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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 4, 2025

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
__________________________
FORM 20-F
__________________________

o | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

o | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-12568
__________________________
BANCO BBVA ARGENTINA S.A.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________
BBVA ARGENTINE BANK
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
Republic of Argentina
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
__________________________
Av. Córdoba 111, C1054AAA
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
(Address of principal executive offices)
__________________________
Eduardo González Correas – 011-54-11-4348-0000 (ext. 14483) – egonzalezcorreas@bbva.com – Av. Córdoba 111 31° (C1054AAA)
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Republic of Argentina
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
__________________________
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing the right to receive three ordinary shares, par value Ps.1.00 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange
Ordinary shares, par value Ps.1.00 per share |  | New York Stock Exchange*

*The ordinary shares are not listed for trading, but are listed only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares, pursuant to requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock
as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

Title of class |  | Number of shares outstanding
Ordinary Shares, par value Ps.1.00 per share |  | 612,710,079

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.o Yes x No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.o Yes x No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).x Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non -accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b -2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer |  | o |  | Accelerated filer |  | x
Non-accelerated filer |  | o |  | Emerging growth company |  | o

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.o
The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b)o
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP |  | o |  | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board |  | x |  | Other |  | o

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.o Item 17 o Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).o Yes x No

Auditor firm ID: |  | 1449 |  | Auditor name: |  | Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited) |  | Auditor location: |  | Argentina

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 1
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 2
CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS | 3
PART I |
ITEM 1. |  | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 4
ITEM 2. |  | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 4
ITEM 3. |  | KEY INFORMATION | 4
ITEM 4. |  | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 29
ITEM 4A. |  | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 104
ITEM 5. |  | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 104
ITEM 6. |  | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 133
ITEM 7. |  | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 148
ITEM 8. |  | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 150
ITEM 9. |  | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 153
ITEM 10. |  | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 157
ITEM 11. |  | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 170
ITEM 12. |  | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 181
PART II |
ITEM 13. |  | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 183
ITEM 14. |  | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 183
ITEM 15. |  | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 183
ITEM 16A. |  | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 185
ITEM 16B. |  | CODE OF ETHICS | 185
ITEM 16C. |  | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 185
ITEM 16D. |  | EXEMPTIONS FROM LISTING REQUIREMENTS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 186
ITEM 16E. |  | PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 186
ITEM 16F. |  | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 186
ITEM 16G. |  | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 186
ITEM 16H. |  | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 190
ITEM 16I. |  | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 190
ITEM 16J |  | INSIDER TRADING POLICIES | 190
ITEM 16K. |  | CYBERSECURITY | 190
PART III |
ITEM 17. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 193
ITEM 18. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 193
ITEM 19. |  | EXHIBITS | 194

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 20-F contains words, such as “believe”, “expect”, “estimate”, “intend”, “plan”, “may” and “anticipate” and similar expressions that identify forward-looking statements, which reflect our views about future events and financial performance. Actual results could differ materially as a result of factors beyond our control, including but not limited to:
•changes in general economic, business or political or other conditions in the Republic of Argentina (“Argentina” or “the Republic”) or changes in general economic or business conditions in worldwide;
•governmental intervention and regulation (including banking and tax regulations);
•developments in the global financial markets;
•deterioration in the Argentine financial system or regional business and economic conditions;
•inflation;
•the outbreak and spread of a pandemic and other large-scale public health events;
•changes in exchange rates or capital markets in general that may affect policies towards or lending to Argentina or Argentine companies;
•changes in interest rates which may adversely affect our margins;
•adverse legal or regulatory disputes or proceedings;
•credit and other risks of lending, such as increases in defaults by borrowers and other delinquencies;
•increase in the provisions for loan losses;
•fluctuations and declines in the value of Argentine public debt;
•decreases in deposits or in the number of our customers;
•competition in the banking, financial services and related industries and the loss of market share;
•unanticipated increases in financing and other costs or the inability to obtain additional debt, equity or wholesale financing on attractive terms or at all; and
•the factors discussed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors”.
Accordingly, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. (“BBVA Argentina” or the “Bank”) undertakes no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements or to publicly release the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements. The accompanying information in this annual report, including, without limitation, the information under “Item 4. Information on the Company”, “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” identifies important factors that could cause material differences between any forward-looking statements and actual results.
1

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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
General
The Bank’s audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 included herein (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) are prepared in accordance with the accounting standards established by International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS-IASB”).
All 2024, 2023 and 2022 data included in this report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB for the sole purpose of filing this annual report on Form 20-F with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
The statutory consolidated annual financial statements that the Bank prepares to comply with the requirements of the Argentine Central Bank (the “Central Bank” or “BCRA”) are prepared pursuant to the reporting framework established by the Central Bank requiring supervised entities to submit financial statements prepared pursuant to IFRS-IASB except for:
(i)the application of the expected credit loss model set forth under paragraph 5.5. of IFRS 9 for debt instruments issued by the public sector; and
(ii)the accounting treatment used to record the income (loss) of the transfer to a third party of the shares the Bank owned in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A in the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. If the fair value of the Bank’s interest in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A. had been determined on the basis of IFRS-IASB, the income (loss) for previous years and for the year ended December 31, 2022 would have been different. This accounting treatment does not affect the shareholders’ equity value as of December 31, 2022.
Because of such differences, our statutory consolidated annual financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are not comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. In addition, we will continue to have differences during 2025 between our statutory consolidated financial statements and the financial statements required by IFRS-IASB. We do not intend to report in accordance with IFRS-IASB on an interim basis during 2025. Consequently, our interim financial information for 2025 will not be comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements and other information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F. We refer in this annual report on Form 20-F to IFRS-IASB as adjusted by the regulations of the BCRA as “IFRS-BCRA”.
The Consolidated Financial Statements consolidate all the subsidiaries of the Bank in which the Bank holds direct or indirect control. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure” for an organizational chart of BBVA Argentina and its subsidiaries.
In this annual report, references to “$”, “US$”, “U.S. dollars”, “US dollars” and “dollars” are to United States dollars and references to “Ps.”, “Pesos” and “pesos” are to Argentine pesos. Percentages and certain dollar and peso amounts have been rounded for ease of presentation. Unless otherwise stated, all market share and other industry information has been derived from information published by the Central Bank.
Unless otherwise indicated, financial information contained in this annual report reflects the consolidation of the following subsidiaries at the year end and for the fiscal years indicated below:

|  | As of and for the year ended December 31,
Entity |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A. |  | X |  | X |  | X
Consolidar AFJP S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) |  | X |  | X |  | X
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. |  | X |  | X |  | X
PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. |  | X |  | X |  | X

IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies requires that an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy must state its assets, liabilities, income and expenses in terms of the measuring
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unit current at the end of the reporting period (December 31, 2024). The Bank has applied IAS 29 as follows for purposes of the Consolidated Financial Statements:
•Adjusted the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2024.
•Adjusted the consolidated statement of profit or loss, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated statement of changes in equity and consolidated statements of cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2024, including the calculation and separate disclosure of the gain or loss on the net monetary position.
•Restated the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2023.
•Restated the consolidated statement of profit or loss, the consolidated statement of comprehensive income, the consolidated statement of changes in equity and consolidated statements of cash flow for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
For further information regarding the methodology and criteria applied see Note 2.1.5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Exchange Rates” for information regarding the evolution of the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Argentine peso since 2020.
All figures and percentages of variations in this annual report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise stated, are presented in the measuring unit current at December 31, 2024. All comparisons of the financial system contained in this annual report on Form 20-F are presented in nominal terms.
As presented in this annual report on Form 20-F, market share data is based on data published by the Central Bank which has not been adjusted for inflation. As such, certain information presented in this annual report as adjusted for inflation may not be directly comparable to information published by the Central Bank and included herein.
CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS
The terms below are used as follows throughout this report:
•“BBVA Argentina”, the “Bank” or the “Company” and terms such as “we”, “us” and “our” mean Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.
•“BBVA” or the “BBVA Group” means Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires.
•“Consolidated Financial Statements” means our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB and included in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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- PART I -
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not applicable.
ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION
A.Selected Financial Data
Reserved.
B.Capitalization and indebtedness
Not applicable.
C.Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds
Not applicable.
D.Risk Factors
The following summarizes the risks provided below. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in this “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report for a more thorough description of these and other risks:
•Risks Relating to Argentina:
•economic and political instability in Argentina;
•current levels of inflation;
•high levels of public spending;
•the Argentine economy could be adversely affected by economic events in other markets;
•a decline in international prices for or in the amount of Argentina’s principal commodity exports;
•exchange controls and restrictions on capital inflows and outflows;
•the insufficiency of the measures adopted to resolve the crisis in the energy sector;
•any failure to adequately address actual and perceived risks of institutional deterioration and corruption;
•fluctuations in the value of the peso;
•the inability of the Republic to obtain financing on satisfactory terms;
•salary increases or additional employment benefits as a result of government measures or pressure from union sectors;
•government intervention in the Argentine economy;
•amendments to the Central Bank’s Charter and the Convertibility Law; and
•the outbreak and spread of a pandemic and other large-scale public health events.
•Risks Relating to the Argentine Financial System and to BBVA Argentina:
•the short-term structure of the deposit base of the Argentine financial system, including the deposit base of the Bank, could lead to a reduction in liquidity levels and limit the long-term expansion of financial intermediation;
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•reduced spreads between interest rates received on loans and those paid on deposits;
•the diversification of BBVA Argentina’s lending activity, which is shifting from a predominant focus on lending to the public sector to a broader lending portfolio that increasingly includes the private sector ;
•volatility in interest rates;
•a mismatch between UVA (“Unidad de Valor Adquisitivo”, in Spanish) loans and UVA deposits;
•the inaccuracy and/or insufficiency of our estimates and established reserves for credit risk and potential credit losses;
•exposure to public sector debt;
•increased competition in the banking industry;
•activities across the BBVA Group could adversely affect us;
•the dependency of our credit ratings on Argentine sovereign credit ratings;
•the increasing dependency of the financial industry on information technology systems;
•security risks;
•an increase in fraud or transaction errors;
•any insolvency proceeding against us that could subject us to the powers of, and intervention by, the Central Bank;
•lawsuits brought against us outside Argentina;
•class actions against financial institutions for an indeterminate amount;
•the ability of BBVA, our controlling shareholder, to direct our business;
•our ability to grow our business is dependent on our ability to manage our relationships with partners and grow our deposit base;
•acquisitions that could adversely affect the value of the Bank;
•any adverse consequences related to our calculation of income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2022;
•the application of IAS 29 to our Consolidated Financial Statements;
•restrictions on our ability to pay dividends; and
•exposure to environmental, social and governance risks.
•Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks:
•material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting;
•our operations are conducted in a highly regulated environment;
•the instability of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory framework affecting financial institutions;
•our exposure to multiple provincial and municipal legislation and regulations;
•limitations arising from the Consumer Protection Law and the Credit Card Law;
•compliance risks;
•differences between U.S. and Argentine corporate disclosure, governance and accounting standards; and
•special rules that govern the priority of different stakeholders of financial institutions in Argentina.
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Risks Relating to Argentina
Overview
We are an Argentine corporation (public limited company), and the vast majority of our operations, properties and customers are located in Argentina. Accordingly, the quality of our assets, our financial condition and our results of operations are significantly affected by macroeconomic and political conditions prevailing in Argentina.
Economic and political instability in Argentina may adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Argentine economy has experienced significant volatility in recent decades, characterized by periods of low or negative growth, high levels of inflation and currency devaluation. As a consequence, our business and operations have been, and could in the future be, affected from time to time to varying degrees by economic and political developments and other material events affecting the Argentine economy, such as inflation, price controls, foreign exchange controls, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, governmental policies regarding spending and investment, national, provincial or municipal tax increases and other initiatives increasing government involvement in business activities, and civil unrest and local security concerns.
Between 2001 and 2015, the Argentine economy was very volatile combining periods of severe economic and political crisis resulting, among others, in restrictions on deposit withdrawals and the “pesification” of deposits (which were reclassified as peso-denominated), with certain periods of recovery. In 2015, Mauricio Macri was elected President of Argentina and his administration (the “Macri administration”) launched a wide array of measures intended to correct the longstanding fiscal and monetary policies that had resulted in recurrent public deficit, high inflation, pervasive foreign exchange controls and limited foreign investment.
However, in 2018, the worsening of economic and political conditions worldwide and in Argentina particularly, resulted in significant capital outflows from Argentina, the closing of global credit markets for Argentine issuers and a strong devaluation of the Argentine peso. By the end of September 2018, a new monetary and foreign exchange scheme, highly influenced by the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”), was announced and while economic conditions stabilized, in October 2019, President Macri lost the elections to Alberto Fernandez, whose administration (the “Fernandez administration”) took office in December 2019. The Fernandez administration implemented a wide range of economic and political reforms, including a sovereign debt restructuring designed to make Argentina’s debt sustainable pursuant to which investors agreed to exchange their defaulted bonds for new bonds, and a restructuring of domestic debt.
The Argentine economy was adversely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and partially recovered in 2021, as a result of eased mobility restrictions and a consequent increase in economic activity. In 2021, Argentina held mid-term elections, testing the Fernandez administration, which suffered a net loss of six senators and 18 deputies, while the main opposition party, Juntos por el Cambio, obtained five deputies and five senators. Additionally, a nascent party called La Libertad Avanza, led by Javier Milei, won four deputies in its first election.
Thereafter, the government presented to Congress a bill for a new agreement with the IMF to replace the stand-by agreement (“SBA”) signed in 2018. The bill was approved in March 2022 despite the lack of endorsement by the Kirchnerist wing of the ruling coalition. This program is an Extended Fund Facility (“EFF”), for a ten-year term (with a grace period of four and a half years), and it does not require any structural reforms. Compliance with the EFF is reviewed on a quarterly basis and compliance of the economic targets is necessary to cover the maturities of the SBA. The EFF contains the minimum requirements for fiscal convergence, reserve accumulation and reduction of monetary issuance for a path towards fiscal balance in 2025, an accumulation of US$15 billion of net international reserves in the next three years, and a reduction of the Treasury’s monetary financing to zero in 2024. Any failure to meet such targets could result in the termination of the EFF program, which could bring political, financial and exchange rate instability due to the government’s inability to access external financing. The EFF program may be subject to adjustments, mainly in terms of disbursements and structural reforms, but it is expected to remain in effect.
In 2022 political and economic instability was high, including with regards to the economic cabinet, which had three Ministers of Economy during the year. In July, following a month of very high economic and financial tensions, the Minister of Economy Martín Guzmán unexpectedly resigned being replaced by Silvina Batakis. She was appointed without the support of the entire ruling coalition, and in the midst of a failed attempt to calm financial tensions, she was replaced by Sergio Massa (a lawyer by profession and one of the main partners of the ruling coalition) only 24 days after taking office. His appointment brought calm to the markets, and soon after his arrival he implemented a slow but consistent reduction of
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the fiscal deficit, focused on the revision of subsidies to public services tariffs, and an accumulation of international reserves centered on a multiple exchange rate scheme, benefitting soybean exporters.
Primary elections took place on August 13, 2023. Javier Milei, candidate for La Libertad Avanza, was the most voted in the primary presidential elections with 30.0% of the total votes. The second most voted political party was Juntos por el Cambio, with 28.3% of the votes, followed by Unión por la Patria (Massa’s party) which received 27.3% of the votes. These results were surprising not only because of the parity between the main parties, but also because of the unexpected victory of Milei. The day after the elections, the Fernandez administration validated a 22% increase in the exchange rate and a 21 percentage points increase in the monetary policy rate. This devaluation jump was not accompanied by a stabilization plan, so the benefits of depreciating the real exchange rate were limited and monthly inflation accelerated to 12.4% and 12.7% in August and September 2023, respectively, the highest values (at that time) in more than 30 years.
After the primary elections, Minister Massa took a series of measures to improve personal income in the short term, including one-time bonuses and tax cuts. We estimate the fiscal impact of these measures at 1% of gross domestic product (“GDP”). In the general elections, Sergio Massa received 36.7% of the votes, followed by Javier Milei, who received 30.0% of the votes, and Patricia Bullrich, a member of Mauricio Macri’s party, who received 23.8% of the votes, resulting in a fragmented Congress.
A further election was held and on November 19, 2023, Javier Milei was elected President of Argentina with 55.7% of the votes, and he took office on December 10, 2023 (the “Milei administration”), resulting in a significant increase of the official US$/Peso exchange rate, which increased from 366.5 to 800.0 in a single day. Since then, the official US$/Peso exchange rate has experienced consistent growth, with an average increase of 2% per month with an average increase of 1% per month from February 2025. Concurrently, the Milei administration initiated a significant revision of the fiscal accounts, prioritizing a reduction in public expenditure, particularly in areas such as pensions and public services.
The increase in the official US$/Peso exchange rate resulted in a notable acceleration of inflation, with monthly inflation reaching 25.5% in December 2023 and 20.6% in January 2024, which was subsequently partially offset by the restrictions on monetary issuance to support the treasury and the decline in economic activity, with monthly inflation reaching 2.5% in February 2025. Given this situation, one of the measures adopted by the Central Bank was the reduction of the monetary policy rate, the rate at which the Bank’s financial assets are remunerated, causing them to have a negative profitability in the face of inflation since the latter was above the monetary policy rate.
We cannot assure whether the Milei administration will implement aggressive political and economic policies, such as the dollarization of the Argentine economy, or whether it will take a more moderate path. The implementation of further changes in political and economic policies, particularly if they are more aggressive than in the past, could result in further uncertainty and instability of the Argentine economy, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, the dollarization of the Argentine economy or other disruptive exchange rate measures could result in hyperinflation and/or a banking crisis, adversely affecting our balance sheet and our net income.
If inflation does not continue to decelerate and remains at low levels, the Argentine economy and the Bank’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Argentina has been facing high inflation levels since 2007. The Argentine National Statistics and Censuses Institute (“INDEC”) reported an annual variation of the consumer price index (“CPI”) of 94.8 %, 211.4 % and 117.8% in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
The Fernandez administration tried to contain the inflationary acceleration produced by the monetary overhang derived from the monetary issuance in 2020 and 2021, with an appreciation of the real exchange rate and a freeze in the price of utility tariffs. This strategy failed to reduce inflation, which averaged 5.7% per month in 2022 and 8.6% per month on average between January 2023 and November 2023.
The day after the primary elections, which were held on August 13, 2023, the Central Bank approved a 22% increase in the US$/Peso exchange rate and a 21 percentage point increase in the monetary policy rate. This devaluation jump was not accompanied by a stabilization plan, so the benefits of depreciating the real exchange rate were limited and monthly inflation accelerated to 12.4% and 12.7% in August and September 2023, respectively, the highest values (at that time) in more than 30 years.
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Since taking office, reducing inflation has been one of the main priorities of the Milei administration, with monthly rates of inflation decreasing from 25.5% in December 2023 to 2.5% in February 2025. While the disinflation plan implemented by the Milei administration has achieved reduced levels of inflation, there is a risk of a current account deficit due to an exchange rate appreciation, which would result in more dollar outflows than inflows in the economy as a whole.
We cannot predict whether any of the measures currently implemented, or to be implemented, by the Milei administration to control inflation will have the desired effect. Currently and in the past, inflation has adversely affected the Argentine economy and the government’s ability to create conditions leading to growth. An environment of high inflation rates also negatively affects Argentina’s international competitiveness, real wages, employment rates, the consumption rate, and interest rates. High levels of inflation and the high level of uncertainty regarding economic variables, have in the past, and may in the future, adversely affect economic activity, which could materially and adversely affect our customers and counterparties and the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
In addition, high levels of inflation adversely affect the financial sector’s ability to provide long-term loans because of the difficulty in establishing an appropriate interest rate, typically making lending more expensive for banks, including us.
A high level of public spending could negatively affect the Argentine economy and its access to financial markets.
While the Macri administration had managed to significantly reduce fiscal deficit by 2019, increased public spending and reduced revenue during 2020 as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic significantly increased the fiscal deficit in 2020. Although the Treasury showed signs of fiscal austerity by the end of 2020, the inaccessibility to debt markets forced the government to finance its fiscal needs almost exclusively with monetary issuance from the Central Bank. The Fernandez administration experienced recurring fiscal deficits, requiring financing from the Central Bank. While the fiscal deficit in 2020 was largely attributable to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, high levels of fiscal deficit persisted throughout the Fernandez administration.
The Milei administration has identified Argentina’s public fiscal deficit as the main challenge faced by the Argentine economy to ensure a sustainable growth path with low inflation.
Since taking office, the Milei administration’s primary objective has been to improve the fiscal imbalance. In 2024, the government achieved the first primary fiscal surplus in more than a decade. However, given the minority held by Milei’s political party both in Congress and in the Senate, the opposition party could pressure the Milei administration to increase public spending. Additionally, the Treasury is facing significant peso debt maturities in the coming months and any poor performance in the local debt market could complicate the public sector’s sources of financing, increasing the possibility of requiring higher direct financing from the Central Bank, which would, in turn, increase inflation.
Any deterioration in the government’s fiscal position negatively affects its ability to access debt markets and could result in greater restrictions on accessing those markets by Argentine companies, including the Bank. A weaker fiscal position could have a material adverse effect on the government’s ability to obtain long-term financing and adversely affect economic conditions in Argentina, which could adversely affect the Bank’s customers and counterparties and the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
The Argentine economy could be adversely affected by economic events in other markets.
Weak or no economic growth or recession or adverse situations that affect any of Argentina’s main trading partners could negatively affect the balance of payments and, therefore, the economic growth of Argentina. In recent years, several Argentine trading partners (such as Brazil, Europe and China) have experienced significant slowdowns or periods of recession in their economies. If these slowdowns or recessions were to occur again, this could impact the demand for products that come from Argentina and thus affect its economy.
The global economy is currently facing a number of extraordinary challenges. The war between Ukraine and Russia and armed conflicts and political instability in the Middle East have led to significant disruption, instability and volatility in global markets, particularly in energy markets. Uncertainty about the future development of these conflicts is high. One of the main risks is that they could generate new supply shocks, pushing growth downward and inflation upward (including by contributing to increases in the prices of oil, gas and other commodities and disrupting supply chains), and paving the way for macroeconomic and financial instability episodes.
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Geopolitical and economic risks have also increased in recent years as a result of trade tensions between the United States and China, Brexit and the rise of populism, among other factors. Growing tensions and the rise of populism may lead, among other things, to a deglobalization of the world economy, an increase in protectionism, a general reduction of international trade and a reduction in the integration of financial markets, any of which could materially and adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, policies adopted or to be adopted by the new U.S. government are an additional source of uncertainty for the global economy. During February and March 2025, the U.S. government imposed certain tariffs (some of which were subsequently delayed) on imports from Canada, Mexico, China and the European Union, which resulted in the adoption of retaliatory tariffs. These and other policies of the new administration—including fiscal, regulatory, industrial or foreign policies—could slow U.S. or global economic growth (especially, if they give rise to trade wars), increase inflation, affect interest rates or otherwise increase financial and macroeconomic instability, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Another macroeconomic risk is the possibility of a sharp global growth slowdown. In a context marked by uncertainty and still elevated interest rates, labor markets and aggregate demand could weaken more significantly than expected. Moreover, despite increasing economic stimulus measures, growth in China could slow sharply, with a potentially negative impact on many geographical areas, including Argentina, due to tensions in real estate markets and economic sanctions imposed by the United States, among other factors. Furthermore, there is an increasing risk of sovereign debt tensions, given the high debt levels in developed and emerging countries, relatively high interest rates and weak economic growth prospects. As a result, the Argentine economy could be negatively affected as a result of lower international demand and lower prices for its products and services, higher international interest rates, less capital inflow and greater aversion to risk.
Any of the foregoing factors could adversely affect the Bank’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
A decline in international prices for or in the amount of Argentina’s principal commodity exports could have a material adverse effect on Argentina’s economy and public finances, and, as a result, on our business.
Historically, the commodities market has been characterized by high volatility. Despite the volatility of prices of most of Argentina’s commodities exports, commodities significantly contributed to the government’s revenues during the 2000s due to the imposition of export duties on agricultural products in 2002. Although most duties were eliminated and the export tax on soy was reduced from 35% to 30% by the Macri administration in 2016, and was further reduced in 2018 by 0.5% per month, the Argentine economy is still relatively dependent on the price of its main agricultural exports, primarily soy. This dependence, in turn, renders the Argentine economy vulnerable to commodity price fluctuations. International soybean prices decreased slightly during 2017 and further in 2018 due to growing trade tensions between the United States and China. During 2019, soybean prices reached their lowest level over the prior five years.
During the last months of 2020 soybean prices showed an upward trend (due to purchases from China, the monetary stimulus of the main central banks of the world and the promising news regarding the Covid-19 vaccine) that continued until the second quarter of 2022. However, soybean prices have declined after that, reaching US$ 363.3 per ton in November 2024, almost half of the price per ton in the second quarter of 2022.
Additionally, the amount of agricultural products harvested in any given period may decrease due to adverse weather conditions, reducing the amount of exported products and the corresponding dollar inflows, resulting in a reduction of the Central Bank’s reserves.
Declines in the prices or the amount of highly exported commodities may adversely affect the Argentine economy and the government’s fiscal revenues, which could in turn adversely impact the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
Exchange controls and restrictions on capital inflows and outflows could have a material adverse effect on Argentine public sector activity, and, as a result, on our business.
With the exception of some limited periods of time, since 2011, the different Argentine governments have implemented exchange controls and restrictions on the transfer and entry of foreign currency, significantly limiting the ability of companies to hold foreign currency in Argentina or make payments abroad.
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During 2021, the government maintained the tightened restrictions on imports and financial transactions with bonds that had been implemented in previous years. In October 2021, the Central Bank reduced the minimum threshold above which imports required authorization (which resulted in less imports being automatically approved). Meanwhile, the monetary authority significantly reduced the allowed weekly trading amount for domestic-law bonds, resulting in blue chip swap transactions being required to be carried out with foreign-law bonds.
During 2022, the government not only maintained most of the restrictions imposed in 2020 and 2021, but also implemented an exchange rate regime with differential effective exchange rates for different sectors of the economy, which resulted in increased complexity. For instance, the government implemented the “soybean dollar”, a transitory exchange rate for exporters in the soybean sector, which was higher than the official exchange rate, leading to higher dollar settlements related to the agricultural sector. At the same time, through taxes or withholdings, new exchange rates were created for tourism and international artists, among others. Finally, a new import monitoring system with additional supervision of payments was set up.
During 2023, new exchange rates continued to appear for certain sectors, similar to the soybean dollar in 2022 as the shortage of Central Bank reserves prevented the government’s ability to avoid a significant increase in the US$/Peso exchange rate. In this sense, the Fernandez administration launched several campaigns allowing exporters to settle 30% of their exports through the parallel exchange rate market with the remaining 70% having to be liquidated at the official exchange rate. Initially, this campaign only applied to soybean exporters, but it was later extended to all types of exports. After the elections, and with an increased need to generate foreign currency inflows, the proportion of export dollars that could be liquidated at the parallel exchange rate was increased from 30% to 50%, which granted some short-term relief in the Central Bank’s stock of reserves. The Milei administration modified these values and as of the date of this annual report, exporters are allowed to settle 20% of their exports in the parallel exchange rate market, while the remaining 80% needs to be settled in the official exchange rate market.
Although the Milei administration has progressively removed certain exchange rate controls, a number of restrictions remain in place as of the date of this annual report, which may prevent foreign investment and adversely affect the Argentine economy.
The official foreign exchange market is still subject to restrictions, including the limitation to access U.S. dollars for saving purposes above $ 200 per month and limitations on dividend payments abroad. Furthermore, if a person or company accesses the official market, it is automatically banned from the parallel market for 90 days, and vice versa.
The establishment of new restrictions on foreign trade or related to the foreign exchange market, together with the application of new exchange rates, could require the Bank to allocate additional and unbudgeted resources to provide customers with the tools they require to carry out transactions under the new regulatory framework. Additionally, such tools may not be developed on a timely basis due to changing demands.
Any changes in the policies of the current government concerning economic, exchange and financial matters in order to preserve the balance of payments, the Central Bank’s reserves, a capital outflow or a significant depreciation of the Peso, such as the mandatory conversion into Pesos of obligations assumed by legal entities resident in Argentina in US dollars which could be due to a period of crisis and political, economic and social instability affecting Argentina, or otherwise, could have an adverse effect on Argentina’s economic activity and the Bank’s customers and counterparties and the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
The measures adopted to resolve the crisis in the energy sector may not be sufficient, which could affect the business, the results of operations and the financial condition of the Bank.
The economic policies applied since the Argentine crisis of 2001-2002 have had an adverse effect on the Argentine energy sector. The failure to reverse the freeze on electricity and natural gas rates imposed during the crisis became a barrier to investment in the energy sector. The government tried to encourage investment by subsidizing energy consumption, but the policy proved ineffective and served to further discourage investment in the energy sector, causing oil and gas production and electricity generation, transmission and distribution to stagnate while consumption continued to rise. To address the power supply shortage that began in 2011, the government attempted to increase imports of electrical power, with adverse consequences for the trade balance and international reserves.
In response to the growing energy crisis, the Macri administration declared a state of emergency for the national electricity system, which ended on December 31, 2017. The state of emergency allowed the government to take measures
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to stabilize the supply of electricity to the country. In this context, subsidy policies were re-examined and new electricity rates were adopted.
However, utility rates were almost frozen from 2019 to 2022, which worsened the national energy situation by promoting higher demand and discouraging new investments from supplying companies, resulting in an energy deficit heightened by the lack of US dollar inflows.
The Milei administration has partially removed subsidies for utilities and decided to cease all public works, mainly related to roads in 2024. The elimination of subsidies and the progressive increase in prices could generate social unrest and be challenged in local courts. Additionally, the decision to stop all public works could result in the failure to progress on the construction of the gas pipeline that will take gas from Patagonia to Buenos Aires and generally result in lower investment and a lower need for funding to finance that investment, which would adversely affect the Bank.
The current lack of resolution on tariffs results in uncertainty regarding the future situation of the energy market in Argentina and constitutes a source of potential risk for the country’s economy and could lead to exchange rate volatility, either of which could adversely affect the Bank’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
Any failure to adequately address actual and perceived risks of institutional deterioration and corruption may adversely affect Argentina’s economy and financial condition.
The lack of a sound institutional framework and corruption have been identified as, and continue to be, critical problems for Argentina. Argentina ranked 99 out of 180 countries in the 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index published by Transparency International.
Failure to address these issues could increase the risk of political instability, distort decision-making processes and adversely affect Argentina’s international reputation and ability to attract foreign investment, and consequently, may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although the Argentine government has taken several measures aimed at strengthening Argentina’s institutions, these measures may be insufficient to ensure transparency and integrity in a highly polarized political context, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, the results of operations and the financial condition of the Bank.
Fluctuations in the value of the peso could adversely affect the Argentine economy and Argentina’s ability to service its debt obligations.
Fluctuations in the value of the peso may adversely affect the Argentine economy. A devaluation of the peso may adversely affect the government’s revenues (measured in U.S. dollars), fuel inflation and significantly reduce real wages.
The Fernandez administration maintained a crawling peg of the exchange rate until the 2023 primary elections, following which, it approved a discreet rise in the exchange rate, which led to an acceleration of monthly inflation levels. Once Milei took office, the Peso/US$ official exchange rate increased by 118%, from 366.5 to 780.0, resulting in a monthly inflation rate of 25.5% in December 2023.
A stronger nominal appreciation of the peso could lead to concerns regarding the appreciation of the peso against the U.S. dollar in real terms. Such appreciation may reduce the level of exports due to the loss of external competitiveness and a deterioration of the current account deficit. Any such appreciation could also have a negative effect on economic growth and employment, reduce tax revenues in real terms and raise concerns regarding the possibility and impact of a sudden stop in capital flows.
Political uncertainty or changes in liquidity in international markets are likely to lead to greater volatility, and a reduction in the reserves of the Central Bank as a result of intervention in the exchange market could adversely affect inflation expectations, economic performance and the ability of the Republic of Argentina to service its debt.
Any of these factors could substantially and adversely affect the business, the results of operations and the financial condition of the Bank.
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There can be no assurances that Argentina will be able to obtain financing on satisfactory terms in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on its ability to make payments on its outstanding public debt.
Argentina’s future tax revenue and fiscal results may be insufficient to meet its debt service obligations and Argentina may have to rely in part on additional financing from domestic and international capital markets in order to meet future debt service obligations. However, Argentina may not be able to access international or domestic capital markets at acceptable prices or at all, and, if that is the case, Argentina’s ability to service its outstanding public debt could be adversely affected, which could in turn adversely affect Argentina’s economy and financial condition and thereby have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Measures taken by the government, as well as pressure from union sectors, could require salary increases or additional benefits, all of which could increase the Bank’s operating costs.
In the past, Argentine governments have passed laws and regulations requiring private companies to maintain certain salary levels and to provide additional benefits to their employees. Likewise, public sector and private sector employers have been subject to intense pressure from their workforce or the unions that represent them, to increase wages and provide certain benefits to workers, particularly due to high inflation rates.
Labor relations in Argentina are governed by specific laws such as the Labor Contract Law No. 20,744 and the Law of Collective Labor Agreements No. 14,250 which, among other things, establish how to carry out wage negotiations and other labor issues. Each industrial or commercial sector is regulated by a collective bargaining agreement that classifies companies by sector and by union. Although the bargaining process is standardized, each chamber of industry or commerce negotiates wage increases and employment benefits with the corresponding union in the relevant sector.
Existing employment laws have led to salary increases that have resulted in an increase in operating costs that has adversely affected the results of operations of Argentine companies. Additionally, the adoption of new measures providing for wage increases or additional benefits for workers due to inflation or additional pressure from workers and unions or otherwise, could result in a further increase in costs and a decrease in the results of operations of Argentine companies, including those of the Bank, which could adversely affect the business, the results of operations and the financial condition of the Bank.
Government intervention in the Argentine economy could adversely affect the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
Historically, the actions carried out by Argentine governments in economic matters, including decisions regarding interest rates, taxes, price controls, wage increases, increased benefits for workers, exchange controls and potential changes in the market of currencies have had a substantial adverse effect on Argentina’s economic growth. For example, during the Kirchner administration, the direct intervention of the government in the Argentine economy increased, including through the implementation of expropriation and nationalization measures, and price and exchange controls.
While the Milei administration has announced its intention to reduce government intervention, expropriations, price controls and exchange controls and other direct government interventions in the economy could have, and have had in the past, a negative impact on the level of investment in Argentina, access to international capital markets by Argentine companies and Argentine trade and diplomatic relations with other countries. If the Milei administration decides to increase the level of intervention in the economy, in accordance with historic practice or otherwise, the Argentine economy and, in turn, the business, the results of operations and financial condition of the Bank, could be adversely affected.
Amendments to the Central Bank’s Charter and the Convertibility Law may adversely affect the economy of Argentina.
In March 2012, Law No. 26,739 was passed amending both the Central Bank’s Charter and the Convertibility Law. This law amended the mission of the Central Bank (as established in its Charter (as defined herein)) and eliminated certain provisions previously in force. In accordance with the Central Bank’s Charter and the Convertibility Law, the Central Bank must promote monetary and financial stability, as well as promote development with social equity. Furthermore, the concept of “freely available reserves” was eliminated, allowing the Argentine government to use additional reserves to cancel debts. Additionally, the Convertibility Law established that the Central Bank may set the interest rate and the terms of the loans granted by financial institutions. Additionally, any use of reserves by the government to repay public debt or finance public spending may result in an increase in inflation, which would hinder economic growth. Moreover, a decrease
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in the reserves of the Central Bank might adversely affect the ability of the Argentine financial system to resist and overcome the effects of an economic crisis (whether domestic or international), adversely affecting economic growth and therefore the business, results of operations and financial condition of the Bank.
The outbreak and spread of a pandemic and other large-scale public health events could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations
Economic conditions in Argentina and worldwide may be adversely affected by an outbreak of a contagious disease, such as the Covid-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, that develops into a regional or global pandemic and other large scale public health events. The measures taken by governments, regulators and businesses to respond to any such pandemic or event may lead to slower or negative economic growth, supply disruptions, inflationary pressures and significant increases in public debt, and may also adversely affect the Bank’s counterparties (including borrowers), which may lead to increased loan losses. Such measures could also impact the business and operations of third parties that provide critical services to the Bank.
During the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Bank experienced a decline in activity, including as a result of branch closures and remote working requirements, and was affected by a number of regulatory measures.
If there were an outbreak of a new pandemic or another large-scale public health event occurs in the future, the Bank may experience an adverse impact, which may be material, on its business, financial condition and results of operations, including as a result of the exacerbation of any of the other risks described in this section.
Risks Relating to the Argentine Financial System and to BBVA Argentina
The short-term structure of the deposit base of the Argentine financial system, including the deposit base of the Bank, could lead to a reduction in liquidity levels and limit the long-term expansion of financial intermediation.
In recent years, the growth of the Argentine financial sector has been heavily dependent on deposits because of the relatively small size of the Argentine capital markets and the lack of access to foreign capital markets. These deposits are mainly transactional accounts, both retail and commercial, and time deposits, which average tenor usually is below 45 days (30 days is the minimum according to Central Bank regulation).
In 2024, banks were more active issuing bonds in local markets, typically with a tenor of between six months and one year, but such funding still represented a very small percentage of overall funding levels.
Additionally, the maturity of loans has started to increase as economic activity has stabilized and demand for products like consumer loans, mortgages and long-term loans for small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) has increased.
We have a continuous demand for liquidity to fund our business activities. Our profitability or solvency could be adversely affected if access to liquidity and funding is constrained or made more expensive for a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, withdrawals of deposits or other sources of liquidity may make it more difficult or costly for us to fund our business on favorable terms. Although we believe that deposit liquidity levels are currently reasonable, no assurance can be given that those levels will not be reduced due to future negative economic conditions or otherwise. If depositors lose confidence as a result of negative economic conditions or otherwise and withdraw significant funds from financial institutions, there will be a substantial negative impact on the manner in which financial institutions, including us, conduct their business and on their and our ability to operate as financial intermediaries. If we are unable to access adequate sources of medium and long-term funding or if we are required to pay high costs in order to obtain the same and/or if we cannot generate profits and/or maintain our current volume and/or scale of our business, whether due to a decline in deposits or otherwise, our liquidity position and ability to honor our debts as they come due may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Reduced spreads between interest rates received on loans and those paid on deposits could adversely affect our profitability.
The spread between the interest rates on loans and deposits could be affected as a result of increased competition in the banking sector and the government’s tightening or loosening of monetary policy in response to inflation concerns. During recent years, as a consequence of higher inflation, interest rates have significantly increased in Argentina.
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After the Macri administration took office, expectations were of a decline in both inflation and interest rates and therefore banking spreads. However, since 2018 devaluation of the peso and higher inflation led the Central Bank to substantially raise interest rates, ending the margin contraction trend. During 2020 the Central Bank reduced interest rates, in part as a response to the Covid-19 crisis. After such reduction, Argentina experienced high inflation and interest rates that resulted in increased spreads and margins in nominal terms.
Since taking office, the Milei administration has implemented a tight fiscal policy that has resulted in a significant decrease in inflation, which has allowed the Central Bank to significantly reduce the monetary policy rate and remove restrictions on the interest rates that can be agreed between banks and their customers, resulting in decreased spreads and margins.
Loans have been growing strong in 2024 and at a fastest pace than deposits which has adversely affected Argentine banks’ liquidity. Increased competition for deposits could increase downward pressure on banking spreads. Moreover, a change in the composition of the Bank’s sources of funding, which predominantly relies on non-interest-bearing deposits, could also increase downward pressure on the Bank’s margins.
Any further reductions in spreads and margins could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.
BBVA Argentina’s lending activity has become more diversified, shifting from a predominant focus on lending to the public sector to a broader lending portfolio that increasingly includes the private sector. This shift in BBVA Argentina’s lending activities could entail its own distinct set of risks.
The Milei administration has introduced various measures to reduce Argentina’s fiscal deficit. As a result, the government’s borrowing needs have declined, leading to a reduced reliance on financing from the financial sector, including BBVA Argentina. In this context, BBVA Argentina has diversified its lending activity, shifting from a predominant focus on lending to the public sector to a broader lending portfolio that increasingly includes the private sector.
While this diversification helps reduce BBVA Argentina’s exposure to sovereign risk, it also introduces new challenges. Lending to the private sector involves different credit dynamics, including a wider dispersion of borrowers, higher credit risk, and increased sensitivity to economic cycles. Successfully managing the diversification of BBVA Argentina’s lending activities may require substantial changes to BBVA Argentina’s risk management framework and operational processes, which may not be effectively or promptly implemented. In addition, private sector demand for credit may not develop at the scale or quality needed to support the Bank’s objectives.
If BBVA Argentina is unable to adapt its business plan effectively, or if the diversification of BBVA Argentina’s lending activities results in higher levels of non-performing loans, its financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected. Furthermore, continued reductions in the Argentine government’s reliance on market-based financing may limit lending opportunities for financial institutions, including BBVA Argentina.
Our business is particularly vulnerable to volatility in interest rates.
Our results of operations are substantially dependent upon the level of our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including fiscal and monetary policies of governments and central banks, regulation of the financial sector in the market in which we operate, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors.
The Central Bank decreased the annual monetary policy rate in December 2023 from 133% to 29% with the aim to improve the Central Bank’s balance sheet by first lowering interest-bearing liabilities and then eliminating them.
While the downward trend is expected to continue, there could still be continued volatility or the Central Bank could decide to reverse its policy on the basis of the evolution of financial conditions, including inflation, foreign exchange rates, export controls, or other macroeconomic conditions.
Additionally, the government could decide to enact regulations that could adversely affect our intermediation margins. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our financial spread as a result of differential movements in interest
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rates for deposits, loans or other bank assets and liabilities. In addition, high interest rates could reduce the demand for credit and our ability to generate credit for our clients, as well as contribute to an increase in the credit default rate. As a result of these and the above factors, significant changes or volatility in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Mismatch between UVA loans and UVA deposits could adversely affect our profitability.
During 2017, new UVA (inflation-adjusted) mortgages grew significantly. At the same time, the Bank launched UVA deposits, but such deposits grew at a slower pace, leading to a mismatch in this activity. During 2018, as a consequence of the peso devaluation, higher inflation and interest rates, growth in both UVA loans and liabilities slowed and from 2019 to 2023 new origination came to a halt.
In 2024, as a result of lower inflation and improved financial conditions, UVA loans increased again, and as in the past, UVA deposits increased at a significantly slower pace.
As of December 31, 2024, UVA loans amounted to Ps.257,550 million while UVA deposits amounted to Ps.71,086 million and the imbalance is expected to increase at least during the first half of 2025.
Independent of how this activity may develop, there will probably still be a mismatch among UVA loans and deposits in the near future, as loans are mainly mortgages with long maturities, and this mismatch could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly in the event that interest rates turn positive in real terms and the Bank is not able to hedge with inflation adjusted liabilities.
Our estimates and established reserves for credit risk and potential credit losses may prove to be inaccurate and/or insufficient, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Given the nature of our business, several of our products— particularly consumer loans, commercial loans, and other receivables—carry inherent credit risk. Changes in the income levels of our borrowers, inflationary pressure, or increases in interest rates could adversely affect the quality of our loan portfolio.
As of December 31, 2024, our non-performing loan portfolio amounted to Ps.112,818 million compared to Ps.76,668 million as of December 31, 2023. The non-performing loan ratio decreased to 1.13% as of December 31, 2024 from 1.29% December 31, 2023.
We estimate and establish reserves for credit risk and expected credit losses. This process involves subjective and complex judgments, including projections of economic conditions and assumptions on the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. We may not be able to timely detect these risks before they occur, which may increase our exposure to credit risk. Overall, if we are unable to effectively control the level of non-performing or poor credit quality loans in the future, or if our loan loss reserves are insufficient to cover future loan losses, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Argentine financial institutions (including BBVA Argentina) continue to have exposure to public sector debt (including securities issued by the BCRA) and its repayment capacity, which in periods of economic recession, may negatively affect their results of operations.
Argentine financial institutions (including BBVA Argentina) continue to be exposed, to some extent, to public sector debt and the public sector’s repayment capacity. The Argentine government’s ability to honor its financial obligations is dependent on, among other things, its ability to establish economic policies that succeed in fostering sustainable growth and development in the long term, generating tax revenues and controlling public expenditures, which could, either partially or totally, fail to take place.
The Bank’s exposure to the public sector as of December 31, 2024 was Ps.2,676,793 million, representing approximately 18% of its total assets. Of this total, Ps.37,099 million were BCRA debt instruments and Ps.2,639,694 million corresponded to Argentine government securities. As a result, BBVA Argentina’s income-generating capacity may be materially impacted or may be particularly affected by the Argentine public sector’s repayment capacity and the performance of public sector bonds, which, in turn, is dependent on the factors referred to above.
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Increased competition in the banking industry may adversely affect the Bank’s operations.
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and it is expected that this trend will continue in the coming years with the increasing entry of non-bank competitors (some of which have large client portfolios and strong brand recognition) and the emergence of new business models. In recent years, the financial services sector has undergone a significant transformation driven by the development of mobile technologies, the entry of new players into activities previously controlled by financial institutions and further consolidation in the banking industry. Although the Bank is making efforts to adapt to these changes through its digital transformation, its competitive position is affected by the fact that non-bank operators are less heavily regulated than banks (including BBVA Argentina). For example, banking groups are subject to prudential regulations that have implications for most of their businesses, including those in which they compete with non-bank operators (such as FinTechs or BigTechs) that are subject only to regulations specific to the activity they develop or that benefit from loopholes in the regulatory framework. Furthermore, when banking groups such as the Group carry out financial activities through the use of new technologies, they are generally subject to additional internal governance rules that place such groups at a competitive disadvantage.
Moreover, the widespread adoption of new technologies, including artificial intelligence (“AI”), cloud computing, big data analysis, crypto currencies and payment systems could require substantial investment to modify or adapt existing products and services as the Bank continues to increase its mobile and internet banking capabilities. Likewise, the increasing use of these new technologies and mobile banking platforms could have an adverse impact on the Bank’s investments in facilities, equipment and employees of the branch network. A faster pace of transformation towards mobile and online banking models could require changes in the Bank’s commercial banking strategy, including the closure or sale of some branches and the restructuring of others, and reductions in employees. These changes could result in significant expenses as the Bank reconfigures and transforms its commercial network. Failure to effectively implement such changes efficiently and on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s competitive position or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition or results of operations.
Our future success may depend, in part, on our ability to use technology to provide suitable products and services for our customers and adequately manage information technology obsolescence. While the Bank has focused on developing its technological capabilities in recent years and is committed to digitization, its ability to compete successfully is likely to be adversely affected by, on the one hand, the existing uneven playing field between banks and non-bank players and, on the other, the increasing relevance of access to digital data and interactions for customer relationship management, which places digital platforms at an advantage. Digital platforms (such as those maintained by large technology or social media companies and FinTechs) increasingly dominate access to data and control over digital interactions, and are already eroding the Bank’s results in highly relevant markets such as payments. These platforms can leverage their advantage in access to data to compete with the Bank in other markets and could reduce the Bank’s operations and margins in its core businesses such as lending or wealth management. In the event that the Bank is not successful in addressing increasing competition, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We are a subsidiary of the BBVA Group, and activities across the BBVA Group could adversely affect us.
We are part of a highly diversified international financial group which offers a wide variety of financial and related products and services including retail banking, asset management, private banking and wholesale banking. The BBVA Group strives to foster a culture in which its employees act with integrity and feel comfortable reporting instances of misconduct. The BBVA Group employees are essential to this culture, and acts of misconduct by any employee, and particularly by senior management, could erode trust and confidence and damage the BBVA Group and the Bank’s reputation among existing and potential clients and other stakeholders. Negative public opinion could result from actual or alleged conduct by the BBVA Group entities in any number of activities or circumstances, including operations, employment-related offenses such as sexual harassment and discrimination, regulatory compliance, the use and protection of data and systems, and the satisfaction of client expectations, and from actions taken by regulators or others in response to such conduct.
For example, Spanish judicial authorities are investigating the activities of Centro Exclusivo de Negocios y Transacciones, S.L. (“Cenyt”). Such investigation includes the provision of services by Cenyt to BBVA. On July 29, 2019, BBVA was named as an investigated party (investigado) in a criminal judicial investigation (Preliminary Proceeding No. 96/2017 – Piece No. 9, Central Investigating Court No. 6 of the National High Court) for alleged facts which could constitute bribery, revelation of secrets and corruption. Certain current and former officers and employees of the BBVA Group, as well as former directors, have also been named as investigated parties in connection with this investigation. Since the beginning of the investigation, BBVA has been proactively collaborating with the Spanish judicial authorities,
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including sharing with the courts information obtained in the internal investigation hired by the entity in 2019 to contribute to the clarification of the facts.
By order of the Criminal Chamber of the National High Court, the pre-trial phase ended on January 29, 2024.
On June 20, 2024, the judge issued an order authorizing the continuation of abbreviated criminal proceedings against BBVA and certain current and former officers and employees of BBVA, as well as against some former directors, for alleged facts which could constitute bribery and revelation of secrets.
It is not possible at this time to predict the possible outcomes or implications for the BBVA Group of this matter, including any fines, damages or harm to the BBVA Group’s reputation caused thereby.
This matter or any similar matters arising across the BBVA Group could damage our reputation and adversely affect the confidence of our clients, rating agencies, regulators, bondholders and other parties and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our credit ratings depend on Argentine sovereign credit ratings, and such dependence limits our access to international financial markets.
Our credit ratings are significantly influenced by Argentina’s sovereign rating, which has fluctuated considerably, in line with the several Argentine crises. As a result, our ratings have also fluctuated in the recent past, although they have tended to be higher than the sovereign rating. These fluctuations impact our costs of funding, our collateral obligations and our ability to access international markets.
Argentina reached an agreement in 2016 with the holdouts of the 2005-2010 debt restructurings, and consequently between 2016 and 2017 the country’s sovereign ratings were upgraded. However, from 2018 onwards that trend was reversed, and the country was either downgraded or put under review with a negative outlook. In April 2020, after the debt restructuring established by the national government for all public bonds in foreign currency under local legislation, risk rating agencies lowered Argentina’s rating to “Selective Default”. Nevertheless, in September 2020 the government agreed with the bondholders to restructure more than 99% of the public debt with private creditors, significantly reducing coupon payments and extending maturities. Once this agreement was settled, the rating agencies upgraded Argentina’s sovereign rating to CCC+. On October 26, 2022, Fitch downgraded Argentina’s rating from CCC to CCC- and in January 2023 it downgraded Argentina’s rating to Selective Default (though such downgrade was reversed a few days later), and on March 29, 2023, S&P downgraded Argentina’s rating from CCC+ to CCC. Nevertheless, S&P raised its long-term foreign currency debt rating by one notch, from ‘CCC-’ to ‘CCC’ and improved its outlook from “negative” to “stable”.
A further downgrade in Argentina’s sovereign rating in the future, or any change in outlook, could limit the Bank’s access to financing on acceptable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, the results of operations and the financial condition of the Bank.
The financial industry is increasingly dependent on information technology systems, which may fail, may present vulnerabilities and be exposed to cyber attacks and data leaks.
Banks and their activities increasingly rely on highly sophisticated information technology (“IT”) systems to deliver products and services to their customers. IT systems are exposed to a number of problems, such as software or hardware failures, malicious software, vulnerabilities, hacking and physical damage to vital IT centers. IT systems need regular patches and updates and banks, including us, may not be able to implement the necessary updates in a timely manner. Additionally, new technologies, such as AI and quantum technologies, which are gaining increased importance to banks’ operations, are also subject to IT risks.
In recent years, the number of security incidents to which companies from different industries are exposed has increased. Attacks are becoming more frequent and compromise the infrastructure of the affected company, exposing internal and customer information, including as a result of phishing and social engineering campaigns, the intrusion of malicious software or ransomware campaigns and denial of service attacks that affect the availability of systems, among others. Cyber threats are rapidly evolving and we may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks. We are under the continuous threat of economic losses due to cyber-attacks, especially as we continue to expand customers’ capabilities to use digital channels to conduct business transactions. Two of the most important cyber-attack risks we face are electronic fraud and the violation of confidential customer data. Electronic fraud loss occurs when cybercriminals violate and extract
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funds directly from customers’ or our accounts. A violation of confidential customer data, such as contact information, account numbers or credit card data, could present a significant impact on reputation and legal and /or regulatory costs for us. We may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize these threats and we may be liable for any breach or loss of security.
In addition to the costs that may be incurred as a result of any failure of our IT systems, we may face penalties from banking regulators if we fail to comply with applicable banking or reporting regulations as a result of any IT risks, including as a result of the implementation of AI or quantum technologies, or other failures. In 2023, the Central Bank published new requirements regarding risk management and technology and information security control, the compliance of which demand the undertaking of a gap analysis and the deployment of additional measures as part of our cybersecurity risk management.
We face security risks, including denial of service attacks, hacking, social engineering attacks targeting its colleagues and customers, malware intrusion or data corruption attempts and identity theft that could result in the disclosure of confidential information, adversely affect our business or reputation, and create significant legal and financial exposure.
Our computer systems and network infrastructure and those of third parties, on which we are highly dependent, are subject to security risks and could be susceptible to cyber-attacks. Our business relies on the secure collecting, processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in its computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. In addition, to access our network, products and services, our customers and other third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our compliance policy and are subject to their own cybersecurity risks. Cyber-attacks or security violations, whether directed at us or third parties, may result in material loss or have material consequences and damage our reputation.
In addition, the risk of fraud and scams is increasing as we offer more online products through digital channels. In 2024, the growing trend in cases involving phishing, malware, telephone and social media scams and credit card fraud continued to evolve into more complex ways of deception. There are several social engineering techniques that cybercriminals use to deceive customers and obtain confidential data. In this sense, the implementation of preventive measures of computer and documentary fraud as well as people’s awareness are becoming increasingly important.
Protecting assets from potential cybersecurity threats is a significant challenge. Risks continue to increase as more mobile payment products and other Internet-based products become available, expanding our internal use of web products and applications. Therefore, it is essential to implement measures and controls to increase security and mitigate threats to cybersecurity.
Cyber-attacks or security violations, whether directed at us or third parties, may result in material loss or have economic consequences. In addition, the public perception that a cyber-attack on our systems has been successful, whether or not this perception has been correct, can damage our reputation with the customers and third parties with whom we do business. Hacking of personal information and the risks of identity theft, in particular, could cause serious reputational damage. Successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause us serious negative consequences, including loss of customers and business opportunities, significant business disruption of our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our customers, or damage to our or our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
An increase in fraud or transaction errors may adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and financial condition.
Due to the large number of transactions that occur in a financial institution such as the Bank, errors can occur and worsen before being detected and corrected. In addition, some of our transactions are not fully automated, which may increase the risk of human error, or manipulation, and it may be difficult to detect losses quickly. If we are unable to effectively and timely detect and remedy fraudulent and erroneous transactions, it could damage our reputation, entail serious costs and affect our transactions, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Because we are a financial institution, any insolvency proceeding against us would be subject to the powers of, and intervention by, the Central Bank, which may limit remedies otherwise available and extend the duration of the proceedings.
Under Argentine law, the liquidation and commencement of bankruptcy proceedings against financial institutions, until their banking license has been revoked by the Central Bank, may only be commenced by the Central Bank. If BBVA Argentina were unable to pay its debts as they come due, the Central Bank could intervene and revoke our banking license, and file a bankruptcy petition before a commercial court. If the Central Bank intervenes, the reorganization proceeding could take longer and it is likely that our shareholders’ remedies would be restricted. During any such process, the Central Bank would have to consider its interests as a regulator and could well prioritize the claims of other creditors and third parties against us. As a result of any such intervention, shareholders may realize substantially less on the claims than they would in a bankruptcy proceeding of a non-financial institution in Argentina or a financial institution or non-financial institution in the United States or any other country.
Lawsuits brought against us outside Argentina, the enforcement of foreign judgments and complaints based on foreign legal concepts may be unsuccessful.
We are a commercial bank organized under the laws of Argentina. Most of our shareholders, directors, members of the supervisory committee and officers and certain experts named herein reside outside the United States (principally in Argentina). Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. If any shareholder were to bring a lawsuit against our directors, officers or experts in the United States, it may be difficult for them to effect service of legal process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce in Argentina a judgment against them obtained in the courts of the United States, based upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws, due to specific requirements of Argentine law regarding procedural law issues and principles of public policy.
Class actions against financial institutions for an indeterminate amount may adversely affect the profitability of the financial sector and of the Bank.
The Argentine national Constitution and the Argentine Consumer Protection Law No. 24,240, as supplemented or amended (the “Consumer Protection Law”), contain certain provisions regarding class actions. However, their guidance with respect to procedural rules for instituting and trying class action cases is limited. Nonetheless, Argentine courts have admitted class actions in many cases, including various lawsuits against financial institutions related to “collective interests” such as alleged overcharging on products, interest rates, misapplication of regulations, life insurance required in relation to loans, and advice in the sale of public securities. In recent years, some of these lawsuits have been settled by the parties out of court, with courts approving such settlement agreements. These settlements have typically involved an undertaking by the financial institution to adjust its fees and charges or reimburse money.
If class action plaintiffs were to prevail in these or other matters against financial institutions generally, or against us specifically, this could have an adverse effect on the financial industry generally and on our business, results of operations and financial condition in particular.
If in the future, judicial or administrative decisions were to increase the degree of protection provided to our debtors and other clients, or be favorable to claims filed by consumer groups or associations, the ability of financial institutions to freely determine charges, fees or expenses for their services and products could be adversely affected, thereby affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.
BBVA, our controlling shareholder, has the ability to direct our business and its interests could conflict with yours.
As of December 31, 2024, our parent company, BBVA, directly or beneficially owned 66.55% of our capital stock. As a result, BBVA controls virtually all decisions with respect to our company made by shareholders. It may, for example, without the concurrence of the remaining shareholders, elect a majority of our directors, effect or prevent a merger, sale of assets or other business acquisition or disposition, cause us to issue additional equity securities and determine the timing and amounts of dividends, if any, always subject to the applicable legal framework. Its interests may conflict with your interests as a holder of our shares or ADSs, and it may take actions that might be desirable to BBVA but not to our other shareholders.
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Our ability to grow our business depends on our ability to manage our relationships with partners and grow our deposit base.
We seek to grow our business by, among other means, increasing our client base. Our strategic partnerships are important components of our client acquisition strategy. We have various strategic partnerships, which include Despegar, MOVE Concerts Argentina S.A., Medios y Contenidos Producciones S.A. and En Vivo Producciones S.A., these four being within the entertainment sector. Distribution channels include credit card programs with Club Atlético River Plate Asociación Civil and Club Atlético Boca Juniors Asociación Civil, Argentine soccer clubs, and the agreements with automobile companies Peugeot, Citroën, Renault and Volkswagen, which we depend on to expand our client reach cost-effectively, further expand our points of presence and enhance our value proposition. Any deterioration in our relationships with our strategic partners could adversely affect our strategy and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, the successful growth of our business depends on our ability to grow our deposit base. Political, economic or legal developments in Argentina or other factors could lead customers to withdraw funds from the Argentine financial system, adversely affecting us. If there are improvements in the Argentine economy, including lower inflation and increased lending activity in the Argentine banking sector, we expect this would contribute to the growth of our business and profitability. However, we can provide no assurance regarding the future performance of the Argentine economy or how any improvements will affect us. If the Argentine economy fails to improve, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may enter into one or more acquisitions which could adversely affect the value of the Bank.
We regularly explore consolidation opportunities in the ordinary course of business and believe there are significant opportunities to expand our footprint in the Argentine banking sector. In the event that we choose to make an acquisition in the future, any such transaction would involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including:
•the possibility that we pay more than the value we will derive from any such transaction;
•the possibility that Argentine economic and political conditions will not develop in the manner we expect;
•the possibility that the Argentine financial services market will not develop in the manner we expect;
•a reduction in our cash available for operations and other uses;
•the potential incurrence of indebtedness to finance any such transaction;
•delays in achieving or our failure to successfully achieve the anticipated benefits of any acquisition;
•difficulties in integrating any business acquired, including difficulties in harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, technology platforms, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes;
•diversion of management time and resources in coordinating a larger or more geographically dispersed organization;
•the quality of the assets of the acquired business may be lower than we anticipate; and
•the assumption of certain liabilities, whether known or unknown.
Any of the foregoing or other risks and uncertainties related to any acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition or the value of the Bank.
We may suffer adverse consequences related to our calculation of income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2022.
In May 2021, we filed a request for declaratory judgment with the Contentious Administrative Federal Court No. 5, Secretariat No. 9, seeking that such court declare unconstitutional certain provisions of Argentine law that prevented us from fully applying the inflation adjustment mechanism in our 2020 tax return. On May 26, 2021, we filed our income tax
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return for 2020 giving effect to an adjustment for inflation. On August 15, 2023, the Bank obtained a new favorable judgment from the Federal Court for Administrative Litigation No. 5. On August 23, 2023, the tax authority filed an appeal against this judgment requesting its revocation. On July 1, 2024, the Court rejected the appeal and the tax authority appealed it again to the Federal Court.
On June 2, 2023, the Bank filed a declaratory action of unconstitutionality against the Federal Administration of Public Revenue - General Tax Directorate (AFIP-DGI), in order to obtain a ruling declaring the unconstitutionality of art. 93 of the Income Tax Law (T.O. 2019) and/or the regulations that prevent the comprehensive application of the tax inflation adjustment mechanism on the grounds that it resulted in a confiscatory income tax in the 2022 fiscal period and requesting the comprehensive application of the mechanism for updating costs and amortization of assets provided for in articles 62 to 66, 71, 87 and 88 of the tax law.
On June 6, 2023, Federal Court for Administrative Litigation No. 9 transferred the proceedings to the prosecutor’s office to issue a ruling on jurisdiction. Once the tax report was presented on June 8, 2023, the Court declared its jurisdiction.
As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, we cannot predict the outcome of these legal actions or whether we will be required to amend our income tax returns for 2020 and/or 2022 or make any provisions with respect thereto in our financial statements prepared under IFRS-IASB. If we are required to amend our income tax returns for 2020 or 2022, we may be required to pay interest and charges to the Argentine tax authorities, and could be subject to other consequences. We cannot predict with certainty the outcome of our requests for declaratory judgment or whether they would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, or the trading prices of our ordinary shares and ADSs.
The Argentine economy qualifies as a hyperinflationary economy under IAS 29. Given that the peso is our functional currency, we apply IAS 29 for periods ending after July 1, 2018, and our Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information are presented in terms of the measuring unit current at December 31, 2024.
IAS 29 requires that financial statements of any entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, whether based on the historical cost method or on the current cost method, be adjusted in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. IAS 29 does not establish a set inflation rate beyond which an economy is deemed to be experiencing hyperinflation. However, hyperinflation is commonly understood to occur when changes in price levels are close to or exceed 100% on a cumulative basis over the prior three years, when presented together with certain other qualitative macroeconomic factors.
The total cumulative inflation in Argentina in the 36 months prior to December 31, 2024, as measured by both consumer and wholesale price indexes published by INDEC, exceeded 100%. Qualitative macroeconomic factors, including the depreciation of the peso in recent months, also support the conclusion that Argentina is a hyperinflationary economy for accounting purposes. Accordingly, IAS 29 is applicable to any financial statements as from July 1, 2018 included in any of our filings with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Argentine accounting standards authorities have reached a consensus that the “general price index” for IAS 29 purposes is determined considering the wholesale price index up to December 2016 and the CPI from then onwards. These indices have been determined or referred to the INDEC. Therefore, our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report are adjusted by applying the relevant indices and presented in terms of the measuring unit current at December 31, 2024.
We also have applied IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies to our statutory consolidated annual financial statements presented to the Central Bank for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2020 as set forth by the BCRA through Communication “A” 6651 issued on February 22, 2019. The financial statements provided to the Central Bank are prepared in accordance with IFRS BCRA, which differs in significant respects from IFRS-IASB. See “Presentation of Financial Information”. As such, the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report are not comparable with our financial statements furnished to the Central Bank.
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The statutory consolidated annual financial statements that the Bank prepares to comply with the requirements of the Central Bank are prepared pursuant to the reporting framework established by the Central Bank requiring supervised entities to submit financial statements prepared pursuant to IFRS-IASB except for:
(i)the application of the expected credit loss model set forth under paragraph 5.5. of IFRS 9 for debt instruments issued by the public sector;
(ii)the accounting treatment used to record the income (loss) of the transfer to a third party of the shares the Bank owned in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A in the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. If the fair value of the Bank’s interest in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A. had been determined on the basis of IFRS-IASB, the income (loss) for previous years and for the year ended December 31, 2022 would have been different. This accounting treatment does not affect the shareholders’ equity value as of December 31, 2022.
Because of such differences, our statutory consolidated annual financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are not comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements included herein. In addition, we will continue to have differences during 2025 between our statutory consolidated financial statements and the financial statements required by IFRS-IASB. We do not intend to report in accordance with IFRS-IASB on an interim basis during 2025. Consequently, our interim financial information for 2025 will not be comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements and other information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F.
The Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F have been prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB.
We are subject to numerous restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.
We are subject to legal and other restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. In Argentina, financial institutions may distribute dividends provided that (i) they are not covered by the terms of sections 34 “Regularization and recovery” and 35 bis “Institution restructuring to safeguard lending and bank deposits” of the Law on Financial Institutions (Law No. 21,526); (ii) they are not receiving financial assistance from the BCRA; (iii) they are not in arrears or non-compliance with the information regime established by the BCRA; (iv) they meet minimum capital requirements and cash requirements and (v) they have complied with the additional capital margins applicable to them as provided for in Section 4 (Additional Capital Margins) of the BCRA’s Structured Income Distribution text. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Financial Statements and other Financial Information—Dividends”. Amounts available for distribution as dividends are determined pursuant to Argentine law and IFRS-BCRA.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 7421 dated December 16, 2021, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, to distribute dividends for up to 20% of their “distributable profit”. Financial entities, having the previous authorization of the Central Bank, had to make this distribution in twelve equal, monthly and consecutive installments.
By Communication “A” 7719 dated March 9, 2023, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 40 % of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments from April 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.
On March 21, 2024 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7984, effective until December 31, 2024, which established that financial institutions, with its prior authorization, may distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments once authorization is obtained by the BCRA.
Subsequently, on April 30, 2024, the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7997, which further modified the dividend distribution framework, enabling financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in three equal, monthly and consecutive installments. Additionally, non-resident shareholders have the option to receive their dividends in a single cash payment, provided that such funds are directly allocated to the subscription of Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina (BOPREAL bonds), in accordance with foreign exchange regulations.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 8214 dated March 13, 2025, up to December 31,2025, the Central Bank enabled financial entities that obtained its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60 % of their “distributable profit” in ten equal, monthly and consecutive installments, starting from June 30, 2025 and with each such installment being paid no
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earlier than the day prior to the last business day of each subsequent month. The installments had to be paid in homogenous currency.
As a result of the foregoing, dividends may be paid when we have no income as determined under IFRS-IASB and, conversely, dividends may not be payable even if we have income as determined under IFRS-IASB. Moreover, BBVA as our majority shareholder has the power to approve or fail to approve any proposed dividends.
Environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks may adversely impact the Bank.
ESG factors present risks associated with (i) climate change, including physical risks and transition risks (linked, among others, to changes in regulations, technologies and market preferences associated with the transition to a less carbon-dependent economy); (ii) other environmental factors, such as biodiversity loss, water stress and other nature-related factors; (iii) social factors, such as human rights, inclusion, diversity and workplace safety; and (iv) corporate governance matters, such as the governance of environmental and social risks.
ESG risks include short-, medium- and long-term risks that may adversely affect the Bank and its customers or counterparties. Such risks are expected to increase and/or evolve over time.
Among others,they include the following:
• Physical risks: the activities of the Bank or those of its customers or counterparties could be adversely affected by the physical risks (including acute and chronic) arising from climate change or other environmental challenges. For example, extreme weather events may damage or destroy properties and other assets of the Bank or those of its customers or counterparties, make the insurance against certain risks more expensive or unfeasible, result in increased costs or otherwise disrupt their respective operations (for example, if supply chains are disrupted as a result), diminishing –in the case of the Bank’s customers or counterparties - their repayment capacity and, if applicable, the value of assets granted as collateral to the Bank. The Bank is also exposed to potential long-term physical risks arising from climate change and other environmental challenges, such as any ensuing deterioration in economic conditions that results in credit-related costs, or potential impacts on the Bank’s assets and operations. The Bank could also be required to change its business models in response to the foregoing.
• Legal and regulatory risks: legal and regulatory changes related to how banks are required to manage climate and other ESG risks or otherwise affecting banking practices or disclosure of information may result in higher compliance, operational and credit risks and costs. The Bank’s customers and counterparties may be exposed to similar risks. Further, legal and regulatory changes may result in legal uncertainty and the existence of overlapping or conflicting regulatory or other requirements. They may also give rise to regulatory asymmetries whereby some persons, including the Bank and its customers and counterparties, are more heavily regulated than others, placing such persons at a disadvantage. The Bank or its customers or counterparties may be unable to meet any new requirements on a timely basis or at all, including new product and service specifications, governance frameworks and practices and disclosure requirements and standards. In addition, in the case of banks, new regulation could include requirements related to lending, investing, capital and liquidity adequacy and operational resilience. The incorporation of ESG risks in the existing prudential framework is still developing and may result in increased risk weighting of certain assets. Moreover, there are significant risks and uncertainties inherent in the development of adequate risk assessment and modelling capabilities with respect to ESG-related matters and the collection of customer, third-party and other data, which may result in the Bank’s systems or frameworks (or those of its customers and counterparties, where applicable) being inadequate, inaccurate or susceptible to incorrect customer, third-party or other data, any of which could adversely affect the Bank’s disclosure and financial reporting. Further, increased regulation arising from climate change and other ESG-related challenges could result in increased litigation by different stakeholders (including non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”)) and regulatory investigations and actions.
• Technological risks: certain of the Bank’s customers and counterparties may be adversely affected by the progressive transition to a low-carbon economy and/or risks and costs associated with new low-carbon technologies. If the Bank’s customers and counterparties fail to adapt to the transition to a low-carbon
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economy, or if the costs of doing so adversely affect their creditworthiness, this could adversely affect the Bank’s relevant loan portfolios.
• Market risks: the Bank and certain of the Bank’s customers and counterparties may be adversely affected by changes in market preferences due to, among others, increased ESG awareness. Further, the funding costs of businesses that are perceived to be more exposed to climate change or to other ESG-related risks could increase. Any of this could result in the reduced creditworthiness of such customers and counterparties, adversely affecting the Bank’s relevant loan portfolios. The Bank and its customers and counterparties could also be adversely affected by changes in prices resulting from shifts in demand or supply brought by climate change or other ESG-related factors, including prices of energy and raw materials, or by their inability to foresee or hedge any such changes.
• Reputational risks: the perception of climate change and other ESG-related challenges as a risk by society, shareholders, customers, governments and other stakeholders (including NGOs) continues to increase, including in relation to the financial sector’s activities. This may result in increased scrutiny of the Bank’s activities, as well as its ESG-related policies, goals, disclosures or communications. The Bank’s reputation and ability to attract or retain customers may be harmed if its efforts to reduce ESG-related risks are deemed to be insufficient or if a perception is generated among the different stakeholders that the Bank’s statements, actions or disclosure do not fairly reflect the underlying sustainability profile of the Bank, its products, services, goals and/or policies. At the same time, the Bank may refrain from undertaking lending or investing activities or other services that would otherwise have been profitable in order to fulfill its obligations or avoid reputational harm. Further, divergent views on ESG policies may also have a negative impact on the Bank’s reputation. Increased scrutiny of the Bank’s activities, as well as its ESG-related policies, goals and disclosure may result in litigation and investigations and supervisory actions (including potential greenwashing claims). The BBVA Group has disclosed certain aspirational ESG-related goals and such goals, which are being pursued over the long-term, may prove to be considerably more costly or difficult than currently expected, or even impossible, to achieve, including as a result of changes in regulation and policy, the pace of technological change and innovation and the actions of governments and the Bank’s customers and competitors. Potential greenwashing claims arising from ESG-related statements, disclosure and/or actions of the Bank may also give rise to reputational risks.
Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks
If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls and procedures or otherwise fail to maintain their effectiveness, investor confidence in the Bank and the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be adversely affected.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that we timely report information as specified in applicable Argentine and U.S. rules. Within such disclosure controls and procedures, we maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting.
We can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, that misstatements due to error or fraud or otherwise will not occur, that all control issues are detected or that we will be able to prepare our financial information on a timely basis. If our disclosure controls and procedures, including internal control over financial reporting, are not effective, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares and ADSs.
Our management has issued a report on its assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of such date. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures”.
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We operate in a highly regulated environment, and our operations are subject to regulations adopted, and measures taken, by several regulatory agencies.
Financial institutions in Argentina are subject to significant regulation relating to functions that historically have been determined by the Central Bank and other regulatory authorities (for capital requirements see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements”). The Central Bank may penalize us, in case of any breach of applicable regulations. Similarly, the Argentine National Securities Commission (“CNV”), which authorizes securities offerings and regulates the public securities markets in Argentina, has the authority to impose sanctions on us and our Board of Directors for breaches of corporate governance. The Financial Information Unit (Unidad de Información Financiera, or “UIF”) regulates matters relating to anti-money laundering and has the ability to monitor compliance with any such regulations by financial institutions and, eventually, impose sanctions. Any such regulatory agencies could initiate proceedings and impose sanctions against us, our shareholders or our directors.
The Central Bank has also imposed restrictions on the positive foreign currency net global position of financial institutions, which have been modified several times, to prevent the Central Bank’s foreign currency reserves from further decreasing. As of the date of this annual report, the positive foreign currency net global position may not exceed 5% of the basic net equity plus complementary net equity (“RPC”) of the immediately preceding month.
In addition, pursuant to Communication “A” 7020, sanctions imposed by the Central Bank, the UIF, the CNV and/or the Superintendencia de Entidades Financieras y Cambiarias (the Superintendence of Financial Institutions and Exchanges, referred to as the “Superintendence”) and/or their authorities, may result in the revocation of the licenses to operate as financial institutions. Such revocation may occur when, in the opinion of the board of directors of the Central Bank, there was a material change in the conditions deemed necessary to maintain such license, including those relating to the suitability, experience, moral character or integrity of (i) the members of a financial institution’s board of directors (directors, counselors or equivalent authorities), (ii) its shareholders, (iii) the members of its supervisory committee or (iv) others, such as its managers.
The absence of a stable regulatory framework or the imposition of measures that may affect the profitability of financial institutions in Argentina and limit the capacity to hedge against currency fluctuations could result in significant limits to financial institutions’ decision-making ability. In turn, this could cause uncertainty and negatively affect our future financial activities and result of operations. In addition, existing or future legislation and regulation could require material expenditures or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition to regulations specific to our industry, we are subject to a wide range of federal, provincial and municipal regulations and supervision generally applicable to businesses operating in Argentina, including laws and regulations pertaining to labor, social security, public health, consumer protection, the environment, competition and price controls.
These or any other future governmental measures or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The instability of the regulatory framework, in particular the regulatory framework affecting financial institutions, could have a material adverse effect on financial institutions such as BBVA Argentina.
While the Macri administration repealed part of the regulatory framework enacted by the Kirchner administration, when the Fernández administration assumed office, numerous new laws were enacted and rules were modified increasing the regulatory framework.
Several rules were enacted during 2020 which, among others: (i) required the remaining balance arising from credit cards to be automatically refinanced between September 1, 2020 and September 30, 2020 up to a maximum rate of 40%; (ii) established the minimum rates for retail customers subject to certain variables; (iii) froze the installments of home mortgage loans and pledge loans adjusted to UVA index, and any unpaid installments were rescheduled; and (iv) ordered financial institutions to request any loan unpaid installments to be paid at the end of the life of the loan. Additionally, on March 19, 2020, the Central Bank issued Communication “A” 6938, temporarily easing the criteria to classify banks’ debtors established in the “Debtors’ Classification” rules and introduced certain changes to the manner in which financial institutions calculate RPC. Furthermore, in response to the crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Central Bank adopted a series of credit stimulus measures aimed at the most vulnerable economic sectors, primarily micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (“MSMEs”) and the self-employed and eased reserve requirements for financial institutions that
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extended such credit lines. For a description of the effects of these regulations on BBVA Argentina, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review—Effects of Recent Regulatory Changes on BBVA Argentina”.
Financial institutions were also ordered to grant certain clients approved by the Argentine Tax Authority (“AFIP”) who applied for them, credit facilities at regulated rates denominated in pesos called “Zero Rate Credit” and “Zero Rate Credit Culture” provided for in Decree No. 332/20, as amended.
Fees on automatically processed operations were suspended for a certain period of time and the possibility of notifying users of financial services of fee increases was suspended for 180 days, and after that period it was established that the expansion would be progressive for commodities.
Similarly, during 2022, several restrictions already existing in 2021 were maintained including minimum rates for fixed terms, or maximum charges for credit card financing. Additionally, restrictions on overseas purchases were applied by prohibiting the financing of overseas products received through the postal system, or purchases in installments with credit cards in duty-free shops. New taxes for consumption abroad increased and were created. Additionally, the Central Bank issued accessibility guidelines for disabled persons for compliance by financial institutions.
During 2023, several restrictions already existing in 2022 were maintained, including minimum rates for fixed terms, or maximum charges for credit card financing, while consumption taxes were increased.
During 2024, the BCRA eliminated many of the existing restrictions, such as the minimum rate for fixed-term investments, the maximum charges for credit card financing, the special requirements for opening savings accounts in foreign currency and the limit on the rate of punitive interest on credit card financing, but others continue to remain.
As a result of these regulatory changes, banking activity has become increasingly more restrictively regulated, with the stated goal of protecting users of financial services.
The absence of a stable regulatory framework or the introduction of new regulations that affect the banking business could limit the ability of financial institutions, including BBVA Argentina, to make long-term decisions, such as asset-allocation decisions, and could cause uncertainty with respect to or otherwise adversely affect our future business, results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure that laws and regulations currently governing the financial sector will not continue to change in the future or that any changes will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Exposure to multiple provincial and municipal legislation and regulations could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Argentina has a federal system of government with 23 provinces and one autonomous city (Buenos Aires), each of which, under the Argentine national constitution, has full power to enact legislation concerning taxes and other matters. Likewise, within each province, municipal governments have broad powers to regulate such matters. Due to the fact that our branches are located in multiple provinces, we are also subject to multiple provincial and municipal legislation and regulations. Future developments in provincial and municipal legislation concerning taxes, provincial regulations or other matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Consumer Protection Law and the Credit Card Law may limit some of the rights afforded to us.
The Consumer Protection Law establishes a number of rules and principles for the protection of consumers. Although the Consumer Protection Law does not contain specific provisions for its enforcement in relation to financial activities, it does contain general provisions that might be used as grounds to uphold such enforcement, as it has been previously interpreted in various legal precedents. Moreover, the new Argentine Civil and Commercial Code has captured the principles of the Consumer Protection Law and established their application to banking agreements.
The application of both the Consumer Protection Law and the Credit Card Law No. 25,065, as amended by Law No. 26,010 (the “Credit Card Law”) by administrative authorities and courts at the federal, provincial and municipal levels has increased. Moreover, administrative and judicial authorities have issued various rules and regulations aimed at strengthening consumer protection. In this context, the Central Bank issued Communication “A” 5460, as supplemented and amended, granting broad protection to financial services customers, limiting fees and charges that financial institutions may validly collect from their clients. In addition, the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice issued the Acordada 32/2014,
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creating the Public Registry of Collective Proceedings for the purpose of registering collective proceedings (such as class actions) filed with national and federal courts. In the event that we are found to be liable for violations of any of the provisions of the Consumer Protection Law or the Credit Card Law, the potential penalties could limit some of our rights, such as reducing our ability to collect payments due from services and financing provided by us, or otherwise adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, the rules that govern the credit card business provide for variable caps on the interest rates that financial institutions may charge clients and the fees that they may charge merchants. A change in applicable law or the existence of court decisions that lower the cap on interest rates and fees that clients and merchants may be charged would reduce our revenues and therefore negatively affect our results of operations.
The application of this regulation or any new regulation that may limit some of the rights afforded to us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We are exposed to compliance risks.
Due to the nature of our activities, we are exposed to certain compliance risks. In particular, we must comply with regulations regarding customer conduct, market conduct, the prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities, the protection of personal data, the restrictions established by national or international sanctions programs and anticorruption laws (including the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and the UK Bribery Act of 2010), the violations of which may lead to very significant penalties. These anti-corruption laws generally prohibit providing anything of value to government officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. As part of our business, we directly or indirectly, through third parties, deal with entities whose employees are considered to be government officials. The Bank’s activities are also subject to complex customer protection and market integrity regulations.
Generally, these regulations require banking entities to, among other measures, use due diligence measures to manage compliance risk. Sometimes, banking entities must apply reinforced due diligence measures, due to the nature of their activities (among others, private banking, money transfer and foreign currency exchange operations), as they may present a higher risk of money laundering or terrorist financing.
Although we have adopted policies, procedures, systems and other measures to manage compliance risk, we are dependent on our employees and external suppliers for the implementation of these policies, procedures, systems and other measures, and we cannot guarantee that these are sufficient or that our employees or our business partners, agents and/or other third parties with a business or professional relationship with us, do not circumvent or violate our ethics and compliance regulations, acts for which such persons or we could be held ultimately responsible and/or that could damage our reputation. In particular, acts of misconduct by any employee, and particularly by senior management, could erode trust and confidence and damage our reputation among existing and potential clients and other stakeholders. For example, on October 25, 2022 we were notified by the BCRA of the opening of several criminal proceedings against the Bank and certain of its directors and employees related to exchange operations carried out in alleged breach of the provisions of point 9 of Communication “A” 6770 BCRA (in relation to tickets associated with operations carried out between residents and the advanced payment of imports). The Central Bank proceeded to accumulate the different files and treat them as a single case. Depositions have been filed by the Bank and all accused directors and employees. On February 1, 2024, the pleadings of all the defendants were considered filed and the case is currently under trial.
Our actual or alleged misconduct in any number of activities or circumstances, including operations, employment-related offenses such as sexual harassment and discrimination, regulatory compliance, the use and protection of data and systems, the satisfaction of client expectations, and actions taken by regulators or others in response to such misconduct, could lead to, among other things, sanctions, fines and reputational damage, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Furthermore, we may not be able to prevent third parties from using our banking network in order to launder money or carry out illegal or inappropriate activities. Further, financial crimes continually evolve and emerging technologies, such as cryptocurrencies and blockchain, could limit our ability to track the movement of funds. Additionally, in adverse economic conditions, it is possible that financial crime attempts will increase significantly.
If there is a breach of the applicable regulations or of our ethics and compliance regulations or if the competent authorities consider that we do not perform the necessary due diligence inherent to our activities, such authorities could
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impose limitations on our activities, revoke our authorizations and licenses, or impose economic penalties, all of which could have a significant adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we from time to time conduct investigations related to alleged violations of such regulations and of our ethics and compliance regulations, and any such investigation or any related proceeding could be time consuming and costly, and its results difficult to predict.
Further, the Covid-19 pandemic led to new specific regulations largely focused on consumer protection being adopted in many countries, including Argentina, mainly in 2020. The need to timely adapt the Group’s processes and systems to these new regulations under the then-prevailing circumstances posed a compliance risk. Likewise, the increase in remote account opening driven in part by the pandemic has resulted in increased money laundering risks. Additionally, criminals have sought to exploit the opportunities created by the pandemic across the globe, which has resulted in increased money laundering risks associated with counterfeiting of medical goods, investment fraud, cyber-crime scams and exploitation of economic stimulus measures put in place by governments. Increased strain on our communications surveillance frameworks could raise our market conduct risk.
Argentine corporate disclosure, governance and accounting standards may require us to provide different information than would be required under U.S. standards. This difference could limit investors’ ability to evaluate our business, results of operations and financial condition, and influence investors’ decisions whether to invest in our securities.
The securities laws of Argentina that govern publicly-listed companies, such as we are, impose disclosure requirements that are more limited than those in the United States. The Argentine securities markets are not as highly regulated and supervised as the U.S. securities markets. There are also important differences between accounting and financial reporting standards applicable to financial institutions in Argentina and those in the United States. As a result, financial statements and reported earnings of Argentine financial institutions generally differ from those reported based on U.S. accounting and reporting standards.
The Consolidated Financial Statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F have been prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB. By contrast, the Bank’s statutory consolidated annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 were prepared pursuant to the reporting framework established by the Central Bank requiring supervised entities to submit financial statements prepared pursuant to IFRS-IASB with certain exceptions. We will continue to have differences during 2025 between our statutory consolidated financial statements and the financial statements required by IFRS-IASB. We do not intend to report in accordance with IFRS-IASB on an interim basis during 2025. Consequently, our interim financial information for 2024 will not be comparable with the Consolidated Financial Statements and other information contained in this annual report on Form 20-F. See “Presentation of Financial Information” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to the Argentine Financial System and to BBVA Argentina—The Argentine economy qualifies as a hyperinflationary economy under IAS 29. Given that the peso is our functional currency, we apply IAS 29 for periods ending after July 1, 2018, and our Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial information are presented in terms of the measuring unit current at December 31, 2024”.
Accordingly, the information available about us will not be the same as the information available about a U.S. company. The fact that we report in IFRS-IASB for purposes of this annual report on Form 20-F whereas we report in IFRS-BCRA for local and interim reporting purposes, together with the differences in the accounting and disclosure requirements among IFRS-BCRA, IFRS-IASB and U.S. GAAP, could limit investors’ ability to evaluate our business, results of operations and financial condition, and influence investors’ decisions whether to invest in our securities.
The special rules that govern the priority of different stakeholders of financial institutions in Argentina, which give priority to depositors with respect to most other creditors, may negatively affect other stakeholders in case of judicial liquidation or bankruptcy of the Bank.
Argentine Law No. 24,485, in force since April 18, 1995 and as amended by Law No. 25,089, provides that in case of judicial liquidation or bankruptcy of a financial institution such as BBVA Argentina, all depositors, irrespective of the type, amount or currency of their deposits, will have general and absolute preferential rights with respect to all other creditors, except for certain labor credits and credits secured with a pledge or mortgage, to be paid with 100% of the funds deriving from the liquidation of our assets. In addition, depositors of any kind of deposits have special preferential rights over the our remaining creditors, except for certain labor credits, to be paid with (i) any of our funds which may be held by the Central Bank as total reserves, (ii) any remaining funds of ours in existence as of the date on which our license is revoked, or (iii) any funds derived from the compulsory transfer of certain of our assets according to instructions of the
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Central Bank, in the following order of priority: (a) deposits made by legal entities up to Ps.5,000 per entity, or its equivalent in foreign currency, (b) deposits for terms exceeding 90 days and (c) all other deposits on a pro rata basis.
In case of a judicial liquidation or bankruptcy of a financial institution such as BBVA Argentina, shareholders may not be able to partially or completely recover their investment due to the priority imposed by law.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
Recent Political and Economic Developments in Argentina
On November 19, 2023, Javier Milei was elected President of Argentina with 56% of the votes, and he took office on December 10, 2023, resulting in a significant increase of the official US$/Peso exchange rate, which increased from 366.5 to 800.0 in a single day. Since then, the official US$/Peso exchange rate has experienced consistent growth, with an average increase of 2% per month with an average increase of 1% per month from February 2025. Concurrently, the Milei administration initiated a significant revision of the fiscal accounts, prioritizing a reduction in public expenditure, particularly in areas such as pensions and public services.
In 2024, Milei also proposed a package of laws that aimed to deregulate different aspects of the economy, from foreign trade to apartment rentals. Most of these measures do not directly affect the Bank, but as more restrictions are being lifted, the financial market could become more competitive.
Monetary issuance to assist the Treasury was reduced to zero as a result of the fiscal surplus, allowing inflation to decelerate and reducing the Argentine government’s reliance on financing from the financial markets and financial institutions, including BBVA Argentina, through the issuance of debt securities. Mid-term elections will take place in October 2025, which may result in increased volatility and economic uncertainty.
On March 18, 2025, the government published Decree No. 179/2025, approving a prospective loan to be entered into between the National Executive Branch and the IMF. Such decree establishes that the prospective loan will be used to repay a portion of the National Treasury’s debt with the Central Bank and will have a 10-year term. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, the relevant loan is pending approval by the IMF. Consequently, there is still uncertainty about the characteristics of any new program to be entered into with the IMF, or whether such program will be entered into at all.
Economic Data
•Economic Activity
In 2024, GDP fell 1.7% due to the partial adjustment of the macroeconomic disequilibrium that led to a recession in the first half of the year, the increase in the official US$/Peso foreign exchange rate and the depreciation of the Peso.
The unemployment rate was 7.1% on average in 2024 compared to 6.1% on average in 2023.
In 2023, GDP fell 1.6% primarily due to (i) the severe drought suffered in recent years which adversely affected the agricultural sector, resulting in an estimated reduction in dollar inflows of approximately US$20 billion and in more stringent controls on imports in order to avoid the further depreciation of the Argentine peso, (ii) the inflationary acceleration, with annual inflation increasing from 94.8% in 2022 to 211.4% in 2023, adversely affecting investment and reducing disposable income, (iii) political uncertainty and (iv) the depreciation of the exchange rate, which resulted in a decrease in consumption which could have a direct impact in employment. Unemployment slightly decreased, from 6.8% on average in 2022 to 6.1% on average in 2023.
In 2022, GDP grew 5.3%. The normalization of economic activity after the Covid-19 pandemic was the main driver for this growth.
The unemployment rate decreased again in 2022 from 8.7% on average in 2021 to 6.8% on average in 2022.
•Prices
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In 2024, inflation reached 117.8%, a significant decrease compared to 211.4% in 2023, partially as a result of the exchange rate and the regulated prices adjustment. Regulated prices grew 205.9% while core inflation was 105.5%.
In 2023, inflation reached 211.4%, its highest value since 1991. The increase in prices that followed both the August and December exchange rate increases partially led to the inflationary acceleration in 2023 compared to 2022. Core inflation was 229.4% while regulated prices grew 164.9%.
In 2022, inflation reached 94.8%. The increase in prices that followed Minister Martin Guzman’s sudden departure, together with the adjustments in the regulated prices, partly explain the inflationary acceleration in 2022 compared to 2021. Core inflation was 90.6% while regulated prices grew 85.7%.
•Public Finances
Since Milei took office, certain measures have been taken, including the partial lifting of subsidies on utility rates, the reduction of public employment, the suspension of the pension actualization formula and public works and other measures, aimed at reducing the public deficit. In 2024, the measures undertaken by the Milei administration resulted in a 1.8% GDP primary fiscal surplus, the first primary surplus in more than 10 years. This was mainly explained by the reduction in public expenses.
In 2023, the primary deficit amounted to 2.7% of GDP. Although the government gradually decreased spending at the beginning of the year, primarily with respect to utility tariffs, spending increased significantly during the presidential campaign, resulting in a deficit that exceeded the IMF target.
Measures taken by the government during the second half of 2022 partly corrected the dynamics of the fiscal result supported by the implementation of the soybean dollar in September and December and the advanced payment of corporate extraordinary income tax installments. As a result, the primary deficit amounted to 2.4% of GDP in 2022.
•External Sector
Trade surplus amounted to US$ 18.9 billion in 2024, primarily as a result of the depreciation of the peso compared to the U.S. dollar, and the energy surplus amounted to US$ 5.7 billion. In the foreign exchange market, the peso depreciated by 27.7% in 2024, reaching 1032.5 Ps/US$ on December 31, 2024. International reserves were US$29.6 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Argentina had a US$6.9 billion trade deficit in 2023 primarily due to the severe drought suffered in recent years, which adversely affected the agricultural sector. In the foreign exchange market, the peso depreciated by 356.4% in 2023, reaching 808.5 Ps/US$ on December 31, 2023. International reserves were US$23.1 billion as of December 31, 2023.
The trade surplus decreased in 2022 due to higher energy prices, one of Argentina’s main imports. As a result, the trade balance amounted to US$6,923 million. In the foreign exchange market, the Ps/US$ parity grew by 72.4% in 2022, reaching 177.1 Ps/US$ on December 31, 2022. International reserves were US$44.6 billion as of December 31, 2022.
Monetary Policy
Since Milei took office the monetary policy rate has dropped from 133% to 29% and has ceased to be the 28-day Leliq rate to become the overnight rate from LEFI (Treasury bills). After being below inflation in the first months of 2024, it remained stable for the rest of the year.
In response to accelerating inflation and to prevent spikes in the parallel U.S. Peso exchange rate, the Central Bank decided to increase interest rates in 2023. As a result, the monetary policy rate increased from 75% per annum to 133% per annum.
During 2022, the Central Bank raised interest rates to cope with accelerating inflation. The monetary policy rate rose from 38% in January 2022 to 75% in September 2022, remaining stable at 75% until March of 2023.
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Financial System
All comparisons of the financial system contained in this annual report on Form 20-F are presented in nominal terms. All the variations in the following paragraphs (until —History and Development of the Company) are expressed as December average of the current year versus December average of the previous year.
Private sector deposits grew 128% in 2024 compared to 2023. This was mainly explained by a 177% increase in time deposits and a 94% increase in sight deposits. Dollar denominated private sector deposits grew 119% in 2024 compared to 2023 mainly due to the inflows resulting from the tax amnesty program carried out by the government. Loans in pesos grew 230% in 2024 compared to 2023 due to the inflationary deceleration and the economic activity recovery that took place in the last months of 2024, while loans in US$ grew 188%.
Private sector deposits grew 116% in 2023 compared to 2022. This was mainly explained by a 72% increase in term deposits and a 163% increase in sight deposits. Dollar-denominated deposits fell by 7% in 2023 compared to 2022. Finally, loans for individuals and companies denominated in Peso grew 130% and those denominated in US$ decreased 0.3%.
A.History and Development of the Company
BBVA Argentina, an Argentine corporation (sociedad anónima or “S.A.”), was duly incorporated under the name Banco Francés del Río de la Plata S.A. on October 14, 1886. The Bank has registered its office in Avenida Córdoba 111, 31 st floor, C1054AAA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; telephone number 54-11-4346-4000. The Bank’s agent in the United States for U.S. federal securities law purposes is CT Corporation System, currently with offices at 28 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10005.
BBVA Argentina’s original bylaws were approved on November 20, 1886 by a decree recorded in the Public Registry of Commerce of the City of Buenos Aires, and the last amendment was recorded on October 17, 2019. Pursuant to its current corporate bylaws (“Bylaws”), the Bank will terminate its activities on December 31, 2080, unless this term is extended by the shareholders. On April 24, 2019, the ordinary and extraordinary general meeting of shareholders approved the change of the Bank’s corporate name to “BBVA Argentina S.A.” and the consequent amendment to the Bylaws to reflect the new corporate name. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in response to a BCRA requirement and based on the authorization granted by the shareholders’ meeting, the Board of Directors, at its meeting held on May 28, 2019, decided to adopt the name “Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.”. The BCRA through resolution No. 166 dated July 25, 2019 made no remarks on said change of corporate name, which has been duly registered before the Argentine Superintendence of Corporations (“IGJ”). In addition, in the aforementioned shareholders’ meeting amendments to sections 6 and 15 of the Bylaws were approved. Our Bylaws were duly registered before the IGJ on October 17, 2019, under No. 21332 Book 97 of Corporations.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 20, 2021, our shareholders approved an amendment to section 22 of our Bylaws in order to include the possibility of holding remote shareholders’ meetings. This amendment was registered before the Public Registry of Commerce on July 21, 2021 under No. 11156, Book 1037 of Corporations.
The Bank is supervised by the Central Bank, an entity that establishes valuation and accounting criteria, the rules on liquidity and capital requirements as well as the reporting systems of Argentine financial institutions. It is also subject to inspections by the Central Bank, based on which it is assigned a “rating”. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework”.
On March 8, 2019, the respective boards of directors of BBVA Argentina and BBVA Francés Valores S.A. proposed the merger of the two companies, and on April 24, 2019, the respective shareholders’ meetings approved the transaction. The merger was registered before the IGJ on August 27, 2021, under No. 13335, Book 104 of Corporations.
B.Business Overview
BBVA Argentina is a subsidiary of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria S.A., its main shareholder since 1996, and has been one of the leading private financial institutions in Argentina since 1886. Nationwide, BBVA Argentina offers retail and corporate banking to a broad customer base, including individuals, SMEs, and large companies.
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BBVA Argentina’s subsidiaries are BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. and Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) in the financial sector, and PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. and Volkswagen Financial Services Cía Financiera S.A. in the automotive finance sector. In addition, on December 18, 2024, BBVA Argentina entered into an agreement with FIDIS S.p.A pursuant to which BBVA Argentina intends to acquire 50% of the share capital of FCA Compañía Financiera S.A. (“FCA CF”), subject to adjustment. FCA CF is a financial company authorized by the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic through Resolution No. 432, dated September 16, 1999. It is part of the global Stellantis automotive group, and its main activity is financing private, non-financial sector residents for the purchase of vehicles of the Fiat, Jeep, and RAM brands, all of which are produced and/or marketed by FCA Automobiles Argentina S.A. The share acquisition will be completed after obtaining authorization from the Central Bank and other applicable regulatory and competition authorizations.
BBVA Argentina is also party to a joint venture with Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A., in the automotive finance sector, and holds minority interests in BBVA Consolidar Seguros S.A., Interbanking S.A., Play Digital S.A. and Openpay Argentina S.A.
BBVA Argentina was one of the first companies to be listed on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange (BCBA) (now Bolsa y Mercados Argentinos, “ByMA”), quoting since 1888 (ticker: BBAR). It also has been listed on Mercado Abierto Electrónico (“MAE”) since 2018. Its shares in the form of American Depositary Shares (ADSs) have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) since 1993 (ticker: BBAR) and on the Madrid-based Mercado de Valores Latinoamericanos (LATIBEX) since December 1999 (ticker: XBBAR).
The BBVA Group’s purpose, including that of BBVA Argentina, is to bring the age of opportunities to everyone, executing on our strategic priorities to capture the opportunities of the new era and achieve our goals. BBVA Argentina’s strategy is based on three pillars: (1) differentiation, by improving our clients’ financial health, and helping them transition towards a sustainable future; (2) superior performance, by having operational excellence and reaching more clients; and (3) being an accelerator, which includes the best and most engaged teams and Data and Technology. BBVA Argentina relies on solid values: “The customer comes first”; “We think big”; and “We are one team”. Data and technology are the main catalyzers of innovation and operational excellence. We seek to be a “data-driven bank” and deliver high quality solutions ensuring reliability and security, while decreasing costs. BBVA Argentina is also committed to sustainability, which is impacting the banking business, as part of its daily activities, encompassing not only relations with customers but also internal processes.
The Argentine financial system is one of the least penetrated financial systems in Latin America, with a fragmented and competitive landscape, that presents growth opportunities. BBVA Argentina is well positioned to capture these growth opportunities given its focus on a differentiated customer experience, strong liquidity and a solid capital base.
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As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had total consolidated assets of Ps.14,719.9 billion, of which Ps.7,538.6 billion comprised its loan portfolio. BBVA Argentina had consolidated total liabilities of Ps.12,104.1 billion at such date, of which Ps.9,929.7 billion were total deposits. Total shareholders’ equity was Ps.2,615.8 billion, on a consolidated basis. Net profit for the year ended December 31, 2024, was Ps.364.8 billion compared to Ps. 342.4 billon for the year ended December 31, 2023.
BBVA Argentina is the third largest privately-owned bank, and fourth largest bank, in Argentina in terms of private loans (as of December 2024), as per Central Bank last quarterly available information). As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had 11.3% of total banking system private loans, and 10.5% on a non-consolidated basis compared to 9.9% and 9.1%, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Market share as of December 31, 2024 for retail loans (including consumer, mortgage, credit card and pledge loans) was 9.9% compared to 9.8% as of December 31, 2023. Market share for commercial loans (including discounted instruments, overdrafts, financial leases, financing and prefinancing of exports and other loans) as of December 31, 2024 was 12.6% compared to 9.9% as of December 31, 2023. BBVA Argentina’s loan portfolio mix changed from 49.3% and 50.7% of retail loans and commercial loans, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 to 43.5% and 56.5% of retail loans and commercial loans, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, as a result of BBVA Argentina’s strategy of increasing its participation in commercial lending, in particular, in the SMEs segment.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina increased its private loan market share by 217 basis points, from 9.1% as of December 31, 2023 to 11.3% as of December 31, 2024.
Private loan market share in pesos as of December 31, 2024, was 11.3% compared to 10.4% as of December 31, 2023, partially as a result of the launch in June 2024 of CPI-linked mortgage loans (UVA adjusted) and the increase in consumer loans, from 7.4% as of December 31, 2023 to 7.8% as of December 31, 2024, in line with BBVA Argentina’s business strategy. Private loan market share in foreign currency as of December 31, 2024, was 11.4% compared to 6.9% as of December 31, 2023, boosted by an increased demand of US dollar loans.
BBVA Argentina is the third largest local private bank, and fourth largest bank, in Argentina in terms of private deposits (as of December 2024), as per Central Bank last quarterly available information). As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had a 8.7% market share of total banking system private deposits compared to 6.7% as of December 31, 2023. BBVA’s Argentina deposit portfolio mix changed from 74.1% and 25.9% of sight deposits (including saving, checking accounts and other deposits) and time deposits (time deposits and investment accounts), respectively, as of December 31, 2023 to 65.8% and 34.2% of sight deposits and time deposits, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.
During the last two years, BBVA Argentina has increased its private deposit market share by 207 basis points, from 6.6% as of December 31, 2022 to 8.7% as of December 31, 2024.
Private deposit market share in pesos as of December 31, 2024, was 7.9% compared to 5.8% as of December 31, 2023. Private deposit market share in foreign currency as of December 31, 2024, was 10.8% compared to 9.8% as of December 31, 2023, boosted by the tax amnesty promoted by the government during the second half of 2024.
Additionally, in the second half of 2024, BBVA Argentina returned to the debt markets for the first time since 2019 through the issuance of three corporate bonds, Class 29, Class 30 and Class 31, all of them denominated in pesos and with a maturity of less than one year.
Through its universal banking platform, BBVA Argentina provides a broad range of financial and non-financial services both to individuals and companies throughout Argentina, across all segments of the population, including retail and commercial banking, insurance, asset management, securities brokerage, and investment banking products and services. BBVA Argentina believes the wide range of financial solutions offered to its customers, complemented by unique strategic alliances and partners, as well as the capacity to leverage the BBVA Group’s global expertise, relationships and technological platform, gives it a significant competitive edge compared to other Argentine companies in the financial sector. Such competitive advantages place it in a privileged position to capture opportunities and capitalize on the potential consolidation of a fragmented banking sector.
The Bank manages the following entity-wide business lines:
•Retail banking, through which it offers financial services to individuals across all income segments. BBVA Argentina’s main retail banking products include checking and savings accounts, time deposits, credit card financing, consumer and pledge loans, mortgages, insurance and investment products. While BBVA
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Argentina has a strong presence within the middle-income and affluent segments of the population, its products and distribution channels are designed to attract clients across all client segments. As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 3.5 million active (defined as the subgroup of total clients that are account holders with an average business volume of more than $0 in the three immediately prior months (non-duplicative for joint-account holders) and excluding Stage 3 clients that are in arrears) retail banking clients, compared to 3.4 million active retail banking clients as of December 31, 2023. The concept of “active client” has been revised during 2024 due to the transition to a new data source. BBVA Argentina’s market share for consumer and mortgage loans as of December 31, 2024, was 7.8% and 2.2%, respectively. In terms of pledge loans, BBVA Argentina’s market share was 5.7% as of December 31, 2024.
In terms of credit card financing, BBVA Argentina’s market share was 12.8% (including Visa and Mastercard active cards) as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had total loans and advances of Ps.3,477.8 billion and Ps.2,081.2 billion, respectively, and total deposits of Ps.5,044.5 billion and Ps.4,417.2 billion as of the same dates, respectively, within this business line.
•Business banking, through which BBVA Argentina offers financial services primarily to local private-sector companies. BBVA Argentina’s main SME products include financing products, factoring, checking accounts, time deposits, transactional and payroll services, insurance and investment products. As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had more than 179 thousand SME clients, including self-employed individuals, compared to 143 thousand as of December 31, 2023. SMEs are a key element for economic growth in Argentina, and BBVA Argentina is focused on expanding the number of clients it serves and on being a strategic ally to its SME clients, supporting them with tailored products and transactional solutions, as well as with differentiated customer support through its 235 branches. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had total loans and overdrafts of Ps.2,795.9 billion and Ps.1,920.4 billion, respectively, and total deposits of Ps.1,541.3 billion and Ps.1,355.0 billion as of the same dates, respectively, within this business line.
•Corporate & investment banking (CIB), through which BBVA Argentina offers financial services to some of the largest Argentine corporations and multinational companies operating in Argentina. Corporate banking is divided by industry sector: consumers, heavy industries, and energy, providing customized services to large companies. In addition to the products offered to SMEs, corporate and investment banking clients are provided with global transaction services, global markets solutions such as risk management and securities brokerage, long-term financing products including project finance and syndicated loans, and corporate finance services including mergers and acquisitions and capital markets advisory services. As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had more than 800 corporate banking clients (including mutual funds), which included substantially all of the largest corporations and multinational companies in Argentina. Within the CIB business line, BBVA Argentina is focused on leveraging the deep expertise of its industry-focused relationship executives, supported by the BBVA Group’s global network, to continue to provide bespoke global financial solutions to its corporate client base. BBVA Argentina is focused on being a trusted partner for its corporate clients as they seek to finance investment opportunities, particularly within certain sectors of the economy where investment has lagged, such as telecommunications, energy and infrastructure. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had total loans and advances of Ps.1,264.8 billion and Ps.300.2 billion, respectively, and total deposits of Ps.3,343.9 billion and Ps.2,152.8 billion as of the same dates, respectively, within this business line.
BBVA Argentina offers its products and services through a wide multiple-channel distribution network with presence in all the Argentine provinces and in the City of Buenos Aires, servicing 3.7 million active clients as of December 31, 2024. This network includes 235 branches (50% owned and 50% rented or leased), which provide services to the retail business line and to SMEs, corporations and institutions. Complementing the distribution network, as of December 31, 2024, there were 15 in-company branches, six points of sales (contact points that only offer automated services and sales support, but have no approval by the BCRA to operate as a branch), one point of express support (branches without in-person customer service), 864 ATMs and 880 self-service terminals (“SSTs”, terminals that allow transactions without the need of a personal code or ID number). As of December 31, 2023, BBVA Argentina had 243 branches (46% owned and 54% rented or leased), 15 in-company branches, seven points of sales, two points of express support, 895 ATMs and 861 SSTs. The decrease in branches in 2024 is explained by the merger of closely located branches to improve efficiency. As of December, 2024, 24 of the branches, plus the BBVA Argentina’s headquarters, had the ISO 50001 international standard, which specifies the requirements for maintaining and improving an energy management system. In addition, 193 branches plus four corporate offices comply with the ISO 14001 international standard, which is aimed at environmental management within the organization.
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BBVA Argentina had a total of 6,289 employees (total active employees including permanent and temporary employees and excluding expatriates) as of December 31, 2024, of which 2,236 were working in the branch network and 4,053 in central offices. This compares to 6,009 employees as of December 31, 2023, of which 2,214 were working in the branch network and 3,795 were working in central offices.
BBVA Argentina has invested in its physical and digital distribution network, making it possible to offer a differential, flexible, convenient banking experience to its customers. In addition, BBVA Argentina considers that with the existing distribution structure, it has the necessary reach and scale to facilitate expected growth while improving its operating efficiency, number of customers and products. The following table sets forth information regarding our footprint by province as of December 31, 2024:

