10. Pension Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits

Pension Benefit Plans

The Company has defined benefit pension plans covering a substantial number of employees located in the United States and several other non-U.S. jurisdictions. Benefits generally are based on compensation for salaried employees and on length of service for hourly employees. The Company's policy is to fund pension plans such that sufficient assets will be available to meet future benefit requirements. The Company's defined benefit pension plans use a December 31 measurement date. The following tables relate to the Company's principal defined benefit pension plans.

The changes in the pension benefit obligations for the year are as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Obligations at beginning of year	$	2,275		$	2,647		$	1,866		$	1,911
Change in benefit obligations:
Service cost		22			27			23			33
Interest cost		105			106			69			72
Actuarial (gain) loss, including the effect of change in discount rates		264			(234	)		131			(5	)
Curtailment, settlement, and plan amendment		(56	)					(567	)		(52	)
Special termination					8
Participant contributions								5			7
Benefit payments		(182	)		(279	)		(91	)		(101	)
Foreign currency translation								(125	)		1

Net change in benefit obligations		153			(372	)		(555	)		(45	)

Obligations at end of year	$	2,428		$	2,275		$	1,311		$	1,866

The changes in the fair value of the pension plans' assets for the year are as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Fair value at beginning of year	$	2,273		$	2,175		$	1,578		$	1,527
Change in fair value:
Actual gain on plan assets		155			365			188			61
Benefit payments		(182	)		(279	)		(91	)		(101	)
Employer contributions					12			28			92
Participant contributions								5			7
Settlements		(56	)					(519	)
Foreign currency translation								(94	)		(5	)
Other								(1	)		(3	)

Net change in fair value of assets		(83	)		98			(484	)		51

Fair value at end of year	$	2,190		$	2,273		$	1,094		$	1,578

The employer contributions in the U.S. for 2013 include $8 million related to special termination benefits for a discontinued operation.

The Company recognizes the funded status of each pension benefit plan on the balance sheet. The funded status of each plan is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and actuarially calculated benefit obligations as of the balance sheet date. Actuarial gains and losses are accumulated in Other Comprehensive Income and the portion of each plan that exceeds 10% of the greater of that plan's assets or projected benefit obligation is amortized to income on a straight-line basis over the average remaining service period of employees still accruing benefits or the expected life of participants not accruing benefits if all, or almost all, of the plan's participants are no longer accruing benefits.

The funded status of the pension plans at year end is as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Plan assets at fair value	$	2,190		$	2,273		$	1,094		$	1,578
Projected benefit obligations		2,428			2,275			1,311			1,866

Plan assets less than projected benefit obligations		(238	)		(2	)		(217	)		(288	)
Items not yet recognized in pension expense:
Actuarial loss		1,125			935			347			488
Prior service cost (credit)		(2	)		2						(25	)

		1,123			937			347			463

Net amount recognized	$	885		$	935		$	130		$	175

The net amount recognized is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2014 and 2013 as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Pension assets	$	—		$	46		$	22		$	22
Current pension liability, included with Other accrued liabilities		(3	)		(2	)		(9	)		(6	)
Pension benefits		(235	)		(46	)		(230	)		(304	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		1,123			937			347			463

Net amount recognized	$	885		$	935		$	130		$	175

The following changes in plan assets and benefit obligations were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2014 and 2013 as follows (amounts are pretax):

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Current year actuarial (gain) loss	$	285		$	(416	)	$	(23	)	$	28
Amortization of actuarial loss		(68	)		(110	)		(20	)		(28	)
Amortization of prior service credit								2			1
Curtailment and plan amendment								22			(52	)
Settlement		(30	)					(64	)		(6	)

		187			(526	)		(83	)		(57	)
Translation								(32	)		(5	)

	$	187		$	(526	)	$	(115	)	$	(62	)

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $3,627 million and $4,015 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The components of the net pension expense for the year are as follows:

	U.S.									Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2012			2014			2013			2012
Service cost	$	22		$	27		$	27		$	23		$	33		$	26
Interest cost		105			106			114			69			72			77
Expected asset return		(176	)		(183	)		(183	)		(86	)		(91	)		(87	)
Amortization:
Actuarial loss		68			110			96			18			28			22
Prior service credit														(1	)

Net amortization		68			110			96			18			27			22

Net expense	$	19		$	60		$	54		$	24		$	41		$	38

In 2014, the Company amended its salary pension plans in North America to freeze future pension benefits. This action required an obligation remeasurement for the curtailment of benefits, which resulted in a reduction of the Company's pension expense. Also in 2014, the Company settled a portion of the U.S. Salary Pension Plan pension obligation, which resulted in a settlement charge of $30 million. The U.S. pension expense excludes $8 million of special termination benefits that were recorded in discontinued operations in 2013. The U.S. pension expense excludes $4 million of special termination benefits that were recorded in restructuring expense in 2012. On October 1, 2014, the Company settled the liability associated with its pension plan in the Netherlands. The settlement resulted in a non-cash charge of approximately $35 million in the fourth quarter of 2014. The non-U.S. pension expense excludes $3 million, $6 million and $11 million of pension settlement costs that were recorded in restructuring expense in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Amounts that are expected to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net pension expense during 2015:

