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Contingencies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2018
Contingencies |
Contingencies | 9. Contingencies Asbestos The Company is a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging bodily injury and death as a result of exposure to asbestos. From 1948 to 1958, one of the Company's former business units commercially produced and sold approximately $40 million of a high-temperature, calcium-silicate based pipe and block insulation material containing asbestos. The Company sold its insulation business unit at the end of April 1958. The typical asbestos personal injury lawsuit alleges various theories of liability, including negligence, gross negligence and strict liability and seeks compensatory and, in some cases, punitive damages in various amounts (herein referred to as "asbestos claims"). As of June 30, 2018, the Company has determined that it is a named defendant in asbestos lawsuits and claims involving approximately 1,160 plaintiffs and claimants. Based on an analysis of the lawsuits pending as of December 31, 2017, approximately 89% of plaintiffs either do not specify the monetary damages sought, or in the case of court filings, claim an amount sufficient to invoke the jurisdictional minimum of the trial court. Approximately 8% of plaintiffs specifically plead damages above the jurisdictional minimum up to, and including, $15 million or less, and 3% of plaintiffs specifically plead damages greater than $15 million but less than or equal to $100 million. As indicated by the foregoing summary, current pleading practice permits considerable variation in the assertion of monetary damages. The Company’s experience resolving hundreds of thousands of asbestos claims and lawsuits over an extended period demonstrates that the monetary relief alleged in a complaint bears little relevance to a claim’s merits or disposition value. Rather, the amount potentially recoverable is determined by such factors as the type and severity of the plaintiff’s asbestos disease, the plaintiff’s medical history and exposure to other disease-causing agents, the product identification evidence against the Company and other co-defendants, the defenses available to the Company and other co-defendants, the specific jurisdiction in which the claim is made, and the plaintiff’s firm representing the claimant. In addition to the pending claims set forth above, the Company has claims-handling agreements in place with many plaintiffs’ counsel throughout the country. These agreements require evaluation and negotiation regarding whether particular claimants qualify under the criteria established by such agreements. The criteria for such claims include verification of a compensable illness and a reasonable probability of exposure to a product manufactured by the Company's former business unit during its manufacturing period ending in 1958. The Company has also been a defendant in other asbestos-related lawsuits or claims involving maritime workers, medical monitoring claimants, co-defendants and property damage claimants. Based upon its past experience, the Company believes that these categories of lawsuits and claims will not involve any material liability and they are not included in the above description of pending matters or in the following description of disposed matters. Since receiving its first asbestos claim, the Company as of June 30, 2018, has disposed of asbestos claims of approximately 399,500 plaintiffs and claimants at an average indemnity payment per claim of approximately $9,700. The Company’s asbestos indemnity payments have varied on a per claim basis, and are expected to continue to vary considerably over time. Asbestos-related cash payments for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $110 million, $125 million, and $138 million, respectively. The Company’s cash payments per claim disposed (inclusive of legal costs) were approximately $83,000, $71,000, and $95,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As discussed above, the Company’s objective is to achieve, where possible, resolution of asbestos claims pursuant to claims-handling agreements. Failure of claimants to meet certain medical and product exposure criteria in the Company’s administrative claims handling agreements has generally reduced the number of claims that would otherwise have been received by the Company in the tort system. In addition, certain court orders and legislative acts have reduced or eliminated the number of claims that the Company otherwise would have received by the Company in the tort system. These developments generally have had the effect of increasing the Company’s per-claim average indemnity payment over time. Beginning with the initial liability of $975 million established in 1993, the Company has accrued a total of approximately $4.9 billion through June 30, 2018, before insurance recoveries, for its asbestos-related liability. The Company’s estimates of its liability have been significantly affected by, among other factors, the volatility of asbestos-related litigation in the United States, the significant number of co-defendants that have filed for bankruptcy, the inherent uncertainty of future disease incidence and claiming patterns against the Company, the significant expansion of the defendants that are now sued in this litigation, and the continuing changes in the extent to which these defendants participate in the resolution of cases in which the Company is also a defendant. The Company continues to monitor trends that may affect its ultimate liability and analyze the developments and variables likely to affect the resolution of pending and future asbestos claims against the Company. The material components of the Company’s total accrued liability are determined by the Company in connection with its annual comprehensive legal review and consist of the following estimates, to the extent it is probable that such liabilities have been incurred and can be reasonably estimated: (i) the liability for asbestos claims already asserted against the Company; (ii) the liability for asbestos claims not yet asserted against the Company; and (iii) the legal defense costs estimated to be incurred in connection with the claims already asserted and those claims the Company believes