| Branches |  | Points of Express Support |  | ATMs |  | SSTs |  | Points of Sale |  | In-Company Banks
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires | 72 |  | 0 |  | 257 |  | 250 |  | 1 |  | 5
Buenos Aires | 81 |  | 0 |  | 330 |  | 308 |  | 2 |  | 8
Catamarca | 1 |  | 0 |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  | 0
Córdoba | 15 |  | 0 |  | 36 |  | 55 |  | 0 |  | 0
Corrientes | 2 |  | 0 |  | 9 |  | 8 |  | 0 |  | 0
Chaco | 2 |  | 0 |  | 7 |  | 9 |  | 0 |  | 0
Chubut | 5 |  | 0 |  | 15 |  | 14 |  | 1 |  | 0
Entre Ríos | 6 |  | 0 |  | 16 |  | 23 |  | 0 |  | 0
Formosa | 1 |  | 0 |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0
Jujuy | 1 |  | 0 |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0
La Pampa | 2 |  | 0 |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0
La Rioja | 1 |  | 0 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0
Mendoza | 11 |  | 0 |  | 35 |  | 41 |  | 0 |  | 0
Misiones | 2 |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 0
Neuquén | 4 |  | 0 |  | 14 |  | 12 |  | 0 |  | 0
Río Negro | 3 |  | 0 |  | 10 |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 1
Salta | 2 |  | 0 |  | 9 |  | 12 |  | 0 |  | 0
San Juan | 2 |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 0
San Luis | 2 |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0
Santa Cruz | 3 |  | 0 |  | 10 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0
Santa Fe | 11 |  | 0 |  | 44 |  | 47 |  | 2 |  | 1
Santiago del Estero | 1 |  | 0 |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0
Tucumán | 3 |  | 1 |  | 17 |  | 19 |  | 0 |  | 0
Tierra del Fuego | 2 |  | 0 |  | 10 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0
Total | 235 |  | 1 |  | 864 |  | 880 |  | 6 |  | 15

BBVA Argentina provides an electronic banking service, a modern, secure and functional internet banking platform (bbva.com.ar) and mobile banking apps such as the BBVA App. Within the digital payments offering, BBVA Argentina has also implemented NFC technology for its clients’ use.
At the end of 2020, BBVA Argentina together with other Argentine banks, launched MODO (Play Digital S.A.) (“MODO”), a payment solutions app that is part of our digital offering and enables wire transfers and cashless payments through mobile phones allowing users to access their banks’ available promotions. As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina held a 6.5% market share of active users (active users of MODO that have made a transaction, payment or transfer, in the previous 30 days), according to data provided by MODO. In 2024, wire transfers (in units) grew 149% for BBVA, above MODO’s System wire transfer growth. Payment volumes increased 318% for BBVA Argentina. The BBVA
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App also has a MODO landing section where QR payments can be made, along with wire transfers from and to the digital wallet.
In 2022, we started offering Openpay (Openpay Argentina S.A.), a service that allows merchants to collect sales from debit and credit cards, and offer payments in installments. Through Openpay, merchants can execute in-person transactions through a card reader which is connected to a mobile phone, or carry out remote sales through a payment link. During 2024, transactions in units increased 52%, total processing value by 287% and active clients (active clients that have made a transaction in the previous 90 days) increased by 31% as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.
In September 2023, we launched Spark, a business unit focused on offering financial services to tech start-ups and entrepreneurs. Spark had been previously launched in Mexico and Spain, and as of December 31, 2024 served more than 700 clients globally, with a credit portfolio of over 200 million euros. In Argentina, Spark had 215 clients as of December 31, 2024 compared to 111 clients as of December 31, 2023.
The BBVA App has been implemented in selected countries within the BBVA Group (Peru, Uruguay, Mexico, Argentina, Spain and Colombia) with successful results. The BBVA App is developed collaboratively among the countries in which it has been implemented providing the BBVA Group with global synergies in the development of new features and the response to market. In 2024, some of the features of the BBVA App were improved or introduced, including (i) the QR Payments tool, which in addition to improving the payment experience it also allows users to benefit from any discounts that may be available for the specific purchase, (ii) all the benefits offered to BBVA Argentina’s customers were integrated within the “Miles and Promotions” section, (iii) a new feature allowing customers to use their “BBVA miles” (BBVA’s benefit points in connection with its loyalty program together with Depegar.com.ar S.A.) to bid on unique experiences, including, among others, VIP entry to exclusive entertainment events, (iv) the possibility of making a reservation in the VIP lounge and the Fast Pass for migration at Ezeiza airport, (v) the experience of the “My day-to-day” section allowing for a day-to-day analysis of expenses, and (vi) the implementation of two proactive notifications recommending investment opportunities to customers who are saving above a certain amount and a budgeting tool to customers who are saving below such certain amount. Finally, since December 2024, the Azul virtual assistant, available on the online banking platform, is also available in the BBVA App. These features aim to improve user experience, increase BBVA Argentina’s net promoting score, improve accessibility, increase security and efficiency and reduce system response time.
As of December 31, 2024, the average rating for the BBVA App both in Apple Store and Google Play Store in Argentina was 4.7 compared to 4.8 as of December 31, 2023. Within banking apps ratings, the BBVA App remained the highest ranked in Google Play Store and the second in Apple Store in Argentina. Users of the BBVA App increased 7% compared to December 31, 2023.
BBVA Argentina has also gradually transformed part of its branches into “digital branches”: a combination between human capital and structure facilities to promote client self-service, aiming to digitalize and migrate clients to remote channels. Strategic pillars of these branches include: the mixed roles of customer service staff oriented to guide the client, the availability of digital tools, the limitation of teller service for specific transactions, and the availability of a customer service protocol where the importance of each role and client dynamics are detailed. As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had 19 “fully-digital” branches (branches where teller services are not available).
As of December 31, 2024, active retail digital clients reached 2.3 million, compared to 2.2 million as of December 31, 2023. Active retail mobile clients were 2.0 million.
In 2024, accumulated retail digital sales measured in units reached 91.0% of total sales (compared to 93.0% in 2023) and represented 73.5% of BBVA Argentina’s total sales measured in monetary value (compared to 71.5% in 2023). Digital and mobile transactions (including online and mobile banking, net cash online and mobile, and non-banking correspondents including MODO) increased 43.0% in 2024 compared to 2023.
Our distribution network is complemented by strategic partnerships. Some of these include Fravega SACEI, a leader in the Argentine household appliances sector, and Falabella S.A., through its brand SODIMAC, a leader in home improvement stores. Within the entertainment industry, we have strategic partnerships with Cinemark Argentina S.R.L., Hoyts General Cinema de Arg S.A, MOVE Concerts Argentina S.A., Medios y Contenidos Producciones S.A, and En Vivo Producciones S.A. Additionally, we have alliances with Club Atlético River Plate Asociación Civil and Club Atlético Boca Juniors Asociación Civil, Argentine soccer clubs. These strategic partnerships allow us to increase our customers’ loyalty by offering them discounts and promotions.
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In addition, BBVA Argentina has a loyalty program together with Despegar.com.ar S.A., a leader in the Latin America online travel sector. BBVA Argentina offers a one-stop marketplace that enables customers to easily and quickly find, compare, plan, purchase and finance travel services in exchange of their “BBVA miles”.
All of these relationships have allowed BBVA Argentina to increase its client reach cost-effectively, and further expand its business and points of presence while enhancing its value proposition.
Business and Activities
BBVA Argentina conducts its activities focusing on its customers and their needs. The Bank is committed at improving its products and services through the use of technology, process optimization, and the provision of a range of benefits to its customers.
By providing products and services that are suited to the needs of its customers across a range of industries and sizes, the Bank seeks to foster growth in each of its business lines and provide an agile and efficient service. The Bank’s business lines are: (i) Retail Banking, (ii) Business Banking, and (iii) Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB).
Retail Banking
Retail Banking is focused on products aimed at individuals, such as consumer loans, housing, payment methods, loans, consumer finance, and insurance. The Bank’s strategy within this business line focuses on the digital evolution of products and channels, aiming to provide simple, agile, and secure solutions. The Bank also prioritizes business transformation through the improvement of customer experience and comprehensive service, with an emphasis on the acquisition and retention of high-value customers and payroll customers.
For the Bank, innovation is key to driving the digitalization of its various processes and services. Leveraging on digital transformation and evolution, the Bank’s retail banking business line has three strategic priorities: improving customer experience, promoting digital sales, and creating new business models to attract customers.
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 3.4 million retail customers.
The following is a description of the main products in the Bank’s retail banking business line:
Loans
To increase the purchasing power of its customers, BBVA Argentina offers a variety of loans that help them realize personal projects and acquire goods, contributing to their economic well-being and long-term goals.
Personal Loans
In 2024, BBVA Argentina granted personal loans amounting to Ps.947,174 million, with more than 890,000 personal loans granted through digital channels, representing 7.5% of the Argentine market. In 2024, the Bank adopted the following four strategic measures to improve customer experience and accessibility:
•Increased the range of interest rates applied to personal loans depending on the customer’s profile, resulting in an increase in the volume of personal loans granted and enhanced product profitability.
•Implemented a customized and automated communication system (journeys) to offer products and services tailored to each customer’s needs. This includes information about loans, adjusted to the specific amount and rate for each customer and the process—simulation, key information, access—to be undertaken until the loan is granted.
•Introduced improvements in its credit policies in terms of risk requirements and loan amount determination, allowing BBVA Argentina to offer higher amounts and credit ratings to its customers.
•Performed an analysis of its customers’ risk and activity both at BBVA Argentina and within the financial system, to design more effective and targeted advertising campaigns.
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Secured Auto Loans
The Bank also offers secured auto loans, which totaled more than 14,000 loans granted in 2024, amounting to a total of Ps.77,799 million. BBVA Argentina achieved a 1.8% non-consolidated market share and a 7.5% consolidated market share, in each case, in Argentina.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina implemented a plan to promote secured auto loans for the purchase of second-hand cars, with a new incentive scheme for dealerships acting as promoters, as well as for the Bank’s commercial team. Additionally, the Bank requested merchandising materials to reinforce its presence in the dealerships and support the product’s value proposition. In the area of motorcycle financing, the Bank continued working with different dealer groups.
Mortgage-backed Loans
BBVA Argentina had a 2.2% market share in the mortgage loan market, totaling an amount of Ps.60,962 million with 579 loans.
In 2024, the Bank launched a line of inflation-indexed (UVA) mortgage loans, aimed at facilitating access to the purchase of a first or second home for permanent use through competitive financing. This competitive financing proposal, focused on user experience, was intended to support the population in improving their overall well-being through access to housing.
The Bank also offered the possibility of combining the income of spouses or partners to obtain the loan, with a loan installment payment of up 25% of the combined applicants’ income.
Loans for sustainable purposes
In 2024, BBVA Argentina began to offer loans for sustainable purposes, a financing option designed to support the purchase of goods and services that promote sustainability, for example, renewable energy projects (such as solar panels and solar water heaters), energy efficiency initiatives (such as inverter technology equipment), sustainable mobility (including traditional bicycles, scooters, and electric vehicles), support for professionals or businesses seeking sustainable certifications for operations or corporate projects, ecologic farming, and products or services that foster health and education.
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had granted more than 1,450 loans for sustainable purposes.
Insurance
The Bank offers a wide range of insurance products, including coverage for ATM transactions, homeowners, life and mobile devices, among others. Additionally, new insurance products were introduced in 2023, such as, health, bicycle, and scooter insurance. As part of its co-insurance agreement with La Caja, in 2024, the Bank introduced a product called “the Fleet”, to allow companies to insure their vehicles collectively.The Bank also introduced an “All-Risk Operational” coverage to increase the variety of solutions available to customers.
One of the key innovations in 2024 was the introduction of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) metric to measure customer experience throughout the customer’s lifecycle. The use of this metric aims to allow the Bank to continuously improve customer satisfaction and optimize its services. Through this initiative, the Bank seeks to reinforce its commitment with innovation and the ongoing enhancement of customer experience in the insurance business.
Throughout 2024, the Bank implemented various initiatives aimed at improving the digital customer experience in the insurance sector. As a result, the Bank’s digital sales volume increased by 58.6% compared to 2023.
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The table below sets forth the number of policies sold by the Bank in 2024 and 2023, by category.

Insurance Sales |  | 2024 Number of policies |  | 2023 Number of policies
Homeowners |  | 43,149 |  | 43,812
Comprehensive |  | 35,777 |  | 19,330
Handheld devices |  | 31,834 |  | 41,161
ATM transactions |  | 29,364 |  | 48,934
Unemployment |  | 16,091 |  | 22,849
Car |  | 14,788 |  | 12,564
Life |  | 13,475 |  | 19,649
Handbag Protection |  | 13,151 |  | 16,358
Health |  | 8,257 |  | 6,537
Personal Accidents |  | 7,754 |  | 6,627
Purchase Protection |  | 1,828 |  | 5,327
Bicycle |  | 1,732 |  | 1,505
Laptops |  | 421 |  | 514
Skateboards |  | 90 |  | 124
Other |  | 2,154 |  | 2,211
Total |  | 219,865 |  | 247,502

Asset Management
The Bank offers a wide variety of funds with different investment timeframes and risk levels adapted to the investment profile of the Bank’s customers.
The table below shows the amount of total equity under management accrued as of December 31, 2024 and the variation with respect to 2023.

Equity Management |  | Amount accrued as of December 31, 2024 in millions of Pesos |  | Year-on-year changes
|  | In millions of Pesos |  | As a %
Total equity under management |  | 3,038,648 |  |  | 232,734 |  |  | 8.29 | %
Equity under management in time-deposits funds |  | 2,583,115 |  |  | (105,791) |  |  | (3.93) | %
Equity under management in market mutual funds |  | 151,750 |  |  | 34,742 |  |  | 29.69 | %
Equity under management in market mutual funds– Fixed income funds |  | 303,783 |  |  | 279,516 |  |  | n.m

As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 15 mutual funds under management registered with the CNV. Subscriptions and redemptions are permitted in nine of them, while four of them only admit redemptions and two of them have not been launched to market yet as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F.
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Fund |  | Status
FBA Renta Pesos, FBA Bonos Argentina, FBA Ahorro Pesos, FBA Renta Pública I, FBA Renta Fija Plus, FBA Renta Mixta, FBA Horizonte and FBA Acciones Argentinas |  | Subscriptions and redemptions in pesos are allowed.
FBA Renta Fija Dólar I |  | Subscriptions and redemptions in dollars are allowed.
FBA Horizonte Plus, FBA Bonos Globales, FBA Retorno Total I and FBA Acciones Latinoamericanas |  | Only redemptions in pesos are allowed.
FBA Gestión I and FBA Renta Fija Dólar Plus I |  | These mutual funds are not open for subscription or redemption. They have not been launched to market yet.