	U.S.		Non-U.S.
Amortization:
Actuarial loss	$	73	$	16
Prior service cost		1

Net amortization	$	74	$	16

The following information is for plans with projected and accumulated benefit obligations in excess of the fair value of plan assets at year end:

	Projected Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plan Assets								Accumulated Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plan Assets
	U.S.				Non-U.S.				U.S.				Non-U.S.
	2014		2013		2014		2013		2014		2013		2014		2013
Projected benefit obligations	$	2,428	$	674	$	1,049	$	1,588	$	2,428	$	674	$	1,049	$	1,588
Accumulated benefit obligation		2,392		646		1,023		1,537		2,392		646		1,023		1,537
Fair value of plan assets		2,190		626		810		1,278		2,190		626		810		1,278

The weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are as follows:

	U.S.		Non-U.S.
	2014	2013	2014	2013
Discount rate	4.05%	4.81%	3.58%	4.14%
Rate of compensation increase	2.96%	2.97%	2.89%	3.31%

The weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension costs are as follows:

	U.S.			Non-U.S.
	2014	2013	2012	2014	2013	2012
Discount rate	4.81%	4.11%	4.59%	4.14%	3.89%	4.75%
Rate of compensation increase	2.97%	2.97%	3.14%	3.31%	3.08%	3.23%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets	8.00%	8.00%	8.00%	7.23%	6.34%	6.24%

Future benefits are assumed to increase in a manner consistent with past experience of the plans, which, to the extent benefits are based on compensation, includes assumed salary increases as presented above.

For 2014, the Company's weighted average expected long-term rate of return on assets was 8% for the U.S. plans and 7.23% for the non-U.S. plans. In developing this assumption, the Company evaluated input from its third party pension plan asset managers, including their review of asset class return expectations and long-term inflation assumptions. The Company also considered its historical 10-year average return (through December 31, 2013), which was in line with the expected long-term rate of return assumption for 2014.

It is the Company's policy to invest pension plan assets in a diversified portfolio consisting of an array of asset classes within established target asset allocation ranges. The investment risk of the assets is limited by appropriate diversification both within and between asset classes. The assets for the U.S. plans are maintained in a group trust. The U.S. plans hold no individual assets other than the investment in the group trust. The assets of the group trust and the Company's non-U.S. plans are primarily invested in a broad mix of domestic and international equities, domestic and international bonds, and real estate, subject to the target asset allocation ranges. The assets are managed with a view to ensuring that sufficient liquidity will be available to meet expected cash flow requirements.

The investment valuation policy of the Company is to value investments at fair value. All investments are valued at their respective net asset values. Equity securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last reported sales price on their principal exchange on valuation date or official close for certain markets. Fixed income investments are valued by an independent pricing service. Investments in registered investment companies or collective pooled funds are valued at their respective net asset values. Short-term investments are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The fair value of real estate is determined by periodic appraisals.

The Company's U.S. pension plan assets held in the group trust are classified as Level 2 assets in the fair value hierarchy. The total U.S. plan assets amounted to $2,190 million and $2,273 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, the U.S. plan assets consisted of approximately 62% equity securities, 29% debt securities, and 9% real estate. The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Company's non-U.S. pension plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2014 and 2013:

	2014						2013
	2014						2013						Target Allocation
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Target Allocation
Cash and cash equivalents	$	14	$	—	$	—	$	39	$	6	$	—
Equity securities		343		200				387		210			45 - 55%
Debt securities		364		119		2		752		116		2	40 - 50%
Real estate				30		3						6	0 - 10%
Other				19				13		47			0 - 10%

Total assets at fair value	$	721	$	368	$	5	$	1,191	$	379	$	8

The following is a reconciliation of the Company's pension plan assets recorded at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

	2014			2013
Beginning balance	$	8		$	18
Net increase (decrease)		(3	)		(10	)

Ending balance	$	5		$	8

The net increase (decrease) in the fair value of the Company's Level 3 pension plan assets is primarily due to purchases and sales of unlisted real estate funds. The change in the fair value of Level 3 pension plan assets due to actual return on those assets was immaterial in 2014.

In order to maintain minimum funding requirements, the Company is required to make contributions to its defined benefit pension plans of $20 million in 2015.

The following estimated future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid in the years indicated:

Year(s)	U.S.		Non-U.S.
2015	$	184	$	61
2016		177		63
2017		169		63
2018		165		65
2019		163		68
2020 - 2024		780		373

The Company also sponsors several defined contribution plans for all salaried and hourly U.S. employees, Canada employees, U.K. employees, Netherlands employees and Australian employees. Participation is voluntary and participants' contributions are based on their compensation. The Company matches contributions of participants, up to various limits, in substantially all plans. Company contributions to these plans amounted to $19 million in 2014, $16 million in 2013, and $16 million in 2012.

Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions

The Company provides retiree health care and life insurance benefits covering certain U.S. salaried and hourly employees, and substantially all employees in Canada. Benefits provided by the Company for hourly retirees are determined by collective bargaining. Employees are generally eligible for benefits upon retirement and completion of a specified number of years of creditable service. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date to measure its postretirement benefit obligations.

The changes in the postretirement benefit obligations for the year are as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Obligations at beginning of year	$	111		$	181		$	90		$	102
Change in benefit obligations:
Service cost					1			1			1
Interest cost		5			5			4			4
Actuarial (gain) loss, including the effect of changing discount rates		7			1			(2	)		(7	)
Benefit payments		(12	)		(15	)		(3	)		(4	)
Curtailment					(62	)
Foreign currency translation								(7	)		(6	)
Other								(2	)

Net change in benefit obligations		—			(70	)		(9	)		(12	)

Obligations at end of year	$	111		$	111		$	81		$	90

The funded status of the postretirement benefit plans at year end is as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Postretirement benefit obligations	$	(111	)	$	(111	)	$	(81	)	$	(90	)
Items not yet recognized in net postretirement benefit cost:
Actuarial loss		35			30			(3	)		(2	)
Prior service credit		(46	)		(54	)

		(11	)		(24	)		(3	)		(2	)

Net amount recognized	$	(122	)	$	(135	)	$	(84	)	$	(92	)

The net amount recognized is included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2014 and 2013 as follows:

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Current nonpension postretirement benefit, included with Other accrued liabilities	$	(11	)	$	(10	)	$	(3	)	$	(4	)
Nonpension postretirement benefits		(100	)		(101	)		(78	)		(86	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(11	)		(24	)		(3	)		(2	)

Net amount recognized	$	(122	)	$	(135	)	$	(84	)	$	(92	)

The following changes in benefit obligations were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2014 and 2013 as follows (amounts are pretax):

	U.S.						Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2014			2013
Current year actuarial (gain) loss	$	7		$	1		$	(2	)	$	(7	)
Curtailment					(57	)
Amortization of actuarial loss		(2	)		(3	)
Amortization of prior service credit		8			7
Other adjustments								1

	$	13		$	(52	)	$	(1	)	$	(7	)

The components of the net postretirement benefit cost for the year are as follows:

	U.S.									Non-U.S.
	2014			2013			2012			2014		2013		2012
Service cost	$	—		$	1		$	1		$	1	$	1	$	1
Interest cost		5			5			8			4		4		4
Curtailment gain					(5	)
Amortization:
Actuarial loss		2			3			5
Prior service credit		(8	)		(7	)		(3	)

Net amortization		(6	)		(4	)		2			—		—		—

Net postretirement benefit (income) cost	$	(1	)	$	(3	)	$	11		$	5	$	5	$	5

Amounts that are expected to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net postretirement benefit cost during 2015:

	U.S.			Non-U.S.
Amortization:
Actuarial loss	$	2		$	—
Prior service credit		(8	)

Net amortization	$	(6	)	$	—

Amortization included in net postretirement benefit cost is based on the average remaining service of employees. The weighted average discount rates used to determine the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation and net postretirement benefit cost are as follows:

	U.S.			Non-U.S.
	2014	2013	2012	2014	2013	2012
Accumulated post retirement benefit obligation	4.00%	4.63%	4.04%	3.75%	4.47%	3.89%
Net postretirement benefit cost	4.63%	4.04%	4.47%	4.47%	3.89%	4.13%

The weighted average assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31 are as follows:

	U.S.		Non-U.S.
	2014	2013	2014	2013
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	7.00%	7.00%	5.00%	5.00%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (ultimate trend rate)	5.00%	5.00%	5.00%	5.00%
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2024	2024	2014	2014

Assumed health care cost trend rates affect the amounts reported for the postretirement benefit plans. A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:

	U.S.					Non-U.S.
	1-Percentage-Point					1-Percentage-Point
	Increase		Decrease			Increase		Decrease
Effect on total of service and interest cost	$	—	$	—		$	1	$	(1	)
Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligations		5		(4	)		14		(11	)

The following estimated future benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid in the years indicated:

Year(s)	U.S.		Non-U.S.
2015	$	11	$	3
2016		11		3
2017		11		3
2018		11		3
2019		10		3
2020 - 2024		46		18

Other U.S. hourly retirees receive health and life insurance benefits from a multi-employer trust established by collective bargaining. Payments to the trust as required by the bargaining agreements are based upon specified amounts per hour worked and were $6 million in 2014, $6 million in 2013 and $6 million in 2012. Postretirement health and life benefits for retirees of foreign subsidiaries are generally provided through the national health care programs of the countries in which the subsidiaries are located.