will be asserted. As noted above, the Company conducts a comprehensive legal review of its asbestos-related liabilities and costs annually in connection with finalizing and reporting its annual results of operations, unless significant changes in trends or new developments warrant an earlier review. As part of its annual comprehensive legal review, the Company provides historical claims filing data to a third party with expertise in determining the impact of disease incidence and mortality on future filing trends to develop information to assist the Company in estimating the total number of future claims to be filed. The Company uses this estimate of total future claims, along with an estimation of disposition costs and related legal costs as inputs to develop its best estimate of its total probable liability. If the results of the annual comprehensive legal review indicate that the existing amount of the accrued liability is lower (higher) than its reasonably estimable asbestos-related costs, then the Company will record an appropriate charge (credit) to the Company’s results of operations to increase (decrease) the accrued liability. The significant assumptions underlying the material components of the Company’s accrual are:
| a) |  | settlements will continue to be limited almost exclusively to claimants who were exposed to the Company’s asbestos‑containing insulation prior to its exit from that business in 1958;
| b) |  | claims will continue to be resolved primarily under the Company’s administrative claims agreements or on terms comparable to those set forth in those agreements;
| c) |  | the incidence of serious asbestos‑related disease cases and claiming patterns against the Company for such cases do not change materially;
| d) |  | the Company is substantially able to defend itself successfully at trial and on appeal;
| e) |  | the number and timing of additional co‑defendant bankruptcies do not change significantly the assets available to participate in the resolution of cases in which the Company is a defendant; and
| f) |  | co-defendants with substantial resources and assets continue to participate significantly in the resolution of future asbestos lawsuits and claims.
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company concluded that accruals in the amounts of $582 million and $692 million, respectively, were required. These amounts have not been discounted for the time value of money. The Company’s comprehensive legal reviews resulted in charges of $0 million, $0 million and $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company believes it is reasonably possible that it will incur a loss for its asbestos-related liabilities in excess of the amount currently recognized, which was $582 million as of December 31, 2017. The Company estimated that reasonably possible losses could result in asbestos-related liabilities as high as $725 million. This estimate of additional reasonably possible loss reflects a qualitative legal judgment regarding the nature of contingencies that could impact future claims and legal costs, which include, but are not limited to, successful attempts by plaintiffs to challenge existing legal barriers to liability, enact plaintiff-oriented liability or damage-related legislation, establish new theories of liability, revive long-dormant inventories of non-mesothelioma cases, or leverage changing jurisdictional dynamics and a changing litigation environment to increase the volume of cases or claims presented or per-claim values. However, it is also possible that the ultimate amount of asbestos-related liabilities could be above this estimate. The Company expects a significant majority of the total number of claims to be received in the next ten years. This timeframe appropriately reflects the mortality of current and expected claimants in light of the Company’s sale of its insulation business unit in 1958. As the Company’s potential claimants continues to age, this may introduce increased year-over-year variability into the annual quantity of claims presented to and disposed by the Company. This increased variability, jurisdictional dynamics, a changing litigation environment, the size of the remaining pool of claimants, and the expected increase in mortality over the next ten years may present the Company with the opportunity to accelerate disposition of discrete parts of its claimant pool. These influences may create increased variability in the annual cash payments year-over-year. As noted above, the Company’s asbestos-related liability is based on a projection of new claims that will eventually be filed against the Company and the estimated average disposition cost of these claims and related legal costs. Changes in these projections, and estimates, as well as changes in the significant assumptions noted above, have the potential to significantly impact the estimation of the Company’s asbestos-related liability. Other Matters On July 5, 2016, the Company learned that the Enforcement Division of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) was conducting an investigation into certain accounting and control matters pertaining to the Company’s determination of its asbestos-related liabilities. On May 13, 2016, the Company restated its consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 in order to correct an error related to the Company’s method for estimating its future asbestos-related liabilities. On May 11, 2018, the SEC informed the Company that it concluded its investigation, and, based on information it had as of that date, it did not intend to recommend an enforcement action against the Company. Other litigation is pending against the Company, in many cases involving ordinary and routine claims incidental to the business of the Company and in others presenting allegations that are non-routine and involve compensatory, punitive or treble damage claims as well as other types of relief. The Company records a liability for such matters when it is both probable that the liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Recorded amounts are reviewed and adjusted to reflect changes in the factors upon which the estimates are based, including additional information, negotiations, settlements and other events.

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