Given the similarity of their portfolios, in 2024, the Bank completed the merger of the FBA Calificado fund into the FBA Acciones Argentinas fund. FBA Renta Fija Dólar I was launched in July 2024. In addition, the FBA Horizonte fund has restarted its subscriptions, which had been suspended since April 2020.
Time Deposits
BBVA Argentina increased the aggregate amount of its time deposits by 66% in nominal terms, from Ps.475 billion on December 31, 2023 to Ps.789 billion on December 31, 2024.
Additionally, the Bank implemented a business strategy to reactivate its time deposits, launching commercial initiatives in the second half of the year, such as weekly email campaigns.
Payment Solutions
As part of the Bank’s payment solutions and in line with its target to achieve a strong loyalty strategy and a strong positioning in the travel sector, in 2024 BBVA Argentina renamed and changed the unit of measurement of its benefits program from Points to BBVA Miles. The Bank also opened an exclusive VIP Area at Ezeiza Airport with capacity for 120 people, targeted at Premium World package holders of BBVA Visa Signature and Mastercard Black cards. The Bank also launched the “Experiences” feature, offering its customers the opportunity to access exclusive benefits, such as participating in the Half-Court Goal challenge at River and Boca fields, obtaining tickets to shows, and enjoying unique events, among other experiences.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina formed several commercial partnerships that resulted in an increase of its customer base. Its partnership with Frávega resulted in 18,602 new customers, while 12,146 sign-ups were registered with Sodimac, both with benefits on the first purchase. Additionally, 66,000 customers signed up at shopping malls and supermarket sales points. Starting in April, the BBVA Vos card was launched at these same locations, resulting in more than 40,000 new customers.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina continued to introduce new features on certain of its payment solutions to improve its customers’ experience, streamline transactions, drive payments and seek increased transaction security, as further described below.
Credit and Debit Cards
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 3,875,000 and 3,008,000 debit card and credit card customers, respectively. As of such date, BBVA Argentina’s debit card and credit card market share in Argentina was 11% and 14%, respectively.
In 2024, the Bank implemented the CVV display option in the BBVA App and Online Banking, allowing customers to access their card details quickly and easily, and optimize their payments. Additionally, the Bank made progress in processes that helped reduce costs and improve the implementation time for new card functionalities.
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The Bank launched several new credit card features aimed at enhancing customer experience and security. Through Prisma Medios de Pago, new customers can instantly activate Visa credit cards and access their card details—number, expiration date, and security code—using their mobile phones via the BBVA App and Online Banking. Customers can also link their card to MODO or their preferred digital wallet and instantly begin taking advantage of benefits, such as 24/7 online shopping.
Regarding payments, customers with Android phones supporting NFC technology can make contactless payments using their mobile phone via the BBVA App or MODO. For iOS users, Apple Pay has been enabled as a payment option. In addition, since December, BBVA credit and debit cards can now be used to pay for subway fares in the City of Buenos Aires, providing exclusive benefits.
Additionally, the Bank improved some of the BBVA App features, particularly the QR Payment capability, improving the Bank’s customers’ payment experience and allowing for the visualization of any benefits applied in or obtained in making such payment. Furthermore, BBVA Argentina launched a feature by which customers can pay with a credit card just scanning a QR code, broadening the Bank’s customers’ payment options and simplifying transactions.
Lastly, BBVA Argentina introduced a new security feature that authenticates customer identity for medium- and high-risk online transactions, providing additional protection for Visa credit and debit card purchases.
In order to analyze behavioral factors, the Bank developed a new real-time purchase indicator that improves quality and offers operational advantages in terms of process efficiency, due to the value of data usage and management.
MODO
As of December 31, 2024, MODO had 449,132 active customers. During 2024, more than 900,000 individuals made payments using QR MODO and 214,181 users made money remittances. Additionally, 25.2% of users pay through the BBVA App, compared to 74.8% who do so through the MODO App. In 2024, 7.9% of QR payments in the MODO ecosystem were from BBVA customers and 22.5% of money transfers using MODO were from BBVA customers
BBVA Argentina offers its customers the possibility of making payments and transferring money easily and free of charge through MODO, a digital wallet developed by Argentina’s leading banks. Users are not required to download a new application, as transactions can be made directly from the BBVA Mobile App and Online Banking. MODO enables payments and transfers without requiring a CBU (Uniform Banking Key), alias, or CVU (Uniform Virtual Key), and without using credit cards or cash. In 2024, the Bank promoted the use of MODO through commercial campaigns that included discounts and instant refunds.
Business Banking
Within Business Banking, the Bank includes Institutional, Business, and Commercial Banking, and is responsible for the development of the commercial model, the establishment of policies, and the management the product portfolio. This business line is supported by the Bank’s foreign trade and transactional products units in a cross-functional manner.
Business Banking Structure
In 2024, BBVA Argentina implemented structural changes in the Business Banking department. For example, the Bank set up the commercial segment department to unify the commercial management and the client solutions department. The Bank also opened five new Corporate Business Centers (“CNEs”) in cities outside of Buenos Aires (Salta, Posadas, Río IV, Chivilcoy, and Tucumán), increasing the total number of CNEs to 18. The CNEs are under the oversight of three regional directors, who have replaced nine territory managers. The Bank also approved 24 new positions (20 Business Executives and 4 Managers) who will join the new and existing CNEs.
In the central offices, BBVA Argentina approved 11 new positions, including new Sustainability and Large Business Executives. Additionally, the Bank also set up a new Foreign Trade Management department with a cross-functional approach across all segments.
These changes were intended to create a more specialized banking division, with greater proximity and reach, optimizing both the strategy and management of the following business areas: SMEs, corporates, foreign trade operations, and transactional services.
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Thus, BBVA Argentina’s Business Banking business line manages business customers in both the public and private sectors, covering areas such as companies, institutions, transactional services, foreign trade, and leasing.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina significantly improved the management of the business banking business line and accelerated its growth to reach a 10% market share for the first time.
Below is a description of the Bank’s main Business Banking segments and products:
SMEs and Entrepreneurs
The Bank considers that SMEs and entrepreneurs are essential to Argentina’s economic growth. The Bank seeks to provide a differentiated customer service both in person and online and to offer financial services to privately managed local companies and individuals engaged in commercial activities in this sector.
This segment is focused on providing financial services to small and medium-sized businesses and aims to boost client transaction activity through a competitive proposal in collection and acquiring services. During 2024, the Bank implemented various commercial initiatives to attract new customers and manage resources to increase balances in products such as checking accounts, savings accounts, and time deposits.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina achieved a 400% growth in the SME asset portfolio, with the introduction of loans backed by reciprocal guarantee companies (SGR, as per its Spanish acronym) being one of the key drivers of such growth. This growth led to a significant shift in the Bank’s portfolio profile, with an increased share of long-term facilities. In December 2024, the Bank reached a record number of over 1,900 clients offered a SME loan. As of December 31, 2024, 48% of the portfolio had a risk rating suitable for operations and the average amount borrowed per client was Ps. 12 million.
In terms of customer acquisition, the Bank continued to grow at an average rate of 800 new customers per month, although the net acquisition rate in 2024 declined from 60% to 45% compared to 2023. As of December 31, 2024, 44% of the Bank’s customers used payroll payment services and 23% used acquiring services.
In the entrepreneur sub-segment, the Bank achieved a 36% increase in the total portfolio of active clients (107,000 in December 2024 compared to 76,000 in December 2023) driven by the focus of the Bank’s branch network on this sub-segment, primarily through the sale of comprehensive business insurance (covering risks such as fire, theft, electromechanical/portable equipment, and civil liability, among others), loans (+72%) and OpenPay (+18%).
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 170,214 SMEs customers, out of which more than 35,691 became customers in 2024.
Corporates
The Bank focused on serving customers in strategic sectors such as agribusiness and startups, among others, address the particular needs of these sectors. Additionally, it seeks to create synergies with other areas and strengthen the client approach model and specialized portfolio in order to increase its market share in this segment.
Agribusiness
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 6,531 agribusiness customers and an asset portfolio of more than Ps.625,000 million.
In 2024, BBVA Argentina strengthened its presence in the agricultural sector, standing out at key events such as Expoagro and Agroactiva. Throughout 2024, the Bank offered various credit facilities, including working capital and capital goods acquisition, both in pesos and U.S. dollars. This enabled a favorable growth in the segment’s market share, which achieved an 80-basis-point year-over-year increase. At these events, the Bank provided specialized agribusiness advice, promoted products tailored to the sector’s needs, and reinforced its market positioning.
Startups: BBVA Spark
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 215 startup customers. BBVA Spark, the segment of BBVA Argentina launched in September 2023, is designed to support technology companies throughout all stages of their growth. BBVA Spark offers a comprehensive suite of banking products and services, specialized advisory support, speed, and access to the tech ecosystem. BBVA Spark seeks to meet all financial needs of startups from their inception to their expansion, providing advanced financing solutions.
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In terms of products for corporates, the Bank provides a range of financial products and services aimed at supporting businesses in their growth, such as credit facilities and loans, and payment and collection platforms, among others. Additionally, it provides financing options for sustainable projects to support initiatives with a positive economic, social, and environmental impact.
Guaranteed Financial Loans
In 2024, the Bank focused on expanding its portfolio of financial loans guaranteed by SGRs, achieving a significant increase in market share from 1.4% in January 2024 to 13.0% in December 2024. Additionally, the Bank significantly accelerated its financing for businesses, quadrupling the volume of its loan portfolio between April and December 2024, exceeding systemic growth.
Financing for Sustainable Projects
BBVA Argentina offers financing to companies for projects that contribute positively to economic development, society, and the planet. Through this financing line, the Bank supports the business growth of companies implementing sustainable solutions, contributing to sustainable progress.
The Bank’s main lines of sustainable investment and financing are detailed below:
•Renewable Energy: Investment in solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and small-scale hydroelectric power.
•Agriculture: Solar-powered drip irrigation, drone monitoring, electric agricultural machinery, biodigesters, and composting.
•Energy Efficiency: LED lighting renovations, IoT sensors, efficient equipment, and system automation.
•Mobility: Electric or hybrid vehicles, charging stations, and carpooling programs.
•Healthcare: Medical infrastructure, advanced equipment, and rural clinics.
•Education: Classrooms, technology equipment, and STEM laboratories.
•Waste Treatment and Circular Economy: Recycling and composting systems, hazardous waste treatment.
•Cleantech: Clean technologies in energy, mobility, recycling, and agriculture.
•Water: Water treatment and reuse, desalination plants.
•Social Infrastructure: Electric public transportation, remediation, and digital connectivity.
In 2024, the Bank released a sustainable credit facility targeted at businesses and SMEs. This initiative offers loans with special rates and terms to finance investments in various sectors, promoting positive social and environmental impact.
OpenPay
In 2024, BBVA Argentina boosted the growth of OpenPay, a disruptive payment solution for SMEs, merchants, and professionals, by introducing new features to enhance its value proposition. OpenPay started operating with not-present payment methods, integrating e-commerce solutions into its platform and launching Immediate Payment, providing merchants with an immediate settlement timeframe.
Additionally, the Bank activated the OpenMarket channel, enabling digital onboarding, and launched its first communication campaign. As a result, the number of active merchants grew by 41% compared to 2023, reaching 1 million, while the average transaction value increased by 142% and revenues increased by 308%, exceeding the inflation rate by 190 percentage points.
Acquiring Services
BBVA Argentina ended 2024 with 59,019 active merchants and an acquiring market share in Argentina of 12%. Through this acquiring service, BBVA Argentina enables businesses to accept debit and credit card payments, facilitating transactions between customers, merchants, and card issuing banks.
Among the main initiatives implemented in 2024, the Bank became a paying bank for Mercado Libre, processing payments via Mercado Pago, reaching 25% of its transaction volume, equivalent to Ps. 200 billion. The Bank also developed services for Payment Service Providers (“PSPs”) and became a sponsor bank at Coelsa, the local clearinghouse
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for PSP clients. In addition, the Payment via Transfer option was enabled for large accounts on electronic banking (BBVA Net Cash), ensuring improved reconciliation and visualization of transactions for businesses.
Foreign Trade
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank had 5,078 active foreign trade customers compared to 4,776 in 2023. As of such date, the Bank had a market share in exports of 11.7% in Argentina.
BBVA Argentina’s focus in 2024 and 2025 on this segment is on recovering customers from key sectors such as automotive, mining, oil and grain, with the aim of increasing its market share and increasing flows and commissions. In 2024, BBVA Argentina posted import flows of US$ 3,395 billion ( a 5% decrease compared to 2023), of which US$ 2,927 billion consisted of goods, reaching a fifth position among competitors,with a 6.8% market share. Additionally, 80,288 goods-related transactions were carried out, positioning the Bank as the fifth largest bank in Argentina in terms of number of transactions with an 8.5% market share.
Regarding exports, BBVA Argentina had flows of US$ 8,911 billion (a 32% increase compared to 2023), of which US$ 7,638 billion consisted of goods, reaching a fourth position among competitors, with an 11.9% market share. Additionally, 73,054 goods-related transactions were performed, positioning the Bank as the third largest bank in Argentina in terms of number of transactions with a 12% market share.
This management of import and export flows generated net commission income amounting to US$ 21,833,000.
To meet the proposed objectives for 2024 and 2025, the Bank undertook the following actions in 2024:
•Commercial campaigns to attract customers, focusing on prioritizing transaction review times and improving prices.
•Meetings with key customers to provide customized regulatory advisory services.
•Digital development, such as preloading foreign transfer transactions, incorporation of the Net Cash exchange closing module for online transactions, and increased file transmission capacity via web.
In 2025, the Bank expects to implement mass payments to facilitate transaction and documentation processing and to integrate optical character recognition and identification (OCR + ID) technology to improve foreign transfer and payment order processes.
Transactional Products
BBVA offers a wide range of collection and payment products, including collection agreements, direct debit, cash-in-transit services, remote deposits – TIBAF (through which a check reader is installed in the customer’s offices that provides information about all the operations carried out); and supplier payments, Datanet – Interbanking (where a customer orders the Bank to debit funds from such customer’s account and credit them to another account of such same customer or a third party in the Bank or in another financial entity), mass issuance of eCheqs, and third-party transfers.
The Bank’s strategy in this segment focuses on generating and maximizing financial margin through attraction and financing products (such as payment and collection solutions, loans, and deposits), obtaining income from interest and fees in the short, medium, and long term.
Business Tour
BBVA Argentina supports its customers across Argentina through the Business Tour (Tour Empresas), a meeting space where the Bank directly listens to its customers in their local areas, adjusting its offerings to provide personalized solutions with a sustainable approach. In 2024, the Business Tour was present in cities such as Chivilcoy, Santa Fe, Neuquén, Mendoza, Mar del Plata, and Buenos Aires, featuring the participation of experts in innovation, economics, and business.
Business Events
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In 2024, BBVA Argentina stood out as a host and partner in various key events. In March, it hosted Women Techmakers – Impact the Future, an event focused on the role of women in technology, which gathered over 200 attendees. In June, it organized the High Value Connections event where it connected 30 startups with five international investment funds. In addition, in September, BBVA Argentina hosted the Climatech Argentina Conference, with more than 300 participants, focused on sustainability and technological innovation.
Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB)
BBVA Argentina’s Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB) business line offers financial services to some of the largest corporations and multinational companies operating in Argentina. It is divided by industrial sector: consumer, heavy industry, and energy, with the aim of providing customized services to the Bank’s customers. The Bank’s customers receive global transaction services, global market solutions such as risk management and securities brokerage, long-term financing products, including project financing and syndicated loans, and corporate finance services, including mergers and acquisitions and capital markets advisory services. As of December 31, 2024, BBVA Argentina had more than 800 CIB customers, including the largest corporations and multinational companies in Argentina, with loans and other financings amounting to Ps.1,264.8 million and total deposits amounting to Ps.3,343.9 million as of such date.
Within the CIB business line, BBVA Argentina focuses on leveraging the deep expertise of its industry-focused relationship executives with the support of the BBVA Group’s global network, to continue providing tailored global financial solutions to its corporate customer base. BBVA Argentina aims to be a trusted partner for its corporate customers in their search for investment opportunities, particularly in certain sectors of the economy where investment has lagged.
In 2024, this business line continued to maintain a leading position in supporting large companies, achieving significant progress on various fronts, including the recovery of its asset share, which drove the Bank’s cross-border business, expanded its international footprint and strengthened relationships with global customers. Additionally, in a challenging economic and political environment, the CIB business line improved its results compared to the previous year, particularly in fixed-income instruments due to an efficient management of investment instruments.
Additionally, BBVA Argentina issued debt securities at the TAMAR rate, its first issuance after five years. The Bank also made significant disbursements in financing lines for large corporations, including YPF, Bayer and PAE. These measures reinforced the Bank’s commitment to the growth and development of the CIB business line, offering innovative solutions tailored to its customers’ needs.
In 2024, Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB) at BBVA Argentina performed well. Loan management in CIB obtained positive results and its Global Transaction Banking (GTB) commercial area achieved a significant reduction in liability spreads. Additionally, the Bank strengthened its position in foreign trade increasing its assets under management. In the capital markets area, the Bank was particularly strong in fixed income instruments and debt capital market commissions, benefiting from the reduction in the monetary policy rate, lower inflation, the positive market reaction, and the increase in Argentine bonds and stocks, which reinforced confidence in Argentina’s financial position.
“BBVA Greenfluencers” is BBVA CIB’s program aimed at publicizing different sustainable initiatives implemented by the Bank’s customers.
The four main commercial areas within Corporate & Investment Banking (CIB) include:
Global Finance
BBVA Argentina provides full credit solutions throughout the value chain, including advisory, structuring, and financing services through a diverse range of products such as corporate loans, structured finance and project financing –for both BBVA corporate customers and other customers in the BBVA network. In turn, investment banking, within Global Finance, stands out for offering high quality global services, integrating additional products from BBVA corporate banking, such as derivatives and transactional services in collaboration with other internal teams thanks to a team of industry product specialists that shares best practices and provides solutions that are tailored to the Bank’s customers’ needs. The investment banking division includes two main areas: Project Finance and Global Lending.
Global Transaction Banking
BBVA Argentina’s Global Transaction Banking (GTB) commercial area helps companies manage their working capital, trade finance, and cash management needs through multiple channels such as transactional platforms, electronic banking, global parameterization for costumers to create self-configurations in an application (H2H), direct channels,
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SWIFT, and mobile banking. The GTB team has an extensive network of specialists and a dedicated customer service group. The main areas of GTB are (i) working capital, (ii) cash management, (iii) customer resources and (iv) trade finance and correspondent banking.
Global Markets
BBVA Argentina’s Global Markets commercial area is responsible for offering comprehensive solutions to the Bank’s customers in areas such as origination, structuring, distribution, and risk management related to financial products. With specialized teams in Europe, America, and Asia, the Global Markets commercial area takes advantage of its deep knowledge of local markets to provide global solutions tailored to the Bank’s customers’ needs. The main areas of Global Banking are (i) FX – Options and Others, (ii) Fixed Income, (iii) Credit – Debt Capital Markets (DCM), (iv) Repos and (v) Derivatives.
Corporate Finance
The main areas of the Corporate Finance commercial area are:
• Equity Capital Markets (ECM): This area provides customized solutions to meet the Banks’ customers’ needs related to the equity markets, including initial public offerings (IPOs), capital increases, accelerated placements and public offers for delisting of outstanding shares, among others.
• Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) Advisory Services: This area provides advice on mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures to public and privately held companies to help them achieve their strategic goals. Services provided include private capital raising, valuation reports and fairness opinions.
Loans and advances and deposits by business lines
The following table sets forth the relative proportions of loans and advances (net of allowance for loan losses) and deposits attributable to our principal business lines during the last three years.

| Financial assets at amortized cost - Loans and advances
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Retail banking | 3,477,856,092 |  |  | 46.13 | % |  | 2,081,249,948 |  |  | 48.38 | % |  | 2,629,836,644 |  |  | 54.08 | %
Business banking | 2,795,879,036 |  |  | 37.09 | % |  | 1,920,408,332 |  |  | 44.64 | % |  | 1,775,952,488 |  |  | 36.52 | %
CIB | 1,264,836,404 |  |  | 16.78 | % |  | 300,239,149 |  |  | 6.98 | % |  | 457,027,540 |  |  | 9.40 | %
Total | 7,538,571,532 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 4,301,897,429 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 4,862,816,672 |  |  | 100.00 | %

| Financial assets at amortized cost – Deposits
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Retail banking | 5,044,465,360 |  |  | 50.80 | % |  | 4,417,240,507 |  |  | 55.74 | % |  | 5,332,344,397 |  |  | 59.85 | %
CIB | 3,343,946,819 |  |  | 33.68 | % |  | 2,152,838,641 |  |  | 27.16 | % |  | 1,926,356,913 |  |  | 21.62 | %
Business banking | 1,541,266,946 |  |  | 15.52 | % |  | 1,354,975,087 |  |  | 17.10 | % |  | 1,650,653,128 |  |  | 18.53 | %
Total | 9,929,679,125 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 7,925,054,235 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 8,909,354,438 |  |  | 100.00 | %

Information Technology
Our IT department is responsible for providing IT services with the objective of making our IT infrastructure available and robust for our customers and users. Our primary data centers, backup and disaster recovery centers are located in Buenos Aires, Argentina and in Lago Esmeralda and Querétaro, Mexico.
With this objective and a focus on service quality, the Bank has made significant investments in IT, which the Bank expects to continue in the coming years.
Our operating platform combines our business-oriented IT systems with our multi-channel distribution strategy, resulting in innovative ways to serve our customers. We have well-developed Customer Relationship Management (“CRM”) tools that allow us to analyze our customers’ behavior and provide them with specific product offerings tailored
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to their needs through various channels. As a result, we are able to effectively take advantage of alternative distribution channels, such as ATMs, Internet and mobile banking, and our contact centers, which are complementary to our traditional branch network, allowing us to provide better service to our customers and increase our sales rates.
In addition, multiple controls have been implemented to respond to cybersecurity threats, based on a comprehensive and multifaceted security framework that includes people, technology, data, processes and procedures.
Intellectual Property
In Argentina, ownership of trademarks can be acquired only through a validly approved registration with the National Institute of Industrial Property (Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial, or “INPI”), the agency responsible for registering trademarks and patents in Argentina. After registration, the owner has exclusive use of the trademark in Argentina for ten years. Trademarks registrations can be renewed indefinitely for additional ten-year periods, if the registrant proves that it has used such trademark within the last five years.
We have several trademarks, most of which are brand names of our products or services. All our material trademarks are registered or have been submitted to INPI for registration by the BBVA Group or us.
C.Organizational Structure
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (BBVA)
As of December 31, 2024, BBVA owned 66.55% of our capital stock.
BBVA is a global financial group, organized in five operating segments: (i) Spain; (ii) Mexico, (iii) Turkey; (iv) South America; and (v) Rest of Business. In addition to the operating segments referred to above, the BBVA Group has a Corporate Center which includes those items that have not been allocated to an operating segment. It includes the BBVA Group’s general management functions, including costs from central units that have a corporate function; management of structural exchange rate positions carried out by the ALCO (“Assets and Liabilities Committee”), including currency hedging; certain proprietary portfolios; certain tax assets and liabilities; certain provisions related to commitments with employees; and goodwill and other intangibles, as well as the financing of such asset portfolios. It also includes the results of the BBVA Group’s stake in the venture capital fund Propel Venture Partners.
Some of the benefits we receive from the BBVA Group are:
•sharing of technology;
•development of new banking products that have been customized for the Argentine market;
•leveraging BBVA’s global client relationships to serve those clients operating in Argentina; and
•BBVA’s participation in BBVA Argentina as a shareholder is both long term and strategic.
Subsidiaries and investees of BBVA Argentina
The following chart reflects our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024:
The following information is related to our subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates as of December 31, 2024:
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•Subsidiaries

Subsidiary |  | Country of Incorporation/ Residence |  | BBVA Argentina Ownership and Voting Power (in percentages) |  | Principal Activity |  | Shareholders’ Equity (in thousands of Ps.) (1) (2)
PSA Finance Arg. Cía. Financiera S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 50.00 | % |  | Financial institution |  | 27,303.63 |
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión |  | Argentina |  | 100.00 | % |  | Investment fund manager |  | 30,814.77 |
Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) (1) |  | Argentina |  | 53.89 | % |  | Pension fund manager |  | 350.91 |
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 51.00 | % |  | Financial institution |  | 57,661.55 |

______________
(1)Total shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024.
(2)Statutory shareholders’ equity, adjusted for purposes of consolidation so as to apply an accounting criterion uniform with that of BBVA Argentina, if applicable.
Below is a description of our subsidiaries:
•PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A.
The share capital of PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A (“PSA Finance”) is held, in equal parts, by BBVA Argentina and Stellantis Financial Services Europe, a company related to the Stellantis Group, based in France.
PSA Finance is primarily engaged in financing new and second-hand vehicles sold through the network of dealers of the Peugeot, Citroën and DS brands. Such financing takes the form of secured auto loans, personal loans and financial lease transactions. In addition, it finances the stock of vehicles and spare parts to dealers and official workshops of such brands, an activity that is known as “floor plan”.
PSA Finance achieved a penetration rate of 24.30% in the registration of its brands (measured on the basis of the financing of new vehicles), showing significant growth compared to the penetration rate achieved the previous year.
In 2024, PSA Finance managed to offer a wide range of financing products, supported by the significant drop in the monetary policy rate. In this scenario, there was strong growth in retail contract volumes compared to 2023, also supported by an ongoing collaboration with the brands. In this context, PSA Finance managed to reverse the results of 2023 due to the following factors:
•Growth in the volume of the financed portfolio. While the car market contracted by 8% in 2024 compared to 2023, financing related to the acquisition of vehicles showed significant growth, reflecting the increasing need for credit among consumers. The volume of loans granted by PSA Finance increased by 79.6% compared to 2023.
In this context, PSA Finance participated in 13,310 financing transactions in 2024 related to personal loans and secured auto loans for new and second-hand vehicles, as well as vehicles sold through financial lease transactions, for an aggregate amount of Ps. 108,155 million. The total financed amount was 242.40% higher than in the previous year.
As of December 31, 2024, the customer portfolio was valued at Ps. 91,068 million, and the financing portfolio for the dealer network was valued at Ps. 67,247 million, amounting to a total financing portfolio of Ps. 159,204 million.
•A robust focus on profitability and origination margins, with effective containment of structural expenses.
•A sharp drop in inflation, which reduced the related monetary loss.
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As a result of the foregoing, in 2024, the net income from financial intermediation activities amounted to Ps. 26,165 million and income before income tax was Ps. 21,120 million, leading to a net income of Ps. 873 million after income tax and inflation adjustment.
During 2024, no transactions were carried out that required extraordinary financing.
In 2025, PSA Finance intends to continue working with the Peugeot, Citroën and DS brands and to maintain its current sales strategy, of offering financing promotions.
The development of digitalization is expected to continue to progress, as it is key to efficiently reaching a customer profile that is constantly changing its purchasing behavior, choosing new technologies to learn about and comparing products. In this regard, PSA Finance expects to continue developing tools that allow customers to access loans for the first time through various digital platforms, by adding new features aimed at streamlining processes and reducing customer response times.
PSA Finance’s activity increased significantly from June 2024, which led to an increase in its financial needs. This was covered by bank financing, equity, the acquisition of term deposits from legal entities, and the issuance of debt securities (classes 29 and 30) for a total of Ps. 20,000 million, following a five-year absence from the capital market.
•BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U.
As of December 31, 2024, the equity under management by BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. (“BBVA AMA”) amounted to Ps. 3,038,648.12 million, an increase of Ps. 232,722.66 million, or 8.29%, compared to the previous year.
As of December 31, 2024, the breakdown of equity under management was as follows:

Name of investment fund |  | Millions of pesos
FBA Renta Pesos |  | 2,583,115.38 |
FBA Acciones Argentinas (1) |  | 124,685.70 |
FBA Ahorro Pesos |  | 123,315.06 |
FBA Renta Fija Dólar I |  | 88,629.54 |
FBA Renta Fija Plus |  | 38,259.92 |
FBA Bonos Argentina |  | 24,572.76 |
FBA Horizonte |  | 22,936.68 |
FBA Renta Mixta |  | 17,531.22 |
FBA Acciones Latinoamericanas |  | 9,530.31 |
FBA Renta Publica I |  | 6,047.58 |
FBA Bonos Globales |  | 10.51 |
FBA Horizonte Plus |  | 10.26 |
FBA Retorno Total I |  | 2.91 |
FBA Gestión I |  | 0.32 |
FBA Renta Fija Dólar Plus I |  | — |
Total |  | 3,038,648.15 |

(1) Investment funds FBA Calificado and FBA Acciones Argentinas were merged in 2024, with FBA Acciones Argentinas being the surviving fund.
According to the interim asset ranking compiled by the CAFCI, BBVA AMA’s market share at December 31, 2024 was 5.23%, ranking fifth among competitors .
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Within the category of time-deposit mutual funds, BBVA AMA recorded assets under management amounting to Ps. 2,583,115.71 million as of December 31, 2024, a decrease of Ps. 105,800.17 million, or 3.93%, compared to the previous year.
Conversely, within the category of mutual funds, BBVA recorded assets under management amounting to Ps. 455,532.42 million as December 31, 2024, an increase of Ps. 338,522.83 million, or 289.31%, compared to the previous year.
In 2024, BBVA AMA generated commissions amounting to Ps. 38,956.95 million, up by 43.44% compared to the previous year.
As of December 2024, BBVA AMA had 15 funds under management registered with the CNV.
BBVA AMA expects to continue to pay special attention to the changes in international economic and financial conditions, as well as to the development of the currency market, the performance of crude oil and other commodities prices.
In Argentina, BBVA AMA expects to continue to monitor activity levels, inflation, exchange rates, indebtedness, and public spending.
Looking to 2025, mutual funds are expected to be an efficient alternative for investors in the local market. In this regard, BBVA AMA expects to continue reshaping and developing products tailored to its customers’ demands, offering a range of products that is adapted to prevailing market conditions and the improvements in investors’ risk management.
•Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings)
On December 4, 2008, Law No. 26,425 was enacted, providing for the elimination of the capitalization regime that was part of the Integrated Retirement and Pension System, and its subsequent merger into and replacement with a single pay-as-you go system named Argentine Integrated Retirement and Pensions System. Consequently, Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) ceased to manage the resources that were part of the individual capitalization accounts of participants and beneficiaries of the capitalization regime of the Integrated Retirement and Pension System, which were transferred to the Guarantee Fund for the Sustainability of the Argentine Retirement and Pension Regime as they were already invested, and the Argentine Social Security Office (“ANSES”) is now the sole and exclusive owner of those assets and rights.
Likewise, on October 29, 2009, the ANSES issued Resolution No. 290/2009, whereby retirement and pension funds managers interested in reconverting their corporate purpose to manage the funds for voluntary contributions and deposits held by participants in their capitalization accounts had 30 business days to express their intention to that end.
Based on the foregoing and taking into consideration that it was impossible for Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. to comply with the corporate purpose for which it was incorporated, its shareholders, gathered at a unanimous general and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on December 28, 2009, and resolved to approve the dissolution and subsequent liquidation of that company effective as of December 31, 2009, based on the best interests of the company’s creditors and shareholders. Furthermore, in compliance with the terms of the Argentine Companies Law, the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting appointed Mr. Gabriel Orden and Mr. Rubén Lamandia, both of them certified public accountants, as liquidators of Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. Since December 31, 2009, they have assumed the role of the company’s legal representatives. To date, they are taking all necessary actions leading to the liquidation of Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A.
In this regard, on January 28, 2010, the dissolution of Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. and the list of designated liquidators were registered with the IGJ.
In addition, on October 19, 2009, the general extraordinary shareholders’ meeting of Consolidar A.F.J.P S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) approved a voluntary reduction of the company’s capital stock by Ps. 75 million. The IGJ approved such capital reduction on January 11, 2010 so that on January 19, 2010, capital contributions were transferred to the company’s shareholders, pursuant to the aforementioned capital stock reduction.
BBVA Argentina, as shareholder, requested Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) to give notice to the Argentine Ministry of Economy and Public Finance and to the ANSES of its intention to engage in
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discussions, under the terms of Law No. 26,425, to find one or more remedies to address the consequences from the events occurred after the enactment of such Law. Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) gave such notice on June 11, 2010.
On December 7, 2010, Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) filed a complaint for damages against the Argentine government and the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security, which was heard by Federal Court of Original Jurisdiction in Administrative Matters No. 4, Division No. 7, under File No. 40,437/2010. Such complaint was ratified by BBVA Argentina in its capacity as majority shareholder of the company. On July 15, 2011, Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) and BBVA Argentina made a filing with such court to expand the scope of the complaint for the assessment of damages. On March 9, 2012, such court ordered that notice of the complaint be served upon the National Government.
On May 13, 2013, the acting court resolved to initiate the trial period, upon which the company started to produce the pertinent testimonial, documentary, and expert evidence. On May 28, 2013, the company filed its witnesses’ question sheets and testimonies.
Judgment was rendered on July 1, 2021 dismissing the complaint. An appeal was lodged and admitted by the acting Court, for the decision to be reviewed before the Court of Appeals.
On September 30, 2021, notice was served that the case would be heard by Panel I of the Federal Court of Appeals in Administrative Matters, where the appellant was required to file the basis of his appeal. Such filing was made on October 12, 2021. Then, on October 14, 2021 the Court of Appeals ordered that notice of the basis of appeal brief be served upon the National Government.
On October 22, 2021, the Court of Appeals considered that the National Government had answered the service of notice, and ordered that the record of the case be submitted for final judgment.
On August 9, 2022, Chamber I of the Federal Administrative Litigation Chamber issued a sentence which ratified the first instance ruling. An Extraordinary Federal Appeal was filed against this resolution. On September 15, 2022 such chamber partially granted the appeal. On September 21, 2022 a Complaint Appeal was filed before the Supreme Court of Justice.
As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, BBVA Argentina cannot estimate the outcome of such motion, if admitted, or the outcome of the review of the case by the CSJN.
•Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A.
Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A. (“VWFS”) is primarily engaged in the business of granting secured auto loans and financial lease transactions for the purchase of new Volkswagen Group-branded cars and offering wholesale financing to the VW Group’s dealers for the purchase of cars from the manufacturer. VWFS is also engaged in financing the purchase of second-hand vehicles and in providing financed maintenance, all within the territory of the Argentine Republic.
In 2024, the car market experienced a 8% decline in vehicle registrations compared to the previous year, mainly due to poor performance in the first quarter of the year, which gradually improved as key macroeconomic variables showed positive trends. Conversely, due to the overall financial market conditions, there was an increase in the percentage of units financed through secured auto loans, which increased from 36.6% in 2023 to 40.4% in 2024.
The Volkswagen Group reached the second market position in terms of vehicle registrations, achieving a year-on-year growth of 13.9%. The percentage of financed units of the Volkswagen Group reached 20.0% in 2024, compared to 16.6% in 2023.
In the retail segment, VWFS saw an 11.1 percentage point decrease in its share of financed unit sales within the Volkswagen Group, reaching 89.5% (excluding trucks and Audi vehicles).
In terms of its share of total Volkswagen Group sales, VWFS increased its share to 17.9% (4.9 percentage points higher than 2023), as a result of solid collaboration with the brand and the Volkswagen Group’s dealers, through
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campaigns at subsidized rates with appealing conditions to clients, in a context of decreasing benchmark rates in the financial market.
As part of its ongoing improvement approach, VWFS enhanced the service quality to dealers through communication, training, and good response levels. VWFS conducted several in-house training programs for employees in order to increase efficiency and improve service levels to retail customers. In 2024, VWFS launched a new product called “Siempre Cero” designed for the launch of the new “Amarok” truck. This product was developed in response to dealership demands for new financing alternatives tailored to different customer profiles, aiming to offer a higher LTV ratio with adjusted installment values and lower down payments. Nonetheless, VWFS maintained its focus on promoting traditional fixed-rate secured products with terms of up to 60 months to finance up to 80% of a new Volkswagen vehicle.
In 2024, VWFS increased its sources of funding from other commercial banks, with total credit facilities amounting to Ps. 445,200 million.
It also issued notes totaling Ps. 15,975 million with a 12-month term and a 5.75% cut-off spread over BADLAR. Nonetheless, to capitalize on potential opportunities in the capital market, VWFS maintains strategic relationships with major commercial banks.
In 2024, the Volkswagen Group achieved a 16.5% share of the car market, ranking second in sales, compared to a 13.9% market share in the previous year.
During 2024, VWFS’ main goal was offering competitive financing products and services to customers, underpinned by a commercial policy aimed at fostering loyalty among dealers. In 2024, VWFS participated in a total of 11,806 secured auto loan transactions, a 51.9% increase compared to the previous year, in line with the increased supply of new Volkswagen Group vehicles.
In 2024, the income after income tax amounted to Ps. 8,343.62 million, reflecting a significant increase compared to Ps. 3,444.56 million in the previous year. This increase was primarily attributable to an enhanced profitability of its products intended to mitigate the inflation adjustment to the shareholders’ equity despite a highly competitive context in the sector.
In 2025, the automotive market is expected to grow in terms of new vehicle registrations, compared with 2024. A declining interest rate environment is also anticipated due to expected lower inflation and the current gap between the official and parallel exchange rates.
In 2025, VWFS seeks to continue to maintain its share in sales of financed units. With a view to achieve sustainable development in the long term, VWFS intends to carry out strategic projects in 2025, which are expected to improve its internal processes to provide better service quality to customers and enhanced service to dealers.
In order to fund its secured auto loan portfolio, VWFS plans to continue to diversify its sources of funding with BBVA Argentina, other commercial banks and the issuance of corporate notes.
•Joint venture

Joint Venture |  | Country of Incorporation/ Residence |  | BBVA Argentina Ownership and Voting Power (in percentages) |  | Principal Activity |  | Stockholders’ Equity (in millions of Ps.) (1)
Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 40.00 | % |  | Financial institution |  | 25,895.10 |

_____________
(1)Total shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024.
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Below is a description of our joint venture:
•Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.
Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A. (“RCF”) is the main finance company of the Renault’s network of dealers, both for new and second-hand vehicles. During 2024, Renault achieved a 9.12% market share in the car market (12.2% in 2023), ranking third in terms of sales volume. Nissan had a 3.3% market share (4.6% in 2023).
RCF’s financing of Renault’s sales increased to 32.3% from 26.1% in 2023, and while RCF’s financing of Nissan’s sales slightly decreased to 15.3% in 2024 from 15.7% in 2023. Despite the industry being severely impacted in terms of volumes and vehicle availability, the brand managed to end the year as the leader in the financed market, with the highest loyalty rates for both Renault and Nissan.
RCF remained the industry leader in terms of loans among brand captive companies as of December 31, 2024, closing the year with an average of 80% credits granted by RCF over total credits for the sale of Renault vehicles (Source: AFIMA). Renault Argentina and Nissan strongly supported RCF’s lending activities, providing important commercial tools (subsidized rates) both for new and second-hand vehicles.
With this support, RCF financed 13,469 new Renault and Nissan vehicles (compared to 16,588 in 2023) and 3,421 second-hand vehicles (compared to 3,586 in 2023). The total amount of principal lent under financing arrangements amounted to Ps. 147,728 million as of December 31, 2024 compared to Ps. 100,974 million as of December 31, 2023, representing a 46.3% increase compared to the previous year.
Risk and portfolio quality indicators in 2024 remained stable compared to the previous year. The number of litigated cases has remained low with many of them being settled through payment agreements. RCF’s non-performing loan average ratio decreased from 0.48% in 2023 to 0.23% in 2024.
In terms of financing, the aggregate balance of corporate notes as of December 31, 2024 amounted to Ps.10,542 million. The current program amount is US Dollars 150 million and has been rated “AA” by Fix SCR S.A. Agente Calificadora de Riesgo.
•Associates

Associate |  | Country of Incorporation/ Residence |  | BBVA Argentina Ownership and Voting Power (in percentages) |  | Principal Activity |  | Shareholders’ Equity (in millions of Ps.)
BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A.(1) |  | Argentina |  | 12.22 | % |  | Insurance |  | 59,581.70 |
Interbanking S.A.(3) |  | Argentina |  | 11.11 | % |  | Information services for financial markets |  | 64,584.09 |
Play Digital S.A.(2) |  | Argentina |  | 11.56 | % |  | Development, offer and implementation of a digital payment solution |  | 10,335.80 |
OpenPay Argentina S.A.(1) |  | Argentina |  | 12.51 | % |  | Development, offer and implementation of a digital payment solution |  | 5,580.40 |

_____________
(1)Total shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024.
(2)Total shareholders’ equity as of September 30, 2024.
(3)Total shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2023.
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Below is a description of our associates:
•BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A.
BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A.(“BBVA Seguros”) operates in the following lines of business: fire, comprehensive and combined household insurance, theft, personal accidents, group life insurance, credit life insurance, funeral and various other risks through different channels, telephone operators, and insurance brokers.
During 2024, written premiums amounted to Ps. 61,208.72 million, accounting for a 11.97% decrease compared to the previous year.
BBVA Seguros’ business strategy combines a broad product offering with multiple distribution and service channels, all based on its customers’ needs.
Claims paid during 2024 amounted to Ps. 23,440.15 million, or 38.30% of written premiums during such year.
Net loss for 2024 was Ps. 17,931.88 million, and shareholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024 amounted to Ps. 59,581.70 million.
BBVA Seguros’ policy was based on the following guidelines:
• Credit Risk: Compliance with regulations, the selection of counterparties through the criteria established by the investment committee, and continuous monitoring are essential to the security of the portfolio. Due to the new macroeconomic context of a downward trend in inflation during 2024, which is expected to continue in the near future, BBVA Seguros diversified its exposure to sovereign assets adjusted by C.E.R. (inflation-linked coefficient) and assets accruing interest at fixed rate (Lecaps), most of which are short term instruments, to keep a balance between profitability and volatility. To diversify credit risks, positions were held in money market funds and short-term fixed-income funds to ensure liquidity. Furthermore, the portfolio is also comprised of corporate bonds and Latin American funds meeting the requirements set by the National Superintendency of Insurance.
• Instrument Liquidity: The portfolio of BBVA Seguros has been structured considering instruments that provide the necessary liquidity to adequately meet the requirements demanded by its business dynamics.
The surplus of minimum capital as of December 31, 2024 was Ps. 46,842.18 million, accounting for an excess of 601.85% over the minimum capital requirement.
For 2025, BBVA Seguros’ seeks to expand its value proposition with new insurance products tailored to its customers’ real needs, adding additional channels to improve the simulation, contracting, and management process. BBVA Seguros’ goal is to achieve growth that leads to an increase in business volume in the medium and long term, while delivering differentiated customer service through trained personnel committed to BBVA Seguros’ goals.
•Interbanking S.A.
As a member and shareholder of Interbanking S.A. (“Interbanking”), together with eight other leading Argentine banks, the Bank offers an electronic communications system which enables its customers to optimize their banking transactions. BBVA Argentina’s corporate customers can connect to the service from their personal computers at any time and check their accounts at any member bank, send messages, transfer funds, make electronic wage payments, supplier payments and tax payments, and display market data. Through Interbanking, the Bank offers distinct electronic products for each segment of its corporate customer base and processes online transfers, allowing debit and credit transactions to be settled automatically and to be reflected in the relevant accounts in real time. As a result of BBVA Argentina’s equity interest in Interbanking, on June 3, 2024, the Bank received Ps. 3,000 million (nominal value) in dividends.
•Play Digital S.A.
Play Digital S.A. (“Play Digital”) is a digital-native company created in 2020, engaged in developing technological products that facilitate the interaction of banking users with their financial products.
Its shareholders are the vast majority of public, private and cooperative banking institutions in Argentina. BBVA Argentina currently holds 11.56% of its capital.
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Play Digital has developed and operates a digital payment solution aimed at providing information technology services (“MODO”), with broad and sufficient rights for its use, operation, authorization for use, and commercialization.
With MODO, Argentine banks are taking the first step towards open banking, fostering greater integration of all payment methods. MODO offers a payment solutions platform to its clients—account and payment method issuers—for the development of features they offer to their customers, who are the users of MODO. Thus, users can register with MODO through their banking app or the MODO app itself and link their phone number. Once registered, they can link their accounts, credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards, then choose how and with which products to operate at any time. In this way, users have all their bank accounts in one place, enabling them to view balances, send or request money, and make payments at stores. They can also access all the benefits, promotions, discounts, and installment plans offered by the banks within the ecosystem where they already have a bank account.
MODO sets a unique precedent in Argentina and Latin America, where the entire financial industry cooperates to offer more and better alternatives. With a highly ambitious proposition, MODO follows the example of similar initiatives in other countries such as Bizum in Spain, Zelle in the United States, Paylib in France, MobilePay in Denmark, Swish in Sweden, or PayNow in Singapore.
In 2025, Play Digital expects to continue to evaluate the evolution of the international economic and financial conditions and, particularly, inflation rates, activity levels, exchange rates, and public spending in Argentina.
In the digital wallet industry, Play Digital expects to continue to operate in a highly competitive environment with low entry barriers, requiring continuous monitoring of developments related to its competitors.
In 2025, Play Digital intends to continue to increase its business volume through the development of new functionalities and technological improvements, reaffirming its role as a leading player in the industry.
•OpenPay Argentina S.A.
Openpay Argentina S.A. (“Openpay”) was formed on May 11, 2021, and is part of the BBVA Group. As of December 31, 2024, its shareholders are BBV América S.L., which holds 87.49% of its share capital, and BBVA Argentina, which holds the remaining 12.51%.
Openpay’s purpose is to operate as a payment processor, creating a link between its customers and Payway, American Express, Naranja X or a similar provider.
In the future, Openpay expects to also engage in the payment aggregator business, offering the service and physical infrastructure to process payments with credit and debit cards, QR code payments, and payment links, with the aim of simplifying the operations for merchants using the platform.
Openpay’s platform provides security and adaptability, which significantly contributes to the development of both physical and electronic commerce thanks to its easy to implement and functional dashboard, which in turn enables merchants to view their transactions in real time with different payment methods.
In 2025, Openpay aims to achieve the following objectives:
• Implement digital onboarding to reach an Open Market audience.
• Deploy its first product for eCommerce, the API Checkout (payment button), that enables customers to accept card-not-present transactions by integrating Openpay’s solution into their online sales platforms.
Openpay also seeks to provide a differentiated service to its customers by integrating various types of services (card-present and card-not-present payments) while promoting financial inclusion for small businesses and entrepreneurs.
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Equity Investments
The following were all the positions that we held in non-financial institutions where we owned more than 2% of the invested companies’ equity as of December 31, 2024.

Investment |  | Country |  | % of Shares Owned (in percentages) |  | Principal Activity |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity (in millions of pesos)
Coelsa S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 7.85 | % |  | Clearing house |  | 31,037.39 |
Argencontrol S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 7.77 | % |  | Agent mandatory |  | 193.42 |
Sedesa S.A. |  | Argentina |  | 8.37 | % |  | Deposit guarantee fund |  | 3,206.21 |

D.Property, plants and equipment
BBVA Argentina is domiciled in Argentina and has its principal executive offices at Av. Córdoba 111, C1054AAA Buenos Aires, Argentina. The principal executive offices, which we own, are approximately 37,041 square meters in area.
At December 31, 2024, our branch network consisted of 235 retail branches, of which 118 were located in properties that we own and 117 were located in properties leased to us. The branches are located throughout all of the 23 Argentine provinces as well as the City of Buenos Aires.
E.Selected statistical information
The following information is included for analytical purposes and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements as well as “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”. This information has been prepared from our financial records, which are maintained in accordance with IFRS-BCRA. The Consolidated Financial Statements and the selected statistical information below have been adjusted to comply with IFRS-IASB for the sole purpose of filing this annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC. The information below has been produced in accordance with the requirements of Subpart 1400 of Regulation S-K.
Average Balance Sheets, Interest Earned on Interest-Earning Assets and Interest Paid on Interest-Bearing Liabilities
The average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, including the related interest earned or paid, were calculated on a daily basis for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Average balances have been separated between those denominated in pesos and in foreign currencies.
This selected statistical information has been prepared taking into account the effect of hyperinflation adjustments, which requires that in the financial statements of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of such entity be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period (December 31, 2024).
The real interest rate is the amount of interest earned or paid during the period divided by the related average balance.
Included in interest earned are the net gains on our portfolio of government securities and related differences in market quotations. We manage our trading activities in government securities as an integral part of our business. We do not, as a matter of practice, distinguish between interest income and gain or loss on our government securities portfolio.
The following tables show average balances, interest amounts and average real rates for our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
56

Tab le of Conte nts

|  |  | Fiscal Year ended December 31,
|  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2)
|  |  | (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government securities (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 3,141,430,419 |  |  | 2,470,637,085 |  |  | 78.65 | % |  | 4,496,159,174 |  |  | 4,169,518,996 |  |  | 92.74 | % |  | 4,557,603,917 |  |  | 2,512,074,078 |  |  | 55.12 | %
Foreign currencies |  |  | 233,040,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 219,983,535 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 37,879,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total |  |  | 3,374,471,381 |  |  | 2,470,637,085 |  |  | 73.22 | % |  | 4,716,142,709 |  |  | 4,169,518,996 |  |  | 88.41 | % |  | 4,595,483,124 |  |  | 2,512,074,078 |  |  | 54.66 | %
Loans and advances (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
To customers/financial institutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 4,019,146,875 |  |  | 2,190,957,000 |  |  | 54.51 | % |  | 4,133,566,360 |  |  | 2,739,890,584 |  |  | 66.28 | % |  | 4,245,045,585 |  |  | 1,742,753,182 |  |  | 41.05 | %
Foreign currencies |  |  | 641,745,877 |  |  | 27,172,094 |  |  | 4.23 | % |  | 287,994,561 |  |  | 8,908,718 |  |  | 3.09 | % |  | 282,370,352 |  |  | 8,460,379 |  |  | 3.00 | %
Total |  |  | 4,660,892,752 |  |  | 2,218,129,094 |  |  | 47.59 | % |  | 4,421,560,921 |  |  | 2,748,799,302 |  |  | 62.17 | % |  | 4,527,415,937 |  |  | 1,751,213,561 |  |  | 38.68 | %
To central bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 80,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 107,213 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 4,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Foreign currencies |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 4,684 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 4,619 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total |  |  | 80,016 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 111,897 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 9,129 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 108,338,718 |  |  | 6,196,497 |  |  | 5.72 | % |  | 117,436,271 |  |  | 14,011,210 |  |  | 11.93 | % |  | 54,201,392 |  |  | 4,049,625 |  |  | 7.47 | %
Foreign currencies |  |  | 76,451,608 |  |  | 1,278,898 |  |  | 1.67 | % |  | 76,104,261 |  |  | 1,120,267 |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 130,948,622 |  |  | 445,094 |  |  | 0.34 | %
Total |  |  | 184,790,326 |  |  | 7,475,395 |  |  | 4.05 | % |  | 193,540,532 |  |  | 15,131,477 |  |  | 7.82 | % |  | 185,150,014 |  |  | 4,494,719 |  |  | 2.43 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 7,268,996,019 |  |  | 4,667,790,582 |  |  | 64.22 | % |  | 8,747,269,018 |  |  | 6,923,420,790 |  |  | 79.15 | % |  | 8,856,855,404 |  |  | 4,258,876,885 |  |  | 48.09 | %
Foreign currencies |  |  | 951,238,456 |  |  | 28,450,992 |  |  | 2.99 | % |  | 584,087,041 |  |  | 10,028,985 |  |  | 1.72 | % |  | 451,202,800 |  |  | 8,905,473 |  |  | 1.97 | %
Total |  |  | 8,220,234,475 |  |  | 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 57.13 | % |  | 9,331,356,059 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 74.30 | % |  | 9,308,058,204 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |  |  | 45.85 | %

57

Tab le of Conte nts

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2)
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Non interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash balances at central bank and other demand deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 484,297,014 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 396,200,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 650,693,127 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 1,921,921,911 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,526,953,551 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,608,803,006 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 2,406,218,925 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,923,154,004 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,259,496,133 |  |  |  |  |
Investments in joint ventures and associates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 17,728,447 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,498,293 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,469,131 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total | 17,728,447 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,498,293 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,469,131 |  |  |  |  |
Tangible and intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 836,175,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 783,514,028 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 786,882,460 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | 836,175,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 783,514,028 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 786,882,460 |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (118,767,761) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (141,815,852) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (136,038,994) |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 4,954,194 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15,241,224) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,273,944) |  |  |  |  |
Total | (113,813,567) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (157,057,076) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (155,312,938) |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 531,148,370 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 513,803,439 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 388,507,047 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 45,815,412 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,754,082 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,391,068 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 576,963,782 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 533,557,521 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 411,898,115 |  |  |  |  |
Total non interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 1,750,581,587 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,569,200,361 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,711,512,771 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 1,972,691,517 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,531,466,409 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,612,920,130 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 3,723,273,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,100,666,770 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,324,432,901 |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 9,019,577,606 |  |  | 4,667,790,582 |  |  | 51.75 | % |  | 10,316,469,379 |  |  | 6,923,420,790 |  |  | 67.11 | % |  | 10,568,368,175 |  |  | 4,258,876,885 |  |  | 40.30 | %
Foreign currencies | 2,923,929,973 |  |  | 28,450,992 |  |  | 0.97 | % |  | 2,115,553,450 |  |  | 10,028,985 |  |  | 0.47 | % |  | 2,064,122,930 |  |  | 8,905,473 |  |  | 0.43 | %
Total | 11,943,507,579 |  |  | 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 39.32 | % |  | 12,432,022,829 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 55.77 | % |  | 12,632,491,105 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |  |  | 33.78 | %

58

Tab le of Conte nts

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2)
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Saving accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 1,781,921,001 |  |  | 497,003,686 |  |  | 27.89 | % |  | 1,973,652,332 |  |  | 701,501,704 |  |  | 35.54 | % |  | 1,991,093,606 |  |  | 279,763,534 |  |  | 14.05 | %
Foreign currencies | 1,731,239,200 |  |  | 121,245 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 1,086,027,112 |  |  | 83,871 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 1,163,654,541 |  |  | 87,898 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Total | 3,513,160,201 |  |  | 497,124,931 |  |  | 14.15 | % |  | 3,059,679,444 |  |  | 701,585,575 |  |  | 22.93 | % |  | 3,154,748,147 |  |  | 279,851,432 |  |  | 8.87 | %
Time deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 2,107,531,186 |  |  | 1,203,549,205 |  |  | 57.11 | % |  | 2,932,745,229 |  |  | 2,698,531,505 |  |  | 92.01 | % |  | 3,052,198,798 |  |  | 1,675,841,615 |  |  | 54.91 | %
Foreign currencies | 197,682,958 |  |  | 1,058,250 |  |  | 0.54 | % |  | 164,396,209 |  |  | 293,712 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | 177,392,994 |  |  | 331,189 |  |  | 0.19 | %
Total | 2,305,214,144 |  |  | 1,204,607,455 |  |  | 52.26 | % |  | 3,097,141,438 |  |  | 2,698,825,217 |  |  | 87.14 | % |  | 3,229,591,792 |  |  | 1,676,172,804 |  |  | 51.90 | %
Banks loans – Central bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Foreign currencies | 769,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 877,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 722,813 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total | 769,418 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 877,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 722,813 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Banks loans – Other financial institutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 76,655,466 |  |  | 43,365,374 |  |  | 56.57 | % |  | 60,404,848 |  |  | (23,220,859) |  |  | (38.44 | %) |  | 108,534,372 |  |  | 6,503,443 |  |  | 5.99 | %
Foreign currencies | 19,676,499 |  |  | 1,831,931 |  |  | 9.31 | % |  | 7,664,881 |  |  | 1,037,452 |  |  | 13.54 | % |  | 5,351,289 |  |  | 405,391 |  |  | 7.58 | %
Total | 96,331,965 |  |  | 45,197,305 |  |  | 46.92 | % |  | 68,069,729 |  |  | (22,183,407) |  |  | (32.59 | %) |  | 113,885,661 |  |  | 6,908,834 |  |  | 6.07 | %
Debt securities issued |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 23,703,378 |  |  | 15,249,557 |  |  | 64.33 | % |  | 5,816,193 |  |  | 7,470,641 |  |  | 128.45 | % |  | 2,119,698 |  |  | 2,641,408 |  |  | 124.61 | %
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total | 23,703,378 |  |  | 15,249,557 |  |  | 64.33 | % |  | 5,816,193 |  |  | 7,470,641 |  |  | 128.45 | % |  | 2,119,698 |  |  | 2,641,408 |  |  | 124.61 | %
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 3,013,752 |  |  | 5,096,092 |  |  | 169.09 | % |  | 419,507 |  |  | 4,245,790 |  |  | 1012.09 | % |  | 31,129,096 |  |  | 4,593,259 |  |  | 14.76 | %
Foreign currencies | 976,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 6,628,132 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 1,803,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total | 3,989,852 |  |  | 5,096,092 |  |  | 127.73 | % |  | 7,047,639 |  |  | 4,245,790 |  |  | 60.24 | % |  | 32,932,287 |  |  | 4,593,259 |  |  | 13.95 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 3,992,824,783 |  |  | 1,764,263,914 |  |  | 44.19 | % |  | 4,973,038,109 |  |  | 3,388,528,781 |  |  | 68.14 | % |  | 5,185,075,570 |  |  | 1,969,343,259 |  |  | 37.98 | %
Foreign currencies | 1,950,344,175 |  |  | 3,011,426 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | 1,265,594,275 |  |  | 1,415,035 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 1,348,924,828 |  |  | 824,478 |  |  | 0.06 | %
Total | 5,943,168,958 |  |  | 1,767,275,340 |  |  | 29.74 | % |  | 6,238,632,384 |  |  | 3,389,943,816 |  |  | 54.34 | % |  | 6,534,000,398 |  |  | 1,970,167,737 |  |  | 30.15 | %

59

Tab le of Conte nts

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2) |  | Average balance (1) |  | Interest earned/paid |  | Average real rate (2)
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Non-interest-bearing liabilities and stockholders´ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Checking accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 806,969,675 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,097,278,513 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,465,953,288 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 634,985,560 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 477,501,646 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 486,497,656 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 1,441,955,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,574,780,159 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,952,450,944 |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 1,686,566,217 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,884,679,072 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,707,117,561 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 183,746,228 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 188,570,982 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 155,004,485 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 1,870,312,445 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,073,250,054 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,862,122,046 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 2,688,070,941 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,545,360,232 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,283,917,717 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | 2,688,070,941 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,545,360,232 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,283,917,717 |  |  |  |  |
Total non-interest-bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 5,181,606,833 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,527,317,817 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,456,988,566 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currencies | 818,731,788 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 666,072,628 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 641,502,141 |  |  |  |  |
Total | 6,000,338,621 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,193,390,445 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,098,490,707 |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 9,174,431,616 |  |  | 1,764,263,914 |  |  | 19.23 | % |  | 10,500,355,926 |  |  | 3,388,528,781 |  |  | 32.27 | % |  | 10,642,064,136 |  |  | 1,969,343,259 |  |  | 18.51 | %
Foreign currencies | 2,769,075,963 |  |  | 3,011,426 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 1,931,666,903 |  |  | 1,415,035 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 1,990,426,969 |  |  | 824,478 |  |  | 0.04 | %
Total | 11,943,507,579 |  |  | 1,767,275,340 |  |  | 14.80 | % |  | 12,432,022,829 |  |  | 3,389,943,816 |  |  | 27.27 | % |  | 12,632,491,105 |  |  | 1,970,167,737 |  |  | 15.60 | %

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net Interest Margin and Spread |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (5) |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 2,903,526,668 |  |  | 3,534,892,009 |  |  | 2,289,533,626 |
Foreign currencies | 25,439,566 |  |  | 8,613,950 |  |  | 8,080,995 |
Total | 2,928,966,234 |  |  | 3,543,505,959 |  |  | 2,297,614,621 |
Net interest margin (6) |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 39.94 | % |  | 40.41 | % |  | 25.85 | %
Foreign currencies | 2.67 | % |  | 1.47 | % |  | 1.79 | %
Weighted average rate | 35.63 | % |  | 37.97 | % |  | 24.68 | %
Yield spread, nominal basis (7) |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 20.03 | % |  | 11.01 | % |  | 10.10 | %
Foreign currencies | 2.84 | % |  | 1.61 | % |  | 1.91 | %
Weighted average rate | 27.39 | % |  | 19.96 | % |  | 15.70 | %

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_____________
(1)For 2024, the average balances are presented in terms of the measuring unit current at December 31, 2024. For 2023 and 2022 average balances were restated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period (December 31, 2024).
(2)Interest earned/paid divided by average balance.
(3)Includes trading gains and losses in all fiscal years. Unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in the market value of our trading portfolio of government securities and yield on our investment portfolio of government securities are included.
(4)Loan amounts are stated before deduction of the allowance for loan losses.
(5)Net interest income is defined as interest earned less interest paid. Trading results from our portfolio of government securities are included in interest.
(6)Net interest margin is net interest income stated as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.
(7)Yield spread nominal basis is defined as the difference between the average nominal rate on interest-earning assets and the average nominal rate on interest-bearing liabilities.
Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense; Volume and Rate Analysis
The following tables allocate, by currency of denomination, changes in our interest income and interest expense between changes in the average volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in their respective average interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2023 compared with the year ended December 31, 2022. Volume and rate variances have been calculated based on movements in average balances over the period and changes in average interest rates on average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities. The net change attributable to changes in both volume and rate has been allocated to volume. Trading gains and losses and yield on government trading and investment accounts results are included in the computation of interest income in all fiscal years.

| Year ended December 31, 2024/2023 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in |  | Year ended December 31, 2023/2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in
| Volume |  | Rate |  | Net change |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net change
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (1,065,451,930) |  |  | (633,429,981) |  |  | (1,698,881,911) |  |  | (56,980,861) |  |  | 1,714,425,779 |  |  | 1,657,444,918 |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | (1,065,451,930) |  |  | (633,429,981) |  |  | (1,698,881,911) |  |  | (56,980,861) |  |  | 1,714,425,779 |  |  | 1,657,444,918 |
Loans and advances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
To customers/financial institutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (62,373,479) |  |  | (486,560,105) |  |  | (548,933,584) |  |  | (73,892,821) |  |  | 1,071,030,223 |  |  | 997,137,402 |
Foreign currencies | 14,978,147 |  |  | 3,285,229 |  |  | 18,263,376 |  |  | 173,977 |  |  | 274,362 |  |  | 448,339 |
Total | (47,395,332) |  |  | (483,274,876) |  |  | (530,670,208) |  |  | (73,718,844) |  |  | 1,071,304,585 |  |  | 997,585,741 |
To central bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (520,340) |  |  | (7,294,373) |  |  | (7,814,713) |  |  | 7,544,493 |  |  | 2,417,092 |  |  | 9,961,585 |
Foreign currencies | 5,810 |  |  | 152,821 |  |  | 158,631 |  |  | (807,318) |  |  | 1,482,491 |  |  | 675,173 |
Total | (514,530) |  |  | (7,141,552) |  |  | (7,656,082) |  |  | 6,737,175 |  |  | 3,899,583 |  |  | 10,636,758 |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (1,128,345,749) |  |  | (1,127,284,459) |  |  | (2,255,630,208) |  |  | (123,329,189) |  |  | 2,787,873,094 |  |  | 2,664,543,905 |
Foreign currencies | 14,983,957 |  |  | 3,438,050 |  |  | 18,422,007 |  |  | (633,341) |  |  | 1,756,853 |  |  | 1,123,512 |
Total | (1,113,361,792) |  |  | (1,123,846,409) |  |  | (2,237,208,201) |  |  | (123,962,530) |  |  | 2,789,629,947 |  |  | 2,665,667,417 |

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| Year ended December 31, 2023/2022 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in |  | Year ended December 31, 2022/2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in
| Volume |  | Rate |  | Net change |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net change
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Saving accounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (53,476,657) |  |  | (151,021,361) |  |  | (204,498,018) |  |  | (6,199,209) |  |  | 427,937,379 |  |  | 421,738,170 |
Foreign currencies | 45,187 |  |  | (7,813) |  |  | 37,374 |  |  | (5,995) |  |  | 1,968 |  |  | (4,027) |
Total | (53,431,470) |  |  | (151,029,174) |  |  | (204,460,644) |  |  | (6,205,204) |  |  | 427,939,347 |  |  | 421,734,143 |
Time deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (471,255,520) |  |  | (1,023,726,780) |  |  | (1,494,982,300) |  |  | (109,913,816) |  |  | 1,132,603,706 |  |  | 1,022,689,890 |
Foreign currencies | 178,193 |  |  | 586,345 |  |  | 764,538 |  |  | (23,220) |  |  | (14,257) |  |  | (37,477) |
Total | (471,077,327) |  |  | (1,023,140,435) |  |  | (1,494,217,762) |  |  | (109,937,036) |  |  | 1,132,589,449 |  |  | 1,022,652,413 |
Banks loans – Central bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Banks loans – Other financial institutions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 9,193,266 |  |  | 57,392,967 |  |  | 66,586,233 |  |  | 18,501,973 |  |  | (48,226,275) |  |  | (29,724,302) |
Foreign currencies | 1,118,312 |  |  | (323,833) |  |  | 794,479 |  |  | 313,148 |  |  | 318,913 |  |  | 632,061 |
Total | 10,311,578 |  |  | 57,069,134 |  |  | 67,380,712 |  |  | 18,815,121 |  |  | (47,907,362) |  |  | (29,092,241) |
Debt securities issued |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 11,507,712 |  |  | (3,728,796) |  |  | 7,778,916 |  |  | 4,747,983 |  |  | 81,250 |  |  | 4,829,233 |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 11,507,712 |  |  | (3,728,796) |  |  | 7,778,916 |  |  | 4,747,983 |  |  | 81,250 |  |  | 4,829,233 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | 4,386,728 |  |  | (3,536,426) |  |  | 850,302 |  |  | (310,808,797) |  |  | 310,461,328 |  |  | (347,469) |
Foreign currencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | 4,386,728 |  |  | (3,536,426) |  |  | 850,302 |  |  | (310,808,797) |  |  | 310,461,328 |  |  | (347,469) |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pesos | (499,644,471) |  |  | (1,124,620,396) |  |  | (1,624,264,867) |  |  | (403,671,866) |  |  | 1,822,857,388 |  |  | 1,419,185,522 |
Foreign currencies | 1,341,692 |  |  | 254,699 |  |  | 1,596,391 |  |  | 283,933 |  |  | 306,624 |  |  | 590,557 |
Total | (498,302,779) |  |  | (1,124,365,697) |  |  | (1,622,668,476) |  |  | (403,387,933) |  |  | 1,823,164,012 |  |  | 1,419,776,079 |

62

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Investment Portfolio: weighted average yield by remaining maturities
The following table shows the weighted average yield by remaining maturities of our debt securities not carried at fair value as of December 31, 2024:

|  | Maturing
|  | Within 1 year |  | After 1 year but within 5 years |  | After 5 years but within 10 years |  | After 10 years |  | Total
|  | Weighted average yield
|  | (in percentages)
Government securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In Pesos: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentine bonds |  |  |  | 42 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 42 | %
Total government securities in pesos |  |  |  | 42 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 42 | %
Total government securities |  |  |  | 42 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 42 | %

(1)The weighted average yield has been determined based on the price calculated by the Market Risks Area at December 31, 2024 plus the coupon pending collection considering the contractual maturity and amortization profile of each bond.
Maturity Composition of the Loan Portfolio
The following table shows our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024 by type of loan and by the time remaining to maturity. Loans are stated before deduction of the allowance for loan losses. We expect most loans to be repaid at maturity in cash or through refinancing at market terms.

|  |  |  | Maturing
|  | Amount as of December 31, 2024 |  | Within 3 months |  | After 3 months but within 1 year |  | After 1 year but within 5 years |  | After 5 years but within 15 years |  | After 15 years
|  | (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
To government sector |  | 964,726 |  |  | 919,063 |  |  | 5,733 |  |  | 39,930 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
To Central Bank |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
To financial institutions |  | 60,235,154 |  |  | 40,465,892 |  |  | 11,423,958 |  |  | 8,345,304 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
To the non-financial private sector and residents abroad |  | 7,636,214,246 |  |  | 4,191,756,667 |  |  | 1,939,368,563 |  |  | 1,174,182,231 |  |  | 258,421,524 |  |  | 72,485,261 |
Credit Cards |  | 2,052,689,770 |  |  | 1,649,665,232 |  |  | 403,024,538 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Notes |  | 730,263,083 |  |  | 617,967,509 |  |  | 112,295,574 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Overdrafts |  | 643,005,825 |  |  | 622,745,613 |  |  | 20,258,209 |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans for the prefinancing and financing of exports |  | 1,003,823,052 |  |  | 342,311,648 |  |  | 587,051,543 |  |  | 74,459,861 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer loans |  | 814,048,729 |  |  | 129,861,468 |  |  | 180,292,635 |  |  | 503,019,834 |  |  | 874,792 |  |  | — |
Commercial papers |  | 1,098,210,199 |  |  | 302,866,453 |  |  | 295,977,260 |  |  | 378,312,750 |  |  | 121,053,736 |  |  | — |
Real estate mortgage |  | 234,142,459 |  |  | 5,655,100 |  |  | 9,187,671 |  |  | 44,406,321 |  |  | 115,908,660 |  |  | 58,984,707 |
Pledge loans |  | 178,348,891 |  |  | 46,762,968 |  |  | 77,054,018 |  |  | 54,522,578 |  |  | 9,327 |  |  | — |
Receivables from financial leases |  | 25,671,951 |  |  | 10,610,084 |  |  | 2,776,148 |  |  | 11,512,388 |  |  | 773,331 |  |  | — |
Loans to employees |  | 44,164,421 |  |  | 741,446 |  |  | 1,500,327 |  |  | 8,620,416 |  |  | 19,801,678 |  |  | 13,500,554 |
Documents purchased |  | 920,747 |  |  | 920,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other financing |  | 810,925,119 |  |  | 461,648,399 |  |  | 249,950,640 |  |  | 99,326,080 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 7,697,414,126 |  |  | 4,233,141,622 |  |  | 1,950,798,254 |  |  | 1,182,567,465 |  |  | 258,421,524 |  |  | 72,485,261 |
Percentage of total loan portfolio |  | 100.00 | % |  | 54.99 | % |  | 25.34 | % |  | 15.36 | % |  | 3.36 | % |  | 0.94 | %

63

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Interest Rate Sensitivity of Outstanding Loans
The following table shows, by currency of denomination, the interest rate sensitivity of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024. Loans are stated before deduction of the allowance for loan losses.

|  |  | As of December 31, 2024
|  |  | (in thousands of pesos)
Variable Rate |  |  |
Pesos - including Adjustable Loans |  |  | 37,220,434 |
Foreign Currency |  |  | — |
Sub-total |  |  | 37,220,434 |
Fixed Rate |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 7,420,593,081 |
Foreign Currency |  |  | 126,782,289 |
Sub-total |  |  | 7,547,375,370 |
Non - performing |  |  |
Pesos |  |  | 108,998,982 |
Foreign Currency |  |  | 3,819,340 |
Sub-total |  |  | 112,818,322 |
Total |  |  | 7,697,414,126 |

_____________
The following table sets forth a breakdown of our fixed and variable rate loans by maturity as of December 31, 2024.

|  | Interest Sensitivity of Outstanding Loans Maturing in
|  | Less Than One Year |  | More Than One Year
|  | Fixed rate | Variable rate |  | Fixed rate | Variable rate
|  | (in thousands of pesos)
To government sector |  | 924,796 |  | — |  |  | 39,930 |  | — |
To Central Bank |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
To financial institutions |  | 51,889,850 |  | — |  |  | 8,345,304 |  | — |
To the non-financial private sector and residents abroad |  | 6,093,910,050 |  | 37,215,180 |  |  | 1,505,083,762 |  | 5,254 |
Credit Cards |  | 2,052,689,770 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Notes |  | 310,154,103 |  | — |  |  | 503,894,626 |  | — |
Overdrafts |  | 730,263,083 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Loans for the prefinancing and financing of exports |  | 643,003,822 |  | — |  |  | 2,003 |  | — |
Consumer loans |  | 14,814,733 |  | 28,039 |  |  | 219,299,684 |  | 4 |
Commercial papers |  | 929,363,191 |  | — |  |  | 74,459,861 |  | — |
Real estate mortgage |  | 580,914,426 |  | 17,929,287 |  |  | 499,366,486 |  | — |
Pledge loans |  | 123,816,986 |  | — |  |  | 54,531,905 |  | — |
Receivables from financial leases |  | 2,231,711 |  | 10,061 |  |  | 41,917,398 |  | 5,250 |
Loans to employees |  | 1,401,655 |  | 11,984,577 |  |  | 12,285,719 |  | — |
Documents purchased |  | 920,747 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Other financing |  | 704,335,823 |  | 7,263,216 |  |  | 99,326,080 |  | — |
Total |  | 6,146,724,696 |  | 37,215,180 |  |  | 1,513,468,996 |  | 5,254 |

64

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Foreign Country Outstanding Positions
The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the aggregate amount of “cross-border outstandings” exceeding 1% of our total assets at such date. Cross-border outstandings are defined as loans (including accrued interest), acceptances, interest-bearing deposits with other banks, other interest-bearing investments and any other monetary assets which are denominated in dollars or other non-local currency.

