessment. If there is a triggering event, we estimate future cash flows over the life of the respective assets or asset groupings in our assessment of its recoverability. These estimates of cash flows are based on historical cyclical trends in the industry as well as our expectations regarding the continuation of these trends in the future. If estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset or asset group is less than its respective carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its estimated fair value.

Maintenance and Repairs Maintenance and repairs — Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred. Renewals and betterments which extend the life or improve existing property and equipment are capitalized.
Disposals Disposals — Upon disposition of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in our consolidated statements of operations.
Oil and Natural Gas Properties

Oil and natural gas properties — Working interests in oil and natural gas properties are accounted for using the successful efforts method of accounting. Under the successful efforts method of accounting, exploration costs which result in the discovery of oil and natural gas reserves and all development costs are capitalized to the appropriate well. Exploration costs which do not result in discovering oil and natural gas reserves are charged to expense when such determination is made. Costs of exploratory wells are initially capitalized to wells-in-progress until the outcome of the drilling is known. We review wells-in-progress quarterly to determine whether sufficient progress is being made in assessing the reserves and economic viability of the respective projects. If no progress has been made in assessing the reserves and economic viability of a project after one year following the completion of drilling, we consider the well costs to be impaired and recognize the costs as expense. Geological and geophysical costs, including seismic costs, and costs to carry and retain undeveloped properties are charged to expense when incurred. The capitalized costs of both developmental and successful exploratory type wells, consisting of lease and well equipment and intangible development costs, are depreciated, depleted and amortized using the units-of-production method, based on engineering estimates of total proved developed oil and natural gas reserves for each respective field. Oil and natural gas leasehold acquisition costs are depreciated, depleted and amortized using the units-of-production method, based on engineering estimates of total proved oil and natural gas reserves for each respective field.

We review our proved oil and natural gas properties for impairment whenever a triggering event occurs, such as downward revisions in reserve estimates or decreases in expected future oil and natural gas prices. Proved properties are grouped by field and undiscounted cash flow estimates are prepared based on management’s expectation of future pricing over the lives of the respective fields. These cash flow estimates are reviewed by an independent petroleum engineer. If the net book value of a field exceeds our undiscounted cash flow estimate, impairment expense is measured and recognized as the difference between net book value and fair value. The fair value estimates used in measuring impairment are based on internally developed unobservable inputs including reserve volumes and future production, pricing and operating costs (Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy of fair value accounting). We review unproved oil and natural gas properties quarterly to assess potential impairment. Our impairment assessment is made on a lease-by-lease basis and considers factors such as management’s intent to drill, lease terms and abandonment of an area. If an unproved property is determined to be impaired, the related property costs are expensed. Impairment expense related to oil and natural gas properties of approximately $7.0 million, $4.5 million and $1.3 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Income Taxes

Income taxes — The asset and liability method is used in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. If applicable, a valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized. Our policy is to account for interest and penalties with respect to income taxes as operating expenses.
Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation — We recognize the cost of share-based payments under the fair-value-based method. Under this method, compensation cost related to share-based payments is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards at the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures. This expense is recognized over the expected life of the awards, as described in Note 12.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk — Our assets that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk are cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and trade accounts receivable. Cash balances are maintained in financial institutions, which at times exceed federally insured limits. We monitor the financial condition of the financial institutions in which accounts are maintained and has not experienced any losses in such accounts. We maintain an allowance for credit losses based upon several factors, including historical collection experience, current aging status of the customer accounts and financial condition of our customers. There were no material changes in the allowance for credit losses in 2023 and 2022.
Change in Accounting Estimate

Change in Accounting Estimate — In the third quarter of 2023, we changed the estimated useful lives of certain property and equipment within our completion services segment. The change in the estimated useful lives was necessitated by recent trends in increased intensity and pumping hours per day of certain components used in servicing larger jobs. We determined the estimated useful life of fluid ends is now less than one year, which results in these components no longer being capitalized to property and equipment but instead recorded to inventory and expensed as direct operating costs as they are consumed. Additionally, we shortened the estimated useful lives of certain other completion components that remain in property and equipment, which resulted in a decrease in the weighted average estimated useful lives of these assets from nine years to seven years. The effect of our change in estimated useful lives of these assets was a decrease in operating income of $30.7 million and a decrease in net income of $24.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which resulted in a decrease in basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.09 and $0.09 per share, respectively.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards — In October 2021, the FASB issued an accounting standards update, which requires contract assets and contract liabilities (i.e., deferred revenue) acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Generally, this new guidance will result in the acquirer recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities at the same amounts recorded by the acquiree. Historically, such amounts were recognized by the acquirer at fair value in acquisition accounting. The amendments should be applied prospectively to acquisitions occurring on or after the effective date. The amendments in the update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this new guidance on January 1, 2023, and there was no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards — In March 2020, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to provide temporary optional expedients that simplify the accounting for contract modifications to existing debt agreements expected to arise from the market transition from LIBOR to alternative reference rates. The amendments in the update are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and may be applied to contract modifications from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020. In December 2022, the FASB issued an update, which deferred the sunset date to December 31, 2024. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements and enhance disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in the update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 on a retrospective basis. We are currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on our disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued an accounting standards update to improve income tax disclosure requirements. The amendments in the update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied prospectively. We are currently evaluating the effect of this pronouncement on our disclosures.