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands of pesos)
Cash and cash equivalents | 277,473,130 |  |  | 121,163,482 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 3,367,814 |  |  | 941,209 |
Financial assets at amortized cost | 67,592,352 |  |  | 127,184,792 |
Total | 348,433,296 |  |  | 249,289,483 |

Credit ratios
See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Financial Position”.
Composition of Deposits
The following table sets out the composition of each category of deposits that exceeded 10% of average total deposits in each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Fiscal Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Deposits in Domestic Bank Offices |  |  |  |
Non—interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |
Checking accounts |  |  |  |
Average |  |  |  |
Pesos |  | 806,969,675 |  |  | 1,097,278,513 |
Foreign currencies |  | 634,985,560 |  |  | 477,501,646 |
Total |  | 1,441,955,235 |  |  | 1,574,780,159 |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |
Saving Accounts |  |  |  |
Average |  |  |  |
Pesos |  | 1,781,921,001 |  |  | 1,973,652,332 |
Foreign currencies |  | 1,731,239,200 |  |  | 1,086,027,112 |
Total |  | 3,513,160,201 |  |  | 3,059,679,444 |
Average real rate |  |  |  |
Pesos |  | 27.89 | % |  | 35.54 | %
Foreign currencies |  | 0.01 | % |  | 0.01 | %
Total |  | 14.15 | % |  | 22.93 | %
Time Deposits |  |  |  |
Average |  |  |  |
Pesos |  | 2,107,531,186 |  |  | 2,932,745,229 |
Foreign currencies |  | 197,682,958 |  |  | 164,396,209 |
Total |  | 2,305,214,144 |  |  | 3,097,141,438 |
Average real rate |  |  |  |
Pesos |  | 57.11 | % |  | 92.01 | %
Foreign currencies |  | 0.54 | % |  | 0.18 | %
Total |  | 52.26 | % |  | 87.14 | %

65

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Uninsured deposits

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands of pesos)
Uninsured deposits | 6,325,650,271 |  |  | 5,069,162,401 |

| Fiscal Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in thousands of pesos)
Deposits in excess of insurance limit with a maturity of: |  |  |
Within 3 months | 5,758,226,216 |  |  | 4,556,473,079 |
After 3 but within 6 months | 376,686,140 |  |  | 381,676,131 |
After 6 but within 12 months | 162,549,117 |  |  | 127,571,854 |
After 12 months | 28,188,798 |  |  | 3,441,337 |
Total | 6,325,650,271 |  |  | 5,069,162,401 |

For more information about uninsured deposits see “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework—Deposit Guarantee Insurance System”.
F.The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework
Argentine Banking System
According to data from the Central Bank as of December 31, 2024, Argentina’s banking system consisted of 61 commercial banks, 13 of which were government-owned or government-related banks and 48 of which were Argentine private banks. In addition, the financial system also includes 13 financial companies. The principal regulators of financial institutions in Argentina are the Central Bank, the Superintendence and, in the case of financial institutions that publicly offer their own securities and/or corporate bonds in Argentina or otherwise engage in the offering or trading of third parties’ securities in Argentina, the CNV.
Private Sector Banks
According to data from the Central Bank as of December 31, 2024, the largest Argentine private banks, in terms of total assets, were: Banco de Galicia y Buenos Aires S.A.U., Banco Santander Argentina S.A., BBVA Argentina, Banco Macro S.A. and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China S.A.U. Some of these banks, including BBVA Argentina, have one or more significant foreign investors. Argentine private banks accounted for 62.01% of total gross loans and 59.40% of total deposits in the Argentine financial sector, of which the ten largest Argentine private banks accounted for 54.16% of total gross loans and 49.43% of total deposits in the Argentine financial sector. Foreign banks compete under the same regulatory conditions as Argentine banks.
Public Sector Banks
The principal state-owned banks are Banco de la Nación Argentina, Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires and Banco de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. As of December 31, 2024, based on the available data of the Central Bank, these three institutions accounted for 30.50% of total gross loans and 34.08% of total deposits in the Argentine financial sector.
Under the provisions of the Argentine financial institutions Law No. 21,526 (the “Financial Institutions Law”), government-owned or government-related banks and private banks have similar rights and obligations except that the former have the sole right and obligation to handle public revenues and promote regional development. Government-owned banks are required to meet the credit needs of public sector entities. Moreover, the Bylaws of some government-owned banks, which include federal, provincial and locally-owned banks, require their shareholders to guarantee their commitments.
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Central Bank
The Financial Institutions Law regulates banking activities in Argentina and places the supervision and control of the Argentine banking system in the hands of the Central Bank, an autonomous institution. The Financial Institutions Law provides the Central Bank with broad access to the accounting systems, books, correspondence, documents and other paperwork of banking institutions. The Central Bank regulates the provision of credit and supervises the liquidity and the general operation of Argentine financial markets. The Central Bank enforces the Financial Institutions Law and authorizes banks to operate in Argentina. Since an amendment to the Financial Institutions Law of 1994, there is no distinction between domestically-owned and foreign-owned financial institutions.
The Central Bank establishes “technical ratios” to limit the levels of indebtedness, liquidity, maximum credit that may be granted per customer and foreign exchange assets and liabilities positions of financial institutions, among others. The Central Bank carries out formal inspections from time to time of all banking institutions to monitor their compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Central Bank supervises banks on a consolidated basis. It has a supervision department of internal and external auditors of financial institutions that evaluate performance comprehensively in internal audit areas as well as firms and professionals working as external auditors of financial institutions. When a financial institution does not comply with the mandatory technical ratios, it must explain such noncompliance to the Central Bank. There are specific regulations governing reorganization plans and other measures arising from non-compliance with these plans. Moreover, the Central Bank has the authority to impose sanctions for non-compliance, ranging from a warning to the revocation of banking licenses.
In addition, financial entities need the authorization from the Central Bank for certain actions, such as opening, moving or closing branches or ATMs, acquiring share interests in other financial institutions or non-financial corporations and establishing liens over their assets, among others.
The Central Bank requires financial institutions to submit information to it on a daily, monthly, quarterly, semiannual and annual basis. These reports contain, among other important information, balance sheets and income statements, information relating to reserve funds and use of deposits and indicators on portfolio quality, including details on principal debtors and any loan-loss provisions. The reports are designed to allow the Central Bank to monitor the financial institutions’ business practices. If the Central Bank’s rules are breached, various sanctions may be imposed depending on the gravity of the violation, ranging from simple reprimanding to the imposition of fines or even the revocation of a bank’s operating license. Moreover, noncompliance with certain rules may result in the mandatory submission by the infringing financial institution to the Central Bank of specific capital adequacy or regularization plans. These plans must be approved by the Central Bank for a financial institution to maintain its license.
Law No. 25,780 introduced amendments to the Financial Institutions Law and to the charter of the Central Bank (as amended, the “Charter”). Among the most important modifications were the following:
•Unless expressly provided otherwise by law, the Central Bank shall not be affected by regulations of a general nature that have been or may be enacted with reference to public administration entities and which introduce limitations on the authority or powers of the Central Bank established in its Charter.
•The Central Bank is authorized to make temporary advances to the federal government up to an amount equivalent to 12% of the monetary base, which for this purpose includes monetary circulation plus deposits at sight of financial institutions in the Central Bank, whether in current account or in special accounts. It may also grant advances up to an amount not exceeding 10% of the cash resources obtained by the federal government in the previous twelve months. At no time may the amount granted as temporary advances, excluding those exclusively destined to the payment of obligations with multilateral lending institutions, exceed 12% of the monetary base. All advances thus granted must be repaid within the following twelve months; if any of these advances remain unpaid after their expiration date, it will not be possible to use again these powers until all amounts owed have been repaid.
•The validity of Sections 44, 46 (c), 47 and 48 of the Charter, with respect to the powers of the Superintendent of Financial and Exchange Entities (Superintendente de Entidades Financieras y Cambiarias) under the terms of the text approved as Article 1 of the Law No. 24,144.
•A transitional provision is introduced authorizing the Central Bank to: (i) provide assistance to financial entities with liquidity and / or solvency problems (already authorized under Decree No. 214/02), including
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those in process of restructuring by resolution of the Central Bank in terms of Article 35 bis of the Financial Institutions Law; and (ii) authorize the integration of reserve requirements of financial institutions with financial assets other than cash, in the form of demand deposits at the Central Bank or in foreign currency accounts according to Article 28 of the Central Bank’s Charter
Amendments to the Central Bank’s Charter and the Convertibility Law
Law No. 26,739 amended in 2012 the functions and powers of the Central Bank and the ability of the federal government to obtain financing from the Central Bank. This law amended the Charter, which had been previously approved by Law No. 24,114 and the Convertibility Law. The amendments introduced by Law No. 26,739 may be grouped under two subjects: (i) amendments to the functions and powers of the Central Bank as the regulatory and supervisory authority of the financial sector; and (ii) expansion of the federal government’s access to financing from the Central Bank. We briefly explain below the most relevant aspects of each.
•Functions and powers of the Central Bank:
•Purpose of the Central Bank. Prior to Law No. 26,739 according to the Charter, the “primary and fundamental purpose” of the Central Bank was to “preserve the value of the currency”. Following Law No. 26,739, the Central Bank has multiple purposes, including “promoting currency stability, financial stability, employment and economic development with social equity”.
•Relationship of the Central Bank with the executive branch and Congress. Under the Charter, the Central Bank remains a “self-governed entity” and (i) in the exercise of its powers and faculties, the Central Bank shall not be subject to the instructions of the executive branch, and (ii) the Central Bank may not enter into any obligation that implies a restriction or a delegation of its powers, without Congress’ express authorization. However, the Charter provides that the Central Bank’s purpose must be fulfilled “within the framework of the policies set by the federal government”.
•Obligations and powers of the Central Bank related to economic information. The amendments to the Charter limited the ability of the Central Bank to supply economic information. In particular: (i) the requirement to report the expected rate of inflation for each year; (ii) the publication of statistics regarding the balances of payment and the national accounts of the Republic; and (iii) the requirement that the entity’s financial statements reflect the amount and composition of the reserves and of the monetary base were removed from the Charter.
•Functions and powers of the Central Bank. New powers were vested in the Central Bank, including: (i) to regulate the amount of money and the interest rates, and direct credit policies; (ii) to regulate payment systems, liquidating and clearing houses, fund remittance entities and transportation of valuables; and (iii) to protect the rights of consumers of financial services and fair competition within the financial sector.
•Powers of the Central Bank’s president. The amendments strengthened the powers of the president of the Central Bank’s board of directors. In this respect: (i) the Superintendence is now under the president’s supervision; (ii) the president was empowered to operate directly in the currency and foreign exchange markets (formerly, these powers were vested in the Central Bank’s board of directors); and (iii) the president’s powers in emergency situations were increased.
•Powers of the Central Bank’s board of directors. New regulatory powers were expressly conferred to the board, such as: (i) to establish the information and accounting regime for the entities subject to the Central Bank’s supervision; (ii) to regulate credit conditions and policies; (iii) to enact rules that preserve competition in the financial markets; and (iv) to regulate the capture (through negotiable instruments or otherwise) of foreign currency funds by financial institutions.
•Financing of the federal government:
•Temporary Advances. The amendment of the Charter significantly increased the Central Bank’s ability to grant temporary advances to the federal government. See “—Central Bank” above.
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•Powers of the Central Bank’s board of directors. See “—Central Bank—Functions and powers of the Central Bank” above.
•Determination and application of “freely available” reserves. The amendments to the Convertibility Law abrogated the requirement that the Central Bank’s reserves must underpin up to 100% of the monetary base. Now the Central Bank’s board of directors shall determine the amount of reserves necessary to carry out the foreign exchange policy, taking into consideration the evolution of the external accounts. Consequently, the “freely available” reserves will no longer be constituted by those that exceed the amount necessary to underpin up to 100% of the monetary base. The “freely available” reserves will now be those which exceed the amount determined by the board of directors in the manner contemplated above. The amendments also expanded the scope of application of “freely available” reserves. In addition to the payment of obligations with international financial institutions, pursuant to the reform approved by Congress, the “freely available” reserves may also be applied to the payment of “official bilateral external debt”, which includes the debt that the Republic has with creditors grouped together in the “Paris Club”.
•Argentine Fund for Indebtedness Reduction. This fund was created through Decree No. 298/10 in order to apply “freely available” reserves of the Central Bank to the payment of sovereign debt held by private creditors. This Fund is composed by the “freely available” reserves allocated for each fiscal year. Law No. 26,739 provides that this fund will continue to operate until the purpose for which it was created has been fulfilled.
Supervision on a consolidated basis
Argentine financial institutions are subject to supervision on an individual and consolidated basis by the Central Bank. Therefore, the financial statements and other information of financial institutions must reflect the transactions of their head office as well as those of their branches domestically and offshore, and those of any domestic and foreign “significant subsidiaries” (as defined below). The requirements as to liquidity, solvency, minimum capital, risk concentration, and provisions for loan losses, among others, must be calculated on a consolidated basis.
Financial institutions must submit certain financial information to the Central Bank, including the following:
•financial statements and other quarterly and annual reports reflecting on a consolidated basis the transactions of the financial institution, its domestic and foreign branches and its domestic and foreign “significant subsidiaries” (as defined below); and
•financial statements and other quarterly and annual reports reflecting on a consolidated basis the transactions of the financial institution, its domestic and foreign branches, its domestic and foreign “significant subsidiaries” (as defined below) or entities or companies in the Republic and abroad where the financial institution owns or controls more than 12.5% of the shares entitled to vote (in those cases determined by the Superintendence), and those companies not subject to consolidated supervision which the financial institution may have chosen to include with the prior approval of the Superintendence.
For the purposes of these regulations:
•A “subsidiary” of a domestic financial institution is any domestic or foreign financial institution or company where:
(1)the domestic financial institution has direct or indirect control of more than 50% of the total votes of any instrument with voting rights in such entity or company;
(2)the domestic financial institution has direct or indirect control as to determining by itself the composition of most of the management bodies of such entity or company; or
(3)a majority of the directors of the domestic financial institution is also a majority of the directors of such entity or company.
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The possession or control by the financial institution is considered indirect if exercised through another legal person, its controlling shareholders or directors appointed by such controlling shareholders or persons linked to them, who is also in control of more than 50% (measured as a whole) of the total votes of any instrument with voting rights in another entity or company. Any other form of control or interest where, in the opinion of the Superintendence, and even if the shareholders’ interest does not exceed 50%, a situation of control, and therefore the subsidiary character of an entity or company, is established or can be inferred from the evidence collected.
•A “significant subsidiary” is any subsidiary:
(1)whose assets, possible commitments and other transactions recorded in off-balance sheet accounts represent 10% or more of the total capital of the local financial institution and its subsidiaries abroad; or
(2)whose results of operations corresponding to the current fiscal year represent 10% or more of the aggregate results of operations for the current fiscal year of the local financial institution and its subsidiaries abroad.
Acquisition of Shares of Financial Entities
The Central Bank regulations require the approval of the Central Bank as a condition to the consummation of an acquisition of shares of a financial entity if such acquisition is likely to modify the control or the structure of the shareholders’ groups controlling a financial entity (“Significant Acquisitions”). In addition, any acquisition, other than a Significant Acquisition, in a public offering of 2% or more of the capital stock of a financial entity, such entity must report the identity, nationality and domicile of each purchaser to the Central Bank.
Legal Reserve
The Central Bank requires that financial institutions allocate on an annual basis a certain percentage of their net income in accordance with BCRA rules to a legal reserve. Such percentage is currently set at 20%. This reserve can only be used during periods in which a financial institution has incurred losses and has exhausted all unappropriated retained earnings and other reserves. Financial institutions may not pay dividends if the legal reserve has been impaired. However, when the legal reserve is used to absorb losses, no profits may be distributed until such losses are fully refunded. If the legal reserve balance before any loss absorption exceeds 20% of the capital stock plus a capital adjustment, profits may be distributed once the latter value (capital stock plus the capital adjustment) is reached.
Reserve Requirements and Liquidity Requirements
Reserve and liquidity requirements are determined on the basis of average daily balances of sight and time deposits, and other financial institutions’ liabilities (in pesos and foreign currency), government and private securities, and BCRA monetary policy instruments recorded at the end of each calendar day.
The following liabilities are excluded: payments to the BCRA, to local financial institutions, and to banks located abroad for foreign trade credit lines, and forward and unsettled spot purchases and sales; sight liabilities arising from transfers abroad; liabilities to foreign correspondent banks; and liabilities to stores for sales on credit or purchase cards.
Minimum cash requirements shall be calculated by applying the rates shown in the following chart to: (i) institutions belonging to Group “A” and branches or subsidiaries of foreign banks rated as global systemically important banks (“G-SIB”) not included in that group; and (ii) the remaining financial institutions.
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The table below indicates the minimum cash requirements for each type of account as of December 31, 2024

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Categories
Type of Account |  | Group “A” institutions and G-SIBs not included in that Group |  | Remaining institutions
Current accounts and demand accounts open in Credit Unions |  | 45 | % |  | 20 | %
Other demand deposits, basic account and universal free account |  |  |  |
In pesos |  | 45 | % |  | 20 | %
In foreign currency |  | 25 | % |  | 25 | %
Unused balances from current account advances effected |  | 45 | % |  | 20 | %
Current accounts of non-bank financial institutions |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Fixed-term deposits, bonds for acceptances (including liabilities for the sale or assignment of credits to subjects other than financial institutions), reverse repurchases, bonds and stock exchange reverse swaps, investments at constant term, with advanced cancellation or renewal option: |  |  |  |
In pesos |  |  |  |
Up to 29 days |  | 25 | % |  | 11 | %
From 30 to 59 days |  | 14 | % |  | 7 | %
From 60 to 89 days |  | 4 | % |  | 2 | %
More than 90 days |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
In foreign currency |  |  |  |
Up to 29 days |  | 23 | % |  | 23 | %
From 30 to 59 days |  | 17 | % |  | 17 | %
From 60 to 89 days |  | 11 | % |  | 11 | %
From 90 to 179 days |  | 5 | % |  | 5 | %
From 180 to 365 days |  | 2 | % |  | 2 | %
More than 365 days |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
Demand and term deposits made by judicial order with funds originated in legal actions currently under course and their immobilized balances |  |  |  |
In pesos |  |  |  |
Up to 29 days |  | 22 | % |  | 10 | %
From 30 to 59 days |  | 14 | % |  | 7 | %
From 60 to 89 days |  | 4 | % |  | 2 | %
More than 90 days |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
In foreign currency |  | 15 | % |  | 15 | %
Special deposits related to funds revenues from abroad – Decree No. 616/05 |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Term investments instrumented by nominative non-transferable certificates in pesos, corresponding to public sector security holders, entitled to exercise the prepayment option within a term not greater than 30 days after constitution thereof |  | 25 | % |  | 11 | %

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|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Categories
Type of Account |  | Group “A” institutions and G-SIBs not included in that Group |  | Remaining institutions
Deposits and term investments of “UVA” and “UVI” – including savings accounts in “UVA” and “UVI” |  |  |  |
Up to 29 days |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | %
From 30 to 59 |  | 5 | % |  | 5 | %
From 60 to 89 days |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | %
More than 90 days |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
Labor Closure Fund for Workers of the Construction Industry in “UVA” |  | 7 | % |  | 7 | %
Deposits and term investments that are constituted on behalf of minors by funds received gratuitously |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
Sight deposits in pesos recorded as credit in money market mutual investment funds |  | 20 | % |  | 20 | %
Deposits in pesos in the accounts of Payment Service Providers (PSPs) offering payment accounts in which the funds of their customers are deposited |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Deposits in exporters special accounts |  |  |  |
In pesos |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
In foreign currency |  | 0 | % |  | 0 | %
Securities borrowing collateral: |  |  |  |
Up to a 29-day residual term |  | 20 | % |  | 20 | %
From a 30-day residual term |  | 15 | % |  | 15 | %

In addition, financial institutions’ minimum daily balance shall be equal to 25% of the prior month’s requirement (50% is required in case of a shortfall).
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Reduction of the average requirement in pesos:
•The requirement is reduced for the share of loans to MSMEs in pesos to the non-financial private sector, according to the following table:

Participation of the financing to MSMEs in the total financing granted by the entity to the non-financial private sector. |  | Reduction (on the total of items included in pesos). In %
Less than 4 |  | 0.00 |
Between 4 and less than 6 |  | 1.00 |
Between 6 and less than 8 |  | 1.25 |
Between 8 and less than 10 |  | 1.50 |
Between 10 and less than 12 |  | 1.75 |
Between 12 and less than 14 |  | 2.00 |
Between 14 and less than 16 |  | 2.25 |
Between 16 and less than 18 |  | 2.50 |
Between 18 and less than 20 |  | 2.75 |
Between 20 and less than 22 |  | 3.00 |
Between 22 and less than 24 |  | 3.25 |
Between 24 and less than 26 |  | 3.50 |
26 or more |  | 3.75 |

Effective April 1, 2025, the deduction percentage has been reduced by half (Communication “A” 8159).
•The requirement shall be reduced by 50% of loans in pesos granted from October 1, 2020 to January 31, 2022; and by 40% of loans in pesos granted from February 1, 2022 under the “Ahora 12” program, either directly or through a credit card issuing non-financial company, at a maximum interest rate of 17%.
Financial institutions participating in the “Cuota Simple” program shall comply with the minimum cash requirement reduced by 30% of the loans in pesos granted up to March 21, 2024, and by 15% of the loans in pesos granted up to May 23, 2024.
Deductions shall not be higher than 8% of the average items in pesos subject to the requirement of the month preceding the date of calculation.
•The requirement is reduced for cash withdrawals made through ATMs, assigning greater significance to withdrawals made at ATMs located in areas that have less economic activity.
•The requirement shall be reduced by 40% of the financings set forth in paragraph 4.1. of the “Credit Line for Productive Investment for MSMEs” granted at an annual nominal interest rate not exceeding the one set forth in paragraph 5.1.1. of that regulation, calculated as the monthly average of the daily balances of the previous month.
For financing granted after January 1, 2025, the deduction has been eliminated. Financial entities may continue to apply the reduction in the minimum cash requirement for the residual balances of financing that have been agreed upon until December 31, 2024 (Communication “A” 8159).
•The minimum cash requirement of financial institutions offering the Universal Free Account (Cuenta Gratuita Universal) remotely and in person may be reduced in terms of loans granted from April 1, 2021 to natural persons and MSMEs not reported by financial institutions to the Financial System’s Central Credit Database.
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For financing granted after January 1, 2025, the deduction has been eliminated. Financial entities may continue to apply the reduction in the minimum cash requirement for the residual balances of financing that have been agreed upon until December 31, 2024 (Communication “A” 8159).
•Based on the balances of financing disbursed until September 30, 2022:
(1)In the case of institutions belonging to Group “A”, and branches or subsidiaries of foreign banks rated as G-SIB not included in Group “A”, the requirement shall be reduced by 30% of all financings in pesos granted to MSMEs (either directly or indirectly through other financial institutions) at a maximum fixed 40% annual nominal rate through February 16, 2020 (which may be calculated until paid up in full) and a fixed 35% annual nominal rate from February 17, 2020.
(2)The requirement shall be reduced by 40% of all financings in pesos granted (either directly or indirectly through other institutions) at a maximum annual nominal interest rate of 24% for: (i) MSMEs that allocate at least 50% to working capital; (ii) human health service providers rendering inpatient services in the context of the health emergency that allocate funds for the purchase of medical supplies and equipment; and (iii) non-MSME customers that allocate funds for the purchase of machinery and equipment manufactured by domestic MSMEs.
(3)The requirement shall be lowered by 60% of the sum of “zero interest rate credits”, “subsidized interest rate credits for companies” and “zero interest rate credits for culture” granted in the context of the health emergency caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, and disbursed until November 5, 2020; by 24% of the “subsidized interest rate credits for companies” disbursed from November 6, 2020 at an annual nominal rate of 27%; and by 7% of the “subsidized interest rate credits for companies” disbursed from November 6, 2020 at an annual nominal rate of 33%.
(4)The requirement shall be reduced by 40% of all financings in pesos granted to MSMEs (either directly or indirectly through other institutions) at a maximum annual nominal interest rate of 24%, as long as MSMEs have not been reported to the BCRA’s Financial System’s Central Credit Database.
(5)The requirement will be reduced by an amount equivalent to 60% of the sum of the “Zero Rate Credits 2021” granted within the framework of Decree No. 512/21 calculated as the monthly balance in the period prior to the computation of the requirement.
Additional requirement: The institutions that fail to comply with the regulations on lending capacity in foreign currency are bound by an additional minimum cash requirement for the excess amount and in the same currency.
Increase of the average requirement in pesos:
The minimum cash requirement in pesos is increased for financial institutions that fail to comply with the regulations on “Credit Line for Productive Investment” in an amount equal to that breach and is in effect from the day following the date in which failure to comply has been identified and for 24 months thereafter.
Lending Capacity Provided by Deposits in Foreign Currency
The lending capacity provided by deposits denominated in foreign currency must be calculated in the same currency of the underlying deposits. Deposits denominated in foreign currency also include deposits denominated in dollars but payable in pesos. The transactions below must be financed in foreign currency:
(1)Prefinancing and financing of exports carried out directly or through agents, consignees or other proxies acting for the account and order of the owner of the goods. It also comprises the financing of suppliers of services to be exported. This includes those transactions carried out for the purpose of financing working capital and/or the acquisition of objects related to the production of goods to be exported, provided the flow of income in foreign currency deriving from such exports is sufficient to settle such transactions.
(2)Other financing to exporters who can rely on a flow of future income in foreign currency and who, in the year prior to the finance being granted, can provide evidence of invoicing in foreign currency − brought into the Republic − for an amount reasonably proportional to such financing.
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(3)Financing transactions granted to goods, producers or processors, provided:
•They have firm sale contracts for the goods to be produced for an exporter, with prices fixed or to be fixed in a foreign currency (regardless of the currency in which the transaction is settled) and involving fungible goods with a regular and customary quotation in foreign currency which is widely known and easily accessed by the public in local or international markets. In all cases of term purchase and sale agreements for a price to be fixed, such price must be in direct relation with the price of such products in local markets.
•Their main activity is the production, processing and/or storage of fungible goods with a normal and regular foreign currency quotation in markets abroad that is widely known and easily accessible to the public and provided there is evidence, in the year prior to obtaining the financing, that total revenue from sales of such goods bears a reasonable proportion to that activity and its financing.
This category also includes transactions to finance suppliers of services directly used in the process of exporting goods.
(4)Financing transactions for producers of goods to be exported, either in the same condition or as part of other goods, by third-party purchasers, provided they have total pledges or guarantees in foreign currency from such third parties.
(5)Financings to suppliers of goods and/or services that form part of the production process of perishable items with prices quoted in foreign currency, being customarily used in local markets or abroad, widely spread and with easy access to public knowledge, provided they enter into firm sales agreements for such goods and/or services in foreign currency.
(6)Financing of investment projects, working capital and/or the acquisition of any kind of goods, including temporary importation of commodities, which may increase or be related to the production of goods for exportation. Even though income from exporter companies does not totally derive from sales abroad, financing may only be allocated if the income flow deriving from exportation is sufficient.
This category also includes those transactions where financing is granted via the bank’s participation in “syndicated loans”, be they with domestic or foreign entities.
(7)Financing to clients from the commercial portfolio and of a commercial nature who receive treatment for their consumption or housing credits –under the provisions of the “Debtors’ Classification” regulations – destined to the importation of capital goods (“BK” according to the Common Nomenclature for the MERCOSUR attached as Annex I to Decree No. 690/02 and other complementary provisions) which will result in an increase in the production of goods destined to domestic consumption.
(8)Debt securities or certificates of participation in financial trusts in foreign currency, including other collection rights specifically acknowledged in the trust agreement to be constituted within the framework of loans established by multilateral credit institutions of which Argentina is a party, whose assets under management are loans originated by financial institutions under the terms described in (1) through (4) and the first paragraph of (6) above or documents denominated in foreign currency, bought by the trustee for the purpose of financing transactions on the terms and conditions mentioned in the points above.
(9)Financing transactions for purposes other than mentioned in (1) to (4) and the first paragraph of (6) above, included in the credit program “IDB Loan No. 1192/OC-AR”, without exceeding 10% of the lending capacity.
(10)Loans to financial institutions (any interfinancing loans granted with such resources must be identified).
(11)Notes and bills issued by the Central Bank denominated in U.S. dollars.
(12)Direct investments abroad by companies residing in the Republic, whose purpose is to develop production activities of non-financial goods and/or services, be they through contributions and/or purchases of
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participations in companies, as far as they are incorporated in countries or territories considered as cooperators regarding tax transparency in terms of article 1 of Decree No. 589/13, as amended.
(13)Financing of investment projects, including their working capital, which permit increasing production in the power sector, and having firm sales agreements and/or full sureties or guaranties in foreign currency.
(14)Debt instruments in foreign currency of the national treasury, up to an amount equivalent to one third the total amount of applications made according to this article.
(15)Financings of investment projects for bovine cattle, including their working capital, without exceeding 5% of the entity’s deposits in foreign currency.
(16)Financing to foreign importers for the acquisition of goods and/or services produced in the Republic, either directly or through lines of credit to foreign banks.
(17)Financing to residents guaranteed by stand-by letters of credit issued by foreign banks that comply with the provisions of section 3.1 of the rules on “Credit assessments”, requiring to this effect an international rating of investment grade risk, insofar as such letters of credit are unrestricted and the accreditation of the funds is carried out immediately at the simple request of the beneficiary entity.
The lending capacity of a financial institution will result from the sum of all deposits in foreign currency plus all inter-financial loans received, as reported by the granting financial institution, as originated in its lending capacity for this type of deposit, after deduction of the minimum reserve requirements applicable to deposits.
Any deficiencies in the application of foreign currency lending capacity, net of a portion of: (i) cash balances; (ii) cash under custody in other financial institutions; (iii) cash in transit; and (iv) cash with armored car transport companies, up to the amount of such deficiency, require an equivalent increase in the minimum cash requirement discussed in “—Reserve Requirements and Liquidity Requirements” above. Any deficiencies arising from debt restructuring transactions arranged by the national executive power are excluded from this requirement and cannot be compensated by foreign currency purchases.
Limitations on Types of Business
Argentine commercial banks may conduct all activities and operations that are not specifically prohibited by law or by regulations of the Central Bank. Banks are permitted, among other things, to:
•make loans in pesos and foreign currency;
•receive deposits in pesos and foreign currency;
•issue guarantees;
•underwrite, place and broker equity and debt securities in the over-the-counter market, subject to the prior approval of the CNV;
•conduct transactions in foreign currency;
•act as fiduciary; and
•issue credit cards.
According to the Financial Institutions Law, banks in Argentina are prohibited from investing in commercial, industrial or agricultural entities, or other entities without the express authorization of the Central Bank. The Central Bank may then impose conditions and limits to guarantee the safety and soundness of the financial institutions.
These limitations include:
•the prohibition of a bank from pledging its shares;
•restriction on incurring any liens upon its properties without prior approval from the Central Bank; and
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•limitations on transactions with directors or officers, including any company or person related to such directors or officers, on terms more favorable than those normally provided to clients. See “—Lending and Investment Limits—Related Persons” below in this section.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, banks may own shares in other financial institutions with the prior approval of the Central Bank and in public service companies if necessary to obtain public services.
Capital Adequacy Requirements
Basel Accord
In July 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices (the “Basel Committee” or “BCBS”), which includes the supervisory authorities of twelve major industrial countries, adopted an international framework (the “Basel Accord”) for capital measurement and capital standards of banking institutions (known as Basel I).
In 2007 the Central Bank published its road map for the implementation of the capital adequacy requirements contained in the document “International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards” issued by the Basel Committee and known as Basel II. The first stages were implemented according to schedule and consisted of the publication of best practices for risk management, seminars, review of supervision processes on the basis of the best practices being encouraged by the BCBS, analysis of the areas subject to “national discretion” in the calculation of regulatory capital, and publication of the text “Guidelines for Operational Risk Management in Financial Institutions”.
Following the sub-prime lending crisis that spread in 2008 and 2009, the BCBS published in December 2010 a set of measures known as Basel III, designed to increase the capacity of the system to absorb shocks from stress situations and improve risk management and the transparency of bank disclosures.
Basel III incorporated the terms of Basel II, contained in three “pillars”:
•Pillar 1 provides supervisors with a number of options to quantify capital requirements for credit, operational and market risk, and defines which components of an institution’s net worth are eligible to satisfy those requirements.
•Pillar 2 describes the process to be followed by institutions to evaluate the sufficiency of their capital in relation to their risk profile.
•Pillar 3 establishes minimum information requirements that financial institutions must provide on the adequacy of their capital.
Minimum Capital
Since the introduction of Basel I, financial institutions must keep an amount of total capital of not less than 8% of their risk weighted assets. Items going towards compliance with this capital requirement are classified in two groups:
•Core capital (Tier 1); and
•Supplementary capital (Tier 2).
According to Basel II, at least half of the capital requirement should be composed of core capital, preferably common equity, a category that includes both common shares and retained earnings.
Basel III established more demanding requirements, as banks must comply with three minimum ratios in relation to their risk-weighted assets:
•4.5% for common equity (for which the qualifying criteria are more restrictive than for Basel II);
•6% for Tier 1 capital; and
•8% for total capital.
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These new capital composition requirements help ensure that banks have increased capacity to absorb losses under stress scenarios.
See also “Item 5.D. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Effects of Recent Regulatory Changes on BBVA Argentina—Minimum Capital - Alignment with Basel III”.
Capital Conservation Buffer
The so-called capital conservation buffer imposed an additional capital requirement equivalent to 2.5% of risk-weighted assets and it must be satisfied by common equity. Its purpose is to be able to count on sufficient reserves to absorb additional losses generated at times of economic and financial stress. In fiscal years where common equity is less than 7% of risk-weighted assets (the 4.5% base requirement from Basel III plus the conservation buffer), constraints are established for financial institutions, restricting their ability to pay dividends, award discretionary bonuses or perform share buybacks.
Countercyclical Capital Buffer
The goal of the countercyclical capital buffer is to offset the pro-cyclical nature of the financial sector. In times of exceptional credit growth at the aggregate level, financial institutions will be required to increase their common equity until 2.5% of their risk-weighted assets.
Leverage Ratio
Basel III complemented risk weighted asset capital requirements with a limit on total leverage. This limit, known as the leverage ratio, is the ratio between core capital (Tier 1) and total assets without risk weighting, both on and off balance sheet, plus derivatives. At the international level, this ratio was initially set at 3%. Although Basel II had previously established a capital requirement for the market risk generated by foreign currency positions, Basel III did not impose any limitation on foreign currency positions. Basel III introduced a limitation through the leverage ratio, set forth in relation to total exposure regardless of the currency in which the underlying assets are recorded. Argentine regulations limited direct exposure to currency risk. Furthermore, with the aim of preventing the indirect exposure generated by the granting of loans denominated in foreign currency to agents whose income is in pesos, regulations in Argentina only allowed funds obtained from deposits in foreign currency to be lent to customers who generate income in the same currency.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio
The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) is based on the methodologies used by international banks. It is calculated so that financial institutions can tolerate stress scenarios over a thirty-day period. Liquidity requirements in Argentina are stricter than those established by the international standards. See “—Liquidity Coverage Ratio” below.
Net Stable Funding Ratio
The Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”) is calculated on the basis of long-term liquidity and structural mismatching in the composition of sources of funding. The design of the NSFR is based on net liquid assets and liquid capital methodologies used by internationally active banks. Banks should hold sufficient stable sources of funding (net worth and long-term liabilities) to fund the proportion of their assets that they cannot monetize within a term of one year.
Intensive Supervision of Systemically Important Institutions
The Financial Stability Board and the BCBS are working on the design of an appropriate regulatory framework for global systemically important financial institutions (“G-SIFIs”). It is being discussed whether G-SIFIs should be subject to more demanding capital requirements than those foreseen by Basel III. To that effect, a methodology to identify G-SIFIS and the additional capital requirements to ensure a greater loss-absorbing capacity would have to be agreed.
Central Bank Rules
Under the Financial Institutions Law, Argentine financial institutions must comply at all times with the minimum capital requirements set forth by the Central Bank.
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Since February 1, 2013, by Communication “A” 5369 of the BCRA, the minimum capital is equal to total capital, RPC as per the Central Bank’s denomination.
Basic net equity includes:
•Ordinary capital level 1:
a)Corporate capital (excepting preferred shares);
b)Non-capitalized contributions (excepting share premiums);
c)Equity adjustments;
d)Reserve (excepting the special reserve for debt instruments);
e)Retained earnings;
f)Other results (either positive or negative);
g)Other comprehensive income (“OCI”), including 100% of the results recorded in revaluation of property, plant and equipment and intangibles, and gains or losses by financial instruments at reasonable value with changes in OCI and 100% of the outstanding balance of each of the items recorded in OCI not previously mentioned;
h)Share premiums for instruments included in ordinary capital level 1; and
i)Third-party participations for those companies subject to consolidated supervision systems.
For the purposes of determining the RPC, the financial entities of Group “A” (such as BBVA Argentina) may compute as ordinary capital level 1 the positive difference between the accounting forecast computed according to point 5.5 of IFRS 9 and the regulatory provision calculated in accordance with the standards on “Minimum provisions for bad debt risk” or the accounting corresponding to the balance sheet of November 30, 2019, whichever is higher.
•Additional Capital Level 1:
a)Instruments issued by the financial institution and not included in ordinary capital level 1;
b)Share premiums for instruments included in additional capital level 1; and
c)Instruments issued by subsidiaries in the hands of third parties not included in ordinary capital level 1 for those companies subject to consolidated supervision systems.
Less: certain deductible items.
Complementary net equity includes:
a)Instruments issued by the financial institution and not included in the basic net equity;
b)Share premiums for instruments included in the complementary net equity;
c)Allowances for loan losses from the portfolio of debtors classified as in “normal” situation which do not exceed 1.25% of the credit-risk-weighted assets (only for financial entities that do not apply IFRS 9); and
d)Instruments issued by subsidiaries in the hands of third parties not included in the basic net equity for those companies subject to consolidated supervision systems.
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Less: certain deductible items.
Minimum limits were also established to be observed by the ordinary capital level 1, the basic net equity and the minimum capital (4.5%, 6% and 8% of the risk-weighted assets, respectively). Noncompliance with these minimum levels is considered as noncompliance with the minimum capital payment.
Minimum capital must be, at least, the greater of:
•Minimum basic capital; and
•The sum of minimum capital required for credit risk, market risk and operational risk.
Minimum capital requirement for credit risk is determined as the sum of:
(a)8% of the sum of credit-risk-weighted asset transactions without delivery against payment;
The risk-weighters table is reformulated with new items and weighters and with a new scheme. Some of the new items and weighters are, among others:
-Within the “Cash and cash equivalents” item, the cash-on-hand, in transit (if the financial institution assumes the transportation risk and liability) and in automated teller machines (weighted at 0%); and the cash items in the process of being received (collectible checks and drafts), cash in treasury transporting companies and cash in custody of financial institutions (weighted at 20%). Also included are the demand deposits and special demand deposits at the BCRA and payment orders charged by the BCRA (weighted at 0%).
-Exposure to governments and central banks (weighted from 0% to 100%):
a)To the BCRA denominated and funded in pesos; the national, provincial, municipal government denominated and funded in pesos; to the public non-financial sector arising from financing granted to social security beneficiaries or public employees (with discount code) and the shares of any financing entity that has a periodic amortization system that does not exceed, at the time of the agreements, 30% of the debtor’s income and/or, if applicable, the co-debtor’s income) (weighted at 0%).
b)To governmental sector and Central Bank (weighted at 100%):

Qualification |  | AAA until AA- |  | A+ until A- |  | BBB+ until BBB- |  | BB+ until B- |  | Less than B- |  | Not rated
Risk weighting |  | 0 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 150 | % |  | 100 | %

c)To other sovereign states (or their central banks):

Qualification |  | AAA until AA- |  | A+ until A- |  | BBB+ until BBB- |  | BB+ until B- |  | Less than B- |  | Not rated
Risk weighting |  | 0 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 150 | % |  | 100 | %

d)Entities from the governmental sector of other sovereign states according to the credit rating assigned to the corresponding sovereign:

Qualification |  | AAA until AA- |  | A+ until A- |  | BBB+ until BBB- |  | BB+ until B- |  | Less than B- |  | Not rated
Risk weighting |  | 20 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 150 | % |  | 100 | %

e)The public sector due to the purchase of public bonds issued in pesos by the central administration, when in the amount and with some of the guarantees established in item 4.1.1.
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of the rules on “Financing the public sector in the financial sector”, according to the credit rating assigned to the corresponding jurisdiction:

Qualification |  | AAA until AA- |  | A+ until A- |  | BBB+ until BBB- |  | BB+ until B- |  | Less than B- |  | Not rated
Risk weighting |  | 20 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 200 | % |  | 200 | %

-Exposure to Multilateral Development Banks (weighted from 0% to 100%)
-Exposure to financial institutions in the Republic (weighted from 20% to 100%). For those entities with 100% risk score, a risk weight corresponding to a less favorable category than those assigned to exposures with the National Government is applied in foreign currency with a 100% cap amount, provided that the risk assessment is B-, in which case the risk score will be 150%.
-Exposure to financial institutions from abroad.

Qualification |  | AAA until AA- |  | A+ until A- |  | BBB+ until BBB- |  | BB+ until B- |  | Less than B- |  | Not rated
Risk weighting |  | 20 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 150 | % |  | 100 | %

-Exposure to companies and other legal persons in the Republic and abroad –including foreign-exchange dealers, insurance companies, stock exchanges and local companies treated as part of the non-financial private sector (100%)
-Exposures included in the retail portfolio (with weighters from 75% to 100%)
-Mortgage-guaranteed financing, which, subject to certain conditions, has weighters between 35% and 100%
-Loans more than 90 days in arrears (with weighters from 50% to 150%)
-Exposures to individuals and legal persons originated by purchases in installments made through credit cards of tickets abroad and other tourist services abroad (such as accommodation, car rental, etc.), either made directly with the provider of the service or through travel and / or tourism agencies or web platforms (1.250%). As provided for in Communication “A” 7407, effective since November 26, 2021, financial and non-financial credit card issuers will not be allowed to finance credit card purchases in installments made by their customers (individuals or legal entities) of air tickets and other travelling services abroad (accommodation, car rental, etc.), whether directly from the service provider, or indirectly through a travel and/or tourism agency, web platform or other intermediaries.
For the purposes of determining the minimum capital requirement for credit risk of all financing that is granted from May 18, 2020 to clients with agricultural activity, who are not MiPyME and who maintain a stock of their production for a value greater than 5% of its annual harvesting capacity, the amount resulting from applying the provisions of Section 2 of the rules on minimum capital must be multiplied by a factor equal to 4. Since November 1, 2024, financing in foreign currency is excluded.
(b)failed delivery-against-payment transactions; and
(c)requirement for counterpart credit risk in transactions with over-the-counter derivatives.
The sum of (a), (b) and (c) is multiplied by a coefficient which varies from 1 to 1.19 based on the rating the entity is granted by the Superintendence.
Minimum Capital Requirement for Market Risk: the Central Bank imposes additional minimum capital requirements in relation to market risk associated with positions held by financial institutions in securities imputed to the trading book. Likewise, foreign currency positions in the trading and investment portfolio (COAP) are also subject to the market risk calculation.
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The market risk is the sum of interest rate risk, exchange risk, options risk, basic products risk and stocks risk. BBVA Argentina is only exposed to interest rate risk and exchange risk.
The risk rate is calculated as the addition of the specific risk and the general risk. The capital requirement for specific risk is intended to protect the entity against adverse movements in the price of a bond caused by factors related to its issuer. General risk is derived from the sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
Exchange risk is calculated by weighting the net position.
Minimum Capital Requirement for Interest Rate Risk: Interest rate risk extends to all assets and liabilities for financial intermediation not included in the computation of market risk. It tries to capture the risk arising when sensitivity of the asset to changes in the interest rate does not match with that related with the liabilities.
The BCRA abrogated effective since January 1, 2013 the regulations on minimum capital for interest rate risk. Even so, the financial institutions must continue to manage such risk, and will be subject to revision by the Superintendence, which may determine the need to pay a higher amount of capital.
Minimum Capital Requirement for Operational Risk: Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. The definition includes legal risk but excludes strategic and reputational risk. Financial institutions must establish a system for the management of operational risk that includes policies, processes, procedures and the structure for their adequate management.
Seven operational risks event types are defined, according to internationally accepted criteria:
•internal fraud;
•external fraud;
•employment practices and workplace safety;
•clients, products and business practices;
•damage to physical assets, resulting from acts of terrorism and vandalism, earthquakes, fire or flood;
•business disruption and system failures; and
•execution, delivery and process management.
The operational risk management process comprises the following stages:
1.Identification and assessment: the identification process should consider both internal and external factors that could adversely affect the development of the processes and projections done according to the business strategies defined by the bank.
2.Monitoring: an effective monitoring process is required, to quickly detect and correct deficiencies in the policies, processes and procedures for managing operational risk. In addition, the development of indicators should be analyzed to detect deficiencies and undertake corrective actions.
3.Control and mitigation: financial institutions must have an appropriate control system to ensure compliance with internal policies, and they should re-examine control and operational risk reduction strategies with at least an annual frequency in order to make the necessary adjustments.
Financial institutions must have contingency plans and business continuity programs that are in accordance with the size and complexity of their operations, to ensure the continuity of their operating capacity and loss reduction in the event of a business interruption.
The BCRA by Communication “A” 5282 established that the additional capital requirement for operational risk (which is added to the credit risk and market risk requirements) is equivalent to 15% of the average of positive gross
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income for the last three years. This calculation will be made on a monthly basis by taking three periods of 12 consecutive months in which gross income was positive, considering the last 36 months preceding the month in which the calculation is made.
Gross income is defined as the sum of:
(i)financial and service income less financial and service charges; and
(ii)other profits less other losses.
The following items, however, must be excluded, as applicable, from the accounting entries mentioned in (i) and (ii) above:
-charges originated in the constitution of allowances, the cancellation of allowances from previous financial years and credits recovered in the financial year which were settled in previous years;
-the result from participations in financial institutions and in companies, to the extent that these may be items deductible from the computable equity liability;
-extraordinary or irregular items –namely those originated in atypical and exceptional results occurred during the period, of infrequent occurrence in the past and not expected for the future– including income from the collection or insurance (loss recoveries); and
-results from the sale of securities classified and measured at amortized cost or fair value with change in other comprehensive income.
According to the Central Bank regulations on minimum capital requirements, the financial institutions must comply with such regulations on an individual and consolidated basis.
Any defects of application derived from the requirement of additional capital will not make the financial institution fall into noncompliance with the Minimum Capital Regulations, even if they will not be allowed to distribute cash dividends and pay fees, ownership interest or bonuses originated in the bank’s distribution of results.
By Communication “A” 5827, the BCRA established that financial institutions must maintain the following as of that date.
•Capital conservation margin
The capital conservation margin is equivalent to 2.5% of the amount of risk-weighted assets (“APR”). This is in addition to the minimum capital requirement. Furthermore, financial institutions that the BCRA classifies as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (“D-SIBs”) or Global Systemically Important Financial Institutions (“G-SIFIs”) must increase their capital conservation margin by 1% of the APR, resulting in a capital conservation margin requirement of 3.5%. The capital conservation margin must be composed exclusively of regular level 1 capital (COn1), net of any deductible items (CDCOn1).
•Counter cyclical margin
Whenever credit growth is excessive in the Central Bank’s opinion which is causing an increase in systemic risk, the Central Bank may impose the obligation on financial institutions to establish a counter cyclical margin between 0% and 2.5% of their APR, subject to a 12-month prior notice. The Central Bank may also eliminate or reduce this obligation whenever, in its opinion, such systemic risk has disappeared or decreased. Banks must comply on an individual and consolidated basis with the ratios for minimum capital. If a financial institution does not comply with all these minimum capital requirements, it must submit a regulatory and restructuring plan to the Central Bank, which may impose various penalties, including:
•temporary limitation on the amount of deposits a bank may accept;
•institutional restrictions as per expansion capacity and dividends distribution in cash;
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•revocation of the license of a bank to conduct foreign exchange transactions; and
•in some extreme cases, revocation of the license of a bank to operate.
The following table presents, at December 31, 2024, both the calculation of our ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets computed under the Basel Accord and our capital under the minimum capital rules of the Central Bank.

| December 31, 2024
| (in millions of pesos, except percentages)
Basel Accord |
Total capital | 2,509,507.1 |
Risk-weighted assets | 11,706,092.2 |
Ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets (1) | 21.4 | %
Required capital | 936,487.4 |
Excess capital | 1,573,019.7 |
Central Bank’s Rules (2) |
Total capital | 2,298,928.7 |
Risk-weighted assets | 12,000,496.1 |
Ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets (3) | 19.2 | %
Required capital (4) | 981,147.6 |
Excess capital | 1,317,781.0 |

_____________
(1)Under the risk-based capital requirements of the Basel Accord, the Bank would be required to maintain a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 8%.
(2)Calculated on a consolidated basis in accordance with Central Bank requirements.
(3)Under the risk-based capital requirements of the Central Bank, we are required to maintain a minimum ratio of total capital to risk and fixed weighted assets of 10% and 8%, respectively, depending upon the nature of the asset by application of an alpha correction factor equal to 0.15 over financing to the national public sector granted up to May 31, 2003.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
By Communication “A” 5693, the BCRA ordered the application of the Liquidity Coverage Ratio, or “LCR”, which took effect as of January 30, 2015.
This Communication sets forth that financial institutions must have an adequate stock of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) free of any restrictions which can be immediately converted into cash in order to cover their liquidity needs during a period of 30 days in case of a stress scenario. Also, financial institutions must carry out their own stress tests to determine the liquidity level that they should maintain in other scenarios, considering a period greater than 30 calendar days. The LCR must be equal to or greater than 1.00 (the stock of high-quality liquid assets must not be lower than the total net cash outlays) in the absence of a financial stress scenario. The LCR may fall below 1.00 in other scenarios.
The BCRA describes how to categorize a stress scenario, taking into account the following: the partial loss of retail deposits; the partial loss of wholesale non-guaranteed funding capacity; the partial loss of guaranteed funding; additional fund outlays due to situations contractually provided for as a consequence of a significant decline in the financial institution’s credit quality; market volatility increases that have an effect on the quality of guarantees or on the potential future exposure of positions in derivatives; the unforeseen use of credit and liquidity facilities compromised and available but not used that the financial institution may have granted to its clients; and/or the need that the financial institution may experience to repurchase debt or to comply with non-contractual obligations so as to mitigate its reputational risk.
The LCR calculation must be made on a permanent and monthly basis.
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In order to calculate the LCR, the related assets include, among others, cash in hand, cash in transit, in armored transportation companies and ATMs; deposits with the BCRA, certain national public bonds in pesos or in foreign currency, securities issued or guaranteed by the Banco de Pagos Internacionales, the IMF, the European Central Bank, the European Union or Multilateral Development Banks that comply with certain conditions and debt securities issued by other sovereign entities (or their central banks).
BBVA Argentina’s LCR was 141% as of December 31, 2024, 271% as of December 31, 2023, and 348% as of December 31, 2022.
CAMEL Quality Rating System
Under Law No. 24,144, the Central Bank established the “CAMEL” quality rating system, which is based on weighting consistent and comparable criteria, creditworthiness, compliance with the Financial Institutions Law, its administrative order and the general operating solvency of the entity. Each letter of the CAMEL system corresponds to the following areas of the operations of each bank that is being rated: “C” represents capital, “A” represents assets, “M” represents management, “E” represents earnings and “L” represents liquidity. Each factor is evaluated and rated on a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being the highest rating an institution can receive. By combining the individual factors that are under evaluation, a combined index can be obtained which represents the final rating for the entity. The rating a bank receives from the CAMEL system is used by the Central Bank in making decisions such as determining the levels of minimum capital or the amount of contributions a bank is required to contribute to the insurance guarantee system.
Foreign Currency Position
General Exchange Position
The Central Bank defines the general foreign-exchange position as the sum of the following items:
•gold and foreign currency resources available in the Republic;
•gold and foreign currency resources available abroad;
•foreign public and corporate securities;
•cash or future foreign-exchange purchases pending settlement;
•cash or future public and private security purchases pending settlement;
•cash or future foreign-exchange sales pending settlement;
•cash or future public and private security sales pending settlement; and
•foreign-exchange holdings in the form of deposits and investments at any term in banks from abroad and all kinds of liquid investments abroad.
The general foreign exchange position does not include foreign assets of third parties under custody, purchases and sales of foreign currencies or securities at a term and direct investments abroad.
In addition to the limit described above, all funds from foreign currency deposits and received financial loans granted with funds from foreign currency deposits must be applied mainly to the financing of foreign trade transactions, any deficiencies in the application of foreign currency lending capacity, net of a portion of: (i) cash balances, (ii) cash under custody in other financial institutions, (iii) cash in transit and (iv) cash with armored car transport companies, requires an equivalent increase in the minimum cash requirement. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework—Lending Capacity Provided by Deposits in Foreign Currency” above.
Through Communication “A” 6244 dated May 19, 2017, the Central Bank provided that financial entities may freely determine the level and use of their general foreign exchange position. Thus, financial entities are enabled to manage their foreign currency positions, both in terms of the composition of their assets, and the possibility of entering and withdrawing their holdings of the Republic, with its consequent impact on reserves.
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Global Net Position
The global net position of a financial institution may not exceed the following limits:
•Monthly average negative global net position of foreign currency (liabilities exceeding assets), may not exceed 30% of the RPC of the last immediately preceding month;
•Daily positive global net position of foreign currency (assets exceeding liabilities), may not exceed 5% of the RPC of the last immediately preceding month; and
•An additional daily limit to the positive global net position for cash, which may not exceed 0% of the RPC.
The global net position in foreign currency will include all assets and liabilities from financial intermediation in foreign currency and securities in foreign currency (deriving from cash and term transactions) including those contracts for derivatives linked to these concepts, those items which must be included in the general foreign exchange position, all deposits in such currency in accounts opened with the Central Bank, as well as the gold position, any Central Bank bills in U.S. dollars as well as foreign currency subordinated debt and foreign currency debt securities. Term transactions made within a framework agreement in the area of self-regulatory markets of the Republic based on liquidation by difference will be also computed, without delivery of the negotiated underlying asset. Furthermore, the pass-through certificates or debt securities issued by financial trusts, as well as the credit rights regarding ordinary trusts, in the pertinent proportion, when their underlying asset is constituted by assets in foreign currency, will also be considered.
Any excess above the limits will be subject to a charge equivalent to 1.5 times the monetary policy rate.
In addition to the above-mentioned charge, sanctions set forth in Section 41 of the Financial Institutions Law shall apply (including: caution; warning; fine; temporary or permanent disqualification to dispose of a banking current account; temporary or permanent disqualification to act as promoters, founders, directors, administrators, members of surveillance committees, comptrollers, liquidators, managers, auditors, partner or shareholders; and license revocation).
Fixed Assets and Other Items
The Central Bank requires that the fixed assets and other items maintained by financial institutions must not exceed 100% of the entity’s RPC. The BCRA has resolved to increase by 50 percentage points the specified limit to the extent that the immobilization of the assets is originated in the holding of national public securities and/or monetary regulation instruments of the BCRA appropriated as guaranteed by financial institutions in favor of such entity according to the regulations in force for transactions implemented by the ALADI (Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración) reciprocal payments and credits agreement.
Such fixed assets and other items include the following:
•shares of local companies;
•various credits;
•property for own use;
•various other property items;
•debt securities or financial trust participation certificates whose underlying assets are the above-mentioned loans, computed in their respective proportion; and
•financing transactions for related clients.
Excluded from the above items are those assets deductible for calculating the entity’s RPC and assets used as a guarantee for certain transactions mainly related to derivatives, as well as the financing transactions with certain related companies, provided the participation in the company exceeds 50% of the corporate capital and 50% of the votes.
The calculation of such assets must be done according to the balances at the close of each month, net of depreciations, accumulated amortizations and bad debt risk allowances (except the allowance on the portfolio in a normal situation and grants covered by preferred guarantees “A”, which have been computed to determine the complementary net equity of the rules on minimum capital). It is also possible to deduct certain liabilities related to the assets being calculated. In the case of financing transactions with related clients, the calculation is based on the balance at the close of each month or the largest assistance provided to each client during the period in question.
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Any excess in this relationship generates an equivalent increase of the minimum capital requirements. Furthermore, any entity incurring noncompliance violations in three consecutive or four non-consecutive months within a period of twelve consecutive months must submit a regularization program.
Lending and Investment Limits
Private sector
Central Bank rules limit the amount of credit, including guarantees, that a financial institution may extend to, and the amount of equity that it may invest in, any entity at any time. These limits are based on the Bank’s allowable capital base, or “ACB” (basic net equity) on the last day of the immediately preceding month.
According to Central Bank rules, a financial institution may not extend credit to a single non-related client and its affiliates, or invest in that client’s equity, in an amount in excess of 15% of the bank’s ACB. However, it may extend additional credit to that client up to 25% of the bank’s ACB if that additional credit is secured with certain senior preferred liquid assets, including public or private debt securities. Total loans or other extensions of credit that a financial institution may grant to any particular borrower and its affiliates are also limited based on the borrower’s net worth. Total loans or other extensions of credit to any particular borrower and its affiliates may not exceed, in general, 100% of such borrower’s net worth, but such limit may be increased to 200% of the borrower’s net worth if such amount does not exceed 2.5% of the bank’s RPC or 300% in the case of reciprocal guarantee companies and public guarantee funds registered (in both cases) with the pertinent registry authorized at the Central Bank, and provided it does not exceed 10% of relevant entity’s RPC.
The Central Bank requires that extensions of credit in any form in excess of 2.5% of a bank’s ACB must be approved by the relevant branch manager, regional manager, relevant first line administrative officer of the credit area, general manager and credit committee, if any, of the bank, as well as by its board of directors, administration council or similar corporate body.
In addition, an equity investment of a financial institution in another company that does not provide services that are complementary to the services provided by a financial institution may not exceed 12.5% of the shareholders’ equity of such company.
Related Persons
The Central Bank limits the amount a bank can lend to, and the amount of equity it may invest in, a “Related Person”. A Related Person is defined to include:
•any individual or entity controlling a bank, controlled by a bank or affiliated with a bank, as defined by the Central Bank;
•any entity that both controls the bank and has common directors to the extent such directors, voting together, will constitute a simple majority of the boards of directors of the bank and such entity; or
•in certain exceptional cases, any individual or entity that the Central Bank has determined to be in a position to adversely affect the financial condition of the bank.
•“Control” is defined as:
•holding or controlling, directly or indirectly, 25% of the voting stock of the controlled entity;
•having held 50% or more of the voting stock of the controlled entity at the time of the last election of such entity’s board of directors;
•any type of equity holding that creates the ability to vote or direct the vote so as to prevail on any issue considered at the controlled entity’s general shareholders’ meeting or meeting of the board of directors; or
•when a person is determined by the board of directors of the Central Bank to be exercising any influence, directly or indirectly, on the management or policies of the bank.
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The Central Bank requires that the total amount of financing that a financial institution may provide to a related company or person may not exceed the following percentages of the bank’s ACB as of the last day of the immediately prior month:
(i)Local financial sector
a.By a controlling relationship

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | General |  | Additional
|  |  | Tranche I |  | Tranche II |  | Tranche III
CAMEL 1 to 3 |  | CAMEL 1 (*) |  | 100% |  | 25% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 25% in the event of financing transactions with guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | —
|  | CAMEL 2 (*) |  | 20% |  | 25% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 25% if the financing transactions involve guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | 55% for financing transactions for an agreed initial term of up to 180 days.
|  | CAMEL 3 (*) |  | 10% |  | 20% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 20% if the financing transactions involve guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | —
|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 10% |  | — |  | — |  | —

_____________
(*)Subject to consolidation with the lender.
b.By a relationship that is not controlling

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | Maximum limits
CAMEL 1 to 3 |  | CAMEL 1 to 3 provided that it belongs to the same consolidation group of the lender. |  | 25 | %
|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 10 | %
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  |  |  | 0 | %

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(ii)Foreign financial sector

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | Maximum limits
CAMEL 1 to 3 |  | To each foreign related bank: |  |
|  | •  With “Investment Grade” classification |  | 10 | %
|  | •  Without “Investment Grade” classification: |  |
|  | Financing without computable warranty |  | 5 | %
|  | Financing with/without computable warranty |  | 10 | %
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  | To each foreign related bank subject to consolidation and parent company: |  |
|  | •  With “Investment Grade” classification |  | 10 | %
|  | •  Without “Investment Grade” classification: |  |
|  | Financing without computable warranty |  | 5 | %
|  | Financing with/without computable warranty |  | 10 | %
|  | To each foreign related bank not subject to consolidation: |  |
|  | •  With “Investment Grade” classification |  | 10 | %
|  | •  Without “Investment Grade” classification |  | 5 | %
|  | To each foreign related bank that does not meet any of the above conditions |  | 0 | %

(iii)Local complementary services companies

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | General |  | Additional
|  |  | Tranche I |  | Tranche II |  | Tranche III
CAMEL 1 |  | Stock exchange agent or other broker, leasing, factoring or temporary acquisition of participation in companies to sell the holdings afterwards (**) |  | 100 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —
|  | Debit/credit card issuers (**) |  | 100 | % |  | 25% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 25% in the event of financing transactions with guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | —

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|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 10 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —
CAMEL 2 |  | Stock exchange agent or other broker, leasing, factoring or temporary acquisition of participation in companies to sell the holdings afterwards (**) |  | 10 | % |  | — |  | — |  | 90%
|  | Debit/credit card issuers (**) |  | 20 | % |  | 25% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 25% if the financing transactions involve guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | 55% for financing transactions for an agreed initial term of up to 180 days.
|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 10 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —
CAMEL 3 |  | Debit/credit card issuers (**) |  | 10 | % |  | 20% earmarked by the financial institution acquiring assistance to finance transactions that comply with certain conditions. |  | 20% if the financing transactions involve guarantee or assignment of credit portfolio where assignor is responsible provided the requirements of Tranche I are met. |  | —
|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 10 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  | Complementary services companies (**) |  | 10 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —
|  | Not meet any of the above conditions |  | 0 | % |  | — |  | — |  | —

_____________
(**)Subject to consolidation with the lender.
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3.Foreign complementary services companies

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | Maximum limits
CAMEL 1 to 3 |  | To each complementary services related companies: |  |
|  | •  Financing without computable warranty |  | 5 | %
|  | •  Financing with/without computable warranty |  | 10 | %
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  | To each complementary services companies subject to consolidation with the lender: |  |
|  | •  Financing without computable warranty |  | 5 | %
|  | •  Financing with/without computable warranty |  | 10 | %
|  | To each complementary services related companies that do not meet any of the above conditions |  | 0 | %

4.Other clients related by controlling relationship

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | Maximum limits
CAMEL 1 to 3 |  | To each related borrower: |  |
|  | •  Financing without computable warranty |  | 5 | %
|  | •  Financing with/without computable warranty |  | 10 | %
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  | •  To each related company (only equity investment) (***) |  | 5 | %
|  | •  To each related borrower that does not meet any of the above conditions |  | 0 | %

_____________
(***)Admitted activity under Section 3 of the rules on “Complementary services of the financial activity and permitted activities”.
5.By personal relationship

Lender entity |  | Borrowing entity |  | Maximum limits
CAMEL 1 a 3 |  | To each related borrower |  | 5 | %
CAMEL 4 or 5 |  | •  To each related person to use exclusively for personal or family purposes |  | 30 times the minimum vital and mobile salary (****)
|  | •  To each related borrower that does not meet any of the above conditions |  | 0 | %

_____________
(****)Established by the National Employment, Productivity and Minimum, Vital and Mobile Salary Council for monthly workers who complete the full legal working day, in effect at the time of granting the loan in question.
The total financing granted to all related clients (subject to maximum individual limits exceeding 10%) may not exceed 20% of the ACB of the entity.
Failure to properly observe these requirements can result in an increase of the minimum capital requirements for credit risk in an amount equal to 100% of the daily excess amounts over the requirements beginning on the month when the excess amounts are not corrected and continuing while the excess amounts remain. In the case of information registered out of term, this increase will be applied beginning on the month when the information is registered and for as long as the default exists. Moreover, once the default has been corrected, the increase will be applied for a number of months equal to the period during which the Central Bank was not informed. For repeated defaults the increase can reach up to 130% of the excess amount.
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At December 31, 2024, the aggregate of computable loans, other extensions of credit and equity investments by BBVA Argentina on a consolidated basis to related persons totaled Ps. 39,796 million, or 1.78% of BBVA Argentina’s RPC.
Non-financial Public Sector
The non-financial public sector includes, inter alia:
•the federal government;
•provincial governments;
•the city of Buenos Aires;
•municipal governments;
•central administration, ministries, departments and their decentralized and autonomous entities and other official bodies; and
•trusts and trust funds whose final beneficiary or trustee, as determined by the respective contracts or applicable regulations, belongs to the non-financial public sector, including other trusts or trust funds where such sector is the final destination of the financed works.
In certain circumstances the Central Bank may apply to state-owned companies governed by Law No. 20,705 the provisions applicable to non-financial private sector corporations, provided such state-owned companies:
•do not require resources from the state budget whether national, municipal, provincial or belonging to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires for such items as transfers, capital contributions (excepting those corresponding to their incorporation) or reimbursable financial assistance to be used for covering expenses and/or investments made in the course of their normal and customary businesses, except those which may have been contemplated in the 2001 and 2002 budgets;
•maintain technical and professional independence of their management for implementing corporate policies;
•trade their goods and/or services at market prices;
•possess fixed assets; the use of which in the activity is not subject to any condition from their shareholders; and
•do not distribute dividends among their shareholders.
Compliance with all the above conditions must have been verified continuously during at least the ten years immediately preceding the date of the granting of financial assistance.
The Central Bank may also apply the provisions applicable to non-financial private sector corporations to state-owned companies that are not governed by Law No. 20,705, provided that such state-owned companies not governed by Law No. 20,705 comply with the following requirements:
•their creation must have been ordered by a national law or decree by the federal executive;
•they must create a limited liability company according to the rules of Chapter II, Sections V and VI of the Argentine Companies Law No. 19,550;
•the public state must hold a majority interest, direct or indirect;
•they must be the purpose of developing of activities for oil reserves, its transportation, distribution, commercialization and industrialization or the generation and/or sale of electric energy; and
•they must be subject to internal and external control by the national public sector in terms of the Financial Administration Law and the National Public Sector’s Control System Law No. 24,156.
Consequently, those corporations receiving the treatment set forth in this resolution are exempted from the application of the provisions regarding financial assistance to the owners of entities in the non-financial public sector.
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All financing granted to the above entities may not exceed the following limits with respect to the entity’s RPC as at the last day of the preceding month:
•for transactions in the national public sector: 50%, which includes loans granted to governments from other jurisdictions guaranteed by their participation in the federal tax collection system;
•for all transactions granted to each provincial jurisdiction and the City of Buenos Aires (excluding those comprised in the previous paragraph which must be guaranteed by the collection of local taxes or by pledge or implemented under leasing agreements): 25%. This limit includes financing transactions granted to municipal governments in the respective jurisdiction and guaranteed by their participation in the collection of provincial taxes;
•for all transactions with each municipal jurisdiction, which must be guaranteed by the collection of local taxes or by pledge, or implemented under leasing agreements: 3%;
•the limits mentioned above may be increased by 15 percentage points, provided that the increases are applied to a specific purpose;
•total financing granted through the acquisition of public securities issued in pesos by the central administration of the provincial non-financial public sector and / or the CABA, which do not have any of the guarantees provided: 5%;
•for all transactions granted to provincial, CABA and municipal jurisdiction: 25%,
•for all transactions to municipal jurisdictions: 15%; and
•for all transactions referred to in the first three points above: 75%.
The limits mentioned in the two bullets immediately above may be increased by 50 percentage points, provided that the increases are applied to a specific purpose and the available unused quota of the limit mentioned in the last bullet above may be used for transactions in the national and / or provincial public sector – including CABA.
In addition, the monthly average of the daily balances of the set of transactions corresponding to holders of debt of the non-financial public sector (national, provincial, CABA and municipal), with the exception of those carried out with the BCRA, cannot exceed 35% of the total assets on the last day of the previous month.
The following financial assistance will be excluded from compliance with the limits provided above:
•financing covered by cash guarantees, which constitute preferred “A” guarantees;
•financing covered by bonds of fixed-term certificates of deposit issued by the financial institution itself, which constitute preferred “A” guarantees;
•export financing when the transactions are automatically reimbursed by the BCRA, in accordance with regimes of bilateral or multilateral foreign trade agreements;
•financing covered by guarantees of monetary regulation instruments of the Central Bank, which constitute preferred guarantees “A”;
•credits for cash transactions to be liquidated, without prejudice to the calculation of the credits for the liquidation mismatches that occur;
•loans corresponding to claims covered by the National State (Law No. 20,299) in export financing;
•premiums for purchase and sale options taken;
•financing and guarantees, bonds and other responsibilities granted by local branches or subsidiaries of foreign financial entities, on behalf and order of its parent company or its branches in other countries or of the controlling entity, under certain conditions; and
•primary subscriptions of national government securities that shall be paid with funds produced from the collection of financial services of other national government securities, provided that the period between the subscription date and the collection date does not exceed three business days.
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Loan Loss Allowances
The loan loss allowances presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 20-F are prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB (see Note 2.3.4.g) to the Consolidated Financial Statements), which differs from the statutory consolidated annual financial statements and the regulatory framework applicable to us (IFRS-BCRA).
The below describes the treatment of loan loss allowances pursuant to BCRA-GAAP as they are applicable to the regulatory framework of the Argentine banking system.
Classification System According to Central Bank Regulations
The Central Bank has established specific loan loss allowance requirements for loans to borrowers classified as “Substandard”, “Medium Risk”, “High Risk of Insolvency”, “High Risk”, “Irrecoverable” and “Irrecoverable for Technical Decision”. In addition, the Central Bank established a mandatory general allowance requirement for all performing loans.
A.Debtor classification
The Central Bank establishes guidelines for classifying debtors depending on their credit quality and compliance with their commitments, according to the evaluation performed for that purpose by the financial institution.
1.The guidelines vary depending on whether they relate to commercial loans or consumer or housing loans:
a)Commercial loans: commercial financing of more than Ps. 1,190,266,000 and consumer loans of more than Ps.1,190,266,000 whose repayment is not linked to fixed or periodic income of the client, but to the evolution of its productive or commercial activity.
b)Consumer or housing loans: Personal, family and professional loans for the acquisition of consumer goods, credit card financing, or the purchase, construction or rehabilitation of the creditor’s own home. In addition, commercial loans up to Ps. 1,190,266,000 whose repayment is linked to the relevant client’s fixed or periodic income but to the evolution of his productive or commercial activity.
2.Debtors and all their loans are included in one of five categories or situations of decreasing credit quality:

Commercial Loans |  | Consumer or Housing Loans |  | Arrears
1.Normal |  | 1.Normal (1) |  | up to 31 days
2.Low risk (2) |  | 2.Low risk (5) |  | up to 90 days
3.Medium risk |  | 3.Medium risk |  | up to 180 days
4.High risk (3) |  | 4.High risk |  | up to 1 year
5.Irrecoverable (4) |  | 5.Irrecoverable (4) |  | more than a year

_____________
(1)Current account overdrafts are considered to be performing until 61 days have elapsed from the date granted.
(2)Commercial loans in category 2 are divided into loans:
•under observation, which include debtors up to 90 days in arrears in situations that, if not controlled or corrected in a timely manner, could compromise their repayment capacity, and
•under negotiation or with refinancing agreements, which include debtors that although unable to pay their obligations under the agreed conditions, have declared their intention of refinancing their debts no later than 60 days after becoming past due. The borrower must enter into an agreement with the lender within 90 days (if up to two lenders are involved) or 180 days (if more than two lenders are involved) after the date on which the obligations become overdue. If no agreement has been reached within the established deadline, the borrower must be reclassified to the next category below according to the indicators established for each level.
(3)This category includes debtors that have filed for creditor protection or an out-of-court preventive measure, or for which payment has been demanded in court. In the case of the consumer portfolio, debtors that have filed for creditor protection or are covered by out-of-court measures can record arrears of up to 540 days.
(4)This category includes mainly insolvent debtors facing bankruptcy or liquidation processes.
(5)The low risk consumer or housing loan portfolio is divided into:
•Customers with more than 31 days’ and up to 90 days’ arrears in payment of principal, interest or otherwise in respect of any of their loans.
•“Special tracking”: For refinancing arrangements granted for the first time within the calendar year, and once the customer has settled the first installment under such refinancing arrangement, it may be reclassified into
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this category one time only. After such refinancing and for purposes of the classification, only customers’ obligations in arrears should be considered. For subsequent refinancing arrangements, customers will be afforded the general treatment set forth in these provisions.
3.The basic criterion for the evaluation and classification of clients is their repayment capacity of the debt or commitments guaranteed by a financial institution.
a)For the commercial portfolio, evaluation is made on the basis of repayment capacity and debtor cash flows. Indicators used include liquidity, financing structure, compliance with payment of obligations, quality of management and administration, IT systems, prospects for the client’s business sector, its position within the sector, its legal standing and the existence of refinancing or debt discounts.
b)For the consumer and housing loans portfolio, evaluation is based on debt payment compliance and the legal status of the debtor. The evaluation criteria is exclusively objective – the degree of compliance with the obligations, the legal situation of the debtor and the existence of refinancing or debt discounts.
An evaluation of the payment capacity based on the borrower’s income is not mandatory as long as other specific evaluation methods are used or the borrower’s loans are for minimal amounts as determined by the BCRA.
4.When loans are fully collateralized by preferred class A collateral, evaluation of the repayment capacity is not required.
5.Minimum classification frequency. Debtors and loans must be valuated and classified with a minimum frequency depending on the type of clients, as described below.
a)Consumer portfolio clients: monthly.
b)Commercial portfolio clients: annually. However classification should be performed:
•During the course of each quarter for clients whose debts are equivalent to 5% or more of the financial institution’s total capital;
•During the course of each half-year in the case of clients whose debt at some moment has totaled between 1% of the financial institution’s total capital or the equivalent to Ps.426,300,000 whichever is lower, and less than 5% of the financial institution’s total capital.
•During the course of the year for the rest of clients who are considered part of the commercial portfolio.
•In addition, the bank should review a debtor’s situation when any of the following circumstances occur:
a)when there are changes to any of the objective classification criteria (arrears or legal situation);
b)when a credit rating agency lowers the rating of securities issued by the client by more than one level;
c)notification of the final determination of the Superintendency of the adjustment of provisions, as a result of inspection tasks; or
d)when there is more than a one-level discrepancy between the classification assigned by the financial institution and at least two other institutions, and certain requirements have been met.
6.Mandatory reclassification of clients. One-level discrepancy is allowed in relation to the information submitted by financial institutions to the credit information database. If there is a greater discrepancy between the rating of the bank and the lower classification awarded by at least two other banks, and total loans from such banks account for 40% or more of the total informed, the bank will be required to reclassify the debtor to at least the level immediately above that registering the highest level of indebtedness with the comparison institutions.
7.Criterion for an improving credit rating. For a debtor to be categorized as “normal”, up to two refinancings must have taken place within the last twelve months and it must be no more than 31 days in arrears since the date of the last refinancing. For all other scenarios, the basic criterion is that the highest penalty must be applied to borrowers who have delays after refinancing, such that:
The borrower must accumulate a greater number of down payments (as shown in table (i) below) or increase his repayment percentage (as shown in table (ii) below) in order to improve his situation. The BCRA regulations provide that those clients whose debts have been refinanced via obligations subject to regular payments (monthly or bi-
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monthly) may be reclassified at the immediately upper level if they have complied punctually (or with delays not exceeding 31 days) with the payment of the established installments or who have repaid at least a certain specified percentage of their refinanced principal obligations.
Table (i) – Enhanced situation by the payment of installments. Consumer portfolio (*)

|  | Quantity of payments
Change of category |  | from Irrecoverable |  | from High Risk |  | from Medium Risk |  | from Low Risk
Change to High Risk |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |  | —
Change to Medium Risk |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | — |  | —
Change to Low Risk |  | 8 |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | —
Change to Normal |  | 9 |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 1

_____________
(*)The refinancing requires a punctual payment or with delays of not more than 31 days according to the German or French Amortization System. Regularity may be monthly or bimonthly.
Table (ii) – Enhanced situation by cancellation percentage of repayment of outstanding amount. Consumer and commercial portfolios (**)

|  | Percentage of repayment of outstanding amount
Change of category |  | from Irrecoverable |  | from High Risk |  | from Medium Risk |  | from Low Risk
Change to High Risk |  | 15 | % |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change to Medium Risk |  | 25 | % |  | 10 | % |  | — |  |  | — |
Change to Low Risk |  | 30 | % |  | 15 | % |  | 5 | % |  | — |
Change to Normal |  | 35 | % |  | 20 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 5 | %

_____________
(**)For amortization systems with periods greater than bimonthly or irregular.
Recoverables are not applied and rebates may not be counted in order to improve the situation (they belong to the debt preceding the signing of the refinancing agreement), so no quantification was made. Up-front payments may be computed as per their equivalent in installments or amortization percentage in order to improve the borrower’s situation.
8.Refinancing. This refers to the criterion for deteriorating situation as a result of non-compliance with refinancing requirements. Arrears are considered to exist in a refinancing scenario if a delay exceeding 31 days from the due date occurs.
a)Tranches of arrears are allocated in any applicable situation according to the table below:

Situation |  | Minimum delay time (in days)
Normal |  | 0
Low Risk |  | 92
Medium Risk |  | 151
High Risk |  | 241
Irrecoverable |  | More than 1 year

b)Afterwards the refinancing arrears must be taken into account to determine the situation in which the refinanced client must be placed at.
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B.Provisioning
1.Loan provisioning must be performed on the basis of the classification assigned to the debtor. No provision is required for loans for up to 30 days granted to other financial institutions (if not past due), for loans granted to the public non-financial sector, or unused balances of current account overdraft agreements.
2.The following minimum provisioning levels are to be applied on total debt:

Debtor Category |  | With preferred collateral “A” (1) |  | With preferred collateral “B” (2) |  | Without preferred collateral
1. Normal |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
2. a) Under observation and low risk |  | 1 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 5 | %
b) Under negotiation or with refinancing agreements |  | 1 | % |  | 6 | % |  | 12 | %
c) Special treatment |  | 1 | % |  | 8 | % |  | 16 | %
3. Substandard and medium risk |  | 1 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 25 | %
4. High insolvency risk and high risk |  | 1 | % |  | 25 | % |  | 50 | %
5. Irrecoverable |  | 1 | % |  | 50 | % |  | 100 | %

_____________
(1)Consists of titles or documents that the creditor can easily liquidate to settle an unpaid debt without following the normal procedure of bankruptcy. They include foreign currencies, certificates of deposit, government securities and other.
(2)Includes mortgages and pledges in the first degree for which it must comply with legal enforcement procedures;
Banks are required to establish provisions equal to 100% of any interest accrued on loans to borrowers classified as “Substandard and Medium Risk” or lower. The Bank chooses to interrupt interest accrual accounting as permitted by the regulation.
By Communication “A” 4683, the BCRA introduced the possibility for debtors of the consumer and consumer-like portfolio to be assigned a percentage above the minimum estimate for a particular category without having to be automatically reclassified to the next category. BBVA Argentina has used this possibility.
3.Procedure for constituting provisions above the minimum ones established by the regulations for a portfolio in a normal situation.
The main criterion is based on the provisions of point 7.1. of the “Debtor Classification Standard” and “Debt Provisions Standard”, more stringent criteria may be adopted on the basis of the objective guidelines mentioned in the first paragraph of the same point, provided this constitutes a generally applied policy which must be duly detailed in the “Debtor Classification and Provision Procedures Manual”, without this affecting the rating that must be allocated to eligible borrowers as provided hereunder, and provided this is duly grounded on objective criteria based on behavioral studies that give support to the higher provisions (be it for the active portfolio as a whole or by type of financing).
4.Allowance percentages used by BBVA Argentina.
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The allowance percentages being used by the Bank for the commercial, consumer and consumer-like portfolios approved by the Risk Management Committee following the guidelines of BCRA regulations are the following:
•Percentages of allowance for consumer portfolio and consumer-like portfolio clients:

Situation |  | Category |  | Without Preferred Guarantees |  | With Preferred Guarantees B |  | With Preferred Guarantees A
|  |  |  | (in percentages)
1 |  | Normal |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
2 |  | Low Risk |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
2.b. |  | Special treatment |  | 16 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |
3 |  | Medium Risk |  | 100 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |
4 |  | High Risk |  | 100 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 1 |
5 |  | Irrecoverable |  | 100 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 1 |

•Percentages of allowance for commercial portfolio clients:

Situation |  | Category |  | Without Preferred Guarantees |  | With Preferred Guarantees B |  | With Preferred Guarantees A
|  |  |  | (in percentages)
1 |  | Under Observation |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
2.a. |  | Under Observation |  | 5 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
2.b. |  | Under Negotiation |  | 12 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |
2.c. |  | Special treatment |  | 16 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |
3 |  | Substandard |  | 25 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 1 |
4 |  | High Risk |  | 50 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 1 |
5 |  | Irrecoverable |  | 100 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 1 |

4.1.Classification/Allowance Manual Adjustment Procedure.
The “Classification/Allowance Manual Adjustment Procedure” will apply in exceptional cases, as authorized by the Wholesale Risk Monitoring Committee, a sub-committee of the Risk Management Committee, defining the classifications and/or percentages of allowances to be manually applied to certain customers. This procedure supplements the one established in our classification manual.
The “Classification/Allowance Manual Adjustment Procedure” for customers within the commercial or consumer-like portfolio is based on:
•Expert analysis criteria warranting changes to the classification/allowance required by the Central Bank;
•Requests for changes to the customer’s situation, based on court decisions; and
•Changes to the customer’s situation pursuant to national and/or provincial laws.
All these aspects will be discussed by the Wholesale Risk Monitoring Committee in order to determine any potential change to a customer’s situation or allowance from time to time.
Once approved by the Wholesale Risk Monitoring Committee, notice is given to Financial & Risk Reporting, which is in charge of administering and monitoring that the allowances and situations determined by the Wholesale Risk Monitoring Committee comply with the regulations on minimum allowances laid down by the Central Bank.
Following review by Financial & Risk Reporting, the list is approved and reported to our Accounting Department at the end of each month, which is responsible for changing the relevant customers’ situation or allowance, based on the information reported in the list of manual adjustments in the Bank’s computing system.
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Once the relevant change has been implemented, the Accounting Department is required to report these changes to Financial & Risk Reporting which is to ensure that the changes so made are as requested in the list of manual adjustments. If the change has not been adequately implemented, Financial & Risk Reporting, will cause the pertinent corrections to be made.
5.The Superintendence may require additional provisioning if it determines that the current level is inadequate.
6.Accrual of interest on client debts classified as “under negotiation or with refinancing agreements” when arrears of more than 90 days in the payment of obligations are recorded, and those in the “substandard” or “medium risk”, “high risk”, and “irrecoverable” categories must be provided for at 100% as from the moment they are classified in any of those categories. The financial institution may opt to interrupt interest accrual.
7.Client debt classified as “irrecoverable” and fully provided for must be written off as from the seventh month subsequent to that in which such actions were taken. These loans should be booked in off-balance sheet accounts.
8.Provisioning for the normal portfolio is of a global nature, while for other categories, the allocation of provisions for each debtor is made on an individual basis.
Priority of Deposits
Law No. 24,485, as amended, sets forth that in case of judicial liquidation or bankruptcy of a financial institution, all depositors, irrespective of the type, amount or currency of their deposits, would be senior to the other remaining creditors (such as the shareholders of the bank), with exceptions made for certain labor creditors (Article 53 paragraphs “a” and “b”) and for those creditors backed by a pledge or mortgage, in the following order of priority: (a) deposits of up to Ps.6,000,000 per person (including any amount of said person deposited with a financial institution), or their equivalent in foreign currency, in accordance with the provisions of Communication “A” 7661 of the Central Bank ; (b) any and all deposits higher than Ps.6,000,000, or their equivalent in foreign currency; and (c) the liabilities originated in commercial lines granted to the bank and that directly affect international commerce. Through Communication “A” 7985, the BCRA updated the amount mentioned in points (a) and (b) above to Ps.25,000,000 effective as of April 1, 2024.
Furthermore, pursuant to article 53 of the Financial Institutions Law, as amended, Central Bank credits will have absolute priority over other credits, except for pledged or mortgaged credits, certain labor credits, the depositors’ credits as per art. 49, paragraph e), points i) and ii), credits granted under Article 17, paragraphs (b), (c) and (f) of the Central Bank’s Charter (including discount granted by financial institutions due to temporary lack of liquidity, advances in favor of financial institutions with security interest, assignment of rights, pledge or special assignment of certain assets) and credits granted by the fund Fondo de Liquidez Bancaria backed by pledge or mortgage.
The amendment introduced to art. 35 bis of Financial Institutions Law by Law No. 25,780 sets forth that if a financial institution is in a situation where the Central Bank may revoke its authorization to operate and become subject to dissolution or liquidation by judicial resolution, the Central Bank’s Board may decide by absolute majority to transfer assets and liabilities of the bank in favor of financial trusts or other financial institutions, the Central Bank may totally or partially exclude the liabilities mentioned in article 49, paragraph e) of the Financial Institutions Law, as well as its credits defined in art. 53, observing the order of priority among its creditors. Regarding the partial exclusion, the order of priority of point e) art. 49 of the Financial Institutions Law must be followed, without assigning, in any case, a differentiated treatment to liabilities of the same grade.
Capital Markets
Under the Financial Institutions Law, financial institutions may underwrite and place both equity and debt securities. There are currently no statutory limitations on the size of a financial institution’s underwriting commitments. However, a financial institution’s underwriting commitment would be treated as an extension of credit subject to the limitations discussed under “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework—Lending and Investment Limits”.
Commercial banks are authorized to trade public and private debt securities in the Argentine over-the-counter market if they are members of the Mercado Abierto Electrónico (“MAE”) and authorized to act as over-the-counter brokers. In our capacity as an over-the-counter broker, we are subject to MAE rules and the supervision of the CNV, and accordingly, we must comply with certain reporting requirements.
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Since 1990, the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange (BCBA) (now the ByMA) has authorized brokerage firms or houses organized as sole purpose corporations to operate as securities brokers on the ByMA. Commercial banks may freely own a securities brokerage company, as there are no current restrictions on ownership, and most of the principal commercial banks operating in Argentina have already established their own securities brokerage company. An agreement between the ByMA and representatives of the MAE dealers provides that trading in shares and other equity securities will be conducted exclusively on the ByMA and that all debt securities listed on ByMA may also be traded on the MAE. Trading in Argentine government securities, which are not covered by the agreement, is conducted mainly on the MAE. The agreement does not extend to other Argentine exchanges.
Commercial banks may operate as both managers and custodians of Argentine investment funds; provided, however, that a bank may not act simultaneously as manager and custodian for the same fund.
We have been registered as an over-the-counter broker since 1989. In 1991, we created Francés Valores Sociedad de Bolsa S.A., renamed later as BBVA Francés Valores S.A., by virtue of the last change of name registered before the IGJ on April 4, 2014 under No. 5,883 Book 68 of Corporations. In the shareholders’ meetings held on April 24, 2019 and May 15 2019, the shareholders of BBVA Francés Valores S.A. resolved to change the company’s corporate name to “BBVA Valores Argentina SA”, being registered by the IGJ on February 20, 2020, under No. 3405 Book 99 of Corporations.
On December 28, 2012 Law No. 26,831, the “Capital Markets Law” was enacted, and was supplemented by the CNV by Resolution No. 622/13 dated September 5, 2013. According to section 47 of the said law, all agents acting in the different markets, must have the prior approval and registration of the CNV. During 2014 BBVA Argentina and BBVA Valores Argentina S.A. completed their registration as settlement and integral compensation agents.
On March 8, 2019, the respective boards of BBVA Argentina and BBVA Valores Argentina S.A. approved the merger of the two companies, and on April 24, 2019, the respective shareholders’ meetings approved the transaction. The merger was registered before the IGJ on August 27, 2021, under No. 13335, Book 104 of Corporations.
Financial Institutions with Economic Difficulties
Under the Financial Institutions Law, if a financial institution:
•evidences a cash reserve deficiency,
•has not satisfied certain technical standards,
•has not maintained minimum net worth standards, or
•is deemed by the Central Bank to have impaired solvency or liquidity;
then such financial institution must submit a regularization plan under such terms and conditions as may be established by the Central Bank within a term that may not exceed thirty days. This notwithstanding, the Central Bank may appoint overseers with veto powers and/or demand the creation of guarantees and restrict or prohibit the distribution of dividends or profits. The lack of submission, the rejection of or any noncompliance with the regularization plan entitle the Central Bank to revoke the authorization to operate as a financial institution and to apply sanctions. If the plan is accepted, the Central Bank may grant a temporary exemption with respect to the observance of the technical regulations and excuse or postpone the payment of fines (if any).
Likewise, and prior to the revocation of the authorization to operate as a financial institution, the Central Bank may authorize the restructuring of the entity for the protection of its depositors, by applying any of the following decisions or a combination thereof in a sequential, gradual or direct manner: reduction, increase and assignment of the corporate capital, exclusion of assets and liabilities and their transfer to other financial institutions, judicial intervention, and responsibility for and transfer of excluded assets or liabilities.
Dissolution and Liquidation of Financial Institutions
As provided in the Financial Institutions Law, the Central Bank must be notified of any decision adopted by a financial institution’s legal or corporate authorities concerning its dissolution. The Central Bank, in turn, must then submit such decision to a competent court, which must determine whether the corporate authorities or an appointed independent liquidator will liquidate the entity. The court’s decision must be based on whether or not there is sufficient assurance that the corporate authorities are capable of carrying out such liquidation properly.
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Pursuant to the Financial Institutions Law, the Central Bank no longer acts as liquidator of financial institutions. However, if a restructuring plan has failed or is not deemed feasible, or violations of local laws and regulations have been incurred, or significant changes have occurred in the institution’s condition since the original authorization was granted, then the Central Bank may revoke a bank’s license to operate as a financial institution. In this event, the law allows for judicial or extra-judicial liquidation. During the liquidation process and once the license to operate as a financial institution has been revoked, a court of competent jurisdiction may adjudge the former financial institution in bankruptcy or a petition in bankruptcy may be filed by any creditor of the bank after a period of 60 calendar days has elapsed since the license was revoked.
Money Laundering
The concept of money laundering is generally used to denote transactions intended to introduce criminal proceeds into the institutional system and thus to transform profits from illegal activities into assets of a seemingly legitimate origin. On April 13, 2000, the Argentine Congress passed Law No. 25,246 (as amended, the “Anti-Money Laundering Law”), which defines money laundering as a type of crime. The Anti-Money Laundering Law established severe penalties for anyone participating in any such criminal activity and created the UIF as the agency responsible for the analysis, treatment and transmission of information, with the aim of preventing money laundering resulting from different crimes and the financing of terrorism.
Below is a summary of certain provisions of the anti-money laundering regime set forth by the Anti-Money Laundering Law, as amended and supplemented by other rules and regulations, including regulations issued by the UIF, the Central Bank, the CNV and other regulatory entities. Investors are advised to consult their own legal counsel and to read the Anti-Money Laundering Law and its statutory regulations.
In line with internationally accepted practices, the Anti-Money Laundering Law does not merely assign responsibility for controlling criminal transactions to government agencies, but also assigns certain duties to various private sector entities such as financial institutions, stockbrokers, brokerage houses and insurance companies, which become legally bound reporting parties. These duties basically consist of information-capturing functions.
According to the Anti-Money Laundering Law, the following persons, among others, are subject to report to the UIF: (i) financial institutions and insurance companies; (ii) exchange agencies and individuals or legal entities authorized by the Argentine Central Bank to operate in the purchase and sale of foreign currency in the form of cash or checks drawn in foreign currency or by means of credit or debit cards or in the transfer of funds within Argentina or abroad; (iii) broker-dealers, over-the-counter market agents, and intermediaries engaged in the purchase, lease, or borrowing of securities; (iv) issuers, operators and providers of collection and/or payment services; (v) non-financial credit providers; (vi) virtual asset service providers; (vii) armored transportation services companies and companies or concessionaires rendering postal services that carry out foreign currency transfers or remittance of different types of currency or notes; (viii) governmental organizations, such as the Central Bank, the Argentine Tax Authority, the National Superintendency of Insurance (Superintendencia de Seguros de la Nación), the CNV and the IGJ; (ix) professionals in economics sciences and notaries public; and (x) individuals and legal entities acting as trustees of any kind and individuals or legal entities related directly or indirectly to trust accounts, trustees and trustors under trust agreements.
Individuals and entities subject to the Anti-Money Laundering Law must comply with some duties that include: (i) obtaining documentation from their customers that irrefutably evidences their identity, legal status, domicile, and other data stipulated in each case (know your customer policy); (ii) reporting any suspicious event or transaction (which according to the customary practices of the field involved, as well as to the experience and competence of the parties who have the duty to inform, are those transactions attempted or consummated that, having been previously identified as unusual transactions by the legally bound reporting party, or have no economic or legal justification or are unusually or unjustifiably complex, whether performed on a single occasion or repeatedly (regardless its amount)); and (iii) abstaining from disclosing to customers or third parties any act performed in compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering Law. Within the framework of analysis of a suspicious transaction report, the aforementioned individuals and entities cannot refrain from disclosing to the UIF any information required from it by claiming that such information is subject to bank, stock market or professional secret, or legal or contractual confidentiality agreements. Revenue and Customs Control Agency (Agencia de Recaudación y Control Aduanero, or “ARCA”) shall only disclose to UIF the information in its possession when the suspicious transaction report has been made by such entity and refers to the individuals or entities involved directly with the reported transaction. In all other cases the UIF shall request that the federal judge holding authority in a criminal matter order the ARCA to disclose the information in its possession.
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Argentine financial institutions must comply with all applicable anti-money laundering regulations as provided by the Central Bank, the UIF, and, if applicable, the CNV. In this regard, in accordance with Resolution No. 229/2014 of the UIF, both the Central Bank and the CNV are considered “Specific Control Organs”. In such capacity, they must cooperate with the UIF in the evaluation of the compliance with the anti-money laundering proceedings by the legally bound reporting parties subject to their control. In that respect, they are entitled to supervise, monitor and inspect such entities, and if necessary, to implement certain corrective measures and actions. Resolution No. 14/2023 issued by the UIF, as amended (“Resolution No. 14”), is applicable to financial entities subject to the FIL, to entities subject to the Law No. 18,924, as amended, and to individuals and legal entities authorized by the Central Bank to intervene in the purchase and sale of foreign currency through cash or checks issued in foreign currency or through the use of credit or payment cards, or in the transfer of funds within or outside the national territory. Resolution No. 78/2023 of the UIF, as amended (“Resolution No. 78”), is applicable to brokers and brokerage firms, agents of the over-the-counter market, intermediaries in the purchase or leasing of securities affiliated with stock exchange entities with or without associated markets, and intermediary agents registered on forwards or option markets. Resolution No. 14 and Resolution No. 78 regulate, among other things, the obligation to collect documentation from clients and the terms, obligations and restrictions for compliance with the reporting duty regarding suspicious money laundering and terrorism financing transactions.
Resolution No. 14 and Resolution No. 78 establish general and specific guidelines, based on a risk-regarding customer identification approach, due diligence to be applied depending on the level of risk assigned and procedures to detect and report suspicious transactions. They also establish that failure to update client files, due to the absence of collaboration or reluctance on the part of the client to deliver the required updated data or documents, will require the financial institution to conduct a client analysis in order to evaluate the continuity or not of the relationship with such client and, if appropriate, to report such client’s operations as suspicious.
Additionally, as mentioned, each financial institution must appoint a member of the Board of Directors as the person responsible for money laundering prevention, in charge of centralizing any information the Central Bank may require on its own initiative or at the request of any competent authority and reporting any suspicious transactions to the UIF. Notwithstanding the officer’s role as a liaison with the UIF, all board members have personal, joint, several and unlimited responsibility for the entity’s compliance with its reporting duties with the UIF. In addition, this officer will be responsible for the implementation, tracking and control of internal procedures to ensure compliance with the regulations in financial institutions and its subsidiaries.
The CNV Rules include a specific chapter regarding “Prevention of Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism” and state that the persons set forth therein (Negotiation Agents, Clearing and Settlement Agents (which are stockbrokers), Distribution and Placement Agents, Brokerage Agents, Collective Depositary Agents, issuers with respect to capital contributions, irrevocable capital contributions for future capital increases or significant loans that have been made in its benefit, specifically with respect to the identity of contributors and/or creditors and the origin and legality of the funds so contributed or loaned) are to be considered legally bound to report under the Anti-Money Laundering Law, and therefore must comply with all the laws and regulations in force in connection with anti-money laundering and terrorism financing, including resolutions issued by the UIF, presidential decrees referring to resolutions issued by the United Nations Security Council in connection with the fight against terrorism and the resolutions (and its annexes) issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Deposit Guarantee Insurance System
The Bank is included in the Deposit Guarantee System established by Law No. 24,485, Regulatory Decrees No. 540/95, No. 1292/96, 1127/98 and No. 30/18 and Communication “A” 5943 issued by the BCRA.
Such law provided for the creation of the company “Seguros de Depósitos S.A.” (“SEDESA”) for purposes of managing the Deposit Guarantee Fund (the “DGF”), whose shareholders, in accordance with the changes introduced by Decree No. 1292/96, shall be the BCRA with one share as a minimum and the trustees of the trust created by the financial institutions in such proportion as may be determined for each by the BCRA according to their contributions to the DGF. This guarantee system does not include:
•transferable certificates of deposit whose ownership has been acquired by way of endorsement;
•the higher of (i) demand deposits for which the interest rate is higher than the benchmark interest rate and deposits and term investments that exceed 1.3 times that rate or (ii) the benchmark interest rate plus five percentage points. They will also be excluded when those interest rate limits are distorted by incentives or additional remuneration;
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•deposits made by other financial institutions, including certificates of deposit acquired by secondary trading;
•deposits made by persons directly or indirectly related to the financial institution;
•certificates of deposit of securities, acceptances or guarantees; or
•fixed amounts from deposits and other excluded transactions.
We held a 8.3672% equity interest in SEDESA as of December 31, 2024 (BCRA Communication “B” 12,755). Through Communication “B” 12,955 of March 14, 2025, the BCRA updated its participation to 9.6486%.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 7985, effective from April 1, 2024, the amount covered by the deposit guarantee system is Ps.25,000,000 per person and per deposit. In the case of transactions in the name of two or more persons, the guarantee will be prorated among the respective holders. The total guarantee amount by persons may not exceed Ps.25,000,000 regardless of the number of accounts and/or deposits.
The deposits for amounts over Ps.25,000,000 are also included in the guarantee system up to the Ps.25,000,000 limit. The Central Bank may decide at any time to amend the guarantee system cover amount based on the continued consolidation of the Argentine financial sector or any other indicators.
The Argentine insurance system is financed by monthly contributions from all financial institutions operating in Argentina. These contributions are equivalent to 0.015% of average daily balances of demand deposits, time deposits, term investments, salary account of social security and fixed assets of previous concepts.
Furthermore, institutions must make an additional contribution which will depend on the rating assigned by the Central Bank, the excess recorded in the integration of the RPC and the portfolio quality. This additional contribution may not exceed the standard contribution.
SEDESA may issue nominative non-endorsable securities to be offered to depositors as payment of the deposit guarantee whenever it did not have sufficient funds for such purpose. Such securities, whose conditions would be established for general purposes by the Central Bank, must be accepted by the financial institutions in order to constitute deposits.
Credit Cards Law No. 25,065
Law No. 25,065, enacted in 1999, governs different aspects of the credit, purchase and debit card system. This law (i) creates an obligation to sign a contract between the bank and the holder of the credit card before the card is issued, (ii) fixes a maximum limit to financial interest charged on balances, which may not exceed by more than 25% the rate applied to personal loan transactions and (iii) prohibits providing information to financial background databases regarding credit card holders in delinquent payment situations.
Law No. 26,361, enacted in 2008, amended article 50 of Law No. 25,065, empowering the Secretariat of the Domestic Commerce, dependent on the Ministry of Economy and Production, to issue regulatory provisions and to exercise powers of control, survey and ensure compliance with the law. The City of Buenos Aires and the provinces act as local authorities of application, with powers which they may delegate, if applicable, to their dependent bodies or to municipalities. Irrespective of the above, the national authority of application may act concurrently, even if the presumed infringements occur only within the scope of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires or the provinces.
Since the enforcement of Law No. 25,065, the Central Bank is the relevant authority in matters related to the credit, purchase and debit card system.
Disclosure of Iranian Activities Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act
The Bank discloses the following information pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, which requires an issuer to disclose whether it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with natural persons or entities designated by the U.S. government under specified executive orders, including
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activities not prohibited by U.S. law and conducted outside the United States by non-U.S. affiliates in compliance with local law.
The BBVA Group has the following activities, transactions and dealings with Iran requiring disclosure:
Iranian embassy-related activity. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. maintained a bank account in Spain until May 2024 for a Spanish citizen employed by the Iranian embassy in Spain. Estimated gross revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024, from this account, which include fees and/or commissions, totaled US$2.71. The BBVA Group does not allocate direct costs to fees and commissions and therefore has not disclosed a separate profit measure.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
Economic conditions
2024
During 2024 economic activity measured by GDP fell 1.7% compared to 2023. The two main factors that explain this decrease were the sudden rise in the US$/Peso exchange rate that took place in December 2023 that led to higher inflation, and the adjustment in public spending during the year leading to a contraction in consumption.
The unemployment rate increased to 7.1% on average in 2024, compared to the 6.1% on average in 2023.
The national CPI increased by 117.8% in 2024, reflecting a significant deceleration of inflation compared to 211.4% in 2023.
The domestic public sector had a primary fiscal surplus of 1.8% of GDP.
2023
During 2023 economic activity measured by GDP fell 1.6% compared to 2022 primarily due to the severe drought suffered in recent years, import restrictions, the inflationary acceleration and the two corrections of the exchange rate that took place in August 2023 and December 2023.
The unemployment rate decreased to an average of 6.1% in 2023, from an average of 6.8% in 2022.
The national CPI increased by 211.4% in 2023, reflecting a significant acceleration of inflation compared to 94.8% in 2022, mainly driven by the two corrections of the exchange rate that took place in August 2023 and December 2023.
The domestic public sector had a primary fiscal deficit of 2.7% of GDP.
2022
During 2022 economic activity measured by GDP grew 5.2% compared to 2021. Economic activity continued the recovery that started in 2021, following the 2020 decline resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic.
The average unemployment rate decreased again in 2022 and stood at 6.8% in 2022 compared to 8.7% in 2021. However, the quality of employment did not improve, with a higher incidence of underemployment and workers working in the informal economy.
The national CPI increased by 94.8% in 2022, reflecting a significant acceleration of inflation compared to 50.9% in 2021, mainly driven by the inflationary acceleration that followed a financial stress episode in July 2022 that resulted in the sudden resignation of Minister of Economy Martin Guzman.
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The domestic public sector had a primary fiscal deficit of 2.4% of GDP, just below the 2.5% goal of the IMF program.
Effects of Recent Regulatory Changes on BBVA Argentina
Below is a summary of the main rules and regulations enacted in recent years which have had an impact on the Bank.
New Regulatory Scheme of Financial Incentives for MSMEs
By means of Communication “A” 7983, the BCRA has established a scheme of incentives to boost financing targeted to MSMEs, consisting of a reduction in minimum cash requirements if an MSMEs minimum quota is met. As a result, financial institutions benefit from a reduction in minimum cash requirements (reserve requirements) if (i) their average stock of loans to MSMEs equals at least 7.5% of their deposits from the non-financial private sector in pesos and (ii) 30% of such amount is channeled to investment projects with a minimum average term of 24 months. The MSMEs minimum quota has been in effect since April 2024. Applicable interest rates may be freely agreed by the parties.
Additionally, financial institutions that finance MSMEs’ investment projects with an average duration that is equal to or greater than 36 months, may reduce their minimum cash requirement by 40% of the aggregate amount used for such financing projects.
Outstanding Credit Card Balances
The Central Bank established a limit for credit card financing (Communication “A” 7181). Effective as of February 2021, the limited rate applies up to Ps.200,000 of the total financed amount (Communication “A” 7198). This maximum annual nominal current rate is 122% (Communication “A” 7862) and is not applicable if the monthly consumption in foreign currency is higher than 200 U.S. dollars.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 8026, since June 2024, limits for credit card financing are no longer in effect.
Minimum Cash Rules
–Minimum Cash Requirement:
The structure of deductions as of the date of this annual report is as follows:
•Participation of loans granted to MSMEs on the total financing to the non-financial private sector in pesos. From July 2024 this deduction is only available to financial institutions that meet the MSMEs minimum quota. Since April 1, 2025, the deduction percentage has been reduced by half (Communication “A” 8159).
•Financing under the “AHORA 12” Program. Since May 24, 2024, only the residual balance disbursed up to that date may continue to be computed.
•Financing included in the “Credit Line for MSME’s Productive Investment”.
•Special for financial institutions offering the “Universal Free Account” in terms of loans granted to individuals and / or MSMEs not informed in the “Central of debtors of the financial system”, under certain conditions.
The deductions related to the financing included in the “Credit Line for MSME’s Productive Investment” and the “Universal Free Account” are no longer available for financing granted after January 1, 2025 (Communication “A” 8159).
Minimum Capital - Alignment with Basel III
The Central Bank has issued a series of regulations aimed at converging with the standards established by the Basel III framework. Below are the main amendments made pursuant to such regulations:
•Credit Risk Coverage - Communication “A” 8066, which is effective since October 2024:
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New eligible assets and guarantors were incorporated to improve credit risk coverage.
•Standardized Approach to Credit Risk - Communication “A” 8067, which is effective since January 2025:
The changes introduced modify risk weights, adjust exposure classifications, and establish new criteria to enhance credit risk measurement.
• Classification of Exposures:
- Differentiated weights for SMEs (85%), investment-grade companies (65%), and pre-operational infrastructure projects (130%).
-Retail exposures with specific weights based on whether they are transactional normative (45%), non-transactional normative (75%), or non-normative (100%).
•Capital Instruments and Subordinated Debt:
-The risk weight for equity instruments was increased to 250% and for subordinated debt to 150%.
•Review of Defaulted Exposures:
-Criteria for considering an exposure in default was expanded to include certain situations, such as bankruptcy or restructuring with significant debt reduction.
•Off-Balance Sheet Items:
-The credit conversion factor (“CCF”) for unused balances of credit cards and current accounts was increased from 0% to 10%.
-Credit commitments were unified with a CCF of 40%, regardless of their duration.
•Operational Risk - Communication “A” 8068, which is effective since March 2025:
New approaches are defined to measure operational risk based on the size and systemic importance of financial entities:
•Entities classified as Global Systemically Important Banks (“GSIB”) or Domestic Systemically Important Banks (“DSIB”) will adopt the Basel III standardized method, including with respect to:
-Separation of results into components (interest, services, financial results, and monetary results).
-Restatement of items in a homogeneous currency.
•Entities that are not considered to be DSIBs or GSIBs will continue to apply the basic indicator method, incorporating monetary results and restating items in a homogeneous currency.
Profit Distribution
By Communication “A” 7719 dated March 9, 2023, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 40% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments from April 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.
On March 21, 2024 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7984, effective until December 31, 2024, which established that financial institutions, with its prior authorization, may distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments once authorization is obtained by the BCRA.
Subsequently, on April 30, 2024, the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7997, which further modified the dividend distribution framework, enabling financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in three equal, monthly and consecutive installments. Additionally, non-resident shareholders have the option to receive their dividends in a single cash payment, provided that such funds are directly allocated to the subscription of Bonos para la Reconstrucción de una Argentina Libre (BOPREAL bonds), in accordance with foreign exchange regulations.
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Pursuant to Communication “A” 8214 dated March 13, 2025, up to December 31,2025, the Central Bank enabled financial entities that obtained its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60 % of their “distributable profit” in ten equal, monthly and consecutive installments, starting from June 30, 2025 and with each such installment being paid no earlier than the day prior to the last business day of each subsequent month. The installments had to be paid in homogenous currency.
As a result of these regulations, our ability to distribute dividends is heavily regulated.
Exchange Market Regulations
By means of Communication “A” 7106 dated September 15, 2020, even though the US$200 limit individuals could buy per month was maintained, effective September 1, 2020 payments for foreign currency-denominated purchases made abroad with credit or debit cards would be considered within such limit (any excess would be deducted from the subsequent months’ limit). Communication “A” 7106 further stated that individuals who had refinanced outstanding credit card balances (Communication “A” 6949) and/or who had benefitted from frozen installments (Decree No. 319/20) could not access the exchange market, or otherwise engage in transactions or complete sales of securities in the country to be settled in foreign currency or transfer such securities to foreign depositary institutions, until the total payment of the outstanding balances or for as long as the benefit is in place, as the case may be. This communication also established the requirement to submit a refinancing plan to the BCRA for those who recorded scheduled capital maturities between October 15, 2020 and March 31, 2021 based on the following criteria:
•Access to the MULC (“Mercado Único y Libre de Cambio”, in Spanish) in the original term for up to 40% of the expiring capital;
•Rest refinanced with an average life of at least two years; and
•Applicable to amounts greater than US$1 million per month.
This requirement was extended to those who register capital maturities for amounts greater than US$2 million per month between April 1, 2021 and June 30, 2022 through Communication “A” 7230 and “A” 7416. Such term was further extended until December 31, 2023 by Communication “A” 7621.
Since November 26, 2021, purchases of air tickets, hotel accommodation, or any tourist service provided abroad, are forbidden to be paid through local credit card installments.
On July 26, 2022, the Central Bank set up a regime for the sale of soybean which was in effect until August 31, 2022. During such period, producers could acquire foreign currency for up to 30% of the funds obtained from the sale of grains and maintain the remaining 70% into a freely available deposit with variable remuneration depending on the evolution of the official exchange rate (Communication “A” 7556).
Through Decree No. 576/22 of September 5, 2022, the government established the “Export Increase Program”, which established an exchange rate of Ps.200 for every US$1 for exports of soybean until September 30, 2022.
This program was extended several times, and by means of Decree No. 28/23 effective since December 13, 2023 exporters were allowed to settle 80% of their foreign currency at the official exchange rate, while the remaining 20% had to be channeled through purchase and sale transactions of securities purchased in foreign currency and sold in local currency.
By means of Communication “A” 7917, effective December 13, 2023, the Central Bank established a new scheme to access the Free and Single Foreign Exchange Market (“Mercado Único y Libre de Cambio”, or MULC by its Spanish acronym) for importing goods and services aimed at normalizing the flow of imports which were halted due to the accumulated commercial debt. The Central Bank established different payment terms, depending on the tariff position of the imports of goods and services involved. This measure is aimed at managing foreign currency in the beginning of the year characterized by seasonally low exports.
By means of Communications “A” 8073 and 8074, the BCRA has taken further measures to remove and loosen the restrictions affecting access to the exchange market. The BCRA decided to shorten the term for companies to access the MULC to pay for their imports, decrease the amount that exporters of services are required to settle in the MULC, and allow people who had received state aid during the Covid-19 pandemic or who benefited from subsidies in public utility rates to carry out foreign exchange transactions through securities in foreign currency.
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Other Regulations
•New Monetary Policy
Effective December 6, 2024, the Central Bank reduced the monetary policy rate from 35% to 32%. Subsequently, on January 31, 2025, the BCRA reduced the monetary policy rate from 32% to 29% .
•Deposits and Interest Rates
By means of Communication “A” 7978 dated March 11, 2024 and effective since March 12, 2024, the Central Bank eliminated the minimum interest rate for time deposits.
Critical Accounting Policies
The Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were prepared by the Bank’s management in compliance with IFRS-IASB, and by applying the basis of consolidation, accounting policies and measurement bases, described in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, so that they present fairly the Bank’s total equity and financial position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and its results of operations and consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, estimates were made in order to recognize and measure the assets, liabilities, income, expenses and commitments reported therein. These estimates relate mainly to the following:
•Financial instruments – Impairment.
•Fair value of financial instruments.
•Derivatives and other future transactions.
•Income tax.
•Contingent liabilities.
Although these estimates were made on the basis of the best information available as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively, events that take place in the future might make it necessary to revise these estimates (upwards or downwards) in coming years.
Note 2.3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements contains a summary of our significant accounting policies. We consider certain of these policies to be particularly important due to their effect on the financial reporting of our financial condition and results of operations and because they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, some of which may relate to matters that are inherently uncertain. Our reported financial condition and results of operations are sensitive to accounting methods, assumptions and estimates that underlie the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. The nature of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors to be considered when reviewing our Consolidated Financial Statements and the discussion below.
We have identified the accounting policies enumerated below as critical to the understanding of our financial condition and results of operations, since the application of these policies requires significant management assumptions and estimates that could result in materially different amounts to be reported if the assumptions used or underlying circumstances were to change.
•Financial instruments – Impairment
IFRS 9 became effective as of January 1, 2018 and replaced IAS 39 regarding the classification and measurement of financial assets and liabilities, the impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting. For information regarding the classification and measurement of financial instruments under IFRS 9, see Note 2.3.4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
•Fair value of financial instruments
The fair value of an asset or a liability on a given date is taken to be the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset, or paid upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
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date. The most objective and common reference for the fair value of an asset or a liability is the price that would be paid for it on an organized, transparent and active market (“quoted price” or “market price”).
If there is no market price for a given asset or liability, its fair value is estimated on the basis of the price established in recent transactions involving similar instruments and, in the absence thereof, by using mathematical measurement models sufficiently tried and trusted by the international financial community. Such estimates would take into consideration the specific features of the asset or liability to be measured and, in particular, the various types of risk associated with the asset or liability. However, the limitations inherent to the measurement models developed and the possible inaccuracies of the assumptions required by these models may signify that the fair value of an asset or liability thus estimated does not coincide exactly with the price for which the asset could be sold or the price that would be paid for the transfer of a liability on the date of its measurement.
•Derivatives and other future transactions
These instruments include outstanding foreign currency purchase and sale transactions, outstanding securities purchase and sale transactions, futures transactions relating to securities, exchange rates or interest rates, forward interest rate agreements, options relating to exchange rates, securities or interest rates and various types of financial swaps.
All derivatives are recognized at fair value from the date of arrangement. If the fair value of a derivative is positive, it is recorded as an asset and if it is negative, it is recorded as a liability. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, it is understood that on the date of arrangement the fair value of the derivatives is equal to the transaction price. Changes in the fair value of derivatives after the date of arrangement are recognized in the heading “Gains (losses) on financial assets and liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss, net” in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.
Specifically, the fair value of the standard financial derivatives included in the held for trading portfolios is equal to their daily quoted price. If, under exceptional circumstances, their quoted price cannot be established on a given date, these derivatives are measured using methods similar to those used to measure over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives.
The fair value of OTC derivatives is equal to the sum of the future cash flows arising from the instruments discounted at the measurement date (“present value” or “theoretical value”). These derivatives are measured using methods recognized by the financial markets, including the net present value method and option price calculation models.
•Income tax
In estimating accrued taxes, we assess the relative merits and risks of the appropriate tax treatment considering statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance in the context of the tax position.
Because of the complexity of tax laws and regulations, interpretation can be difficult and subject to legal judgment. It is possible that others, given the same information, may reach different reasonable conclusions regarding the estimated amounts of accrued taxes.
Changes in the estimate of accrued taxes may occur due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of the status of examinations being conducted by various taxing authorities, and newly-enacted statutory and regulatory guidance that affect the relative merits and risks of tax positions. These changes, when they affect accrued taxes, could affect our operating results.
•Contingent liabilities
We are subject to proceedings, lawsuits and other claims related to labor, commercial, civil and other matters. We make determinations of the amount of provisions required, if any, for these contingencies after a careful analysis of each individual issue. The required provisions may change in the future due to new developments in each matter or changes in the settlement strategy.
A.Operating Results
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS-IASB.
Results of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
109

Tab le of Conte nts
Overview
The table below shows the Bank’s consolidated statements of profit or loss and comprehensive income for 2024, 2023 and 2022.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos) (1)
Interest income | 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |  |  | (2,237,208,201) |  |  | (32.3 | %) |  | 2,665,667,417 |  |  | 62.5 | %
Interest expenses | (1,767,275,340) |  |  | (3,389,943,816) |  |  | (1,970,167,737) |  |  | 1,622,668,476 |  |  | 47.9 | % |  | (1,419,776,079) |  |  | (72.1 | %)
NET INTEREST INCOME | 2,928,966,234 |  |  | 3,543,505,959 |  |  | 2,297,614,621 |  |  | (614,539,725) |  |  | (17.3 | %) |  | 1,245,891,338 |  |  | 54.2 | %
Fee and commission income | 548,839,620 |  |  | 553,863,559 |  |  | 537,969,789 |  |  | (5,023,939) |  |  | (0.9 | %) |  | 15,893,770 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Fee and commission expense | (266,256,295) |  |  | (251,270,573) |  |  | (220,994,595) |  |  | (14,985,722) |  |  | (6.0 | %) |  | (30,275,978) |  |  | (13.7 | %)
Gains (Losses) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net | 152,692,993 |  |  | (45,061,608) |  |  | 101,054,719 |  |  | 197,754,601 |  |  | 438.9 | % |  | (146,116,327) |  |  | (144.6 | %)
Gains (Losses) on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net | 241,671,545 |  |  | 88,391,254 |  |  | 1,966,214 |  |  | 153,280,291 |  |  | 173.4 | % |  | 86,425,040 |  |  | n.m
Exchange differences, net | 54,636,460 |  |  | 457,541,435 |  |  | 54,772,068 |  |  | (402,904,975) |  |  | (88.1 | %) |  | 402,769,367 |  |  | n.m
Other operating income | 142,790,472 |  |  | 146,440,914 |  |  | 143,506,300 |  |  | (3,650,442) |  |  | (2.5 | %) |  | 2,934,614 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Other operating expenses | (491,172,138) |  |  | (571,855,776) |  |  | (418,543,458) |  |  | 80,683,638 |  |  | 14.1 | % |  | (153,312,318) |  |  | (36.6 | %)
GROSS INCOME | 3,312,168,891 |  |  | 3,921,555,164 |  |  | 2,497,345,658 |  |  | (609,386,273) |  |  | (15.5 | %) |  | 1,424,209,506 |  |  | 57.0 | %
Administration costs | (1,079,873,320) |  |  | (1,083,513,789) |  |  | (923,059,270) |  |  | 3,640,469 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | (160,454,519) |  |  | (17.4 | %)
Personnel benefits | (516,301,039) |  |  | (540,989,136) |  |  | (461,751,067) |  |  | 24,688,097 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | (79,238,069) |  |  | (17.2 | %)
Other administrative expenses | (563,572,281) |  |  | (542,524,653) |  |  | (461,308,203) |  |  | (21,047,628) |  |  | (3.9 | %) |  | (81,216,450) |  |  | (17.6 | %)
Depreciation and amortization | (79,611,677) |  |  | (62,448,521) |  |  | (74,412,260) |  |  | (17,163,156) |  |  | (27.5 | %) |  | 11,963,739 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Impairment of financial assets | (290,406,994) |  |  | (290,935,480) |  |  | (214,784,580) |  |  | 528,486 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | (76,150,900) |  |  | (35.5 | %)
Loss on net monetary position | (1,421,247,270) |  |  | (1,804,868,429) |  |  | (905,994,003) |  |  | 383,621,159 |  |  | 21.3 | % |  | (898,874,426) |  |  | (99.2 | %)
NET OPERATING INCOME | 441,029,630 |  |  | 679,788,945 |  |  | 379,095,545 |  |  | (238,759,315) |  |  | (35.1 | %) |  | 300,693,400 |  |  | 79.3 | %
Share of profit of equity accounted investees | 50,755 |  |  | 2,518,723 |  |  | (3,163,436) |  |  | (2,467,968) |  |  | (98.0 | %) |  | 5,682,159 |  |  | 179.6 | %
PROFIT BEFORE TAX | 441,080,385 |  |  | 682,307,668 |  |  | 375,932,109 |  |  | (241,227,283) |  |  | (35.4 | %) |  | 306,375,559 |  |  | 81.5 | %
Income tax (expense) benefit | (76,264,805) |  |  | (339,863,041) |  |  | 17,114,200 |  |  | 263,598,236 |  |  | 77.6 | % |  | (356,977,241) |  |  | n.m
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR | 364,815,580 |  |  | 342,444,627 |  |  | 393,046,309 |  |  | 22,370,953 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | (50,601,682) |  |  | (12.9 | %)
Attributable to owners of the Bank | 360,405,364 |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 399,017,982 |  |  | 18,825,767 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | (57,438,385) |  |  | (14.4 | %)
Attributable to non-controlling interest | 4,410,216 |  |  | 865,030 |  |  | (5,971,673) |  |  | 3,545,186 |  |  | 409.8 | % |  | 6,836,703 |  |  | 114.5 | %
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR | 364,815,580 |  |  | 342,444,627 |  |  | 393,046,309 |  |  | 22,370,953 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | (50,601,682) |  |  | (12.9 | %)
Items that are or may be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit or loss for financial instruments at fair value through Other comprehensive income (FVOCI) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (loss) for the year for financial instruments at fair value through Other comprehensive income (FVOCI) | (370,129,388) |  |  | 714,304,550 |  |  | (89,713,102) |  |  | (1,084,433,938) |  |  | (151.8 | %) |  | 804,017,652 |  |  | n.m
Adjustment for reclassifications for the year | (122,608,090) |  |  | (75,817,890) |  |  | (1,845,974) |  |  | (46,790,200) |  |  | (61.7 | %) |  | (73,971,916) |  |  | n.m
Related income tax (expense) benefit | 169,658,849 |  |  | (184,930,091) |  |  | (4,839,879) |  |  | 354,588,940 |  |  | 191.7 | % |  | (180,090,212) |  |  | n.m
| (323,078,629) |  |  | 453,556,569 |  |  | (96,398,955) |  |  | (776,635,198) |  |  | (171.2 | %) |  | 549,955,524 |  |  | n.m
Share in Other Comprehensive income (OCI) from investees at equity method |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit or loss for the year for the share in OCI from associates at equity-method | — |  |  | — |  |  | 739,275 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (739,275) |  |  | (100.0 | %)
| — |  |  | — |  |  | 739,275 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (739,275) |  |  | (100.0 | %)
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value changes for equity instruments at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit (Loss) for the year for equity instruments at FVOCI | 734,827 |  |  | 3,535,221 |  |  | (16,133) |  |  | (2,800,394) |  |  | (79.2 | %) |  | 3,551,354 |  |  | n.m
| 734,827 |  |  | 3,535,221 |  |  | (16,133) |  |  | (2,800,394) |  |  | (79.2 | %) |  | 3,551,354 |  |  | n.m
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (322,343,802) |  |  | 457,091,790 |  |  | (95,675,813) |  |  | (779,435,592) |  |  | (170.5 | %) |  | 552,767,603 |  |  | n.m
Total comprehensive income for the year | 42,471,778 |  |  | 799,536,417 |  |  | 297,370,496 |  |  | (757,064,639) |  |  | (94.7 | %) |  | 502,165,921 |  |  | 168.9 | %

110

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| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos) (1)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Attributable to owners of the Bank | 39,531,947 |  |  | 797,200,917 |  |  | 303,342,245 |  |  | (757,668,970) |  |  | (95.0 | %) |  | 493,858,672 |  |  | 162.8 | %
Attributable to non-controlling interests | 2,939,831 |  |  | 2,335,500 |  |  | (5,971,749) |  |  | 604,331 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | 8,307,249 |  |  | 139.1 | %
OTHER: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year attributable to owners of the Bank per ordinary share (2)(3) | 588.22 |  |  | 557.49 |  |  | 651.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year attributable to owners of the Bank per ADS (2)(3)(5) | 1,764.66 |  |  | 1,672.47 |  |  | 1,953.69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted profit for the year attributable to owners of the Bank per ordinary share (2)(3) | 588.22 |  |  | 557.49 |  |  | 651.23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted profit for the year attributable to owners of the Bank per ADS (2)(3)(5) | 1,764.66 |  |  | 1,672.47 |  |  | 1,953.69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per ordinary share (2)(3)(4) | 828.2894 |  |  | 276.7828 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per ordinary share (in US$) | 0.5334 |  |  | 0.1501 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per ADS (2)(3)(4)(5) | 2,484.8683 |  |  | 830.3484 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared dividends per ADS (in US$) | 1.6002 |  |  | 0.4503 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income per ordinary share (2)(3) | 719.80 |  |  | 1,109.48 |  |  | 618.72 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating income per ADS (2)(3)(5) | 2,159.40 |  |  | 3,328.44 |  |  | 1,856.16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average ordinary shares outstanding (000s) (3) | 612,710 |  |  | 612,710 |  |  | 612,710 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

_____________
(1)Except percentages, declared dividends per ordinary share (in US$), declared dividends per ADS (in US$), net operating income per ordinary share and net operating income per ADS data and financial ratios.
(2)Based on the average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.
(3)The average number of ordinary shares outstanding during a year was computed as the average number of shares outstanding during the twelve months taking into account the outstanding amounts as of the end of each month.
(4)For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the dividends in kind and cash declared at the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 26, 2024 were Ps.264,227 million (nominal value) and in turn authorization was requested from the Central Bank to distribute Ps.264,227 million (nominal value).
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the dividends in kind and cash declared at the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 28, 2023 were Ps.35,566 million (nominal value) and in turn authorization was requested from the Central Bank to distribute Ps.50,401 million (nominal value).
Pursuant to Communication “A” 7421 dated December 16, 2021, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, to distribute dividends for up to 20% of their “distributable profit”. By Communication “A” 7719 dated March 9, 2023, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 40% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments from April 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023. On March 21, 2024 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7984, effective until December 31, 2024, which established that financial institutions, with its prior authorization, may distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments once authorization is obtained by the BCRA. Subsequently, on April 30, 2024, the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7997, which further modified the dividend distribution framework, enabling financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in three equal, monthly and consecutive installments. Additionally, non-resident shareholders have the option to receive their dividends in a single cash payment, provided that such funds are directly allocated to the subscription of Bonds for the reconstruction of a free Argentina (BOPREAL bonds), in accordance with foreign exchange regulations.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 8214 dated March 13, 2025, up to December 31,2025, the Central Bank enabled financial entities that obtained its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60 % of their “distributable profit” in ten equal, monthly and consecutive installments, starting from June 30, 2025 and with each such installment being paid no earlier than the day prior to the last business day of each subsequent month. The installments had to be paid in homogenous currency.
(5)Each ADS represents three ordinary shares.
The changes in our consolidated statement of profit or loss for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
111

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Interest income
The components of our interest income are reflected in the following table.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
CER clause adjustment (1) | 989,710,613 |  |  | 825,141,529 |  |  | 556,628,928 |  |  | 164,569,084 |  |  | 19.9 | % |  | 268,512,601 |  |  | 48.2 | %
Premium for reverse repurchase agreements | 845,845,984 |  |  | 845,394,681 |  |  | 216,040,876 |  |  | 451,303 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 629,353,805 |  |  | 291.3 | %
Interest from government securities | 635,080,487 |  |  | 2,501,144,005 |  |  | 1,739,404,272 |  |  | (1,866,063,518) |  |  | (74.6 | %) |  | 761,739,733 |  |  | 43.8 | %
Interest from commercial papers | 579,932,926 |  |  | 724,217,420 |  |  | 268,514,987 |  |  | (144,284,494) |  |  | (19.9 | %) |  | 455,702,433 |  |  | 169.7 | %
Interest from credit card loans | 431,887,103 |  |  | 610,925,948 |  |  | 424,637,152 |  |  | (179,038,845) |  |  | (29.3 | %) |  | 186,288,796 |  |  | 43.9 | %
Interest from consumer loans | 305,531,003 |  |  | 283,675,392 |  |  | 217,515,536 |  |  | 21,855,611 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | 66,159,856 |  |  | 30.4 | %
Interest from overdrafts | 303,017,240 |  |  | 383,223,388 |  |  | 195,080,888 |  |  | (80,206,148) |  |  | (20.9 | %) |  | 188,142,500 |  |  | 96.4 | %
Interest from other loans | 247,810,876 |  |  | 369,902,975 |  |  | 301,123,772 |  |  | (122,092,099) |  |  | (33.0 | %) |  | 68,779,203 |  |  | 22.8 | %
UVA clause adjustment (2) | 221,036,327 |  |  | 243,189,388 |  |  | 212,813,364 |  |  | (22,153,061) |  |  | (9.1 | %) |  | 30,376,024 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Interest from pledge loans | 62,331,652 |  |  | 80,126,752 |  |  | 71,956,088 |  |  | (17,795,100) |  |  | (22.2 | %) |  | 8,170,664 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Interest on loans to the financial institutions | 16,796,646 |  |  | 13,948,303 |  |  | 16,922,306 |  |  | 2,848,343 |  |  | 20.4 | % |  | (2,974,003) |  |  | (17.6 | %)
Interest from loans for the prefinancing and financing of exports | 16,660,568 |  |  | 5,236,271 |  |  | 4,922,014 |  |  | 11,424,297 |  |  | 218.2 | % |  | 314,257 |  |  | 6.4 | %
Interest from mortgage loans | 15,336,145 |  |  | 14,071,117 |  |  | 20,631,721 |  |  | 1,265,028 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | (6,560,604) |  |  | (31.8 | %)
Interest from financial leases | 12,955,249 |  |  | 20,591,504 |  |  | 13,370,945 |  |  | (7,636,255) |  |  | (37.1 | %) |  | 7,220,559 |  |  | 54.0 | %
Interest from private securities | 4,358,370 |  |  | 7,541,862 |  |  | 4,494,699 |  |  | (3,183,492) |  |  | (42.2) | % |  | 3,047,163 |  |  | 67.8 | %
Other financial interest income | 7,950,385 |  |  | 5,119,240 |  |  | 3,724,810 |  |  | 2,831,145 |  |  | 55.3 | % |  | 1,394,430 |  |  | 37.4 | %
| 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |  |  | (2,237,208,201) |  |  | (32.3 | %) |  | 2,665,667,417 |  |  | 62.5 | %

(1)The CER is an index that reflects the variation in inflation in Argentina and is calculated based on the daily variations in the CPI as determined by the INDEC.
(2)The UVA (Purchasing Value Unit) is an index determined by the Central Bank, reflecting the variation of one one-thousandth of the average value of a square meter built for housing in Argentina (such that 1,000 UVAs are equivalent to one square meter). This value was initially set at Ps.14.05 and is updated daily based on the variation in the Reference Stabilization Coefficient (CER) since March 31, 2016.
The Bank’s interest income decreased significantly in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a significant decrease in interest from government securities mainly due to the decrease in the monetary policy rate, combined with the cancellation of BCRA liquidity bills (LELIQ) in December 2023 and a decrease in interest from credit card loans mainly due to the fall in average interest rates and increased competition, which was partially offset by an increase in interest from the CER clause adjustment, mainly due to increased interest income from securities linked to this index, and to a significantly lesser extent, an increase in interest from consumer loans due to the growth of the Bank’s consumer loan portfolio.
The Bank’s interest income increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest from government securities and an increase in premium for reverse repurchase agreements (REPO), mainly due to an increase in the position of BCRA liquidity bills (LELIQ) and an increase in the BCRA’s REPO position, respectively, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest from mortgage loans and interest on loans to financial institutions primarily due to lower activity levels.
The variation in the interest component of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2024 resulted both from a decrease in the average real rates of interest-earning assets and a decrease in the average volume of interest-earning assets.
The variation in the interest component of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted mostly from an increase in the average real rates of interest-earning assets partially offset by a decrease in the average volume of interest-earning assets.
112

Tab le of Conte nts
The following table sets forth the changes in the interest component of interest and other income due to increases or decreases in the volume of interest-earning assets and increases or decreases in the average real rates of interest-earning assets.

| December 31, 2024 vs. December 31, 2023 Increase (Decrease) |  | December 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022 Increase (Decrease)
Change in interest income due to change in: | (in thousands of pesos)
the volume of interest-earning assets | (1,113,361,792) |  |  | (123,962,530) |
average real rates of interest-earning assets | (1,123,846,409) |  |  | 2,789,629,947 |
Net Change | (2,237,208,201) |  |  | 2,665,667,417 |

Interest expenses
The components of our interest expenses are reflected in the following table.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Interest from time deposits | 1,059,322,758 |  |  | 2,533,937,410 |  |  | 1,452,034,912 |  |  | (1,474,614,652) |  |  | (58.2 | %) |  | 1,081,902,498 |  |  | 74.5 | %
Interest from current accounts deposits | 475,683,772 |  |  | 678,423,669 |  |  | 268,972,606 |  |  | (202,739,897) |  |  | (29.9 | %) |  | 409,451,063 |  |  | 152.2 | %
UVA clause adjustment (1) | 133,384,580 |  |  | 93,059,557 |  |  | 170,287,834 |  |  | 40,325,023 |  |  | 43.3 | % |  | (77,228,277) |  |  | (45.4) | %
Interest from bank loans | 41,980,571 |  |  | 55,106,427 |  |  | 58,987,104 |  |  | (13,125,856) |  |  | (23.8) | % |  | (3,880,677) |  |  | (6.6) | %
Interest from other financial liabilities | 21,750,500 |  |  | 10,049,379 |  |  | 4,566,601 |  |  | 11,701,121 |  |  | 116.4 | % |  | 5,482,778 |  |  | 120.1 | %
Interest from savings accounts deposits | 18,335,036 |  |  | 15,584,182 |  |  | 10,878,827 |  |  | 2,750,854 |  |  | 17.7 | % |  | 4,705,355 |  |  | 43.3 | %
Borrowing surety bond transactions | 11,900,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,900,120 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A
Interest on the lease liability | 4,100,609 |  |  | 3,700,118 |  |  | 4,215,434 |  |  | 400,491 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | (515,316) |  |  | (12.2 | %)
Premium for reverse repurchase agreements | 810,774 |  |  | 54,412 |  |  | 182,219 |  |  | 756,362 |  |  | n.m |  | (127,807) |  |  | (70.1) | %
Other financial interest expense | 6,620 |  |  | 28,662 |  |  | 42,200 |  |  | (22,042) |  |  | (76.9) | % |  | (13,538) |  |  | (32.1) | %
| 1,767,275,340 |  |  | 3,389,943,816 |  |  | 1,970,167,737 |  |  | (1,622,668,476) |  |  | (47.9 | %) |  | 1,419,776,079 |  |  | 72.1 | %

(1)UVA (Purchasing Value Unit): It is a unit of measure that is updated daily according to the CER.
The Bank’s interest expenses decreased significantly in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in interest expenses from time deposits, mainly due to the deregulation of the time deposit rate at the end of March 2024, and a decrease in interest expenses from current accounts deposits due to a decrease in interest paid on mutual fund transactions, which were partially offset by an increase in interest expenses from UVA clause adjustment due to the early cancellation of related time deposits and interest expenses from new operations related to borrowing surety bond transactions.
The Bank’s interest expenses increased significantly in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest expenses from time deposits, mainly due to a higher volume of interest expenses related to the wholesale sector and an increase in interest expenses from savings accounts deposits due to an increase in the volume of such deposits, which were partially offset by a decrease in interest expenses from UVA clause adjustment and bank loans primarily due to lower activity levels.
The variation in the interest component of interest expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 resulted mostly from a decrease in the average real rates of interest-bearing liabilities and, to a significantly lesser extent, a decrease in the volume of interest-bearing liabilities.
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The variation in the interest component of interest expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted mostly from an increase in the average real rates of interest-bearing liabilities which was partially offset by a decrease in the volume of interest-bearing liabilities.
The following table sets forth the changes in the interest component of interest expenses due to increases or decreases in the volume of interest-bearing liabilities and increases or decreases in the average nominal rates of interest-bearing liabilities.

| December 31, 2024 vs. December 31, 2023 Increase (Decrease) |  | December 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022 Increase (Decrease)
Change in interest expenses due to change in: | (in thousands of pesos)
the volume of interest-bearing liabilities | (498,302,779) |  |  | (403,387,933) |
average real rates of interest-bearing liabilities | (1,124,365,697) |  |  | 1,823,164,012 |
Net Change | (1,622,668,476) |  |  | 1,419,776,079 |

Net interest income
The following table sets forth the changes in the components of our net interest income for the periods discussed herein:

| December 31, 2024 vs. December 31, 2023 Increase (Decrease) |  | December 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022 Increase (Decrease)
Net interest income due to changes in: | (in thousands of pesos)
the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities | (615,059,013) |  |  | 279,425,403 |
average real rates of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities | 519,288 |  |  | 966,465,935 |
Net Change | (614,539,725) |  |  | 1,245,891,338 |

The changes in net interest income are due to the changes in interest income and interest expense as explained above.
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—E. Selected Statistical Information—Average Balance Sheets, Interest Earned on Interest-Earning Assets and Interest Paid on Interest-Bearing Liabilities” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—E. Selected Statistical Information—Interest-Earning Assets: Net Interest Margin and Spread”.
Fee and commission income
The following table provides a breakdown of our fee and commission income by category.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
For credit cards | 268,034,994 |  |  | 253,943,717 |  |  | 210,023,996 |  |  | 14,091,277 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 43,919,721 |  |  | 20.9 | %
Linked to deposits and other | 154,723,084 |  |  | 183,640,618 |  |  | 228,906,247 |  |  | (28,917,534) |  |  | (15.7 | %) |  | (45,265,629) |  |  | (19.8 | %)
Linked to loans and other | 59,731,044 |  |  | 56,009,673 |  |  | 45,100,630 |  |  | 3,721,371 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 10,909,043 |  |  | 24.2 | %
From foreign currency transactions | 25,961,950 |  |  | 23,594,476 |  |  | 23,882,019 |  |  | 2,367,474 |  |  | 10 | % |  | (287,543) |  |  | (1 | %)
Insurance agent fees | 19,779,102 |  |  | 20,981,896 |  |  | 23,877,102 |  |  | (1,202,794) |  |  | (5.7) | % |  | (2,895,206) |  |  | (12.1) | %
Linked to securities | 19,324,931 |  |  | 14,576,241 |  |  | 6,155,694 |  |  | 4,748,690 |  |  | 32.6 | % |  | 8,420,547 |  |  | 136.8 | %
Fees linked to loan commitments | 841,081 |  |  | 887,281 |  |  | — |  |  | (46,200) |  |  | (5.2 | %) |  | 887,281 |  |  | N/A
From guarantees granted | 443,434 |  |  | 229,657 |  |  | 24,101 |  |  | 213,777 |  |  | 93.1 | % |  | 205,556 |  |  | n.m
| 548,839,620 |  |  | 553,863,559 |  |  | 537,969,789 |  |  | (5,023,939) |  |  | (0.9 | %) |  | 15,893,770 |  |  | 3.0 | %

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The Bank’s fee and commission income decreased modestly in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in fee and commission income linked to deposits and other, particularly related to savings accounts, which was partially offset by an increase in fee and commissions linked to credit cards, mainly due to higher commission prices and a higher volume of credit card transactions, and an increase in fee and commission income linked to securities due to higher commissions for purchase and sale of securities and shares.
The Bank’s fee and commission income increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in fee and commissions linked to credit cards, mainly due to a lower expense related to the BBVA Points Reward Program and an increased volume of credit card transactions combined with an increase in prices, and an increase in fee and commissions linked to securities due to higher commissions for purchase and sale of securities and shares, which were partially offset by a decrease in fee and commissions linked to deposits, and a decrease in fee and commissions from insurance agent fee related to lower commissions earned from insurance sales.
Fee and commission expense
The table below shows a breakdown of our fee and commission expense by category.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
For credit and debit cards | 145,291,281 |  |  | 147,594,366 |  |  | 156,516,380 |  |  | (2,303,085) |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | (8,922,014) |  |  | (5.7) | %
For foreign trade transactions | 61,852,231 |  |  | 40,302,506 |  |  | 6,682,733 |  |  | 21,549,725 |  |  | 53.5 | % |  | 33,619,773 |  |  | n.m
For payment of wages | 24,798,642 |  |  | 24,776,270 |  |  | 17,311,622 |  |  | 22,372 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 7,464,648 |  |  | 43.1 | %
For new channels | 18,907,569 |  |  | 13,154,114 |  |  | 8,787,795 |  |  | 5,753,455 |  |  | 43.7 | % |  | 4,366,319 |  |  | 49.7 | %
For data processing | 11,742,085 |  |  | 9,539,347 |  |  | 10,375,102 |  |  | 2,202,738 |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | (835,755) |  |  | (8.1) | %
For advertising campaigns | 659,815 |  |  | 2,207,485 |  |  | 1,753,646 |  |  | (1,547,670) |  |  | (70.1 | %) |  | 453,839 |  |  | 25.9 | %
Linked to transactions with securities | 129,096 |  |  | 146,816 |  |  | 106,473 |  |  | (17,720) |  |  | (12.1 | %) |  | 40,343 |  |  | 37.9 | %
Other commission expenses | 2,875,576 |  |  | 13,549,669 |  |  | 19,460,844 |  |  | (10,674,093) |  |  | (78.8) | % |  | (5.911.175) |  | (30.4 | %)
| 266,256,295 |  |  | 251,270,573 |  |  | 220,994,595 |  |  | 14,985,722 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 30,275,978 |  |  | 13.7 | %

The Bank’s fee and commission expense increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in fee and commissions expenses for foreign trade transactions, as a result of higher processing expenses and Visa royalties in foreign currency, and an increase in fee and commission expenses for new channels, which was partially offset by a decrease in fee and commission expense for other commission expenses, primarily related to refunds to customers related to MODO promotions.
The Bank’s fee and commission expense increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in fee and commissions expenses for foreign trade transactions related to royalties affected by the devaluation of the Argentine peso and payroll marketing campaigns, which was partially offset by a decrease in fee and commission expense for credit and debit cards primarily due to a decrease in royalties from VISA.
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Gains/(Losses) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net
The table below shows a breakdown of our gain (loss) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Gain (Loss) from government securities | 154,704,801 |  |  | (113,774,261) |  |  | 72,420,836 |  |  | 268,479,062 |  |  | 236.0 | % |  | (186,195,097) |  |  | (257.1 | %)
Gain from private securities | 11,017,043 |  |  | 15,996,235 |  |  | 14,575,304 |  |  | (4,979,192) |  |  | (31.1 | %) |  | 1,420,931 |  |  | 9.7 | %
Gain from corporate bonds | 1,512,685 |  |  | 2,992,028 |  |  | 133,211 |  |  | (1,479,343) |  |  | (49.4 | %) |  | 2,858,817 |  |  | n.m
Interest rate swaps | 1,030,476 |  |  | (387,132) |  |  | 685,551 |  |  | 1,417,608 |  |  | 366.2 | % |  | (1,072,683) |  |  | (156.5 | %)
Gain from the sale of financial assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,392,691 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (3,392,691) |  |  | (100.0 | %)
Loss from put options | (685,766) |  |  | (1,137,120) |  |  | (235,018) |  |  | 451,354 |  |  | 39.7 | % |  | (902,102) |  |  | (383.8) | %
(Loss) Gain from foreign currency forward transactions | (14,889,122) |  |  | 51,248,270 |  |  | 10,117,949 |  |  | (66,137,392) |  |  | (129.1) | % |  | 41,130,321 |  |  | 406.5 | %
Others | 2,876 |  |  | 372 |  |  | (35,805) |  |  | 2,504 |  |  | n.m |  | 36,177 |  |  | 101.0 | %
| 152,692,993 |  |  | (45,061,608) |  |  | 101,054,719 |  |  | 197,754,601 |  |  | 438.9 | % |  | (146,116,327) |  |  | (144.6 | %)

The Bank’s gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net, increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in gain from government securities due to the increase in their market value during the year, which was partially offset by a loss from foreign currency forward transactions due to the evolution of the exchange rate during the year.
The Bank’s losses on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net, increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in loss from government securities which was partially offset by an increase in gain from foreign currency forward transactions.
Gains on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net
The table below shows a breakdown of our gains on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Income from sale of government securities | 236,363,693 |  |  | 72,267,736 |  |  | 1,472,931 |  |  | 164,095,957 |  |  | 227.1 | % |  | 70,794,805 |  |  | n.m
Income from sale of private securities | 5,307,852 |  |  | 16,123,518 |  |  | 493,283 |  |  | (10,815,666) |  |  | (67.1 | %) |  | 15,630,235 |  |  | n.m
| 241,671,545 |  |  | 88,391,254 |  |  | 1,966,214 |  |  | 153,280,291 |  |  | 173.4 | % |  | 86,425,040 |  |  | n.m

The Bank’s gains on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net, increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in income from sale of government securities, mainly due to the sale of National Treasury bonds adjusted by CER from the OCI portfolio, which was partially offset by a decrease in income from sale of private securities, primarily due to a decrease in the volume of these transactions.
The Bank’s gains on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net, increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in income from sale of government securities, mainly due to an increase in the volume of sales.
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Exchange differences, net
The following table provides a breakdown of our exchange differences, net by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Income from trading in foreign currency | 59,043,073 |  |  | 86,181,018 |  |  | 84,728,415 |  |  | (27,137,945) |  |  | (31.5 | %) |  | 1,452,603 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Conversion of foreign currency assets and liabilities into pesos | (4,406,613) |  |  | 371,360,417 |  |  | (29,956,347) |  |  | (375,767,030) |  |  | (101.2) | % |  | 401,316,764 |  |  | n.m
| 54,636,460 |  |  | 457,541,435 |  |  | 54,772,068 |  |  | (402,904,975) |  |  | (88.1 | %) |  | 402,769,367 |  |  | n.m

The Bank’s exchange differences, net, decreased substantially in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to a lower conversion of foreign currency assets and liabilities into pesos, mainly due to dual bonds (bonds that allow obtaining a return linked to inflation or the price of the US dollar, whichever is higher), and also a decrease in income from trading in foreign currency.
The Bank’s exchange differences, net, increased in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to a higher conversion of foreign currency assets and liabilities into pesos, mainly due to dual bonds (bonds that allow obtaining a return linked to inflation or the price of the US dollar, whichever is higher), and an increase in income from trading in foreign currency.
For more information see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to Argentina— Exchange controls and restrictions on capital inflows and outflows could have a material adverse effect on Argentine public sector activity, and, as a result, on our business”.
Other operating income
The following table shows a breakdown of other operating income by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Adjustments and interest on miscellaneous receivables | 46,131,374 |  |  | 59,951,762 |  |  | 46,313,560 |  |  | (13,820,388) |  |  | (23.1) | % |  | 13,638,202 |  |  | 29.4 | %
Rental of safe deposit boxes | 22,306,092 |  |  | 17,572,045 |  |  | 19,836,171 |  |  | 4,734,047 |  |  | 26.9 | % |  | (2,264,126) |  |  | (11.4 | %)
Debit and credit card commissions | 13,089,542 |  |  | 10,249,421 |  |  | 10,322,122 |  |  | 2,840,121 |  |  | 27.7 | % |  | (72,701) |  |  | (0.7) | %
Loans recovered | 11,846,785 |  |  | 14,994,770 |  |  | 22,798,028 |  |  | (3,147,985) |  |  | (21.0) | % |  | (7,803,258) |  |  | (34.2) | %
Punitive interest | 7,305,237 |  |  | 5,619,971 |  |  | 3,252,841 |  |  | 1,685,266 |  |  | 30.0 | % |  | 2,367,130 |  |  | 72.8 | %
Rent | 5,670,084 |  |  | 5,242,910 |  |  | 4,144,644 |  |  | 427,174 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 1,098,266 |  |  | 26.5 | %
Allowances reversed | 4,676,270 |  |  | 2,910,574 |  |  | 5,003,003 |  |  | 1,765,696 |  |  | 60.7 | % |  | (2,092,429) |  |  | (41.8) | %
Fees expenses recovered | 4,471,404 |  |  | 5,095,381 |  |  | 5,595,766 |  |  | (623,977) |  |  | (12.2) | % |  | (500,385) |  |  | (8.9) | %
Commission from syndicated transactions | 1,521,174 |  |  | 2,027,244 |  |  | 1,788,820 |  |  | (506,070) |  |  | (25.0) | % |  | 238,424 |  |  | 13.3 | %
Gain from the sale of non-current assets held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,092,539 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (3,092,539) |  |  | (100.0 | %)
Income from asset sale in equity instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,276,895 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (10,276,895) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Other operating income | 25,772,510 |  |  | 22,776,836 |  |  | 11,081,911 |  |  | 2,995,674 |  |  | 13.2 | % |  | 11,694,925 |  |  | 105.5 | %
| 142,790,472 |  |  | 146,440,914 |  |  | 143,506,300 |  |  | (3,650,442) |  |  | (2.5 | %) |  | 2,934,614 |  |  | 2.0 | %

The Bank’s other operating income decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in adjustments and interest on miscellaneous receivables mainly due to the lower profit generated by the credit card guarantee fund, which
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is valued in foreign currency with a lower currency devaluation, and a decrease as a result of loans related to the sale of our ownership stake in Prisma Medio de Pago S.A., which were partially offset by an increase in operating income from the rental of safe deposit boxes due to a higher volume of transactions, and an increase in other operating income due to commissions charged to the issuer Visa International and the recovery of expenses for letters of credit.
The Bank’s other operating income increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in the adjustments and interest on miscellaneous receivables mainly as a result of loans related to the sale of our ownership stake in Prisma Medio de Pago S.A., which were partially offset by a decrease in other operating income and a decrease in gain from the sale of non-current assets held for sale.
Other operating expenses
The following table shows a breakdown of other operating expenses by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Turnover tax | 319,231,352 |  |  | 443,134,044 |  |  | 277,100,441 |  |  | (123,902,692) |  |  | (28.0 | %) |  | 166,033,603 |  |  | 59.9 | %
Loss from sale or impairment of investment properties and other non-financial assets | 37,587,578 |  |  | 518,959 |  |  | 81,796 |  |  | 37,068,619 |  |  | n.m |  | 437,163 |  |  | n.m
Provisions for legal and administrative proceedings | 27,040,824 |  |  | 34,635,857 |  |  | 26,355,247 |  |  | (7,595,033) |  |  | (21.9) | % |  | 8,280,610 |  |  | 31.4 | %
Loss on initial recognition of loans bearing below market interest rate | 26,577,005 |  |  | 25,415,443 |  |  | 28,528,171 |  |  | 1,161,562 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | (3,112,728) |  |  | (10.9) | %
Expected credit losses on financial guarantee and loan commitments | 19,499,523 |  |  | 10,561,016 |  |  | 13,866,405 |  |  | 8,938,507 |  |  | 84.6 | % |  | (3,305,389) |  |  | (23.8 | %)
Adjustment for restatement of dividends in constant currency | 12,453,062 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,453,062 |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | N/A
Contributions to the Deposits Guarantee Fund (Note 43) | 10,933,914 |  |  | 12,473,800 |  |  | 13,784,610 |  |  | (1,539,886) |  |  | (12.3 | %) |  | (1,310,810) |  |  | (9.5 | %)
Damage claims | 4,142,449 |  |  | 5,541,215 |  |  | 10,026,803 |  |  | (1,398,766) |  |  | (25.2) | % |  | (4,485,588) |  |  | (44.7 | %)
Provisions for reorganization | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,096,761 |  |  | — |  |  | N/A |  | (16,096,761) |  |  | (100.0) | %
Other operating expenses | 33,706,431 |  |  | 39,575,442 |  |  | 32,703,224 |  |  | (5,869,011) |  |  | (14.8 | %) |  | 6,872,218 |  |  | 21.0 | %
| 491,172,138 |  |  | 571,855,776 |  |  | 418,543,458 |  |  | (80,683,638) |  |  | (14.1 | %) |  | 153,312,318 |  |  | 36.6 | %

The Bank’s other operating expenses decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in turnover tax, which was primarily due to a decrease in financial income as a result of a lower average interest rate on assets (particularly loans) and the transfer of debt from the Central Bank to the Treasury, which is exempt from gross income, and, to a significantly lesser extent, a decrease in provisions for legal and administrative proceedings, which were partially offset by an increase in loss from the sale or impairment of investment properties and other non-financial assets due to the book value of the properties being higher than their recoverable value.
The Bank’s other operating expenses increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in turnover tax related to higher income from REPO and LEDIV and, to a significantly lesser extent, an increase in provisions for legal and administrative proceedings, which were partially offset by a decrease in provisions for reorganization as a result of the alignment in previous years between the Bank’s organizational structure and the corporate strategy and a decrease in expected credit losses on financial guarantee and loan commitments due to a decrease in commercial activities.
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Administration costs
Administration costs include personnel benefits and other administrative expenses.
The following table shows a breakdown of personnel benefits by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Salaries | 270,391,806 |  |  | 271,389,903 |  |  | 253,894,573 |  |  | (998,097) |  |  | (0.4 | %) |  | 17,495,330 |  |  | 6.9 | %
Other short term personnel benefits | 91,948,192 |  |  | 144,103,066 |  |  | 93,721,521 |  |  | (52,154,874) |  |  | (36.2 | %) |  | 50,381,545 |  |  | 53.8 | %
Social security charges | 82,507,767 |  |  | 89,005,696 |  |  | 79,654,038 |  |  | (6,497,929) |  |  | (7.3 | %) |  | 9,351,658 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Personnel compensations and rewards | 54,648,857 |  |  | 16,701,397 |  |  | 19,339,816 |  |  | 37,947,460 |  |  | 227.2 | % |  | (2,638,419) |  |  | (13.6 | %)
Personnel services | 12,956,731 |  |  | 11,187,606 |  |  | 10,254,525 |  |  | 1,769,125 |  |  | 15.8 | % |  | 933,081 |  |  | 9.1 | %
Termination benefits | 1,129,772 |  |  | 1,040,558 |  |  | 1,520,650 |  |  | 89,214 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | (480,092) |  |  | (31.6) | %
Fees to Bank Directors and Supervisory Committee | 705,742 |  |  | 716,884 |  |  | 778,426 |  |  | (11,142) |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | (61,542) |  |  | (7.9) | %
Other long term benefits | 2,012,172 |  |  | 6,844,026 |  |  | 2,587,518 |  |  | (4,831,854) |  |  | (70.6 | %) |  | 4,256,508 |  |  | 164.5 | %
| 516,301,039 |  |  | 540,989,136 |  |  | 461,751,067 |  |  | (24,688,097) |  |  | (4.6 | %) |  | 79,238,069 |  |  | 17.2 | %

The Bank’s personnel benefits decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a decrease in other short-term personnel benefits and, to a lesser extent, a decrease in social security charges, as a result of a lower charge in variable remunerations and in the provision of vacations, which was adjusted with a downward inflation projection, which were partially offset by an increase in personnel compensations and rewards and, to a significantly lesser extent, personnel services, the latter due to an increased internal training effort.
The Bank’s personnel benefits increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in other short-term personnel benefits and an increase in salaries as a result of the adjustment of vacation stock provisions and variable compensations, respectively, which was partially offset by a decrease in personnel compensations and rewards and termination benefits.
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The following table shows a breakdown of other administrative expenses by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Taxes | 124,150,966 |  |  | 114,801,585 |  |  | 98,054,460 |  |  | 9,349,381 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 16,747,125 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Administrative services hired | 87,704,001 |  |  | 66,365,686 |  |  | 42,028,910 |  |  | 21,338,315 |  |  | 32.2 | % |  | 24,336,776 |  |  | 57.9 | %
Rent | 67,928,153 |  |  | 74,027,375 |  |  | 71,186,416 |  |  | (6,099,222) |  |  | (8.2 | %) |  | 2,840,959 |  |  | 4.0 | %
Armored transportation services | 48,447,340 |  |  | 45,443,899 |  |  | 49,336,443 |  |  | 3,003,441 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | (3,892,544) |  |  | (7.9) | %
Maintenance costs | 48,286,547 |  |  | 46,270,516 |  |  | 44,870,127 |  |  | 2,016,031 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 1,400,389 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Advertising | 34,273,928 |  |  | 29,925,767 |  |  | 23,795,598 |  |  | 4,348,161 |  |  | 14.5 | % |  | 6,130,169 |  |  | 25.8 | %
IT | 32,586,746 |  |  | 62,900,839 |  |  | 38,785,383 |  |  | (30,314,093) |  |  | (48.2 | %) |  | 24,115,456 |  |  | 62.2 | %
Documents distribution | 22,787,340 |  |  | 14,492,787 |  |  | 14,903,848 |  |  | 8,294,553 |  |  | 57.2 | % |  | (411,061) |  |  | (2.8 | %)
Electricity and communications | 19,750,071 |  |  | 18,251,519 |  |  | 16,814,171 |  |  | 1,498,552 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | 1,437,348 |  |  | 8.5 | %
Other fees | 17,178,709 |  |  | 15,892,592 |  |  | 15,456,211 |  |  | 1,286,117 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 436,381 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Security services | 16,519,227 |  |  | 12,715,130 |  |  | 12,200,176 |  |  | 3,804,097 |  |  | 29.9 | % |  | 514,954 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Trade reports | 11,570,401 |  |  | 9,845,645 |  |  | 8,461,189 |  |  | 1,724,756 |  |  | 17.5 | % |  | 1,384,456 |  |  | 16.4 | %
Insurance | 4,263,755 |  |  | 4,210,588 |  |  | 4,377,926 |  |  | 53,167 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | (167,338) |  |  | (3.8) | %
Representation, travel and mobility | 3,799,674 |  |  | 3,474,140 |  |  | 4,365,720 |  |  | 325,534 |  |  | 9.4 | % |  | (891,580) |  |  | (20.4 | %)
Stationery and supplies | 875,741 |  |  | 818,964 |  |  | 580,883 |  |  | 56,777 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | 238,081 |  |  | 41.0 | %
Other administrative expenses | 23,449,682 |  |  | 23,087,621 |  |  | 16,090,742 |  |  | 362,061 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 6,996,879 |  |  | 43.5 | %
| 563,572,281 |  |  | 542,524,653 |  |  | 461,308,203 |  |  | 21,047,628 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | 81,216,450 |  |  | 17.6 | %

The Bank’s other administrative expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in administrative services hired, which include expenses for contracted services for late payment management, expenses related to digital banking and IT expenses linked to Single Development Agenda (SDA) software development projects, among others, and an increase in taxes, which were partially offset by a decrease in IT expenses and rent expenses.
The Bank’s other administrative expenses increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in other administrative expenses and administrative expenses mainly due to an increase in technical consulting, commercial reports for late payment and IT expenses, which were partially offset by a decrease in armored transportation services and travel expenses as a consequence of the national economic and political scenario.
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Depreciation and amortization
The following table shows a breakdown of depreciation and amortization by category:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Depreciation of property and equipment (See Note 13.1) | 53,961,496 |  |  | 45,018,013 |  |  | 49,421,025 |  |  | 8,943,483 |  |  | 19.9 | % |  | (4,403,012) |  |  | (8.9) | %
Amortization of intangible assets (See Note 14) | 18,885,133 |  |  | 8,116,758 |  |  | 4,462,041 |  |  | 10,768,375 |  |  | 132.7 | % |  | 3,654,717 |  |  | 81.9 | %
Amortization of rights to use leased real estate (See Note 13.1) | 4,063,282 |  |  | 5,230,629 |  |  | 13,689,190 |  |  | (1,167,347) |  |  | (22.3 | %) |  | (8,458,561) |  |  | (61.8 | %)
Depreciation of investment properties (See note 13.2) | 2,699,998 |  |  | 2,336,577 |  |  | 2,053,468 |  |  | 363,421 |  |  | 15.6 | % |  | 283,109 |  |  | 13.8 | %
Depreciation of other assets | 1,768 |  |  | 10,677 |  |  | 14,151 |  |  | (8,909) |  |  | (83.4) | % |  | (3,474) |  |  | (24.5 | %)
Loss from sale or impairment of property and equipment (See Note 13.1) | — |  |  | 1,735,867 |  |  | 4,772,385 |  |  | (1,735,867) |  |  | (100.0) | % |  | (3,036,518) |  |  | (63.6) | %
| 79,611,677 |  |  | 62,448,521 |  |  | 74,412,260 |  |  | 17,163,156 |  |  | 27.5 | % |  | (11,963,739) |  |  | (16.1 | %)

The Bank’s depreciation and amortization increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in amortization of intangibles assets and an increase in depreciation of property and equipment, which were partially offset by a decrease in amortization of rights to use leased real estate and loss from sale or impairment of property and equipment as a result of recoveries.
The Bank’s depreciation and amortization decreased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to a decrease in amortization of rights to use leased real estate mainly as a result of fewer branch rental contracts and a decrease in depreciation of property and equipment, which were partially offset by an increase in amortization of intangibles assets due to an increase in amortization of corporate projects and an increase in depreciation of investment properties.
Impairment of financial assets
As of December 31, 2024, the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio was at 1.13%, with NPLs growing relatively less than the total portfolio, as new loans are rarely non-performing shortly after being made, compared to 1.29% as of December 31, 2023. The coverage ratio as of December 31, 2024 was 177.00%, compared to 165.30% as of December 31, 2023. This increase is due to higher requirements in provisions as a consequence of the significant growth of the credit portfolio in the last quarter of 2024.
The NPL portfolio amounted to Ps.112,818 million at December 31, 2024 compared to Ps.76,668 million at December 31, 2023 and Ps.85,314 million at December 31, 2022.
Impairment of financial assets decreased slightly in 2024 compared to 2023 mainly due to a decrease in impairment of financial instruments related to the debt securities portfolio, which was partially offset by an increase in allowances for credit losses due to sustained growth in the loan portfolio.
The NPL portfolio amounted to Ps.35,207,182 million at December 31, 2023 compared with Ps.39,177,321 million at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 the NPL ratio was 1.29% compared to 1.13% at December 31, 2022. The NPL ratio had a slight increase and the coverage ratio decreased, both explained by the retail portfolio performance, where provisions had a lower growth than non-performing loans.
The impairment of financial assets increased in 2023 compared to 2022 mainly due to the inflationary context and the update of parameters of the expected loss model due to the local macroeconomic context.
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Loss on net monetary position
In a hyperinflationary economy, reporting of operating results and financial position in the local currency without restatement is generally not considered useful to investors. Money loses purchasing power at such a rate that compares amounts from transactions and other events that have occurred at different times, even within the same accounting period, can be different or misleading.
The table below sets forth the Bank’s net monetary inflation adjustment effect, which has been calculated by applying the CPI to monetary assets and liabilities:

| Year ended December 31, |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | (1,674,416,805) |  |  | (1,925,745,984) |  |  | (1,407,545,700) |  |  | 251,329,179 |  |  | (13.1 | %) |  | (518,200,284) |  |  | 36.8 | %
Loans and other receivables, net | (4,799,204,794) |  |  | (6,160,519,868) |  |  | (3,505,515,994) |  |  | 1,361,315,074 |  |  | (22.1 | %) |  | (2,655,003,874) |  |  | 75.7 | %
Investment securities | (1,542,251,407) |  |  | (3,974,770,625) |  |  | (2,585,072,235) |  |  | 2,432,519,218 |  |  | (61.2 | %) |  | (1,389,698,390) |  |  | 53.8 | %
Financial assets pledged as collateral | (283,627,315) |  |  | (463,309,482) |  |  | (191,478,942) |  |  | 179,682,167 |  |  | (38.8 | %) |  | (271,830,540) |  |  | 142.0 | %
All other assets | (302,208,162) |  |  | (462,622,764) |  |  | (241,139,025) |  |  | 160,414,602 |  |  | (34.7 | %) |  | (221,483,739) |  |  | 91.8 | %
TOTAL ASSETS (A) | (8,601,708,483) |  |  | (12,986,968,723) |  |  | (7,930,751,896) |  |  | 4,385,260,240 |  |  | (33.8 | %) |  | (5,056,216,827) |  |  | 63.8 | %
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 5,757,912,509 |  |  | 8,944,932,631 |  |  | 5,785,647,116 |  |  | (3,187,020,122) |  |  | (35.6 | %) |  | 3,159,285,515 |  |  | 54.6 | %
Other financial liabilities | 676,715,090 |  |  | 1,072,276,486 |  |  | 566,824,673 |  |  | (395,561,396) |  |  | (36.9 | %) |  | 505,451,813 |  |  | 89.2 | %
Bank loans | 58,996,927 |  |  | 97,545,822 |  |  | 83,248,885 |  |  | (38,548,895) |  |  | (39.5 | %) |  | 14,296,937 |  |  | 17.2 | %
Corporate bonds issued | 13,938,670 |  |  | 10,432,841 |  |  | 2,873,673 |  |  | 3,505,829 |  |  | 33.6 | % |  | 7,559,168 |  |  | 263.0 | %
Income tax liabilities | 176,851,323 |  |  | 149,607,682 |  |  | 5,168,993 |  |  | 27,243,641 |  |  | 18.2 | % |  | 144,438,689 |  |  | n.m
All other liabilities | 496,046,694 |  |  | 907,304,832 |  |  | 580,994,553 |  |  | (411,258,138) |  |  | (45.3 | %) |  | 326,310,279 |  |  | 56.2 | %
TOTAL LIABILITIES (B) | 7,180,461,213 |  |  | 11,182,100,294 |  |  | 7,024,757,893 |  |  | (4,001,639,081) |  |  | (35.8 | %) |  | 4,157,342,401 |  |  | 59.2 | %
Net monetary inflation adjustments (A) + (B) | (1,421,247,270) |  |  | (1,804,868,429) |  |  | (905,994,003) |  |  | 383,621,159 |  |  | (21.3 | %) |  | (898,874,426) |  |  | 99.2 | %

The Bank’s net monetary inflation adjustment decreased in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the inflation rate during the year, despite the average net monetary position being slightly higher than the previous year. On the contrary, the net monetary inflation adjustment increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to a significant increase in the inflation rate in 2023, despite the average net monetary position being lower than in 2022.
•Exchange Rates
The following tables show the annual high, low, average and period-end exchange rate for US$1.00 for the periods indicated. The exchange rate is calculated by the Central Bank based on the information provided by financial institutions on the exchange rate for trading of U.S. dollars for settled transactions in Argentine pesos and U.S. dollars. Such information must be representative of the prevailing market conditions. After gathering this information, the Central Bank calculates the daily exchange rate using the formula set out in Annex I of Communication “A” 3500.
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The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for pesos.

Year /Period |  | High (1) |  | Low (1) |  | Average (2) |  | Period-end
| (in pesos per US$1,00)
2020 |  | 84.1450 |  |  | 59.8152 |  |  | 70.5941 |  |  | 84.1450 |
2021 |  | 102.7500 |  |  | 84.7033 |  |  | 95.1615 |  |  | 102.7500 |
2022 |  | 177.1283 |  |  | 103.0400 |  |  | 130.8089 |  |  | 177.1283 |
2023 |  | 808.4833 |  |  | 178.1417 |  |  | 295.2123 |  |  | 808.4833 |
October 2024 |  | 990.7500 |  |  | 971.250 |  |  | 981.5682 |  |  | 990.7500 |
November 2024 |  | 1,011.7500 |  |  | 992.7500 |  |  | 1,001.8377 |  |  | 1,011.7500 |
December 2024 |  | 1,032.5000 |  |  | 1,011.9167 |  |  | 1,020.7061 |  |  | 1,032.5000 |
2024 |  | 1,032.5000 |  |  | 810.6500 |  |  | 916.2543 |  |  | 1,032.5000 |
January 2025 |  | 1,053.5000 |  |  | 1,032.7500 |  |  | 1,043.5644 |  |  | 1,053.5000 |
February 2025 |  | 1,064.3750 |  |  | 1,053.9167 |  |  | 1,058.4625 |  |  | 1,064.3750 |
March 2025 |  | 1,073.8750 |  |  | 1,064.3750 |  |  | 1,069.0347 |  |  | 1,073.8750 |
April 2025 (through April 1, 2025) |  | 1,074.5417 |  |  | 1,074.5417 |  |  | 1,074.5417 |  |  | 1,074.5417 |

_____________
(1)Source: BCRA.
(2)For annual averages, this is the average of monthly average rates during the period.
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between pesos and dollars affect the dollar equivalent of the peso price of the ordinary shares on the ByMA and as a result, would most likely affect the market price of the ADSs. Fluctuations in exchange rates also affect dividend income measured in dollars. The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary for the ADSs is required, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, to convert pesos to dollars at the prevailing exchange rate at the time of making any dividend payments or other distributions. The following table shows the rate of devaluation of the peso compared with the dollar at year end, the rate of exchange (number of pesos per dollar prevailing in the Argentine foreign exchange market at year end) and the rate of inflation for consumer price for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Since the repeal of the Convertibility Law in January 2002, the peso has devalued 107.354% compared with the dollar.

| As of and for the year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Devaluation Rate(1) | 27.71 | % |  | 356.44 | % |  | 72.39 | % |  | 22.11 | % |  | 40.49 | %
Exchange Rate(2) | 1,032.5000 |  | 808.4833 |  | 177.1283 |  | 102.7500 |  | 84.1450
Inflation Rate(3) | 117.76 | % |  | 211.41 | % |  | 94.79 | % |  | 50.94 | % |  | 36.14 | %

_____________
(1)For the twelve-month period then ended according to the Central Bank.
(2)Pesos per dollar according to the Central Bank.
(3)The inflation rate presented is for the CPI published by the Argentine National Statistics and Censuses Institute (“INDEC”) and is calculated over the prior twelve months.
Share of profit of equity accounted investees
Share of profit of equity accounted investees decreased to Ps.50.8 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 from Ps.2,518.7 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which in turn increased from a loss of Ps.3,163.4 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These variations are directly related to the profits or losses of the Bank’s subsidiaries.
Income tax (expense) benefit
Income tax expense for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 was Ps.76,264.8 million, compared to a loss of Ps.339,863.0 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 which decreased from a benefit of Ps.17,114.2 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These variations were mainly due to the inflationary effect for tax purposes.
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The changes in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
Profit or loss for financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
Profit or loss for financial instruments at FVOCI for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 were a loss of Ps.323,078.6 million, compared to a profit of Ps.453,556.6 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 which in turn increased from a loss of Ps.96,399.0 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These variations were primarily due to fluctuations in the market value of financial instruments measured under this model, as well as the maturity and sale of such instruments.
Share in other comprehensive income (OCI)/loss from investees at equity-method
Share in OCI/loss from investees at equity-method for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was Ps.0, compared to a profit of Ps.739.3 million recorded for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. These variations were mainly due to the percentage of participation that the Bank had over the investments in securities classified in OCI of its investees.
Fair value changes for hedging instruments—Cash flow hedge
The Bank did not record a balance for fair value changes for hedging instruments—Cash flow hedge in 2024, 2023 nor 2022.
Fair value changes for equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)
Fair value changes for equity instruments at FVOCI for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 were Ps.734.8 million compared to Ps.3,535.2 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 which in turn increased from a loss of Ps.16.1 million for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Summary of Financial Position

| As of December 31, |  |  |  |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Cash and cash equivalents | 2,823,405,750 |  |  | 2,488,330,006 |  |  | 2,008,588,332 |  |  |  |  |  | 335,075,744 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 479,741,674 |  |  | 23.9 | %
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss | 110,564,951 |  |  | 522,744,971 |  |  | 221,019,832 |  |  |  |  |  | (412,180,020) |  |  | (78.8 | %) |  | 301,725,139 |  |  | 136.5 | %
Financial assets at amortized cost | 8,281,410,537 |  |  | 7,472,926,498 |  |  | 5,870,531,774 |  |  |  |  |  | 808,484,039 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 1,602,394,724 |  |  | 27.3 | %
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 2,466,183,835 |  |  | 1,837,633,581 |  |  | 4,186,315,706 |  |  |  |  |  | 628,550,254 |  |  | 34.2 | % |  | (2,348,682,125) |  |  | (56.1 | %)
Investment in joint ventures and associates | 23,817,993 |  |  | 26,929,047 |  |  | 23,513,435 |  |  |  |  |  | (3,111,054) |  |  | (11.6 | %) |  | 3,415,612 |  |  | 14.5 | %
Tangible assets | 779,810,690 |  |  | 780,397,732 |  |  | 785,554,333 |  |  |  |  |  | (587,042) |  |  | (0.1) | % |  | (5,156,601) |  |  | (0.7 | %)
Goodwill and intangible assets | 69,228,950 |  |  | 72,161,118 |  |  | 65,219,167 |  |  |  |  |  | (2,932,168) |  |  | (4.1 | %) |  | 6,941,951 |  |  | 10.6 | %
Income tax assets | 73,536,960 |  |  | 6,546,287 |  |  | 10,571,107 |  |  |  |  |  | 66,990,673 |  |  | n.m |  | (4,024,820) |  |  | (38.1) | %
Other assets | 88,184,537 |  |  | 96,015,251 |  |  | 63,773,948 |  |  |  |  |  | (7,830,714) |  |  | (8.2 | %) |  | 32,241,303 |  |  | 50.6 | %
Non-current assets held for sale | 3,749,640 |  |  | 1,855,763 |  |  | 1,526,319 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,893,877 |  |  | 102.1 | % |  | 329,444 |  |  | 21.6 | %
TOTAL ASSETS | 14,719,893,843 |  |  | 13,305,540,254 |  |  | 13,236,613,953 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,414,353,589 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | 68,926,301 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss | 3,858,635 |  |  | 27,167,107 |  |  | 2,267,246 |  |  |  |  |  | (23,308,472) |  |  | (85.8 | %) |  | 24,899,861 |  |  | n.m
Financial liabilities at amortized cost | 11,441,847,483 |  |  | 8,990,491,427 |  |  | 9,848,536,667 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,451,356,056 |  |  | 27.3 | % |  | (858,045,240) |  |  | (8.7) | %
Provisions | 47,098,283 |  |  | 45,128,635 |  |  | 58,789,746 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,969,648 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | (13,661,111) |  |  | (23.2) | %
Income tax liabilities | 13,774,022 |  |  | 458,483,209 |  |  | 78,160,553 |  |  |  |  |  | (444,709,187) |  |  | (97.0 | %) |  | 380,322,656 |  |  | 486.6 | %
Other liabilities | 597,488,183 |  |  | 703,413,124 |  |  | 798,102,964 |  |  |  |  |  | (105,924,941) |  |  | (15.1) | % |  | (94,689,840) |  |  | (11.9) | %
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 12,104,066,606 |  |  | 10,224,683,502 |  |  | 10,785,857,176 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,879,383,104 |  |  | 18.4 | % |  | (561,173,674) |  |  | (5.2) | %

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| As of December 31, |  |  |  |  | Variation
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2024 vs 2023 |  | 2023 vs 2022
Equity attributable to owners of the Bank | 2,573,759,465 |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |  |  | 2,414,115,503 |  |  |  |  |  | (467,969,346) |  |  | (15.4 | %) |  | 627,613,308 |  |  | 26.0 | %
Non-controlling interests | 42,067,772 |  |  | 39,127,941 |  |  | 36,641,274 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,939,831 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | 2,486,667 |  |  | 6.8 | %
TOTAL EQUITY | 2,615,827,237 |  |  | 3,080,856,752 |  |  | 2,450,756,777 |  |  |  |  |  | (465,029,515) |  |  | (15.1 | %) |  | 630,099,975 |  |  | 25.7 | %
SELECTED RATIOS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profitability and Performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total assets (1) | 2.57 | % |  | 2.57 | % |  | 2.97 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average total equity (2) | 12.84 | % |  | 12.52 | % |  | 17.64 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital | 17.48 | % |  | 22.86 | % |  | 18.24 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total equity as a percentage of total assets | 17.77 | % |  | 23.15 | % |  | 18.51 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities as a multiple of total equity | 4.63x |  | 3.3x |  | 4.40x |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit Quality |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances for loan losses as a percentage of financial assets at amortized cost (loans and advances) | 1.92 | % |  | 1.36 | % |  | 1.57 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowances for loan losses | 158,812,188 |  |  | 101,630,790 |  |  | 92,156,291 |  |  |  |  |  | 57,181,398 |  |  | 56.3 | % |  | 9,474,499 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Financial assets at amortized cost (loans and advances) | 8,281,410,537 |  |  | 7,472,926,498 |  |  | 5,870,531,774 |  |  |  |  |  | 808,484,039 |  |  | 10.8 | % |  | 1,602,394,724 |  |  | 27.3 | %
Charge-off during the period/ average amounts outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and advances to government sector | – | % |  | – | % |  | – | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-off during the period | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  | N/A |  | – |  |  | N/A
Average amounts outstanding | 339,171 |  |  | 207,539 |  |  | 9,142 |  |  |  |  |  | 131,632 |  |  | 63.4 | % |  | 198,397 |  |  | n.m
Loans and advances to central bank | N/A |  | – | % |  | – | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-off during the period | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  | N/A |  | – |  |  | N/A
Average amounts outstanding | – |  |  | 777 |  |  | 32,407 |  |  |  |  |  | (777) |  |  | (100.0) | % |  | (31,630) |  |  | (97.6) | %
Loans and advances to financial institutions | – | % |  | – | % |  | – | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-off during the period | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  |  |  |  | – |  |  | N/A |  | – |  |  | N/A
Average amounts outstanding | 8,856,377 |  |  | 21,137,021 |  |  | 41,545,502 |  |  |  |  |  | (12,280,644) |  |  | (58.1) | % |  | (20,408,481) |  |  | (49.1) | %
Loans and advances to customers | 1.4 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Charge-off during the period | 64,799,394 |  |  | 60,876,444 |  |  | 85,607,746 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,922,950 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  | (24,731,302) |  |  | (28.9 | %)
Average amounts outstanding | 4,666,222,407 |  |  | 4,405,243,000 |  |  | 4,488,756,733 |  |  |  |  |  | 260,979,407 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | (83,513,733) |  |  | (1.9) | %

_____________
(1)Profit or loss for the year attributable to owners of the Bank as a percentage of average total assets, computed as the average of fiscal-year-beginning and fiscal-year-ending balances.
(2)Profit or loss for the year attributable to owners of the Bank as a percentage of average shareholders’ equity, computed as the average of fiscal-year-beginning and fiscal-year-ending balances.
Significant changes in financial position
The Bank’s assets increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in financial assets at amortized cost mainly due to an increase in loans and advances to customers and other financial assets and an increase in financial assets at FVOCI, which were partially offset by a decrease in financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
Loans to the private sector in pesos increased 61.5% compared to 2023, primarily driven by an increase in discounted instruments (with a 76.3% increase) and credit cards (with a 34.1% increase), which were partially offset by an 11.6% decrease in receivables from financial leases.
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On the contrary, the government’s monetary policy, which sought to reduce the Central Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities from the market, led to a significant decrease in repo transactions.
Loans to the private sector denominated in foreign currency increased 194.6% compared to 2023 mainly due to a 200.9% increase in financing and prefinancing of exports.
The Bank’s liabilities also increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to an increase in financial liabilities at amortized cost due to an increase in the deposits’ portfolio, an increase in bank loans and an increase in debt securities issued.
B.Liquidity and Capital Resources
Asset and Liability Management
The purpose of the asset and liability management is to structure our consolidated statement of financial position in light of interest rates, liquidity and foreign exchange risks, as well as market risk, public sector risk and our capital structure. Our Asset and Liability Committee establishes specific limits with respect to risk exposure, sets forth our policy with respect to pricing and approves commercial policies which may have a financial impact on our balance sheet. It is also responsible for the follow-up of monetary aggregates and financial variables, our liquidity position, regulations from the Central Bank and monitoring the competitive environment in assets, liabilities and interest rates.
Liquidity
Our asset and liability management policy attempts to ensure that sufficient liquidity is available to meet our funding requirements. As a measure of our liquidity, our ratio of liquid assets to total deposits was 54.13%, 91.25%, and 77.79%, at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Liquid assets include cash and cash equivalents and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. The decrease in 2024 is explained by an increase in total deposits relative to the decrease in liquid assets.
Our primary source of funds is our deposit base, which primarily consists of peso- and dollar-denominated deposits in checking accounts, savings accounts and time deposits from individuals and corporations. Deposits at December 31, 2024 totaled Ps.9,929,679 million compared with Ps.7,925,054 million at December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding principal and accrued interest on corporate bonds amounted to Ps.115,898,590 and Ps.27,910,020 respectively.
Dividends and other payments from our Argentine non-banking subsidiaries also provide an additional potential source of liquidity, even though relatively insignificant in amount. Each Argentine non-banking subsidiary is required to allocate 5% of its annual net income to a legal reserve until such reserve equals 20% of the subsidiary’s capital stock. This reserve cannot be used to pay us dividends.
In addition, the Bank ordinarily enters into transactions involving off-balance sheet financial instruments. We use these instruments to meet the risk management, trading and financing needs of clients or for our proprietary trading and asset and liability management purposes. These instruments are subject to varying degrees of credit and market risk. We monitor credit risk and market risk associated with on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments on an aggregate basis.
We use the same credit policies in determining whether to enter or extend call and put option contracts, commitments, conditional obligations and guarantees as we do for granting loans. Our management believes that the outstanding off-balance sheet items do not represent an unusual credit risk.
•Derivatives
The market risk of derivatives arises from the potential for changes in value due to fluctuations in market prices. We reduce our exposure to market risk, if necessary, by entering into offsetting transactions in accordance with the hedging global policy defined by the Bank and its subsidiaries. The credit risk of derivatives arises from the potential of a counterparty to default on its contractual obligations. The effect of such a default varies as the market value of derivative contracts changes. Credit exposure exists at a particular point in time when a derivative has a positive market value. We attempt to limit our credit risk by dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining collateral where appropriate.
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•Credit Commitments
Credit commitments are agreements to lend to a customer at a future date, subject to compliance with contractual terms. Credit commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent actual future cash requirements for the Bank. The Bank evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. Foreign trade acceptances represent Bank customers’ liabilities on outstanding drafts or bills of exchange that have been accepted by the Bank and the Bank’s liability to remit payment upon the presentation of the accepted drafts or bills of exchange. The credit risk involved in foreign trade acceptances and guarantees granted is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.
•Trust Activities
We act as trustee in several financial trusts established for various purposes. We are not personally liable for the liabilities assumed in the performance of the trust obligations. Any liabilities resulting from the trust are satisfied with and up to the full amount of the trust assets or their proceeds.
In addition, we act as trustee in 12 non-financial trusts. We are in no case personally liable for the liabilities assumed in the performance of the contract obligations. Any liabilities are satisfied with and up to the full amount of the trust assets and their proceeds. The non-financial trusts at issue were set up to secure the receivables of several creditors (beneficiaries) and the trustee was entrusted with the management, care, preservation and custody of the trust assets. The trust assets represented Ps.2,490.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and mainly consisted of cash, creditors’ rights, real estate and shares.
Capital Stock
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Bank’s capital stock consisted of 612,710,079 ordinary shares, par value Ps.1,00 each, all of which were issued to the stockholders. The capital stock of the Bank, after taking into account the adjustment for inflation, amounted to Ps.909,985,127 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
A key component of our asset and liability policy is the management of interest rate sensitivity. Interest rate sensitivity measures the exposure of net interest income to interest rate changes. For any given period, the pricing structure is matched when an equal amount of assets and liabilities reprice. Any mismatch of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is known as a gap position and is shown in the following tables. A negative gap denotes liability sensitivity and normally means that a decline in interest rates would have a positive effect on net interest income while an increase in interest rates would have a negative effect on interest income.
Our interest rate sensitivity strategy, which seeks to maintain exposure within levels that are consistent with the Bank’s risk appetite framework approved by the Board of Directors, takes into account not only the rates of return and their underlying risk, but also liquidity requirements, including minimum regulatory cash reserves, mandatory liquidity ratios, withdrawal and maturity of deposits and additional demands for funds.
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The following table shows the interest rate sensitivity of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Variations in interest rate sensitivity may also arise within the repricing periods presented.

| Remaining Maturity or Earliest Repricing Intervals at December 31, 2024
| 0-3 months |  | 3 Months- One Year |  | 1-5 Years |  | 5-10 Years |  | Over 10 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest earning deposits in banks | 81,517,483 |  |  | 30,088,550 |  |  | 25,757,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,363,333 |
Government securities | 676,479,437 |  |  | 1,241,831,227 |  |  | 632,505,980 |  |  | 11,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,550,827,681 |
Corporate bonds | 3,307,627 |  |  | 3,131,703 |  |  | 31,115,404 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,554,734 |
Loans and advances (1) | 4,233,141,622 |  |  | 1,950,798,254 |  |  | 1,182,567,465 |  |  | 200,009,174 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 7,697,414,126 |
Total | 4,994,446,169 |  |  | 3,225,849,734 |  |  | 1,871,946,149 |  |  | 200,020,211 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 10,423,159,874 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 4,951,624,265 |  |  | 271,314,216 |  |  | 28,782 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,222,967,263 |
Corporate bonds | 100,249,109 |  |  | 15,696,370 |  |  | 55,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116,001,062 |
Due to other banks | 1,316,619,347 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,316,619,347 |
Total | 6,368,492,721 |  |  | 287,010,586 |  |  | 84,366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,655,587,672 |
Asset/liability gap | (1,374,046,552) |  |  | 2,938,839,148 |  |  | 1,871,861,783 |  |  | 200,020,211 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 3,767,572,202 |
Cumulative sensitivity gap | (1,374,046,552) |  |  | 1,564,792,596 |  |  | 3,436,654,379 |  |  | 3,636,674,590 |  |  | 3,767,572,201 |  |  |
Cumulative sensitivity gap as a percentage of total interest-earning assets | (13.18 | %) |  | 15.01 | % |  | 32.97 | % |  | 34.89 | % |  | 36.15 | % |  |

_____________
(1)Loan and advances amounts are stated before deducting the allowance for loan losses.
The following table shows the interest rate sensitivity of our peso-denominated interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

| Remaining Maturity or Earliest Repricing Intervals at December 31, 2024
| 0-3 months |  | 3 Months- One Year |  | 1-5 Years |  | 5-10 Years |  | Over 10 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest earning deposits in banks | 81,487,077 |  |  | 30,088,550 |  |  | 25,757,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,332,927 |
Government securities | 676,473,919 |  |  | 1,241,825,709 |  |  | 595,362,921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,513,662,549 |
Corporate bonds | 3,307,627 |  |  | 1,389,418 |  |  | 687,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,384,920 |
Loans and advances (1) | 4,109,584,039 |  |  | 1,944,894,027 |  |  | 1,181,427,646 |  |  | 200,009,174 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 7,566,812,497 |
Total | 4,870,852,662 |  |  | 3,218,197,704 |  |  | 1,803,235,742 |  |  | 200,009,174 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 10,223,192,893 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 2,751,071,598 |  |  | 216,116,889 |  |  | 28,782 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,967,217,269 |
Corporate bonds | 100,249,109 |  |  | 15,696,370 |  |  | 55,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116,001,062 |
Due to other banks | 1,314,405,604 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,314,405,604 |
Total | 4,165,726,311 |  |  | 231,813,259 |  |  | 84,366 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,397,623,935 |
Asset/liability gap | 705,126,351 |  |  | 2,986,384,445 |  |  | 1,803,151,376 |  |  | 200,009,174 |  |  | 130,897,611 |  |  | 5,825,568,958 |
Cumulative sensitivity gap | 705,126,351 |  |  | 3,691,510,796 |  |  | 5,494,662,172 |  |  | 5,694,671,346 |  |  | 5,825,568,957 |  |  |
Cumulative sensitivity gap as a percentage of total interest-earning assets | 6.90 | % |  | 36.11 | % |  | 53.75 | % |  | 55.70 | % |  | 56.98 | % |  |

_____________
(1)Loan and advances amounts are stated before deducting the allowance for loan losses.
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The following table shows the interest rate sensitivity of our foreign currency denominated interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

| Remaining Maturity or Earliest Repricing Intervals at December 31, 2024
| 0-3 months |  | 3 Months- One Year |  | 1-5 Years |  | 5-10 Years |  | Over 10 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest earning deposits in banks | 30,406 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,406 |
Government securities | 5,518 |  |  | 5,518 |  |  | 37,143,059 |  |  | 11,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,165,132 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 1,742,285 |  |  | 30,427,529 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,169,814 |
Loans and advances (1) | 123,557,583 |  |  | 5,904,227 |  |  | 1,139,819 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130,601,629 |
Total | 123,593,507 |  |  | 7,652,030 |  |  | 68,710,407 |  |  | 11,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 199,966,981 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 2,200,552,667 |  |  | 55,197,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,255,749,994 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due to other banks | 2,213,743 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,213,743 |
Total | 2,202,766,410 |  |  | 55,197,327 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,257,963,737 |
Asset/liability gap | (2,079,172,903) |  |  | (47,545,297) |  |  | 68,710,407 |  |  | 11,037 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,057,996,756) |
Cumulative sensitivity gap | (2,079,172,903) |  |  | (2,126,718,200) |  |  | (2,058,007,793) |  |  | (2,057,996,756) |  |  | (2,057,996,756) |  |  |
Cumulative sensitivity gap, and as a percentage of total interest-earning assets | (1039.76 | %) |  | (1063.53 | %) |  | (1029.17 | %) |  | (1029.17 | %) |  | (1029.17 | %) |  |

_____________
(1)Loan and advances amounts are stated before deducting the allowance for loan losses.
Exchange Rate Sensitivity
At December 31, 2024, our total foreign exchange-denominated asset position was Ps.3,816,713 million and our total foreign exchange-denominated liability position was Ps.3,901,477 million, resulting in a net liabilities currency position of Ps.(84,764) million. For a description of foreign exchange risk, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Exchange Risk”.
Capital Requirements
As of December 31, 2024, we had consolidated excess capital of Ps.1,317,781.0 million pursuant to the Central Bank’s rules. At such date, total capital, subject to applicable deductions, amounted to Ps.2,298,928.7 million under the Argentine risk-based capital guidelines, which are based on the Basel Accord.
As of December 31, 2023, we had consolidated excess capital of Ps.1,750,821.2 million pursuant to the Central Bank’s rules. At such date, total capital, subject to applicable deductions, amounted to Ps 2,483,906.2 million under the Argentine risk-based capital guidelines, which are based on the Basel Accord.
As of December 31, 2024, we complied with the Central Bank’s capital requirements on a consolidated basis. See a description of the minimum capital requirements currently in effect in “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework”.
As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, our shareholders’ equity was Ps.2,615,827.2 million, Ps.3,080,856.8 million and Ps.2,450,756.8 million, respectively. At such dates, our ratio of average shareholders’ equity/average total assets was 20.33%, 20.84% and 17.14%, respectively.
In our opinion, our capital resources are sufficient for the Bank’s present requirements on an individual and a consolidated basis.
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We are not aware of any legal or economic restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us in the form of dividends, loans or advances, subject to the regulations of each industry, or corporate law requirements. However, there can be no assurance that in the future such restrictions will not be adopted and that, if adopted, they will not negatively affect our liquidity.
The following table sets forth, for the dates indicated, the calculation of our excess capital under the Central Bank’s rules and certain capital and liquidity ratios.

| At December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| (in thousands of pesos, except ratios and percentages)
Calculation of Excess Capital (1) |  |  |  |  |
Allocated to assets at risk | 724,705,937 |  |  | 483,634,440 |  |  | 477,235,196 |
Incremental minimum capital requirements originated in excesses in other regulations (2) | — |  |  | 38,120,704 |  |  | — |
Credit risk | 724,705,937 |  |  | 521,755,144 |  |  | 477,235,196 |
Market risk | 2,505,620 |  |  | 14,236,921 |  |  | 10,042,935 |
Operational risk | 253,936,068 |  |  | 197,092,938 |  |  | 191,918,265 |
Required minimum capital under Central Bank rules | 981,147,625 |  |  | 733,085,003 |  |  | 679,196,396 |
Basic net worth | 2,285,467,462 |  |  | 2,475,833,153 |  |  | 2,041,669,120 |
Complementary net worth | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,590,365 |
Minority interest | 13,461,189 |  |  | 8,073,022 |  |  | 11,726,180 |
Total Capital under Central Bank rules | 2,298,928,651 |  |  | 2,483,906,175 |  |  | 2,087,985,665 |
Excess capital | 1,317,781,026 |  |  | 1,750,821,172 |  |  | 1,408,789,269 |
Selected Capital and Liquidity Ratios |  |  |  |  |
Average stockholders' equity as a percentage of average total assets (3) | 20.33 | % |  | 20.84 | % |  | 17.14 | %
Total Liabilities as a multiple of total stockholders' equity | 4.63x |  | 3.32x |  | 4.40x
Cash and due from banks as a percentage of total deposits | 28.43 | % |  | 31.40 | % |  | 22.54 | %
Liquid assets as a percentage of total deposits (4) | 54.15 | % |  | 59.53 | % |  | 73.96 | %
Loans as a percentage of total assets | 51.21 | % |  | 32.33 | % |  | 36.74 | %

_____________
(1)See “Item 4. Information on the Company—F. The Argentine Banking System and Its Regulatory Framework—Capital Adequacy Requirements” for a discussion of the Central Bank’s capital requirements.
(2)The increase in the minimum capital credit risk requirement results from the failure to comply with the maximum limit established by the BCRA for financing to the non-financial public sector for 15 days in December 2023. According to the provisions of the regulations, this non-compliance results in an increase in the minimum capital requirement for credit risk by an amount equivalent to 100% of the excess of the ratio, from the month in which the defaults are first registered and for as long as they remain. In the case of credit ratios, the calculation of the set-aside shall be made on the basis of the monthly average of the daily excesses. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, the aforementioned situation has been regularized.
(3)Average shareholders’ equity and average total assets computed as the average of period-beginning and period-ending balances.
(4)At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, “Liquid Assets” includes cash and cash equivalents and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
Market discipline
The BCRA imposed by Communication “A” 5394 the mandatory publication on the website of financial institutions of certain information in order to allow market participants to assess the information related to capital, risk exposures, assessment processes risk and capital adequacy of each of them. Financial institutions must provide appropriate information to ensure transparency in the management and measurement of risks and the adequacy of their capital.
This standard applies to the highest level of consolidation of each entity. Information concerning BBVA Argentina is available at: https://ir.bbva.com.ar/informacion-financiera/disciplina-del-mercado/. Such information is not incorporated by reference in this document.
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Credit Ratings
The cost and availability of debt financing are influenced by our credit ratings. A reduction in these ratings could increase the cost of and reduce our market access to debt financing. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors-Risks Relating to the Argentine Financial System and to BBVA Argentina—Our credit ratings depend on Argentine sovereign credit ratings, and such dependence limits our access to international financial markets”.
S&P Global Ratings
S&P Global Ratings has issued during 2022, 2023, 2024 and through the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, in respect of BBVA Argentina, local long-term institutional ratings ranging from raBBB- to raB+ and short-term institutional ratings ranging from raA-3 to raB. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F. S&P Global Ratings current long-term institutional rating of BBVA Argentina is raB+ and short-term institutional rating of BBVA Argentina is raB, with a stable outlook.
Fix SCR
During 2022, 2023, 2024 and through the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, Fix SCR’s long-term national credit rating of BBVA Argentina has been AAA(arg), short-term national credit rating of BBVA Argentina has been A1+(arg) and the rating of BBVA Argentina’s corporate bonds program has been AAA(arg). As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, Fix SCR’s outlook with respect to BBVA Argentina’s ratings is stable.
Fitch Ratings
Fitch Ratings has issued during 2022, 2023, 2024 and through the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, in respect of BBVA Argentina, foreign currency long-term ratings ranging from CCC- to CCC, local currency long-term ratings ranging from CCC- to CCC, and viability ratings ranging from ccc- to ccc. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, Fitch Ratings’ foreign currency long-term rating of BBVA Argentina is CCC, local currency long-term rating of BBVA Argentina is CCC and BBVA Argentina’s viability rating is ccc.
C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses
We incur research and development expenses in connection with IT systems. The amount spent during each of the last three years was not material and we hold no material patents and do not license to others any of our intellectual property.
We are currently in the process of implementing the investment plan to strengthen the technological infrastructure (data processing, management, deployment of communication schemes, support for electronic channel platforms, information security management and asset protection) to cover the current and future demand for these services, supporting business growth.
D.Trend Information
We believe that the macroeconomic environment and the following trends in the Argentine financial system and in our business have affected and will, for the foreseeable future, continue to affect our results of operations and profitability. Our continued success and ability to increase our value to our shareholders will depend upon, among other factors, economic growth in Argentina and the corresponding growth of the market for long-term private sector lending and access to financial products and services by a larger segment of the population. This analysis should be read in conjunction with the discussion in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—Recent Political and Economic Developments in Argentina” of this annual report on Form 20-F.
Trends related to the international and local scenario
The global economy is currently facing a number of extraordinary challenges. The war between Ukraine and Russia and armed conflicts and political instability in the Middle East have led to significant disruption, instability and volatility in global markets, particularly in energy markets. Uncertainty about the future development of these or new conflicts is high.
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One of the main risks is that they could generate new supply shocks, pushing growth downward and inflation upward (including by contributing to increases in the prices of oil, gas and other commodities and disrupting supply chains), and paving the way for macroeconomic and financial instability episodes.
Geopolitical and economic risks have also increased in recent years as a result of trade tensions between the United States and China, Brexit and the rise of populism, among other factors. Further, the policies to be adopted by the new U.S. government are an additional source of uncertainty for the global economy. During February and March 2025, the U.S. government imposed certain tariffs (some of which were subsequently delayed) on imports from Canada, Mexico, China and the European Union, which resulted in the adoption of retaliatory tariffs. These and other policies of the new administration—including fiscal, regulatory, industrial or foreign policies—could slow U.S. or global economic growth (especially, if they give rise to trade wars), increase inflation, affect interest rates or otherwise increase financial and macroeconomic instability.
Trends related to the Argentine financial system
Argentina has a small and under-penetrated system compared to its peers in Latin America. For this reason, we believe that the financial sector has potential room to grow if adequate policies are implemented and inflation and interest rates are normalized.
In terms of the distribution network, the financial sector has a good penetration, with points of sales covering all the provinces, advanced technology, strong regulations and good practices.
The Argentine banking system remains largely unconsolidated, with significantly more financial institutions compared to other countries of the region.
In terms of regulatory environment affecting the financial system, the Central Bank has significantly reduced the restrictions affecting liquidity reserve requirements and floors and caps for interest rates. We expect the Central Bank to continue this deregulatory trend in 2025.
Trends related to BBVA Argentina
Although Argentine GDP decreased approximately 1.7% in 2024, the economic plan implemented by the Milei administration resulted in a primary fiscal surplus of 1.8% primarily due to a lower level of public spending, with inflation falling to 117.8% from 211.4% in 2023. Inflation is expected to continue its downward trend in 2025, with GDP expected to grow.
The economic plan implemented by the Milei administration has increased faith in Argentine debt and equity securities , which performed very well during 2024, and benefited the peso. The Central Bank was able to purchase foreign reserves, even though the net balance, considering short-term liabilities, remained negative as of December 31, 2024, and significantly reduced the monetary policy rate from 133% in 2023 to 32% in December 2024.
After years of stagnation, loans in local currency started to grow in real terms from May 2024 both in the retail and commercial segments, and loans in foreign currency also increased during the year.
In terms of funding, peso and foreign-denominated deposits showed different behaviors. While US$ deposits doubled, fostered by the tax amnesty implemented by the Milei administration, peso deposits remained stable in real terms, as the Central Bank stopped issuing money to finance the public deficit. BBVA Argentina gained market share in deposits in both currencies, primarily in pesos, supported by a strong performance in commercial time deposits. BBVA Argentina seeks to continue to increase its respective loan and deposit market shares in 2025.
Additionally, in the second half of 2024, BBVA Argentina returned to the debt markets for the first time since 2019 through the issuance of three corporate bonds, Class 29, Class 30 and Class 31, for a total outstanding amount of Ps. 77 billion, all of them denominated in pesos and with a maturity of less than one year. We aim to undertake additional issuances in the coming years.
Liquidity in our balance sheet in both peso and US$ remained strong, although at lower levels than in 2023 as a result of an increased demand of loans. We aim to continue to hold robust liquidity levels in 2025.
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As inflation has begun to decrease and interest rates have turned positive in real terms, BBVA Argentina has started to decrease its portfolio of inflation-adjusted sovereign bonds.
BBVA Argentina continued to show strong levels of solvency (total capital ratio around 20%), with a comfortable level of excess over minimum capital requirements.
Finally, BBVA Argentina is adapting its business model to increase its focus on lending to the private sector as opposed to lending to the public sector as a result of the Argentine government decision to progressively reduce its borrowings from the financial sector, including from BBVA Argentina, to reduce Argentina’s fiscal deficit.
BBVA Argentina seeks to keep the strong pace it has shown during the last years in terms of customer growth (both commercial and retail) and its digitalization strategy, as the transformation process in which BBVA Argentina embarked a few years ago is a key component of our strategy. In this sense, BBVA Argentina expects to focus on tools like Net Promoter Score, which provides us information regarding the degree of satisfaction of our customers with our service in order to continue to improve our services. Regarding our digitalization strategy, the accelerated adoption of digital tools by our customers that began in 2020, has consolidated through the last couple of years. We expect to continue to develop new features and tools to improve our customers’ financial health. These are developed collaboratively among the countries in which the BBVA Group platform has been implemented, generating global synergies in the development of new features and the response to market.
Trends related to climate change
There is an increasing concern over ESG and climate change matters, which may result, among others, in changes in consumer preferences and additional legislation and regulatory requirements. Further, climate-related disasters could result in market volatility, negatively impact customers’ ability to pay outstanding loans, result in the deterioration of the value of collateral or in insurance shortfalls or otherwise disrupt the operations of banks or the operations of their customers or third parties on which they rely. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—The Bank is exposed to various risks in connection with climate change”.
Argentina continues to pursue the CO2 emissions reduction which began in 2015, although there is still a long way to go. A World Bank study showed droughts and floods as major climate risk factors in Argentina, due to their strong impact on agricultural output and poverty, respectively. The environmental agenda should include structural measures to achieve the challenging goals proposed in the Paris agreement.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
Not Applicable.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A.Directors and Senior Management
Directors
The Bylaws of BBVA Argentina state that the Bank’s management is led by a board of directors consisting of a minimum of three and a maximum of nine directors, who are elected by the shareholders to hold such office for a period of three years and who may be re-elected (the “Board” or the “Board of Directors”). The Bylaws also provide for the appointment of alternate directors. According to the Bank’s Bylaws, the Board shall meet at least once per month.
The table below indicates the names of the current members of our Board, their present position in the Board, their business background and the date of expiration of the period for which they were elected. According to regulation, the members of the Board whose appointment expired in December 2024, will remain as members of the Board at least until the next shareholders’ meeting.
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Name |  | Current Term Ends |  | Current Position |  | Date of Birth |  | Present principal occupations and business experience
Lorenzo de Cristóbal de Nicolás (*) |  | December 2026 |  | Chairman |  | 11/29/1964 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: Head of Options Desk at Bank of America in Madrid and held various executive positions at BBVA, such as: Director of Global Portfolio Management; Head of Market Risks; Director of Guaranteed and Quantitative Funds and Investment Director at BBVA Asset Management. Mr. de Cristóbal de Nicolás was elected Director in April 2022.
Jorge Delfín Luna |  | December 2025 |  | First Vice Chairman |  | 11/17/1958 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina; PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. and Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A. Business experience: commercial director of BBVA; committee director member at BBVA Argentina; regional interior manager at Banco de Crédito Argentino; director business banking and foreign trade; general manager and vice president of BBVA Uruguay; general manager of Easy Bank (BBVA Argentina); and regional manager at Citibank. Mr. Luna was elected Director in March 2017.
Francisco Javier Pérez Cardete (*) |  | December 2025 |  | Second Vice Chairman |  | 02/19/1961 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: South and East territorial director at BBVA; area director at BBVA; and risk responsible of Valencia at BBVA Mr. Javier Pérez Cardete was elected Director in April 2016.
Adriana M. Fernández de Melero (*) |  | December 2025 |  | Regular Director |  | 04/02/1961 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: in charge of profitability analyses and financial planning at Banco Español; development and planning human resources manager at Banco de Crédito Argentino; human resources administration manager at BBVA Argentina; organization manager and productivity at BBVA Argentina; development business manager at BBVA Argentina; director of corporate development and transformation BBVA Argentina; presidential advisor at Banco Provincia. Ms. Melero was elected Director in March 2017.
Ernesto Mario San Gil (*) |  | December 2026 |  | Regular Director |  | 02/21/1957 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: independent director and member of the Audit Committee of Ternium Argentina S.A. (ex Siderar S.A.); member of the Ad honorem Strategic Board of the Ministry of Modernization of the Argentine Nation; director of IDEA; different positions in EY Argentina (formerly Ernst & Young and Arthur Andersen) including: Chief Strategy Officer (CSO), President and CEO, member of the Executive Committee of the EY South America region, partner in charge of the Transactions practice, partner specialized in Financial Institutions. Mr. San Gil was elected Director in April 2021.

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Name |  | Current Term Ends |  | Current Position |  | Date of Birth |  | Present principal occupations and business experience
Gustavo A, Mazzolini Casas |  | December 2025 |  | Regular Director |  | 03/27/1967 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: CFO at BBVA; financial staff country monitoring at BBVA; Chief Strategy and Finance Officer at BBVA; Chief Financial Officer at Banco Provincial (BBVA Group); Head of the Finance Area Coordination Department for the Latam Group at BBVA; Chief Financial Planning Officer at Credilogros Compañía Financiera; and Chief Financial Officer at Corp Banca Argentina. Mr. Mazzolini was elected Director in March 2017.
Gabriel Alberto Chaufán |  | December 2026 |  | Regular Director |  | 02/14/1966 |  | Present principal occupation: regular director at BBVA Argentina, PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A., Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A. and BBVA Uruguay S.A.; Chairman at BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A. and Alternate Director at Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A. Business experience: Chairman at AVIRA, Committee director member at BBVA; Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at Consolidar ART, Consolidar Seguros, Consolidar Salud, Consolidar Retiro and Consolidar AFJP (undergoing liquidation proceedings), Pensions and Insurance Business Manager; Head of the Pension Business and all lines of Insurance (Life, Heritage, Life Annuities, Health) and Group Technical Manager. Mr. Chaufán was elected Director in April 2019.
Gustavo Fabián Alonso (*) |  | December 2024 |  | Alternate Director |  | 07/02/1964 |  | Present principal occupation: alternate director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: Commercial Director; Director of Innovation and Development; Retail Product Manager; Manager of Means of Payment and Consumption; Manager of Strategic Alliances and Products; Marketing manager; Zone Manager; and Branch Manager Pilar, San Nicolás and Rosario, all at BBVA Banco Francés. Mr. Alonso was elected Director in April 2022.
Carlos Eduardo Elizalde |  | December 2024 |  | Alternate Director |  | 06/12/1961 |  | Present principal occupation: alternate director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: Regional Banking Director of Global Latam Operations at BBVA; General Manager at AL-Rajhi Bank; free-lance consultant in Riyadh KSA Buenos Aires; General Director at Citigroup Miami; Regional Head for Latin America at Citigroup Miami; and Head of Regional Sales at Citigroup Buenos Aires. Mr. Elizalde was elected Director in April 2023.

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Name |  | Current Term Ends |  | Current Position |  | Date of Birth |  | Present principal occupations and business experience
Ignacio Javier Lacasta Casado |  | December 2024 |  | Alternate Director |  | 02/24/1962 |  | Present principal occupation: alternate director at BBVA Argentina. Business experience: Chairman at BBVA Forum (Chile Consumer Credit Society); Vice President at BBVA Peru; BBVA Provincial (Venezuela) and BBVA Chile and Director at BBVA Mexico. He held various executive positions at the BBVA Group, such as: Head of Business Monitoring, Deputy Director General, Retail Banking Manager and Country Manager at BBVA Chile. Mr. Lacasta Casado was elected Director in April 2024.

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(*)Qualify as independent directors according to the independence criteria set forth by General Resolution No. 622 of the CNV.
On March 29, 2022, Ms. María Isabel Goiri Lartitegui submitted her resignation from the position of Regular Director with effect from the meeting that appointed her replacement.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 29, 2022, Lorenzo de Cristóbal de Nicolás was elected as Regular Director to succeed María Isabel Goiri Lartitegui and Gustavo Fabián Alonso was elected as Alternate Director. In addition, Gustavo Alberto Mazzolini Casas was reelected as Regular Director and Gabriel Alberto Chaufán was reelected as Alternate Director.
In June, 2022, Mr. Alfredo Castillo Triguero submitted his resignation from the position of Regular Director and Mr. Javier Pérez Cardete took over his replacement.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 28, 2023, Carlos Eduardo Elizalde was elected as Alternate Director.
On December 21, 2023, Gabriel Eugenio Milstein passed away. The Board of Directors on January 12, 2024 in replacement decided to appoint Gabriel Alberto Chaufán who was acting as Alternate Director, as Regular Director.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 26, 2024, Ignacio Javier Lacasta Casado was elected as Alternate Director.
Senior Management
Our senior management consists of the Chief Executive Officer and those executive officers who have decision-making powers and who report directly to the Chief Executive Officer. As described below, the main members of our senior management are members of the Management Committee. The table below shows the names of our senior managers and the year of their appointment to such position, as well as their business background. The senior managers are appointed for an indefinite period.
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Name |  | First Appointed |  | Current Position |  | Date of Birth |  | Background and Business Experience
Jorge Alberto Bledel |  | 2024 |  | Chief Executive Officer |  | 01/04/1980 |  | Work Experience: Director of Business Development for South America at BBVA Spain; Business Development Director, Digital Banking and Transformation Director, Innovation and Business Models Manager, Investment and Insurance Manager, Asset Management Manager, Portfolio Manager, all at BBVA Argentina; Director at Prisma Medios de Pago S.A., Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A., Neón (Brazil) and Openpay (Mexico). Mr. Bledel joined the Bank in 2001.
Carmen Morillo Arroyo |  | 2022 |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | 03/14/1976 |  | Work Experience: Global Financial Planning & Performance discipline leader; Director of Planning and Management Control for Businesses in South America; Manager of Planning and Management Control of South American Banks; Financial Analyst; Business Banking Manager BBVA Spain. Ms. Morillo Arroyo joined the Bank in 2022.
Leandro Alvarez |  | 2020 |  | Director, Engineering & Data |  | 03/26/1970 |  | Work Experience: Head of Solutions Development at Business Development Officer, Assistant Manager of Channels & Application Architecture; Regional manager for Latin America for the technological replacement of the bank branch systems where BBVA has been present (BBVA Aplica SA) and Assistant Manager of Channels and Markets. Mr. Alvarez joined the Bank in 1994.
Pablo Hernan Jordan |  | 2024 |  | Director, Business Banking |  | 06/13/1977 |  | Work Experience: Chief Commercial Officer at BBVA Argentina since October 2021. Previously, he served as Business Coordination Manager, Territorial Manager, Commercial Banking Manager, Deputy Territorial Manager for Retail Banking, Territorial Commercial Assistant, VIP Executive and Individual Banking Officer, all positions at BBVA Argentina; Director at Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A. Mr. Jordan joined the Bank in 1998.
Adrián Diego Alabaster |  | 2024 |  | Director, Retail Banking |  | 10/20/1971 |  | Work Experience: Head of Business Execution and Head of Models, Servicing and Quality at BBVA Argentina. Mr. Alabaster joined the Bank in 1999.
Vanesa Erica Bories |  | 2024 |  | Director, Talent & Culture |  | 07/27/1972 |  | Work Experience: Head of Compensation, Organization, Administration, Payroll, and SAE in the Talent and Culture Department; Head of Country Manager’s Office; Head of Investor Relations and Planning; Head of Commercial Intelligence; Head of Management Schemes and Network Analysis in the Business Development Management of the Commercial Department; all at BBVA Argentina. Ms. Bories joined the Bank in 1997.

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Name |  | First Appointed |  | Current Position |  | Date of Birth |  | Background and Business Experience
María Verónica Incera |  | 2023 |  | Director, Corporate & Investment Banking |  | 05/14/1970 |  | Work Experience: Head of Global Clients in the United States, having corporate governance responsibilities for the BBVA NY Branch; Industry Banker for Consumers. Before joining BBVA, she worked for Credit Agricole in Argentina and New York, where she held various positions. Ms. Incera joined the Bank in 2023.
Gerardo Fiandrino |  | 2015 |  | Director, Risks |  | 11/11/1965 |  | Work Experience: retail banking director for South América at BBVA; wholesale banking director for South América at BBVA; retail risks manager at BBVA Argentina; wholesales and corporate manager at BBVA Argentina; admission and control manager at BBVA Argentina; control and operational risks manager at BBVA Argentina; director at Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; alternate director at PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A.; portfolio control manager at Banco de Crédito Argentino; and senior investment banking officer at Banco de Crédito Argentino. Mr. Fiandrino joined the Bank in 1992.
Eduardo González Correas |  | 2017 |  | Director, Legal Services |  | 03/07/1982 |  | Work Experience: Legal manager Banking Business, Corporate & Investment Banking at BBVA Argentina; Legal Assistant Manager Corporate & Investment Banking at BBVA Argentina; lawyer Legal Assistant Management Corporate & Investment Banking at BBVA Argentina; lawyer at Estudio Jurídico Allende & Brea; lawyer at Estudio Jurídico Pérez Alati, Grondona, Benites, Arntsen & Martínez de Hoz (h). Mr. González Correas joined the Bank in 2008.
Beatriz Francia Guerrero |  | 2025 |  | Chief Internal Control and Compliance Officer |  | 11/12/1981 |  | Work Experience: Head of Regulation, Internal Control and Compliance at BBVA Uruguay; Head of the Customer Compliance Discipline, before Responsible for the Customer Compliance subunit, both in the Global Compliance Unit, within the Regulation and Internal Control Area; Regulatory Compliance Team Leader; Technician at the Bastanteos, Oficios and Testamentary Center, all at BBVA. Ms. Francia Guerrero joined the Bank in 2025.

The service agreements of the directors and the executive officers of the Bank do not provide for benefits upon termination of employment except as described in “—B. Compensation” below.
B.Compensation
The Bank has a Nomination and Remunerations Committee which was created on March 30, 2009. Its members must be directors with no executive functions and the presidency will be exercised by an independent director. Its main functions are to provide assistance to the Board in all issues regarding compensation policies and other benefits. Moreover, it is also in charge of stating the terms and conditions for the selection and hiring of the key principal executives of the Bank. As of the date hereof it consists of (i) Gabriel Chaufán; (ii) Jorge Delfín Luna; (iii) Adriana Fernández de Melero; (iv) Gustavo Fernández; and (v) Eduardo González Correas.
The aggregate amount of compensation paid by the Bank and its subsidiaries during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 to all directors and officers for services in all capacities, including salaries and bonuses, was Ps.20,022,293 million. This amount also included compensation accrued during 2023 and paid in 2024. We hereby confirm that disclosure of the directors individual compensation is not required under Argentine law. Moreover, Argentine legislation requires approval of an aggregate amount of Director’s compensation in the annual ordinary shareholders’ meeting.
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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Bank did not pay, set aside or accrue any amount as contribution to pension plans.
C.Board practices
Our corporate governance system is based on the distribution of functions between the Board and the several committees described below.
Supervisory Committee
The primary responsibilities of the Supervisory Committee are to monitor management’s compliance with Argentine corporate law, the Bylaws, the Bank’s internal regulations, if any, and the shareholders’ resolutions. It also performs other functions, including, but not limited to: (i) attending meetings of the Board, the Management Committee and shareholders’ meetings, (ii) calling extraordinary shareholders’ meetings when deemed necessary and ordinary and special shareholders’ meetings when not called by the Board, and (iii) investigating written complaints of shareholders. In performing these functions, the Supervisory Committee does not control our operations or assess the merits of the decisions made by the directors.
The Supervisory Committee has unlimited access to our books and records and a right to request as much information as necessary for the performance of its duties.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting of BBVA Argentina held on April 26, 2024, the following members were appointed to the Supervisory Committee:

|  |  |  | Expiration of term
Regular |  | Gonzalo José Vidal Devoto |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Vanesa Claudia Rodríguez |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Marcelino Agustín Cornejo |  | December 31, 2024
Alternate |  | Lorena Claudia Yansenson |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Magdalena Laudignon |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Julieta Paula Pariso |  | December 31, 2024

Both the regular and alternate members of the Supervisory Committee as of December 31, 2024 had represented, in their capacity as lawyers, to the Bank that: (a) they performed or were prepared to perform the function of legal advisors with the professional independence required by technical resolution No. 15 of the Argentine federation of professional councils in economic sciences; (b) they were members of Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L. and qualified as “independent” according to General Resolution No. 622 (New Text 2013), and (c) they disclosed all the information required by the CNV regarding their professional relations with the Bank.
Below is some background information of the current members of the Supervisory Committee.
•Gonzalo José Vidal Devoto: Lawyer, member of Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; regular member of the Supervisory Committee of Bimbo de Argentina S.A.; Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.; BBVA Broker S.A.; BBVA Consolidar Seguros S.A; Consolidar AFJP (undergoing liquidation proceedings); Centro Automotores S.A.; Centro del Norte S.A.; Cormasa S.A.; Courtage S.A.; Orazul Generating S.A.; Orazul Energy Southern Cone S.R.L.; INC S.A.; Plan Rombo S.A. de Ahorro para Fines Determinados; Santista Argentina S.A.; VTV Norte S.A.; Banco de Servicios Financieros S.A.; Alimentos Valente Argentina AVA S.A.; Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; Renault Argentina S.A.; VTV Metropolitana S.A.; Bimbo Frozen Argentina S.A. and Metalurgica Tandil S.A. He serves as an alternate member of the supervisory committee in: Consultatio Asset Management Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión S.A.; Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A.; Orazul Energy Cerros Colorados S.A. and Industrial Asset Management Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversion S.A.
•Vanesa Claudia Rodríguez, Senior Lawyer at Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; she is in charge of the corporate law area of the firm. From that position, she advises firms such as Compañía de Alimentos Fargo S.A., GDC Argentina S.A.,
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Pandurata Argentina S.A., Daikin Air Conditioning Argentina S.A. (among others), in all matters related to corporate advice for companies. She worked at the Sáenz Valiente & Asociados Law Firm as a lawyer, and later as an associate, advising clients such as Grupo Clarín, Cablevisión S.A., Artear and AGEA, among others. Mrs. Rodríguez graduated from the National School of Commerce of Formosa with the title of commercial expert and later graduated as a lawyer at the Universidad Católica Argentina with diploma of honor. She specialized in Corporate Law at the Universidad Notarial Argentina, also pursuing postgraduate degrees at UADE and at the Universidad Católica Argentina. She also completed the Master of Laws at New York University (NYU), being admitted to practice law in the state of New York. She is a Professor of Private International Law at the Universidad Católica Argentina and UCES, a professor in Compliance specialization courses and a member of the Institute of Private International Law of the Bar Association of Buenos Aires.
•Marcelino Agustín Cornejo: Lawyer, member of Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; Academic Director of the Diploma in Public Management UNAB; Constitutional Law Teaching Assistant; Legal representative at Estudio Arrizabalaga, Biscardi & Asociados; INSSJP Legal Technical Secretary. He currently holds the position of regular member of the Supervisory Committee at: Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.; BBVA Broker S.A.; BBVA Consolidar Seguros S.A.; CONSOLIDATE AFJP S.A. (on sale); Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; FARGO FOOD COMPANY S.A. He serves as deputy member of the Supervisory Committee at Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A. and PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. Mr. Marcelino Agustin Cornejo studied Law with a focus on Public Administrative Law at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, completed a master’s degree in Economic Administrative Law (UCA) and obtained a specialization in Constitutional Law (UCASAL).
•Julieta Paula Pariso: Lawyer, member of Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; regular member of the Supervisory Committee of: BBVA Broker S.A. Consultatio Asset Management Gerente De Fondos Comunes De Inversión S.A.; Daikin Air Conditioning Argentina S.A.; Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; BBVA Consolidar Seguros S.A.; Centro Automotores S.A.; Centro del Norte S.A.; Consolidar AFJP S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings); Cormasa S.A.; Courtage S.A.; Orazul Energy Cerros Colorados S.A.; Orazul Generating S.A.; Orazul Energy Southern Cone S.R.L.; Industrial Valores S.A.; Metalúrgica Tandil S.A.; Plan Rombo S.A. De Ahorro Para Fines Determinados; Renault Argentina S.A.; Rombo Ahorro S.A. De Ahorro Para Fines Determinados; Santista Argentina S.A.; VTV Norte S.A.; Banco de Servicios Financieros S.A.; VTV Metropolitana S.A.; INC S.A. Industrial Asset Management Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión S.A. and Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A.
•Lorena Claudia Yansenson: Lawyer, member of Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; alternate member of the Supervisory Committee of Bimbo de Argentina S.A.; Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.; Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.; BBVA Broker S.A.; Consolidar Seguros S.A.; Consolidar AFJP(undergoing liquidation proceedings); Centro Automotores S.A.; Centro del Norte S.A.; Cormasa S.A.; Courtage S.A.; Orazul Generating S.A.; Orazul Energy Southern Cone S.R.L.; INC S.A.; Plan Rombo S.A. de Ahorro para Fines Determinados; Renault Argentina S.A.; Santista Argentina S.A.; VTV Norte S.A.; Banco de Servicios Financieros S.A.; Alimentos Valente Argentina AVA S.A.; VTV Metropolitana S.A.; Bimbo Frozen Argentina S.A. and Metalurgica Tandil S.A.
•Magdalena Laudignon: Lawyer in the litigation sector at Biscardi & Asociados S.R.L.; Independent lawyer at private law firm; Paid intern at Covelia S.A. Miss Laudignon received a Bilingual Bachelor’s degree with a Humanities Orientation from Highlands School. She later received her law degree from the Argentine Catholic University, where she also completed a Master’s Degree in Civil Property Law.
There are no agreements between the Bank and its directors, members of the Supervisory Committee or main executives, as a consequence of which the directors, members of the Supervisory Committee or main executives might have interests in opposition to those of the Bank, according to the provisions of Article 272 of the Argentine Companies Law.
Audit Committee
According to the Board’s resolution dated June 29, 2021, BBVA Argentina has an Audit Committee to comply with the provisions set out by the Central Bank in its Communication “A” 6552 and the standards of Law No. 26,831 as modified by Law No. 27,440, whose current composition is as follows:

Members: | Adriana Fernández de Melero
| Javier Pérez Cardete
| Ernesto San Gil

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According to Section 303A.07(b) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, all of the members of the Audit Committee must be “independent”. Moreover, according to Law No. 26,831 the Audit Committee must consist of at least three members of the Board, the majority of whom should be independent directors. Each of the members of the Audit Committee qualify as an independent director according to the independence criteria set forth by General Resolution No. 622 of the CNV.
The Audit Committee meets once a month. In each of these meetings, the Audit Committee shall be in charge of assisting the Board of Directors in the monitoring of the internal control environment and in the validation of existing facts or circumstances and improvement of controls covering the main risks of the Bank, financial statements, external auditors, directors’ fees, transactions with related parties and conflicts of interest.
The Audit Committee’s duties are set forth below:
1.Internal Control Environment and Financial Statements:
•Monitor the proper operation of internal controls and the development and publication of the administrative and accounting system.
•Ensure the consistency and integrity of all the documentation provided to the market.
•Evaluate observations on internal control weaknesses found by auditors and by comptroller bodies.
•Submit to the Board, at the time of publication of the year-end financial statements, a report on the status of the internal control system.
•Know and monitor the internal control environment and the controls that cover the main risks to which the Bank is exposed.
•Hold meetings with the Management Division for the purpose of reporting on the Bank’s exposure to the relevant risks.
•To know the results of the reports that the Bank’s Supervisory Committee and the different control committees established by the Central Bank issue in compliance with their duties.
•To engage independent counsel and other advisors as it deems necessary to carry out its duties, for which the Bank shall ensure that the Audit Committee has sufficient funding.
2.Internal Audit:
•Propose to the Board the selection, appointment, re-election and separation of the person responsible for the Internal Audit duty, on the basis of the candidates shortlisted within the executive scope by the Talent and Culture area.
•Oversee the independence, effectiveness and development of the Internal Audit function.
•Review and approve the annual work program and the reports issued by the Bank’s internal audit area, as well as its level of compliance, ensuring that it has adequate resources to carry out its duties and functions in the entity.
•Ensure that the Internal Audit is provided with the material and human resources necessary for the effective discharge of its functions, both in terms of staff, as well as material elements, systems, procedures and performance manuals.
•Analyze and, where appropriate, approve the annual work plan of the Internal Audit, as well as those additional plans of an occasional or specific nature to be implemented for reasons of regulatory changes or for the needs of the Bank’s business organization.
•Receive monthly information from the head of the Internal Audit on the activities carried out, as well as on incidents and obstacles that may arise and verify that the Senior Management takes into account the conclusions and recommendations of its reports. Similarly, monitor such plans, with the possibility to delegate to the Chairman the performance of preparatory tasks to facilitate the work of the Committee. In the event of substantial deviations in the timing of the implementation of the actions provided for in the plans, or in the scope of the reviews, the Audit Committee shall be informed of the reasons for such deviations by submitting for approval such amendments as may be appropriate to the plans of the Internal Audit.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, the head of the Internal Audit shall also report to the Board in full, as often as appropriate, on the activities carried out by the Internal Audit department.
•To know the degree of compliance by the audited units with the corrective measures recommended by the Internal Audit in previous actions, and to report to the Board of Directors cases that may pose a relevant risk to the Bank.
•The Committee shall be informed of irregularities, anomalies or non-compliances that the Internal Audit department has detected in the course of its proceedings, provided that they are relevant. “Relevant” means those that may cause significant and material impact or damage to the Bank’s assets, results, or reputation, the assessment of which shall be at the discretion of the Internal Audit department.
3.External Audit:
•Review the external auditors’ plans, assess their performance and provide an opinion thereon in its Annual Management Report.
•Analyze the reasonableness of the fees billed by external auditors.
•Request the external auditor to report to the Audit Committee any relevant fact that has a significant impact on the Bank’s assets, results, or reputation, or that constitutes a relevant weakness in its internal controls.
•Meet with management and external auditors to discuss the annual and interim financial statements.
•Provide the mechanisms for the reports to be presented by the external and internal auditors of financial institutions to be presented in a timely manner.
•When shareholders representing not less than 5% of the share capital, request the Bank to appoint an external auditor proposed by them for the performance of one or more particular tasks, the Audit Committee shall previously issue an opinion and inform the CNV.
4.Issuance and Share Plans and Acquisition of Own Shares, Directors´ Fees:
•Give an opinion and make it public, on the compliance with legal requirements and on the reasonableness of the conditions for the issuance of shares or convertible securities in the event of a capital increase with exclusion or limitation preferred subscription rights.
•Issue a report prior to any decision of the Board of Directors to acquire the Bank’s own shares.
•Give an opinion on the reasonableness of the proposals made by the Board of Directors on fees and stock options plans for the Bank’s directors and managers.
5.Transactions with Related Parties and Conflict of Interest:
•Ensure that transactions between related parties are carried out in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 26,831, issuing an informed opinion regarding transactions with related parties in the established and specifically required cases.
•It shall immediately provide the market with full information on transactions in which there is or may be a conflict of interest between the Bank and members who participate in the corporate bodies or controlling shareholders of the Bank.
6.Standards of Conduct:
•Investigate the irregular behavior or that which may not be in conformity with the applicable regulations or with the BBVA Argentina Code of Conduct.
•Review the Bank’s rules of conduct, ensure that they are properly disseminated to all the Bank’s staff and verify compliance with those rules of conduct.
•Establish procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal controls or auditing matters, and for the confidential, anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters.
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7.Action Plan and relationship with regulatory authorities:
•Annually present an action plan for the year, which will be submitted to the Board of Directors and the Supervisory Committee within 60 calendar days from the beginning of the financial year, in which it shall inform the treatment given during the year to the questions within its competence as provided for in Article 18 of Chapter III of the CNV Rules.
•Maintain constant communication with the Superintendence’s officers responsible for the control of the Bank in order to know their concerns, the problems detected in the inspections carried out and the actions for their solution.
All directors, members of the Supervisory Committee, managers and external auditors must, at the request of the Audit Committee, attend its sessions and cooperate with it, facilitating its access to such information as may be available to them. In order to ensure a more appropriate exercise of the powers and duties contemplated herein, the Audit Committee may request the advice of lawyers and other independent professionals and retain their services for the account of the Bank within the budget allocated for such purposes by the shareholders’ meeting. The Audit Committee shall have access to such information and documentation as it may deem necessary in order to comply with its obligations.
Nomination and Remunerations Committee
According to the Board’s resolution dated January 12, 2024, the composition of the Bank’s Nomination and Remunerations Committee is as follows:

Members: | Adriana Fernández de Melero
| Jorge Delfín Luna
| Gabriel Alberto Chaufán

Guest members: | Vanesa Bories
| Eduardo González Correas

Its main purpose is to provide information and advice regarding the nomination and compensations of directors and executive officers. Its main functions are to:
•establish the requirements for the appointments of directors and executive officers;
•approve training programs for directors and executive officers;
•approve policies and criteria for the evaluation of performances of directors and executive officers;
•annually inform the Board of Directors of the criteria enforced to determine the compensation of directors and executive officers; and
•state the policies for the promotion, layoff, suspension and retirement of directors and executive officers.
Special Committees of the Bank’s Management
The Bank has the following special committees:
•Management Committee
As of the date of this annual report, the Management Committee consists of: (i) Jorge Alberto Bledel; (ii) Pablo Hernan Jordan; (iii) Adrián Alabaster; (iv) Vanesa Bories; (v) Carmen Morillo Arroyo; (vi) Gerardo Fiandrino; (vii) Leandro Alvarez; (viii) María Verónica Incera; (ix) Eduardo González Correas and (x) Beatriz Francia Guerrero.
The obligations of the Management Committee are to: (i) establish the business and investment strategies, the general risks policies, and the human resources policies of the Bank and cooperate with the General Manager in their implementation; (ii) delegate powers to other officers; (iii) analyze and approve the general annual budget, monitor its evolution and determine corrective measures according to internal and market variables and (iv) create business synergies with other companies of the BBVA Group.
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The Management Committee meets monthly.
•Information Technology Committee
The Information Technology Committee assists the Board of Directors to oversight the technological risk and cybersecurity management and in monitoring the technological and cybersecurity strategy and is responsible for the institutional treatment of the policies, goals and planning of the information systems area, and as of the date of this annual report consists of: (i) Leandro Alvarez; (ii) Gabriel Alberto Chaufán; (iii) Adriana María Fernández de Melero; (iv) Analía González; (v) Daniel Neme; (vi) Atilio Lucarelli; (vii) Germán Guarine; (viii) Marcelo Palmero; (ix) Tomás Rebagliatti; (x) Leonardo Rojas; and (xi) Gabriela Molinengo. The Information Technology Committee meets quarterly.
•Disclosure Committee
As of the date of this annual report, the Disclosure Committee consists of: (i) the Chief Financial Officer, Carmen Morillo; (ii) the legal services director, Eduardo González; (iii) the accounting manager, Carlos Reinaudo; (iv) the ALM country Head, Diego Cesarini; (v) the Investor Relations Front Manager I, Belén Fourcade; (vi) the risks director, Gerardo Fiandrino; (vii) the Legal Financial & Banking Business Country Head, Rocío Carreras and (viii) the Head of Secretary of the Board of Directors, Gabriela Verónica Valdez.
The general functions of the Disclosure Committee are to ensure, with respect to all information to be disclosed by the Bank to its shareholders, to the markets where its shares are listed and to the regulatory entities of said markets, (i) that the information required to be disclosed to the public (whether directly or through regulatory bodies) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately and in a timely manner and (ii) that such information is collected and communicated to managers and directors in due time and form in order to take appropriate decisions on the required information.
The Disclosure Committee meets quarterly or as otherwise necessary.
•Asset Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention Committee
The Asset Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention Committee as of the date of this annual report consists of: (i) two directors, Gabriel Alberto Chaufán, who is the compliance officer on money laundering prevention before the anti-money laundering organism (Unidad de Información Financiera) and Gustavo Alberto Mazzolini; (ii) the compliance director, Beatriz Francia Guerrero; (iii) the official in charge of the compliance area processes, Adriana Scorza and (iv) the responsible for the money laundering prevention area, Federico Maliandi.
In order to comply with its control and prevention purposes, the Asset Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention Committee assumes the following responsibilities:
-to deal with all matters related to the prevention of terrorism assets laundering and financing;
-to define operational policies and continuously monitor their degree of advancement; and
-to assign duties to the different areas involved.
Each member assumes the following functions:
-to render his or her area of activity more sensitive as to the importance of preventing terrorism assets laundering and financing;
-to detect any relevant situation which may occur in his or her area;
-to analyze any new product or service and evaluate potential asset laundering risks; and
-to assume the necessary commitments in his or her area in order to implement prevention systems in coordination with the officer responsible for asset laundering prevention.
The Asset Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention Committee meets every three months, or extraordinarily whenever the coordinator should deem it convenient due to the existence of relevant matters to be discussed.
Not later than five business days prior to any meeting the regulatory compliance director shall discuss with the secretary the agenda to be discussed at the meeting, and the secretary will submit such agenda to the members of the committee.
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•Compliance Committee
The Compliance Committee consists of: (i) the executive director, Jorge Alberto Bledel; (ii) the compliance director, Beatriz Francia Guerrero; (iii) the Business Banking director, Pablo Hernán Jordan; (iv) the Chief Financial Officer, Carmen Morillo; (v) the legal services director, Eduardo González; (vi) the risks director, Gerardo Fiandrino and (vii) the internal audit director, Ana Karina Ortiz Cuéllar, who attends as an observer with voice but without vote.
The main functions of the Compliance Committee are to:
-set action plans and continuously review their progress;
-contribute to preserve the corporate integrity of BBVA Argentina, ensuring the effective application of the Code of Conduct and the Regulations of Conduct in the Capital Markets;
-encourage and promote a culture of ethics and integrity, promote the adoption of necessary measures to resolve queries, concerns, suggestions in relation to compliance and application of the Code of Conduct as well as ethically questionable actions that may arise in the context of the Bank’s operations;
-promote and monitor the operation and effectiveness of the Whistleblower Channel and the review of its most significant cases;
-ensure compliance with the provisions of the Protection of Users of Financial Services, considering the claims submitted by users and adopting actions that mitigate their occurrence;
-assume the necessary commitments and agree on actions to carry out prevention systems, in coordination with the Responsible for Asset Laundering and Terrorism Financing Prevention; and
-promote training and raise awareness about the importance of compliance with the Code of Conduct and the Compliance Committee’s actions.
The Compliance Committee meets on a monthly basis.
•Risk Management Committee
This committee consists of the risks director, the retail risk and process transformation manager, the wholesale risks manager, the internal risk control manager, a member of Internal Risk Control as Technical Secretary, the manager of financial risks and reporting, all of them as permanent participants; the Executive Director; the Head of the subject area; the C&IB Director and/or the Manager of Global Transactional Banking and/or the Manager of Global Markets Argentina; the Commercial Director and/or the Retail Coordination Manager and/or the Business Coordination Manager; all of them as guests and the Business Development Director and/or the Business Implementation Manager as lecturer.
The main purpose of the Risks Management Committee is to:
-approve any transactions and financial programs of clients which exceed the powers granted to the credit risk, financial institutions and issuer risk committee, and any other matter solved outside the regional scope. Any and all transactions which may result special or exceptional may be dealt with by such committee;
-approve refinancing, cancellations and penalties for individual or corporate clients;
-approve the operations of non-delegated risks (risks concerning means of communications, public importance, political parties, trade unions or associated companies of the Bank or its members);
-treat the proposal for delegation of powers that will then be submitted to the Board for approval;
-approve the Specific Risk Management Framework annually and periodically monitor the evolution of the metrics defined therein;
-define and approve the necessary strategies, manuals, policies, practices and procedures to identify, evaluate, measure and handle the risks to which the entity is exposed to (credit, market, structure, liquidity, operational risks, among others);
-approve credit policies, rating tools and models and campaigns of pre-approved items or massive campaigns);
-approve the limits of asset allocation and stress tests;
-call the Crisis Committee if necessary;
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-submit to the Board those issues required by the local regulator;
-presentation and analysis of periodic management reports, which must subsequently be submitted to Senior Management and the Board. These reports should include the main aspects of the management of all the risks of the entity;
-approve quarterly the prioritization of SDA projects (Intradominium refinement); and
-monthly review of IFRS 9 sanitation according to IFRS 9 methodology.
•Corporate Assurance Committee
As of the date hereof, the Corporate Assurance Committee consists of the executive director as Chairman, the members of the Management Committee as permanent participants and the Secretary of the Committee, which is the non-Financial Risk Manager.
The main functions of this committee are:
-to promote and ensure the effectiveness of the control model and the necessary culture of transparency and self-criticism;
-to ensure the implementation and maintenance of the corporate assurance model within the BBVA Group entities;
-to prioritize control weaknesses identified by the expert areas and the internal audit bureau regarding adequacy, appropriateness and timeliness of the proposed remedial actions;
-to ensure that experts activities are carried out with self-criticism and transparency;
-to understand, evaluate, and assign responsibilities for managing risks that are submitted for consideration;
-to give timely follow up on agreed action plans to mitigate risks;
-to communicate to specialists and business units all decisions;
-to promote awareness of the operational risk model, as well as the dissemination of corporate policies governing the matter;
-to solve and take decisions regarding the operational risk, required by its materiality or importance;
-to ensure the implementation of the operational risk model and facilitate proper management for operational risks related to BBVA Argentina business;
-to supervise the proper implementation of tools and model methodology; and
-to deal with any matter that enhances the quality and reliability of BBVA Argentina internal controls and its affiliated companies.
Meetings of the Corporate Assurance Committee may be ordinary and extraordinary. The former, are held on a quarterly basis, summoned in advance by the secretary. The latter are held when summoned by the secretary or upon the request of one or more members of the committee when special circumstances so require it.
•Assets and Liabilities Committee
The Assets and Liabilities Committee consists of: (i) the executive director, Jorge Alberto Bledel; (ii) the retail banking director, Adrián Diego Alabaster ; (iii) the Chief Financial Officer, Carmen Morillo Arroyo; (iv) the risks director, Gerardo Fiandrino; (v) the business banking director, Pablo Hernán Jordan; (vi) the corporate & investment banking director, María Verónica Incera; (vii) the Financial Management Manager, Diego Cesarini, all of them as permanent participants; (viii) the BBVA Research director, Marcos Dal Bianco; and (ix) the financial risks manager, reporting and sustainability, Ezequiel Bulos, all of them as guests.
The main functions of this committee are:
-to monitor macroeconomic variables;
-to analyze and discuss domestic and foreign market conditions and forecast any potential impact on the Bank’s structural risks;
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-to monitor and control limits and liquidity alerts, rates, change position and market risks, both internal and regulatory, and to define corrective actions if necessary;
-to analyze the historical evolution and projection of the balance sheet, deviations from budget, and comparison against the market and competition;
-to monitor the Bank’s excess liquidity, comparison of market and analysis of stress scenarios;
-to determine the resource allocation strategy;
-to determine price and products policy for assets and liabilities;
-to monitor the Bank’s financial margin and its main deviations;
-to determine the strategy to be applied for investments and surplus;
-to analyze risks associated with investments in the public sector;
-to analyze the historical and projected evolution of the capital position and projected dividends of the Bank; and
-to order financial or other analyzes deemed necessary to optimize management of the items mentioned above.
This committee meets on a monthly basis.
Also in compliance with resolutions of the Central Bank or other controlling bodies, the Bank has appointed different officers responsible for specific subjects, as detailed below:
-Responsible for Foreign Exchange Positions (Communication “A” 4246 BCRA)
Main Responsible Officer: Christian Angel Cavanagh Campos
Alternate Responsible Officer: Sofía Tedin
-Responsible for Foreign Exchange Control (Communication “A” 4246 BCRA)
Main Responsible Officer: Diego Rannazzo
Alternate Responsible Officer: Adolfo César Martinez Luque
-Responsible for costumer services in compliance with Communication “A” 5388 of BCRA,
Responsible Manager: Jorge Delfín Luna
Main Responsible Officer: Rubén Lemme
Alternate Responsible Officer: Beatriz Francia Guerrero / Carolina Noelia Guevara
-Responsible for the Liquidity Policy (Communication “A” 2879 BCRA):
Main Responsible Officer: Diego Cesarini
-Responsible for Information Systems (Communication “A” 2593 BCRA)
Main Responsible Officer: Carmen Morillo Arroyo
Alternate Responsible Officer: Adrián Diego Alabaster
-Responsible for Market Relations (Law No. 26,831)
Main Responsible Officer: Eduardo González Correas / Carmen Morillo Arroyo
Alternate Responsible Officers: Rocío Carreras / Diego Cesarini
-Compliance Officer on Money Laundering Prevention (Communication “A” 5004 BCRA):
Main Responsible Officer: Gabriel Alberto Chaufán
Alternate Responsible Officer: Gustavo Alberto Mazzolini Casas
-Security Responsible for Financial Entities (Communications “A” 5120 and 5132)
Main Responsible Officer: Juan Antonio Calderón
Alternate Responsible Officer: Victor Fabian Garibotto
Advisors
All internal legal advice is provided to the Bank by its own legal services department.
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D.Employees
The following table shows the breakdown of our full-time payroll employees as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

| As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Main office | 4,053 |  |  | 3,795 |  |  | 4,011 |
Branches | 2,236 |  |  | 2,214 |  |  | 1,877 |
Total | 6,289 |  |  | 6,009 |  |  | 5,888 |

Our employees are represented by a national bank union with optional membership. As of December 31, 2024, 2,267 employees were unionized. The union negotiates a collective bargaining agreement to establish minimum salaries for all of its members. We have not experienced any conflicts with the union for over 20 years and we consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.
We have a personnel Training and Development Department, which is in charge of the training of all of the Bank’s employees. This includes in-house training courses and seminars in all the areas: Operations, Technology and Business (Branches, Corporate Banking). We provide bonuses to individual employees on a discretionary basis, taking into consideration individual merit and overall profit levels. We do not have a formal profit-sharing plan.
The Bank does not employ a significant number of temporary employees.
E.Share Ownership
As of February 28, 2025, none of our directors or senior executives owned shares or options on shares of BBVA Argentina.
F.Disclosure of a registrant’s action to recover erroneously awarded compensation
Not applicable
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A.Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of February 28, 2025, by each person who, to our knowledge, beneficially owned more than 5% of our ordinary shares as of such date. These persons do not have different voting rights.

|  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned at February 28, 2025
Beneficial Owner |  | Number of Shares |  | Percentage of Shares Outstanding
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria S.A. |  | 245,154,707 |  | 40.01 | %
BBV América SL (1) |  | 160,110,585 |  | 26.13 | %
The Bank of New York Mellon (2) |  | 98,079,516 |  | 16.01 | %
Administración Nacional de Seguridad Social |  | 43,279,620 |  | 7.06 | %

_____________
(1)BBV América SL, is under the control of BBVA.
(2)As holder agent of ADSs.
Our capital stock at December 31, 2024 was 612,710,079 shares. As of such date, BBVA had an equity interest in the Bank of 66.55%.
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We are a corporation registered under Argentine law whose shareholders restrict their liability to the shares they have subscribed and paid-in under the Argentine Companies Law. Therefore, and in terms of Law No. 25,738, no shareholder of the Bank, whether foreign or local, is liable beyond such paid-in shares for obligations deriving from transactions made by the Bank.
We are unaware of any arrangements the operation of which may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of BBVA Argentina.
As of December 31, 2024, according to our records 16 holders of ordinary shares and 41 registered holders of ADSs (in accordance with the records of the Bank of New York Mellon (“BoNY”), as depositary for the ADSs) have an address in the United States, representing 17.80% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares.
B.Related Party Transactions
The following table presents the aggregate amounts of total financial exposure of BBVA Argentina to related parties for the two-month period ended February 28, 2025 and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Related parties include controlled companies, controlling shareholders and entities under common control, key management and directors and associated entities.
The financings described below (a) were made in the ordinary course of business, (b) were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons, and (c) did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.
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|  | February 28, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Related Party |  | Largest Outstanding Amount (1)(2) |  | Interest Rates |  | Amount Outstanding (2) |  | Interest Rates |  | Nature |  | Largest Outstanding Amount (1)(2) |  | Interest Rates |  | Amount Outstanding (2) |  | Interest Rates |  | Nature
Controlled, Controlling and Under Common Control Entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BBVA and subsidiaries |  | 20,397,151 |  | — |  |  | 17,857,085 |  | — |  |  | Guarantees given, correspondents and credit card loans |  | 23,856,280 |  | — |  |  | 5,803,951 |  | — |  |  | Guarantees given, credit card loans and correspondents
BBVA Asset Management S.A.U, |  | 38,740,328 |  | 32.73 | % |  | 38,740,328 |  | 32.73 | % |  | Other loans, credit card loans and equity investment |  | 31,071,040 |  | 32.73 | % |  | 31,071,040 |  | 32.73 | % |  | Other loans, credit card loans and equity investment
Consolidar AFJP S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) |  | 189,107 |  | — |  |  | 184,623 |  | — |  |  | Other loans and equity investment |  | 189,108 |  | — |  |  | 189,108 |  | — |  |  | Guarantees given and investment
PSA Finance S.A. |  | 77,604,875 |  | 54.98 | % |  | 77,604,875 |  | 54.98 | % |  | Advances, call money, other loans and equity investment |  | 75,514,117 |  | 119.97 | % |  | 75,514,117 |  | 119.97 | % |  | Advances, credit card loans, call money, other loans and equity investment
BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A. |  | 8,619,423 |  | 32.73 | % |  | 8,619,423 |  | 32.73 | % |  | Credit card loans, other loans and equity investment |  | 8,347,264 |  | 31.48 | % |  | 8,295,271 |  | 32.57 | % |  | Credit card loans, other loans and equity investment
Openpay Argentina S.A. |  | 1,573,254 |  | 33.58 | % |  | 1,573,254 |  | 33.58 | % |  | Advances,credit card loans and equity investment |  | 1,907,885 |  | 46.60 | % |  | 754,110 |  | 51.58 | % |  | Credit card loans and equity investment
Volkswagen Financial Services S.A |  | 125,502,092 |  | 43.45 | % |  | 125,502,092 |  | 43.45 | % |  | Credit card loans, other loans, call money and equity investment |  | 80,147,724 |  | 43.44 | % |  | 80,147,724 |  | 43.44 | % |  | Advances, credit card loans, other loans, call money and equity investment
Associated Entities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rombo Cia Financiera S.A. |  | 27,548,811 |  | 119.97 | % |  | 27,548,811 |  | 119.97 | % |  | Call money, other loans and equity investment |  | 25,095,637 |  | 107.33 | % |  | 25,095,637 |  | 107.33 | % |  | Call money, other loans and equity investment
Play Digital S.A. |  | 4,471,445 |  | 43.01 | % |  | 4,471,445 |  | 43.01 | % |  | Advances, Credit card loans and equity investment |  | 4,109,952 |  | 50.95 | % |  | 4,109,952 |  | 50.95 | % |  | Advances, credit card loans and equity investment
Key Management Personnel (3) |  | 648,134 |  | 85.60 | % |  | 648,134 |  | 85.60 | % |  | Credit card loans, personal loans, other loans, advances and real estate mortgage |  | 549,933 |  | 81.27 | % |  | 549,933 |  | 81.27 | % |  | Credit card loans, personal loans, other loans, advances and real estate mortgage

_____________
(1)Largest amount during the period indicated.
(2)In thousands of pesos.
(3)Key management personnel includes those having the authority and responsibility for planning, managing and controlling the Bank’s activities, whether directly or indirectly. Based on this definition, the Bank considers the members of the Board of Directors as key personnel.
The transactions included in this section (a) were made in the ordinary course of business, (b) were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons, and (c) did not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features.
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank did not have outstanding any financial assistance from BBVA.
C.Interest of Experts and Counsel
Not applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
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A.Financial Statements and Other Financial Information
See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results” and “Item 18. Financial Statements” and other financial information filed with this annual report.
Legal Proceedings
The Bank and its subsidiaries are involved in a number of legal and regulatory actions and proceedings, including legal claims and proceedings, civil and criminal regulatory proceedings, including class actions, governmental investigations and proceedings, tax proceedings and other proceedings. Legal and regulatory actions and proceedings are subject to many uncertainties, and their outcomes, including the timing thereof, the amount of fines or settlements or the form of any settlements, or changes in business practices we may need to introduce as a result thereof, any of which may be material, are often difficult to predict, particularly in the early stages of a particular legal or regulatory matter.
As of the date hereof, the Bank is involved in a number of legal and regulatory actions and proceedings, the adverse resolution of which may also adversely impact the Bank.
The Bank can provide no assurance that the legal and regulatory actions and proceedings to which it is subject, or to which it may become subject in the future or otherwise affected by, will not, if resolved adversely, result in a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
On June 24, 2021 we were notified of a financial summary against the Bank, its directors and three managers. The purpose of this financial summary was to accuse the Bank of lack of regulatory compliance with Communication “A” 6981 for assuming that the company Cargill S.A. (“Cargill”) was a large exporting company, when according to the documentation presented by Cargill, such company would not fall under such category and therefore would not require authorization provided by the credit policies established by the Central Bank.
On August 4, 2021 discharges were presented against all the defendants (the Bank, its directors and three of its managers). However, on September 14, 2023, we were notified of the resolution of the Central Bank to charge us with a fine amounting to Ps.24,000,000 (in nominal value). Including the fines charged to our directors and managers, the total fine amounted to Ps.47,999,998 (in nominal value), which we paid in September 2023. In October 2023, we appealed the resolution from the Central Bank.
In March 2023, the Court confirmed the decision.
On October 25, 2022 we were notified by the BCRA of the opening of several criminal proceedings against the Bank and certain of its directors and employees related to exchange operations carried out in alleged breach of the provisions of point 9 of Communication “A” 6770 BCRA (in relation to tickets associated with operations carried out between residents and the advanced payment of imports). The Central Bank proceeded to accumulate the different files and treat them as a single case. Depositions were filed by the Bank and all accused directors and employees. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, the file is opened for submission of evidence.
In February 2024 we were notified of a summary proceeding instructed by the UIF against the Bank and the members of its Board of Directors and its compliance officer regarding alleged violations of the regulations for the prevention of money laundering. The Bank intends to also defend the interests of these parties and has presented a deposition in their defense. As of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, the file is opened for submission of evidence.
Additionally, the Bank is involved in a number of proceedings whereby the Bank is challenging the constitutional nature of certain provisions of Argentine law that prevent the Bank from fully applying the inflation adjustment mechanism in certain of its tax returns. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to the Argentine Financial System and to BBVA Argentina—We may suffer adverse consequences related to our calculation of income tax for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2022” and Note 11.6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Dividends
In Argentina, financial institutions may distribute dividends provided that (i) they are not covered by the terms of sections 34 “Regularization and recovery” and 35 bis “Institution restructuring to safeguard lending and bank deposits” of the Law on Financial Institutions (Law No. 21,526); (ii) they are not receiving financial assistance from the BCRA; (iii)
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they are not in arrears or non-compliance with the information regime established by the BCRA; (iv) they meet minimum capital requirements and cash requirements; and (v) they have complied with the additional capital margins applicable to it as provided for in Section 4 (Additional Capital Margins) of the BCRA’s Structured Income Distribution text.
Financial institutions not included in the above paragraph may distribute earnings up to an amount equal to retained earnings of legal reserves less the following items:
1.100% of the debit balance of each of the items recorded under other comprehensive income (loss);
2.income (loss) arising from the revaluation of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and investment properties;
3.net positive amount arising from the difference between the measurement at amortized cost and the fair market value recorded by the financial institution with respect to public debt instruments and/or monetary regulation instruments of the BCRA valued at amortized cost, adjustments to asset valuations: (i) notified by the Superintendence—whether or not accepted by the institution—and/or (ii) required by external auditing and, in both cases, pending accounting registration; and
4.preferential asset valuation exemptions granted by the Superintendence on a case-by-case basis, including adjustments for failure to implement agreed adequacy plans.
Amounts available for dividend distributions are determined pursuant to Argentine law and IFRS-BCRA. As a result, dividends may be paid when the Bank has no income as determined under IFRS-IASB and, conversely, dividends may not be payable even if the Bank has income as determined under IFRS-IASB.
Communication “A” 6886 provides that financial institutions must have the formal authorization of the BCRA before making dividend distributions. In such authorization process, the Superintendence will take into account, among other factors, the potential effects of the application of International Accounting Standards according to Communication “A” 6430 (point 5.5, of IFRS 9) and the restatement of financial statements provided by Communication “A” 6651.
Pursuant to Communication “A” 7421 dated December 16, 2021, the Central Bank enabled financial entities, from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, to distribute dividends for up to 20% of their “distributable profit”. Financial entities, having the previous authorization of the Central Bank, had to make this distribution in twelve equal, monthly and consecutive installments.
The Central Bank allowed banks to pay dividends in 2022, after a two-year ban. However, it did not provide banks with access to foreign currency to make payments to foreign shareholders.
By means of Communication “A” 7659 dated December 15, 2022, the Central Bank reinstated the suspension of profit distributions from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.
By Communication “A” 7719 dated March 9, 2023, the Central Bank enabled financial entities with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 40% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments from April 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023.
On March 21, 2024 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7984, effective until December 31, 2024, which established that financial institutions may, with its prior authorization, distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments once authorization is obtained by the BCRA.
Subsequently, on April 30, 2024, the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7997, which further modified the dividend distribution framework, enabling financial entities, with its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60% of their “distributable profit” in three equal, monthly and consecutive installments. Additionally, non-resident shareholders have the option to receive their dividends in a single cash payment, provided that such funds are directly allocated to the subscription of Bonds for the reconstruction of a free Argentina (BOPREAL bonds), in accordance with foreign exchange regulations.
The Board of Directors decided to propose for approval by the ordinary and extraordinary general meeting of shareholders held on April 26, 2024, and such ordinary and extraordinary general meeting of shareholders approved the payment of a dividend in the amount of Ps. 264,227,684,640 (in nominal values), through the partial write-off of the optional reserve for future distributions of income, payment which was subsequently approved by the Superintendency of Financial and Foreign Exchange Entities of the Central Bank.
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Pursuant to Communication “A” 8214 dated March 13, 2025, up to December 31,2025, the Central Bank enabled financial entities that obtained its prior authorization, to distribute dividends for up to 60 % of their “distributable profit” in ten equal, monthly and consecutive installments, starting from June 30, 2025 and with each such installment being paid no earlier than the day prior to the last business day of each subsequent month. The installments had to be paid in homogenous currency.
Significant Changes
None.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
We were one of the first companies listed on the BCBA (now the ByMA), quoting since 1888. Currently our shares are listed on the ByMA under the ticker BBAR. Since 1993 our shares have also been listed on the NYSE in the form of ADSs under the ticker BBAR and, since December 1999, our shares have also been listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange under the ticker XBBAR. We cannot give assurance that a public market in the United States for the ADSs will continue to exist.
The table below shows the quarterly high and low closing prices of our ordinary shares in pesos on ByMA for the periods indicated. The following prices have not been adjusted for any stock dividends.

| Pesos Per Ordinary Share (1)
| High |  | Low
April 2025 (through April 1, 2025) | 8,000.00 |  | 8,000.00
First quarter | 9,480.00 |  | 7,050.00
March 2025 | 8,620.00 |  | 7,050.00
February 2025 | 8,800.00 |  | 7,350.00
January 2025 | 9,480.00 |  | 7,560.00
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 | 7,810.00 |  | 1,765.05
Fourth quarter | 7,810.00 |  | 4,310.00
December 2024 | 7,810.00 |  | 6,000.00
November 2024 | 6,430.00 |  | 5,360.00
October 2024 | 5,320.00 |  | 4,310.00
Third quarter | 4,930.00 |  | 3,340.00
Second quarter | 4,810.00 |  | 2,842.25
First quarter | 3,089.15 |  | 1,765.05
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 | 1,888.65 |  | 430.05
Fourth quarter | 1,888.65 |  | 1,032.95
Third quarter | 1,609.45 |  | 960.35
Second quarter | 1,076.35 |  | 549.20
First quarter | 651.30 |  | 430.05
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 | 455.20 |  | 185.25
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 | 288.90 |  | 126.45
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 | 188.85 |  | 69.40

____________
(1)Pesos per ordinary share data reflect nominal prices at trading date.
Source: Bloomberg.
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Our ordinary shares trade on the NYSE in the form of ADSs issued by The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary. Each ADS represents three ordinary shares. The table below shows the quarterly high and low closing prices of the ADSs in dollars on the NYSE for the periods indicated.

| Pesos Per Ordinary Share (1)
| High |  | Low
April 2025 (through April 1, 2025) | 18.35 |  | 18.35
First quarter | 23.65 |  | 17.22
March 2025 | 19.90 |  | 17.22
February 2025 | 22.37 |  | 18.09
January 2025 | 23.65 |  | 19.06
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 | 19.68 |  | 4.70
Fourth quarter | 19.68 |  | 10.45
December 2024 | 19.68 |  | 16.31
November 2024 | 17.68 |  | 13.71
October 2024 | 13.86 |  | 10.45
Third quarter | 12.04 |  | 7.83
Second quarter | 11.70 |  | 8.03
First quarter | 8.50 |  | 4.70
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 | 6.31 |  | 3.69
Fourth quarter | 5.74 |  | 3.85
Third quarter | 6.19 |  | 4.15
Second quarter | 6.31 |  | 3.87
First quarter | 5.20 |  | 3.69
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 | 3.90 |  | 2.15
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 | 4.48 |  | 2.54
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 | 5.77 |  | 2.27

_____________
(1)Source: Bloomberg.
Trading on the ByMA
In Argentina, all publicly offered securities must be traded on markets authorized by the CNV. As of December 31, 2024 the four principal authorized markets in Argentina were Bolsas y Mercados Argentinos (ByMA), for equities and fixed income; Mercado Abierto Electrónico (MAE), specializing in fixed income and derivatives; Mercado a Término de Buenos Aires (MATBA), for commodities and derivatives; and ROFEX, also for commodities and derivatives.
ByMA, originally founded as the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange (BCBA) in 1854, is the oldest and largest equity market in Argentina. Most equity transactions in Argentina are conducted on ByMA.
BBVA Argentina was one of the first companies to be listed on the BCBA (now ByMA), quoting since 1888. Currently, our shares are listed on ByMA under the ticker BBAR. Additionally, since 1993, our shares have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as ADSs under the ticker BBAR and, since December 1999, on the Madrid Stock Exchange under the ticker XBBAR. However, we cannot give assurance that a public market for the ADSs in the United States will continue to exist.
As of December 31, 2024, 78 domestic companies were listed on ByMA, excluding investment funds. During 2024, the effective trading volume of shares reached US$ 55.1 billion, an increase with respect to 2023. The S&P Merval Index showed an annual increase of 412.36% in peso terms as of December 2024.
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All agents authorized by the CNV can conduct transactions on authorized markets. These agents must be affiliated with the ByMA if they want to trade on this market. Trading on ByMA is conducted through three different trading systems:
•the “Eomm”,
•the “Senebi”, and
•the “Sistaco”.
The electronic auction system, Eomm, operates from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on business days. In this system, brokers enter buy and sell orders, and the system matches the transactions. Eomm allows for the trading of securities, public and private bonds, futures and derivatives.
The Senebi system, an electronic market, also operates from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on business days. Through this system, brokers negotiate directly on their own, reporting transactions to ByMA for registration and publication. These transactions are not backed by ByMA’s Mandatory Guarantee Fund.
The Sistaco system enables Brokers of Negotiable Securities (“ACVN”) to report to ByMA on transactions involving tradable securities in external systems managed by ACVN. These transactions can be registered in the Senebi system or agreed upon under the Price-Time Priority (“PPT”) rule, which ensures that orders are executed based on the best price and, in case of identical prices, by order of entry.
In all markets, operations can be executed in pesos or U.S. dollars from local or foreign accounts.
As of December 31, 2024, the market capitalization of the 78 domestic companies listed on ByMA was approximately US$ 55.1 billion.
The following table summarizes certain historical information about the ByMA.

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Market capitalization (US$ billion) | 55.1 |  | 52.0 |  | 52.8
Number of companies listed | 78 |  | 79 |  | 81
Rate of return in US$ (1) | 1.2% |  | 0.8% |  | 40.3%
Market/book ratio (2) | 1.8 |  | 2.5 |  | 1.3

_____________
(1)Based on the Merval Index.
(2)Based on IAMC report for S&P Merval Index (integrated by 20 leader companies).
Source: ByMA and Instituto Argentino de Mercados de Capitales (IAMC).
Market Regulation
In November 2012, the Argentine Congress passed the Capital Markets Law, which abrogated Law No. 17,811 enacted in 1968. In July 2013, the Argentine executive branch issued implementing Decree No. 1023/13, and in September 2013, the CNV issued a new set of rules further implementing and administering the requirements of the Capital Markets Law (General Resolution 622/2013 and, together with Decree No. 1023/13, the “CNV Rules”).
The objectives of the Capital Markets Law are, among others, the promotion of the participation in the securities market of small investors, including retail investors, trade unions, chambers of commerce, professional organizations, and small and medium-sized companies; the strengthening of the mechanisms to protect and prevent abuses against such investors and the simplification of the mechanisms by which persons trade on the market.
The Capital Markets Law introduced other important amendments, the most important of which are: (i) the end of the Argentine securities market’s self-regulation; (ii) new categories of licenses for participants in the public offering regime;
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(iii) the new powers conferred on the CNV; and (iv) the mandatory tender offer rules. These amendments are briefly described below.
•End of Self-Regulation of the Securities Market
The Capital Markets Law brought to an end the self-regulation of the Argentine securities market. Prior to the Capital Markets Law, in order to trade on a market, broker dealers had to be shareholders of the self-regulated organization (“SRO”) that operated such market. Accordingly, in the city of Buenos Aires, the only persons authorized to trade securities listed on the ByMA were the shareholders of the Buenos Aires Stock Market, the entity overseeing brokerage activities and transactions on the Buenos Aires Stock Market. Likewise, for persons to trade securities on the MAE, they had to be shareholders of such entity. While these entities supervised their participants, the CNV, in turn, supervised the entities.
The Capital Markets Law expressly provided that stock exchanges and other securities markets may no longer impose as a requirement for membership to be a shareholder of the relevant exchange or market. It also established that markets must be organized as public companies (i.e., with listed shares), excluding other types of companies or civil associations.
Moreover, the CNV now directly authorizes, revokes the authorization of, regulates and supervises the securities markets, as well as any individuals and companies that in any manner participate in the public offering of securities. Accordingly, the indirect regulation through SROs was abandoned.
•Licenses for Participants in the Public Offering Regime
The Capital Markets Law set several types of licenses for persons and companies already engaged, or wishing to engage, in the public offering of securities. Regarding the former, such as stock brokers or MAE broker dealers that already held a license, the CNV rules allowed them to choose until March 2014 among the new set of licenses and to comply with the requirements of each of them, with longer periods of time available to comply with certain specific requirements such as mandatory minimum capital requirements.
The new types of licenses included the following: Negotiating Agents (Agentes de Negociación–AN), for companies that wish to engage in the primary and secondary offer of securities; Liquidation and Compensation Agents (Agentes de Liquidación y Compensación–ALyC), for companies that, in addition to the primary and secondary offer of securities, wish to participate in the settlement of transactions; Soliciting Agents (Agentes Productores–AP), which allows individuals and companies to solicit clients for referral to either an AN or ALyC; Capital Market Advisors (Agentes Asesores de Mercados de Capitales–AA), for individuals or companies giving advice to the public relating to the capital markets; and Selling Agents (Agentes de Corretaje de Valores Negociables–ACVN), for ANs, ALyCs and other authorized participants to act as intermediaries among sellers and buyers through electronic platforms.
There are also specific licenses to act as central securities depositories or Collective Deposit Agents (Agente de Depósito Colectivo–ADC); or perform certain of their related activities as Custody and Payment Agents (Agente de Custodia, Registro y Pago–ACRyP).
Regarding rating agencies, the Capital Markets Law introduced the possibility for public universities to act as such, and therefore there are two categories in this area: rating agents (Agentes de Calificación de Riesgo–ACR) and public university rating agents (Agentes de Calificación de Riesgo–Universidades Públicas).
Regarding collective investments, including investment funds and trusts, the Capital Markets Law maintained a similar scheme of licenses, extending the requirement imposed on other non-banking entities to register with the CNV to banks, to act as financial trustees.
Finally, the Capital Markets Law requires all employees of registered entities who deal with the public, whether due to the provision of advisory services or any services, to be registered in a special registry to be kept by the CNV (Registry of Competent Agents or Registro de Idóneos), and, among others, complete the training programs mandated by the CNV.
•Powers Conferred on the CNV
The CNV directly regulates, supervises and disciplines individuals and companies that participate in any manner in the public offering of securities.
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The CNV authorizes the public offering of securities and keeps a record of companies authorized to publicly offer their securities. Also, the CNV keeps a registry of, and grants, suspends or revokes the authorization to operate the markets (which governing rules will also approve), licensed agents, and of any other persons or companies that because of their activities are under the CNV supervision. It also approves the governing rules of the securities markets.
The CNV assumed the power to control the companies which hold the licenses described in “New Licenses for participants in the Public Offering Regime” section above. The CNV must carry on the permanent supervision of such companies, approving any amendments to their bylaws, variations of their capital, and their dissolution and liquidation.
The CNV enforces the Capital Markets Law, with the power to impose sanctions. The CNV may declare acts which are under its supervision null and void, without the need of prior administrative proceedings, when such acts were contrary to the Capital Markets Law. The courts reviewing the decisions of the CNV are the commercial courts instead of the administrative law courts.
In carrying out its duties, the CNV may, inter alia, request information, conduct inspections and investigations, request the assistance of law enforcement authorities, and file judicial complaints.
•Mandatory Tender Offers Rules
A mandatory tender offer for taking control of a company is now applicable to all companies admitted to the public offering regime, with no possibility to opt out of the regime.
In May 2024, the CNV issued General Resolution No. 1000, reducing the settlement period for transactions involving equity and fixed-income securities to T+1, in line with international standards. Additionally, in December 2024, the CNV issued General Resolution No. 1042, introducing changes to the authorization and operational requirements imposed on market participants in order to modernize and strengthen regulatory oversight.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A.Share Capital
Not applicable
B.Memorandum and Articles of Association
The following summarizes certain material provisions of our Bylaws and Argentine law, the main regulatory bodies governing BBVA Argentina. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Argentine Companies Law No. 19,550 (“Argentine Companies Law”), the Financial Institutions Law and our Bylaws, and corresponds to the last five years.
At the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held on April 20, 2021, our shareholders approved an amendment to section 22 of our Bylaws in order to include the possibility of holding remote Board meetings. This amendment was registered before the Public Registry of Commerce on July 21, 2021 under No. 11156, Book 1037 of Corporations. A copy of our Bylaws as currently in effect was filed as an exhibit to our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Registry and Company’s Objects and Purposes
BBVA Argentina is registered with the Public Registry of Commerce of the Argentina (Registro Público de Comercio) under company number 11,156, Book 103, of Local Corporate Bylaws, Section 3 of our Bylaws provides that the object of BBVA Argentina is to engage in the commercial banking business, including financial brokerage, whether in Argentina or abroad. Under our Bylaws, BBVA Argentina is authorized to perform the following activities:
•accept term and demand deposits;
•grant short-term bullet and other amortizable loans;
•discount, purchase and sell bills of exchange, promissory notes, pledges, checks, drafts and other negotiable instruments;
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•grant guarantees, bonds or other forms of collateral; accept bills of exchange, drafts and other orders of payment, transfer funds and issue and accept letters of credit;
•grant advances on credits from property sales, acquire the same and undertake the risks resulting therefrom, take steps to collect them and offer technical and administrative assistance;
•invest in government securities;
•make temporary investments in liquid assets;
•invest in new stock or securities issues, in pursuance of such regulations as may be set forth to that purpose;
•accept securities in custody and provide other services related to the banking business;
•manage, on account of third parties, the purchase and sale of securities, and act as paying agents in relation to dividends, redemption and interest;
•engage in brokerage activities in the over-the-counter securities market;
•perform foreign exchange transactions;
•comply with agencies related to its operations;
•receive deposits of participation in mortgage loans and in special accounts;
•issue mortgage obligations;
•grant loans for the acquisition, construction, enlargement, repair, improvement and maintenance of urban or rural real estate, and for the substitution of mortgages taken out for that same purpose;
•receive loans from abroad and act as intermediary in local or foreign currency-denominated loans;
•issue private bonds;
•carry out such lending, borrowing and service-related operations as are not forbidden under the Financial Institutions Law; and
•serve and register before the CNV as management agent for collective investment products, custodian for collective investment products, trading agent, settlement and clearing agent, broker, capital market advisor agent, securities broker and/or custody, registration and paying agent, taking into account the compatibilities established by the Argentine Securities Commission and upon compliance with the requirements established by that entity.
Directors
Under Section 18 of our Bylaws, the Board of Directors receives an annual fee established by our shareholders. This fee is subject to the restrictions of Section 261 of the Argentine Companies Law, which provides that the aggregate compensation of the directors may not exceed 25% of the income of the Bank, or 5% of the income if no dividends were distributed to the shareholders.
The compensation of the members of the Board is previously approved by the Nominations and Compensation Committee and the Audit Committee of the Bank, taking into consideration the reasonability and legality of the amount proposed. The decision of these two committees regarding the compensation amount is then submitted to the approval of the Board of Directors and the annual shareholders’ meeting.
Under Section 272 of the Argentine Companies Law, a director may not vote in respect of any proposal in which such director, or any person connected to such director, has an interest contrary to the interests of BBVA Argentina, Moreover, directors are not entitled to carry out personal transactions with the company or its affiliates, other than the banking common operations, unless they are approved by a special procedure that guarantees the transparency of proposed transaction.
Directors need not hold shares in BBVA Argentina or any of our subsidiaries to qualify and be appointed as directors of BBVA Argentina.
The Bank has no policies regarding age limits or retirement age.
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Rights Attaching to Shares
As of the date of this annual report, our capital is formed by a single class of shares, all of which are ordinary shares and have the same voting and economic rights. Shareholders participate in the distribution of dividends pro rata of the paid-in capital, Furthermore, shareholders are entitled to participate in the distribution resulting from the liquidation of BBVA Argentina in proportion to the paid-in capital.
Shareholders are entitled to vote cumulatively one-third of the vacancies of the Board of Directors. The Board may not be partially reelected if it impairs or prevents the exercise by shareholders of their cumulative voting rights.
Shareholders may no longer claim the payment of dividends from BBVA Argentina once three years have elapsed from the date on which the relevant dividend was made available to such shareholder.
Our Bylaws do not contain any provisions related to sinking funds or potential liability of shareholders of BBVA Argentina to make additional contributions.
Shareholders’ Meetings
Ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meetings are to be convened by the Board of Directors of the Bank or by the Supervisory Committee in such instances as set forth by law, or whenever they may deem it necessary, or upon requisition of shareholders representing at least 5% of our stock capital, as provided by Section 236 of the Argentine Companies Law.
Shareholders’ meetings are called by publication for five days, at least 20 and not more than 45 days before the date of the meeting, in the Official Gazette and in one of the most widely circulated newspapers in Argentina. The notice must include the nature, the date, time and place of the meeting, the agenda, and any special requirements in our Bylaws for the shareholders to attend.
In case of adjournment of a regular shareholders’ meeting, the meeting on second call may be held on the same date, at least one hour after the time set for the meeting on first call, in compliance with Section 237 of the Argentine Companies Law. In case of adjournment of a special shareholders’ meeting, the meeting on second call must be held within the following thirty days, and the publication must appear for three days at least eight days before the date set for that meeting.
In order to attend and vote at any shareholders’ meeting, shareholders must deposit with us their shares or a share certificate or a statement of account representing book-entry shares, as the case may be, issued by us, a securities depository or any other authorized institution, to be recorded in the record book of attendance, at least three business days before the date of the meeting.
Holders of registered or book-entry shares, the record of which we keep, are only required to notify us to register their names in the record book of attendance, at least three business days before the date of the meeting. We must provide such shareholders with certificates authorizing them to attend the meeting.
Shareholders may be present at meetings by power-of-attorney or proxy. In the latter case, the principal’s signature shall be certified by a court, notary public or bank. Directors, statutory auditors, managers or any other of our employees may not act as agents for these purposes.
A quorum must be present at any regular shareholders’ meetings on first call upon the attendance of shareholders representing the majority of voting stock, On second call, there is a quorum with the attendance of any number of shares present. A quorum is present at any special shareholders’ meeting on first call upon the attendance of shareholders representing 60% of the voting stock, Shareholders representing 30% of our voting stock shall constitute a quorum at a special shareholders’ meeting on second call. In any case, resolutions require the absolute majority of the voting stock present.
Restrictions on Voting and Shareholding
There are no restrictions imposed by Argentine law or our Bylaws or other organizational documents regarding the rights of non-residents or foreign persons to hold or vote our ordinary shares or ADSs of the Bank.
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Change of Control
There are no provisions in our articles of incorporation or Bylaws that would have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of BBVA Argentina and that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition, corporate restructuring involving BBVA Argentina or any of its subsidiaries.
Ownership Disclosure
There are no provisions in our Bylaws governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
Change in the Capital
Our Bylaws do not establish conditions for the changes in the capital of BBVA Argentina more stringent than those conditions imposed by the Argentine Companies Law.
C.Material Contracts
None.
D.Exchange Controls
On January 7, 2002, the Congress approved the Public Emergency Law that introduced dramatic changes to the Republic’s economic model and amended the currency board that pegged the peso at parity with the dollar which had been in effect since April 1, 1991 pursuant to the Convertibility Law. The law empowered the executive branch to implement, among other things, additional monetary, financial and exchange measures to overcome the economic crisis in the medium term. The Central Bank, among other restrictive measures, restricted the transfer of U.S. dollars abroad without its prior approval. In 2003 and 2004, the government substantially eased these restrictions. On June 10, 2005 the government issued Decree No. 616/05 establishing further restrictions on capital flows into Argentina, with the following provisions:
(i)all incoming and outgoing funds from the Argentine Exchange market, and any debt operation with non-residents which could demand future payments in foreign currency to non-residents, are subject to registration with the Central Bank for informative purposes;
(ii)any debt entered into between non-governmental persons or entities and non-residents must be agreed for a term of at least 365 days, except for the financing of import and export operations and the primary placements of public debt listed in an authorized stock exchange; and
(iii)all incoming funds relating to foreign private debt, and all incoming funds of non-residents, excluding foreign direct investments and certain types of portfolio investments (purchases in the primary market of debt instruments and equity, listed in authorized stock exchanges, etc.) regardless of the agreed payment procedure, must be agreed for at least 365 days, and 30% of incoming funds must be deposited with a bank in Argentina in a non-interest bearing account, known as “encaje” (legal reserve).
On December 16, 2015, the Ministry of Economy and Public Finances issued Resolution No. 3/2015 (published in the Official Gazette on December 18, 2015) amending Decree No. 616/05. Pursuant to such resolution, the mandatory waiting period was reduced from 365 to 120 calendar days and the mandatory deposit was reduced to zero percent.
Accompanying this resolution, the Central Bank issued new foreign exchange regulations on December 17, 2015: Communications “A” 5850 and continuing with Communications “A” 5861, 5899, 6037, 6137 and supplementary, under which structural changes were made to the foreign exchange regime, easing the access to the foreign exchange market.
On February 2017, the Ministry of Economy and Public Finances issued Resolution No. 1/2017 reducing the mandatory waiting period to zero days and, at the same time, the Central Bank issued new foreign exchange regulations in Communications “A” 6037, 6118, 6137, 6150, 6163 and 6174 that ease the access to the foreign exchange market in Argentina.
On May 19, 2017, the Central Bank issued Communication “A” 6244 effective as of July 1, 2017, whereby all the rules that regulated trading in the foreign exchange market were significantly modified and rendered more flexible.
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After some years of flexibility in foreign exchange matters, on September 1, 2019, the Central Bank issued Communication “A” 6770 that established new regulations, restricting access to the exchange market. Accompanying this main resolution, new regulations, amendments and supplements, were issued in Communications “A” 6776, 6780, 6788, 6815, 6818 and 6844.
Since 2020, the Central Bank has issued more restrictive regulations requiring importers to restrict their operations in the capital markets. All exchange regulations in force up to 2020 were compiled by the Central Bank by means of Communication “A” 7914. After the appointment of Milei as president, the Central Bank issued Communication “A” 7017, which established that debts for goods and services prior to December 12, 2023 would require prior authorization from the Central Bank unless they were related to operations financed prior to that date by local or foreign banks or by export credit agencies. Likewise, those importers of goods or services with debt outstanding as of December 12, 2023 were allowed to subscribe BOPREAL bonds granting them access to the exchange market at the time of maturity of the corresponding debt or which could be transferred to the debt creditor.
With respect to imports of goods and services after December 13, 2023, soon after Javier Milei took office, the Central Bank established that access to the foreign exchange market would be given to importers depending on the type of the imported good within certain deadlines (e.g., immediately for imports of energy and derivatives, within 30 calendar days for pharmaceutical products and their supplies and within 180 days for cars and luxury goods). Debts for other goods or services could be paid with access to the exchange market in a payment schedule that begins 30 calendar days after the import of the merchandise and continues after 60, 90 and 120 calendar days, paying, in each case an amount no greater than 25% of the freight on board value of the goods. Throughout 2024, the deadlines for accessing the exchange market for payment of imported goods have been made more flexible, and as of the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, all goods can be paid in installments of no more than 30 calendar days from the date the goods are imported in Argentina. Additionally, through Communication “A” 8133, the BCRA has authorized the possibility of making advance payments or made before 30 calendar days if these payments are made with funds in foreign currency held by importers that are deposited in bank accounts in local banks.
The regulations regarding financial debts, the payment of dividends and operations of non-residents remain in force.
A description of the restrictions and regulations currently in force is included below.
Cross Border Transfers of Funds, Foreign Debts
Up to September 2019, the repayment of principal and interest on foreign indebtedness did not require the entry and settlement of the disbursement through the foreign exchange market.
Since then, due to the changes introduced by the Central Bank, debts disbursed on or after September 1, 2019 are subject to the entry and compulsory settlement through the foreign exchange market, to the extent that the repayment of the principal and interest is made with access to the exchange market.
Today, regardless of whether the financial indebtedness was incurred before or after September 1, 2019, repayments, of both principal and interest, may be made no earlier than three business days prior to maturity. For any financial indebtedness that is repaid prior to three business days to maturity, such repayment needs to be authorized by the Central Bank.
The repayment of principal and interest corresponding to indebtedness between related counterparties requires prior authorization from the Central Bank except when the debt was entered and settled through the exchange market after October 2, 2020. Through Communication “A” 8161, the Central Bank has introduced additional flexibility, providing that interest on financial indebtedness between related counterparties accrued after January 1, 2025 will have access to the foreign exchange market.
Regulations Regarding Exports, Imports, and Services
In 2019 the Central Bank established certain rules related to the entry and exit of foreign currency collected abroad as a result of the collection of exports of goods, advances and pre-export financing, setting different terms of time (30, 60, 180 and 365 calendar days) for the entry and liquidation of foreign currency to Argentina depending on the type of the products being exported.
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Since September 1, 2019 funds originated from the collection of Argentine exports corresponding to official shipping permits had to be entered and settled in the exchange market within the maximum terms established in Communication “A” 6770 and its amendments.
The deadline for the entry and settlement of the collection of exports of services, which had to be entered and settled in the local exchange market within a period of no more than five business days from the date of receipt abroad or in the country, or its crediting in accounts abroad, was recently extended to 20 business days through Communication “A” 8137.
In 2022, the Ministry of Economy established the Export Increase Program by means of Decree 576/2022 with the aim of promoting the settlement of export charges at a differential exchange rate. Initially, the Export Increase Program applied only to collections for exports of soybeans and other grains and was later extended to all other goods and services. As of the date of this annual report, according to the provisions of Decree 28/2023, at least 80% of the exports of goods and services must be settled by the exchange market, with the remaining 20% being settled through the purchase and sale of negotiable securities acquired at foreign currency and sold at local currency.
In relation to the payment of imports of goods and services, in October 2022, through Communication “A” 7622, the SIRA and SIRASE declarations were established as requirements for access to the exchange market for the payment of goods and services, which consisted of a type of authorization granted by the AFIP jointly with the Ministry of Commerce allowing importers to make payments abroad and import their assets.
Then, through Communication “A” 7917, the Milei administration annulled both the SIRA declaration and the SIRASE declaration with the intent to reduce bureaucracy and provide transparency in the procedures necessary for access to the exchange market for the payment of imports of goods and services.
Communication “A” 7917 also established a specific treatment for debts existing prior to December 12, 2023 and a deadline scheme for new imports after December 13, 2023.
As a result, debts existing prior to December 12, 2023 may subscribe to BOPREAL, under the terms of Communication “A” 7925, as amended, or have the prior approval of the Central Bank. Those importers interested in subscribing to BOPREAL bonds must have subscribed them during the first months of 2024. Then, importers will be able to negotiate with their creditors the delivery of these bonds, or their sale in secondary markets with settlement abroad, or access the exchange market at the time of receiving the corresponding capital and interest payments, to pay off their debts.
New advance payments must receive prior authorization from the Central Bank, unless such advance payments are financed abroad and fall within one of the exceptions provided for in point 3 of Communication “A” 7917. In addition, through Communication “A” 8133, the Central Bank allows advances on capital goods to be financed with lines of credit granted by local banks or with foreign currency assets held by importers that are deposited in bank accounts at local banks.
The requirement to enter capital goods that have been paid in advance of shipment into the country within 270 days of the payment having been made remains in force and, similarly, those importers who pay in advance of shipment for any other goods must have the goods enter the country within 90 days from payment of the merchandise.
Payment for services provided between unrelated parties may be made in accordance with a scheme established by the BCRA in Communication “A” 7917, which provides for immediate payment (for example, in the case of health services and audiovisual services) or payment within a 30-day period from the effective provision of the services. Cultural and recreational services, which include payment abroad for concerts and shows provided by persons from abroad in Argentina, may be paid 90 days after the provision of the service, except for services provided after November 29, 2024 between unrelated counterparties, which may be paid within 30 calendar days of the provision of the service. Likewise, the new scheme established by the Central Bank for the payment of services abroad, indicates that access to the exchange market for the payment of services provided between related counterparties can only be carried out 180 days after the service has been effectively provided, with the exception of payment abroad for freight services, even between related counterparties, which may be made 30 days after the arrival of the merchandise to the country of destination of the transported merchandise.
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Purchase of Foreign Currency
A.Domestic individuals and companies
The regime applicable since September 2020, provided for in Communications “A” 6770 and “A” 7914 and its supplements and amendments, in relation to the purchase of external assets by legal persons for investment purposes (commonly known as hoarding) requires the prior approval of the Central Bank in certain circumstances, such as: real estate investments abroad, loans granted to non-residents in Argentina, contributions from residents in Argentina of direct investments abroad, portfolio investments of Argentines abroad , certain other investments abroad by Argentine residents, portfolio investments of Argentine legal entities abroad or purchase of foreign currency bills to be carried out in Argentina, For individuals, the limit to perform this type of operation is US$200 per month.
In summary, the exchange regulatory framework currently establishes:
•For the purchase of external assets, resident individuals may access the exchange market for up US$200, or its equivalent in other currencies, per calendar month in all entities authorized to operate in exchange. For larger amounts, the prior approval of the Central Bank is required. Access to the exchange market by legal entities, requires the prior approval of the Central Bank despite the amount. Non-residents individuals and legal entities require the prior approval of the Central Bank to access the exchange market.
•Transfers in foreign currency for the formation of external assets must come from a bank account in the name of the transferor.
•The income from investments of residents and non-residents is not limited in amount and can be credited to accounts in foreign currency in Argentina.
B.Non-residents
Prior to September 1, 2019, per Communication “A” 6174, entities authorized to trade in the foreign exchange could sell currencies to non-residents without limitation if funds were properly credited to a local account in their name.
Currently, the operations of non-residents require the prior approval of the BCRA.
Transfer of Dividends
The transfer of profits and dividends abroad to non-resident shareholders requires the prior approval of the Central Bank.
As an exception to this general requirement, in accordance with the provisions of Communication “A” 6869, the exchange market may be accessed without the prior approval of the Central Bank for the payment of profits and dividends for non-resident shareholders, when all the conditions set forth in such Communication are fulfilled including, among others, (i) that dividends are settled and distributed based on closed audited balances; (ii) compliance with the “Survey of External Assets and Liabilities” for the operations involved; and (iii) that the total amount of transfers abroad as payment of dividends through the exchange market does not exceed 30% of the value of new contributions of foreign direct investment in the resident company, which must be entered and settled through the foreign exchange market.
Direct Investments
The entrance of direct investments into the country is not restricted. Such investments can be credited in accounts in foreign currency and currently there is no minimum term.
The repatriation of direct investments in the country by non-residents requires the prior authorization of the BCRA, according to the provisions of Communication “A” 6855 from the Central Bank.
Survey of External Assets and Liabilities
The obligation of residents to complete the “Survey of the issuance of debt and external liabilities” (Communication “A” 3602 and complementary) and the “Survey of direct investments” (Communication “A” 4237 and complementary) even when they have not accessed the exchange market and / or it is not foreseen to access it in the future due to the transactions that correspond to be declared, were replaced by Communication “A” 6401 of December 26, 2017. Statements made on or before September 30, 2017 shall be governed by the rules of the replaced communication.
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Future and Forward Operations
The Central Bank significantly modified the exchange regulations on derivatives by incorporating the restriction on the execution of cross-border derivative transactions.
The exchange regulations oblige Argentine residents to obtain the prior authorization of the Central Bank to access the foreign exchange market for transfers abroad in derivatives with foreign counterparties, according to Communication “A” 6780 of the Central Bank. The entry of foreign currency for this concept has no restrictions.
Banking institutions must follow specific rules, depending on whether the derivative transaction is made with a central clearing counterparty or a foreign bank.
E.Taxation
The following is a summary of certain Argentine and United States federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below). This summary is not a complete analysis or listing of all possible tax considerations that may be relevant to a holder of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisers as to Argentine, United States and other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares.
1.Argentine Taxes
General
The following is a summary of certain Argentine tax matters that may be relevant with respect to the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares by U.S. Holders. Such summary is based upon the tax laws of Argentina, and regulations thereunder, in effect as of the date of this annual report and is subject to any subsequent change in Argentine laws and regulations which may come into effect after such date. Investors in ADSs or ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisers as to the Argentine, United States and other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares.
Taxation of Dividends
Pursuant to Law No. 25,063, as enacted into law on December 30, 1998, dividend payments on the ordinary shares (and ADSs), whether in the form of cash, stock, or other types of consideration, are subject to Argentine withholding taxes at a rate of 35% to the extent the aggregate amount distributed exceeds the sum, for the previous year, of: (i) our accumulated taxable earnings and (ii) certain tax-exempt income (such as dividend payments from other corporations) (known as the “equalization tax”).
With respect to the equalization tax, article 83 of fiscal reform Law No. 27,430 states that it shall not be applicable for dividends or profits attributable to accrued earnings in the fiscal years beginning as from January 1, 2018.
On the other hand, for the fiscal years beginning as of January 1, 2018 the issuer will be subject to a 30% tax rate and a withholding tax of 7% will be applicable to the dividends. For the fiscal year beginning in 2022, the issuer will be subject to a 25% tax rate and a withholding tax of 13% will be applicable to the dividends.
On December 23, 2019, the Congress passed the Law No. 27,541 “Solidarity and Productive Reactivation Law as a part of Public Emergency” which was proposed by the National Government. The scheduled decrease in enterprise income tax from 30% to 25% was revoked (keeping the income tax rate at 30% as of 2020 and 2021). Consequently, the additional rate charged for dividend payments to parent companies decreased from 13% to 7%.
Law No. 27,630 enacted on June 16, 2021, canceled the generalized reduction of the tax rate explained above, and introduced a system of tax rate by scales that will be in force for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, and also, the rate applicable to dividends on profits generated in fiscal years started as of January 1, 2018 was unified at 7%.
The tax must be withheld by the paying entities from the above-mentioned dividends and profits received by individuals and undivided succession residing in the Republic of Argentina and non-resident beneficiaries. An undivided succession is a legal figure created by the Argentine Civil Code which covers the time elapsed between the date of death of a person and the declaration of heirs. Such withholding shall have the character of a unique and definitive payment, except for those individuals and undivided successions residing in the Republic of Argentina and registered as payers of the tax.
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In the case of distributed profits generated in fiscal periods in respect of which the paying entity was subject to the 35% tax rate, the payment of the tax or withholding shall not apply to such dividends or profits, as the case may be. Nonetheless, if applicable, the equalization tax still applies.
To these effects it shall be considered, without admission of proof to the contrary, that the dividends or profits made available correspond, first and foremost, to the earliest accumulated profits or benefits.
The dividends or profits distributed by capital companies and permanent establishments will be applied to the fiscal year in which they may have been: (i) made available or paid, whichever occurs first; or (ii) capitalized, provided the securities foresee interest or accrual payments within terms of up to one year.
So far, these rules have not been subject to regulations or interpreted by the executive power or authority of application.
Taxation of Capital Gains
The tax reform Law No. 27,430 enacted in December 2017 brought about changes regarding the taxation of capital gains deriving from the trading of shares, representative values and share deposit certificates and other securities, quotas and corporate participations (including quotas in mutual investment funds, certificates of participation in financial trusts and any other rights on trusts and similar agreements) digital coins, securities, bonds and other financial instruments, whoever the subject acquiring them. See Note 11.6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The capital gains deriving from the holding and trading of shares will be considered to be of Argentine source whenever the issuer is domiciled, established or residing in the Argentine Republic. The representative securities or share deposit or other certificates, such as our ADSs, will be of Argentine source when the issuer of the shares and other securities is domiciled, established or resident in the Argentine Republic, regardless of the entity issuing the certificates, the place of issue of the latter or the place of deposit of such shares and other securities.
According to the changes made by the amendment to article 26 paragraph u) in 2019 Decree No. 824/19 of the Income Tax Law, the following will be exempted from tax:
•The capital gains from purchase and sale, exchange, swap or disposal transactions of shares, securities representing shares and share deposit certificates, held by natural resident persons and undivided estates established in the Argentine Republic, provided those transactions are not attributable to subjects comprised in paragraphs d) and e) and in the last paragraph of article 53 of the law.
The benefit established in the preceding paragraph may only be applicable to the extent that (a) it is a placement by public offer authorized by the National Securities Commission; (b) the transactions were carried out in markets authorized by such body under segments ensuring price-time priority and interference of offers; and/or (c) they were effected through a public offer of purchase and/or exchange as authorized by the National Securities Commission.
•The capital gains from purchase and sale, exchange, swap or disposal transactions of shares, securities representing shares and share deposit certificates, held by non-resident beneficiaries insofar as such beneficiaries do not reside in non-cooperating jurisdictions. Likewise, the tax exemption shall also be applicable to the interest or yield or results from the purchase and sale, exchange, swap or disposal by the above-mentioned non-resident beneficiaries of representative securities or share deposit certificates issued abroad, such as our ADSs, provided such shares were issued by entities domiciled, established or residing in the Argentine Republic and have an authorization for public offer issued by the National Securities Commission.
If the requirements of article 26 paragraph u) of the law described above are not met, the applicable tax will be fifteen percent (15%).
So far, these rules have not been subject to regulations by the executive power or authority of application.
Value Added Tax (“VAT”)
Neither the sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares nor the payment of dividends thereunder is subject to VAT.
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Transfer Taxes
The sale or transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares is not subject to transfer tax.
Personal Property Tax
According to Law No. 23,966, as amended, and Decrees No. 127/96 and 812/96, all individuals and undivided estates are subject in Argentina to a personal property tax on all assets held at December 31 of each fiscal year (the “Personal Property Tax”). This tax applies to our ADSs and ordinary shares held by U.S. Holders. In the case of individuals and undivided estates domiciled or located in Argentina, an exemption is available to taxpayers whose assets included in the tax base for purposes of the Personal Property Tax do not exceed Ps.292,994,964.89. Corporations and other legal entities domiciled or located in Argentina are not subject to the Personal Property Tax. Individuals and undivided estates domiciled or located in a foreign country are subject to the Personal Property Tax only with respect to assets located in Argentina.
Pursuant to Law No. 25,585, it is presumed — without the right to rebut such presumption — that shares of stock corporations, such as ADSs (held in book-entry form or evidenced by ADRs), shares of common stock and equity interests in entities governed by the Argentine Companies Law No. 19,550, as amended, whose holders are corporations or any other entities, companies, permanent establishments or trusts, domiciled, settled or located in a foreign country, belong indirectly to individuals or undivided estates domiciled in a foreign country.
Pursuant to Law No. 25,585, published in the Official Gazette on May 15, 2002, BBVA Argentina is responsible for paying the Personal Property Tax on our ADSs or ordinary shares held by individuals or undivided estates domiciled in Argentina or a foreign country, or corporations or any other entities located in a foreign country. The tax rate to be applied is 0.50% and the taxable base is the value of the shareholders’ equity arising from the last balance sheet of the company at December 31. The minimum exempted amount of Ps. 292,994,964.89 is not applicable. The tax so paid is considered a definitive payment.
Companies responsible for the tax payment, such as BBVA Argentina, are entitled to obtain refunds of the amounts paid from holders of ADSs or ordinary shares and may retain or foreclose on the property included in the tax base for purposes of the Personal Property Tax that originated the payment.
In 2025, the Bank expects to make payments on account of its shareholders in connection with Personal Property Tax due with respect to assets held as of December 31, 2024.
Other Taxes
There are no Argentine inheritance, succession or gift taxes applicable to the ownership, transfer or disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares. There are no Argentine stamp, issue, registration or similar taxes or duties payable by holders of ADSs or ordinary shares.
Deposit and Withdrawal of Ordinary Shares in Exchange for ADSs
No Argentine tax is imposed on the deposit or withdrawal of ordinary shares in exchange for ADSs.
Income Tax Treaty
There is currently no income tax treaty or convention in effect between Argentina and the United States.
2.U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following summary describes material U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of owning and disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to hold such securities. The discussion applies only to the U.S. Holders (described below) that hold ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and it does not describe all of the tax consequences that may be relevant in light of the U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including alternative minimum tax consequences, the potential application of the provisions of the Code known as the Medicare contribution tax and tax consequences applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, such as:
•certain financial institutions;
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•dealers and traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;
•persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a hedging transaction, straddle, wash sale, conversion transaction or integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to ADSs or ordinary shares;
•persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
•entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
•tax-exempt entities, “individual retirement accounts” or “Roth IRAs”;
•persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our stock, by vote or value;
•real estate investment trusts or regulated investment companies;
•persons who acquired ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or
•persons holding shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding ADSs or ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the ADSs or ordinary shares.
This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, all as of the date hereof. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis, which may affect the tax consequences described herein. Holders of ADSs or ordinary shares are urged to consult their own tax advisers as to the United States, Argentine and other tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in their particular circumstances, including the effect of any U.S. state or local tax laws.
As used herein, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
•a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
•a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; or
•an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
In general, a U.S. Holder who owns ADSs will be treated as the owner of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. Holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.
U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of owning and disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares in their own particular circumstances.
This discussion assumes that the Bank is not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), as described below.
Taxation of Distributions
Distributions paid on ADSs or ordinary shares, other than certain pro rata distributions of ordinary shares, will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because the Bank does not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid by qualified foreign corporations to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders are taxable at rates applicable to long-term capital gains. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on stock that is readily tradable on a securities market in the United States, such as the New York Stock Exchange where our ADSs are traded, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether the favorable
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rate will apply to dividends they receive and whether they are subject to any special rules that limit their ability to be taxed at this favorable rate. The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld in respect of Argentine taxes. The amount of the dividend generally will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to U.S. Holders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations under the Code. Dividends generally will be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of such U.S. Holder’s (or in the case of ADSs, the depositary’s) receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in Argentine pesos will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of such receipt regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, U.S. Holders should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income, U.S. Holders may have foreign currency gain or loss if such dividend is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of its receipt.
Subject to applicable limitations, some of which vary depending upon the U.S. Holder’s circumstances, Argentine income taxes, if any, withheld from payments of dividends on ADSs or ordinary shares might be creditable against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. Treasury regulations, which apply to foreign taxes paid or accrued in taxable years beginning on or after December 28, 2021 (the “Final Treasury Regulations”), impose additional requirements for foreign taxes to be eligible for credit. However, the IRS released a notice in 2023 that indicates that the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS are considering amendments to the Final Treasury Regulations and provides relief from certain provisions of the Final Treasury Regulations for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). We have not determined whether these requirements have been met with respect to any withholding tax imposed on dividends on ADSs or ordinary shares and, therefore, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability of foreign tax credits for any amounts withheld with respect to dividends on ADSs or ordinary shares to which the Final Treasury Regulations apply.
Amounts paid on account of the Argentine Personal Property Tax, if any, will not be eligible for credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine the tax consequences applicable to them as result of amounts paid on account of the Argentine Personal Property Tax, including whether such amounts are includible in income or deductible for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and, therefore, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in their particular circumstances. Subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law, a U.S. Holder may, at its election, deduct such otherwise creditable taxes in computing its taxable income in lieu of claiming a credit. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits must apply to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year.
Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss a U.S. Holder realizes on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder held the ADSs or ordinary shares for more than one year. The amount of a U.S. Holder’s gain or loss will equal the difference between its tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition, in each case as determined in U.S. dollars. If an Argentine tax is withheld on the sale or disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, a U.S. Holder’s amount realized will include the gross amount of the proceeds of the sale or disposition before deduction of the Argentine tax. See “—Argentine Taxes—Taxation of Capital Gains” for a description of when a disposition may be subject to taxation by Argentina.
Because a U.S. Holder’s gain or loss on the disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares will generally be U.S.- source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes, and because a U.S. Holder will be entitled to use foreign tax credits to offset only the portion of its U.S. tax liability that is attributable to foreign-source income, a U.S. Holder may be precluded from claiming a credit for all or a portion of the foreign taxes imposed on such gains. In addition, in taxable years to which they apply, the Final Treasury Regulations generally will preclude U.S. Holders from claiming a foreign tax credit with respect to any tax imposed on gains from the disposition of shares by a jurisdiction, such as Argentina, that does not have an applicable income tax treaty with the United States, although such taxes may be applied to reduce the amount realized by the U.S. Holder on the disposition. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of any Argentine tax in their particular circumstances (including any applicable limitations).
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Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
We believe that we were not a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year 2024. However, because our PFIC status depends upon the composition of our income and assets and the market value of our assets (including, among others, less than 25-percent-owned equity investments) from time to time, and because our analysis of our PFIC status is based upon certain proposed Treasury regulations, including those which are not yet in effect but are generally proposed to become effective for taxable years after December 31, 1994 and other regulations proposed in 2021, which may not be finalized in their current form, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owned ADSs or ordinary shares, gain recognized by such U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of ADSs or ordinary shares would be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for such taxable year and an interest charge would be imposed on the resulting tax liability for each such taxable year. Further, any distribution in respect of ADSs or ordinary shares in excess of 125 percent of the average of the annual distributions on ADSs or ordinary shares received by the U.S. Holder during the preceding three years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, would be subject to taxation in the same manner. Certain elections (including a mark-to-market election) may be available to U.S. Holders that may result in alternative treatments if we were a PFIC for any taxable year. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.
In addition, if we were a PFIC or, with respect to a particular U.S. Holder, were treated as a PFIC for a taxable year in which we pay a dividend or the prior taxable year, the favorable tax rates discussed above with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate holders would not apply.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owned our ADSs or ordinary shares, such U.S. Holder will generally be required to file IRS Form 8621 with the U.S. Holder’s annual U.S. federal income tax return, subject to certain exceptions.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting, and may be subject to backup withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient or (ii) in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.
The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the U.S. Holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.
Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals or specified entities may be required to report information relating to securities of non-U.S. companies, or accounts through which they are held, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for securities held in accounts maintained by U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of these rules on their ownership or disposition of ordinary shares or ADSs.
F.Dividends and paying agents
Not applicable.
G.Statement by experts
Not applicable.
H.Documents on Display
This annual report and the exhibits thereto and any periodic reports or other information filed pursuant to the Exchange Act may be inspected without charge and copied at prescribed rates at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains information filed
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electronically with the SEC, which can be accessed over the internet at www.sec.gov. The documents concerning BBVA Argentina which are referred to in this annual report may also be inspected at our office at Av, Córdoba 111, C1054AAA Buenos Aires, Republic of Argentina.
I.Subsidiary information
Not applicable.
J.Annual Report to Security Holders
Not applicable.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Introduction
The General Risks Policy expresses the levels and types of risk that the Bank is willing to take to carry out its strategic plan, with no relevant deviations, even under stress conditions.
To achieve its goals, the Bank uses a management model with two principles for the decision-making process:
•Prudence: materialized in relation to the management of the various risks acknowledged by the Bank.
•Anticipation: refers to the adaptation capacity of risk management.
This process is designed to be robust, well-documented, periodically reviewed, and adaptable to changes in the Bank’s risk profile and market conditions.
We have divided this section into three parts:
•Risk management, where we explain the policies and procedures that the Bank has in place to monitor and assess the different risks it is exposed to in the ordinary course of its business, and, in particular, we provide qualitative information about market risk.
•Trading portfolio activities, where we provide quantitative information about market risk as of the end of the latest fiscal year for instruments entered into for trading purposes.
•Non-trading portfolio activities, where we provide quantitative information about market risk as of the end of the latest fiscal year for instruments entered into for purposes other than trading.
Risk Management
The risks department of BBVA Argentina continues to adjust its comprehensive management model by reconditioning its structures and improving its policies aimed at providing the solution that is best suited to the clients’ requirements, the changes of environment and the requirements of the local regulatory body. It is also oriented to permanently improving its tools and processes, focused on the detection, monitoring and mitigation of each of the risks incurred by the Bank.
This model makes it possible to satisfactorily comply with the guidelines set forth by the BCRA in its communications.
“Risks” comprises seven groups:
•Credit Risk: The possibility that a counterpart fails to comply with its contractual obligations in relation to a certain transaction. It is the most important risk for the Bank and includes counterparty risk, issuer risk, settlement risk and country risk management.
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•Financial Risk: The possibility of losses generated by changes in the market rates or the risk quality which determine the value of the Bank’s assets and liabilities. It is subdivided into: market risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and marketplace credit risk.
•Non-Financial Risk: It primarily refers to operational risk, defined as losses caused as a result of: human errors, inadequate or defective internal processes, inappropriate behavior in front of clients, in the markets or against the Bank, failures, interruptions or deficiencies in systems or communications, inadequate data management, legal risks, or as a consequence of external events, including cyber-attacks, fraud committed by third parties, natural disasters and deficient service provided by suppliers.
•Internal Control and Reporting: The control and monitoring areas are in charge of giving cohesion to credit risk management and ensuring that the management of the other critical risk groups is carried out in accordance with the standards established by the Bank.
•Risk Center of Expertise (COE): It performs parameter estimations for the calculation of provisions and capital requirements. Additionally, it designs credit assessment models for customer acquisition, monitoring, and collections.
•Strategy & Solution Development: Area that participates in project evaluation, to monitor that projects are developed according to the established order of priorities.
•Sustainability: Area responsible for monitoring the correct execution and evolution of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) metrics in the Risk area.
The risks department’s objective is to ensure portfolio quality by controlling the origination of businesses and optimizing credit recoveries under best-practice standards. This is undertaken without disregarding the main focus, which is centered on the client, with particular emphasis on not inducing client over-indebtedness.
Risk Appetite
The Bank’s risk appetite is approved by the Board of Directors, which determines the risks and the level of risks that the Bank is willing to assume to achieve its business objectives. These are expressed in terms of solvency, profitability, liquidity and financing, or other metrics.
The risk appetite statement of BBVA Argentina is as follows:
“Risk Management at BBVA is based on a holistic and forward-looking approach to all risks, enabling adaptation to the disruption risks inherent to the banking business, while leveraging the capabilities offered by innovation and technological evolution. The key pillars of BBVA Argentina’s risk management policy are to promote responsible growth, with recurrent generation of value, as well as the diversification of portfolios across geographies and the quality and profile of asset classes and client segments, to prevent anti-money laundering and financing of terrorism, to incorporate the impact of climate change on its business operations, and to accompany its clients in achieving their life goals.”
Credit Risk Ratios and Performance
As of December 31, 2024, the NPL ratio was at 1.13%, with NPLs growing relatively less than the total portfolio, as new loans are rarely non-performing shortly after being made, compared to 1.29% as of December 31, 2023. The coverage ratio as of December 31, 2024 was 177.00%, compared to 165.30% as of December 31, 2023. This increase is due to higher requirements in provisions as a consequence of the significant growth of the credit portfolio in the last quarter of 2024.
Management Units
The different risk units provide support to the management of commercial banking entities, regarding admission, monitoring and recovery of credits. The model has been configured on the basis of the Bank’s business structure.
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Retail Risks
Retail Risks is responsible for the management of retail customers, including admission through predictive / statistical tools, both reactive and behavioral, the admission of special cases, the administration of tools and policies, portfolio monitoring, and the recovery process. The Bank assumes retail credit risk as it maintains contractual obligations with private customers.
The development of methods and tools that facilitate risk management in an automated manner continued in 2024, improving the availability within web channels, assuming a qualitative change in the proactive offer, achieving greater decentralization in the making of credit decisions and allowing admission teams to improve their value contribution. New automatic salary advance actions were carried out with online updates.
Currently, a methodology is used by risk groups, allowing a more personalized offer on admission and a better capacity for managing problematic recovery.
Proactive strategy through the Hermes Tool is maintained with respect to clients and non-clients generating more offers on the most attractive profiles, reducing the frequency of the offers in order to generate greater value for our clients.
With respect to monitoring, detailed study of the portfolio, risk strategy and control over risk monitoring and actions on market changes are maintained. Additionally, we seek to maintain a transversal vision that encourages the identification and dissemination of best practices in retail risk management, as well as the identification of business opportunities and improvement paths.
The recovery activity is part of an integral management circuit that covers both actions aimed at preventing non-payment, as well as those carried out after non-payment occurs until the partial or total recovery of the principal amount. Within this continuous process there are different teams, tools and strategies according to the type and / or situation of the client or asset. To ensure the continuity of this process, mechanisms for feedback of information, connectivity of tools and joint committees, among others, must be established.
In order for the recovery team to achieve its objectives, it must carry out strategies, including a segmentation and allocation process. Segmentation consists of selecting groups of clients with the objective of managing each group in a homogeneous way. The indicators used to assign segments should be dynamic and adapted to the desired recovery management. Assignment consists of assigning to each of the client groups the most efficient recovery strategy to a team responsible for such management, using digital communication as a mechanism to get closer to our customers in a more timely manner. Recovery strategies must be considered together looking for actions and solutions so that the Bank partially or totally recovers the unpaid balance in the optimal manner.
Middle Market and Corporate Risk
We have developed a dynamic structure, with an integral end-to-end process formed by the Admission, Monitoring and Recovery areas, which focuses on the fulfillment of market requirements, prioritizing the values of prudence, anticipation and diversification, which we believe are necessary to maintain excellence in risk quality.
We encourage the coordination between the commercial and risks areas in order to improve our response times and satisfy business requirements while maintaining risk quality.
As a result of the challenging environment arising from the Covid-19 pandemic, the prudence and risk containment frameworks were intensified in all areas and management levels.
In 2019 we moved forward on the consolidation of the decentralized model, developing an automatic bid tool for SMEs to provide feedback on the quality of offers and reasons for rejection.
With respect to large companies, we continued using the risk analyst to analyze different activity areas, and in the case of the SMEs, we continued using the rating and behavioral model. The application of statistical tools gave us the opportunity to complete an efficient analysis to better satisfy our clients’ needs.
In the Risk Monitoring area, and due to the challenging environment caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, all preventive management and monitoring measures were intensified adding new measures to those used traditionally. We
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continue to carry out a proactive control process, by using an alert system and maintaining fluent communication with the commercial areas to anticipate the detection of payment issues. To reinforce this concept, we have developed an ambitious plan that consists of visiting all of our clients throughout the country. Also as part of our end-to-end process, the Monitoring area is integrated with the Recovery Management area to improve the recovery process.
The recovery activity is part of the integral management circuit, which includes both the actions aimed at preventing the lack of payment and those carried out after non-payment until we are able to obtain partial or total recovery of principal. The methodology in this area is based on efficient management, seeking automation in every step of the circuit and the improvement of processes with existing resources, shorter response times, a reduction of recovery times and higher levels of specialization and increasing our profits. Within this continuous process there are different equipment, tools and strategies according to the type and / or situation of the client or asset.
To achieve the optimization of the task based on data, the Bank utilizes a self-management tool that collects the entire recovery process, from the potential delay to full cancellation or subsequent sale.
Financial Risks
BBVA Argentina has developed a comprehensive risk management framework in order to identify, measure, monitor and mitigate financial risks, which is in line with the basic principles of the Basel Committee and includes:
•market risks (counterparty and valuation risk);
•structural risks (interest rate risk, liquidity and financing risk); and
•economic capital and stress tests.
This framework consists of a set of policies and strategies, organizational structures, measurement tools, limits and alerts, and information and control systems. In addition, the financial risks management framework is in accordance with the risk appetite approved by the Board of Directors.
Market Risks
Market risk is defined as the possibility of suffering losses in the value of a portfolio as a result of adverse changes in market prices. For a description of how BBVA Argentina manages market risk and a quantitative analysis of the market risk of the trading portfolio, see “—Trading Portfolio Activities” below.
Counterparty Risk
Counterparty Risk is defined as the probability that the counterparty defaults on its obligations to us, causing BBVA Argentina a financial loss. Both Global Markets & Asset and Liabilities Management operate different products which are susceptible to the risk of client defaults on their obligations. Therefore, joint management is employed.
The products where such risk exists are:
•derivatives;
•loans to financial institutions; and
•liquidity-management transactions guaranteed by securities (repurchase agreement operations and reverse repurchase agreement operations).
Daily risk reports are produced to monitor the exposure of each counterparty to ensure that it complies with the predefined scope. Limits are monitored on a daily basis. In addition, the reports include the exposure to the Asset Allocation Counterparty Risk limits. The Asset Allocation Counterparty Risk limits structure reflects the aggregated counterparty risk at the Bank level and by asset class.
As of December 31, 2024, our gross counterparty risk and our net counterparty risk amounted to Ps. 209,500 million.
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Liquidity and Financing Risk
Liquidity risk is defined as the possibility that the Bank will not be able to comply with its payment obligations without incurring significant losses that could affect its daily operations or its financial condition.
BBVA Argentina has implemented a management process for the identification, evaluation, measurement, monitoring, control and mitigation of liquidity risk. Within it, the risk appetite framework is configured as a fundamental element, providing BBVA Argentina with an integral framework that determines the risks and the level of risks that it is willing to assume to achieve its business objectives.
Among the fundamental metrics used for the measurement, monitoring and control of liquidity risk are:
•LtSCD (Loan to Stable Customers Deposits): measures the relationship between net credit investment and stable customer funds. The objective is to preserve a stable financing structure in the medium and long term.
•LCR (Liquidity Coverage Ratio): measures the ratio between high-quality liquid assets and total net cash outflows over a 30-day period. The objective is to preserve a cushion of assets or buffer management that absorbs liquidity shocks in the short term.
During 2024, both indicators were within the limits approved by the Board of Directors.
On the other hand, the liquidity risk management process at BBVA Argentina also includes the management of intraday liquidity risk, for which the Bank has a procedure based on a monitoring and control scheme of its liquidity position.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is defined as the possibility of changes in the interest margin and / or in the value of the Bank’s equity due to the variation of market interest rates.
Among the main metrics used for the measurement, monitoring and control of this risk are:
•Margin at Risk (MeR): quantifies the maximum loss that could be recorded in the projected financial margin for the next 12-month period under a defined scenario of market interest rate curves for a given level of confidence.
•Economic Capital (EC): quantifies the maximum loss that could be generated in the economic value of the Bank under a defined scenario of market interest rate curves for a given level of confidence.
In addition, the Bank has adopted the principles, standards and controls with respect to capital and financial margin established in Communication “A” 6397 from BCRA to manage this risk, and continues to improve its application.
Economic Capital
In accordance with the “Guidelines for Risk Management in Financial Institutions” established by the BCRA. BBVA Argentina has developed an internal, integrated and global process to assess the adequacy of its economic capital based on its risk profile and elaborates, on an annual basis, the Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP).
Economic capital is the amount of capital considered necessary to cover unexpected losses that the Bank could face due to the risks to which it is exposed.
The methodologies for capital calculation of the following risks are defined following the guidelines established by the Basel Committee:
•credit risk;
•concentration risk;
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•market risk;
•interest rate risk;
•operational risk;
•reputational and strategic risk;
The distribution of economic capital for December 2024 consumption by type of risk is as follows:
•credit risk and concentration risk: 42%;
•operational risk:17%;
•interest rate risk:25%;
•market risk: 4%; and
•other risks: 12%.
Stress Tests
In compliance with the “Guidelines for Risk Management in Financial Institutions” established by BCRA. BBVA Argentina has developed a stress test program which is framed within the comprehensive risk management process of the Bank.
Stress tests are defined as the evaluation of the Bank’s economic and financial situation under a severely adverse but possible scenario, requiring the simulation of scenarios that allow the estimation of the potential impact on the value of the portfolios, profitability, solvency and liquidity, with the purpose of identifying latent risks and vulnerabilities. The main purpose of stress tests is to serve as a tool for risk management and capital allocation among the Bank’s businesses.
With a minimum annual frequency, BBVA Argentina carries out an integral stress test exercise through which the impact of adverse macroeconomic scenarios on the Bank’s solvency, profitability and liquidity position is quantified, taking into account all the relevant risks to which it is exposed and considering the existing interactions between them.
The results of the stress tests carried out in March 2024 corresponding to the 2024/2025 projection period showed a solid solvency and liquidity position of the Bank even under the analyzed adverse scenarios.
Non-Financial Risks
The management of Non-Financial Risks in BBVA Argentina is part of the Group’s Control Model, which is structured in three differentiated levels, the objective of which is the comprehensive management of the risk life cycle.
The Control Model has three Lines of Defense (“LdD”), which allow risk management in different areas:
•1st LdD: Composed of the Business and Support Areas, which assume the responsibility of ensuring adequate management of the operational risks originated in the activity of their respective area. In addition, it has a Risk Control Assurer (“RCA”) area that has the responsibility of ensuring the adequate management of operational risk in its area, extending the methodology for the identification of risks, promoting the establishment of mitigation measures and necessary controls in all operational processes performed and outsourced by its area and monitoring their adequate implementation and effectiveness.
•2nd LdD: Composed of (a) the Non-Financial Risks area, in charge of designing and maintaining the operational risk management model and assessing the degree of application in the different areas and (b) the Control Specialists or Risk Control Specialists (“RCS”), specialists in each risk type, who define the general mitigation and control framework in their respective risk area, across the Bank, and contrast and challenge it with the one proposed or implemented by the 1st LdD.
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•3rd LdD: Performed by Internal Audit, which performs an independent review of the control model, verifying compliance and effectiveness of the established policies.
The Methodology for the Comprehensive Management of the Risk Life Cycle is based on four points:
(1) The definition of the operational risk management parameters that incorporate both quantitative and qualitative indicators that make it possible to periodically evaluate the operational risk profile. The RCSs and the Non-Financial Risks area are responsible for defining these management parameters, proposing tolerance thresholds and periodically reporting, through their respective circuits on their degree of compliance.
As of December 31, 2024 there were 95 operational risk management indicators of different specialties in force, which made up 21 synthetic indicators or management limits.
(2) The identification of operational risk, which aims to anticipate the potential operational risks to which the Bank would be exposed as a result of the creation of new businesses and / or products, the modification of products, activities, processes or systems and procurement decisions (outsourcing). BBVA Argentina has a specific framework for the identification of operational risk that is specified in its Risk Operational Admission and Product Governance Committees where the 1st LdD (proposing units and RCA) has the responsibility of activating this identification process, proposing a mitigation framework, control and monitoring and the 2nd LdD (RCS / Non-Financial Risks area) that contrast the Mitigation and Control Framework proposed by the 1st LdD.
(3) Monitoring and management of operational risk, which is composed of the Risk and Control Self-Assessment and is structured in three phases: a) establishment of the control perimeter, b) identification of potential and actual operational risks from the review of processes, standards and regulations and c) prioritization of operational risks, with the aim of separating critical risks from those that are not.
In line with best practices, there is a database of operational losses (SIRO base), with an adequate level of detail to enable an effective analysis that provides useful information for management and to contrast the consistency of the operational risk map and the continuous monitoring of the control environment where the management that each unit carries out of its operational risks is channeled through the Internal Control and Operational Risk Committees (CIRO), in which management analyzes the situation of its control environment and promotes and monitors the mitigating measures necessary to address the weaknesses observed.
(4) Mitigation, which it is based on reducing the level of exposure to operational risk in order to try to manage the risk in advance by establishing or improving the mitigation and control environment. As long as the residual risk exceeds the defined objective risk, it will be necessary to establish the necessary mitigating measures to reduce it within the established limits.
It is a comprehensive operational risk management model, in accordance with international standards, which is adaptable to the environment and to the necessary internal requirements.
Internal Risk Control
Internal Risk Control (IRC) is a unit within the financial risk management and control framework. Its main objective is to ensure the sufficiency of the regulatory framework, adequate governance and financial risk control. IRC operates independently from the financial risk function (“GRM”) and plays a fundamental role in validating, supervising, and complying with internal and regulatory requirements.
IRC is organized into three specialized subunits:
•IRC Processes: Reviews and controls the Bank’s GRM processes focusing on regulatory compliance and the adequate functioning of financial risk management.
•Risk Technical Secretariat: Coordinates the regulatory framework and committee structure for risk management.
•Internal Risk Validation: Conducts independent assessments of risk models to test their robustness, stability and suitability.
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IRC maintains a structured reporting system at a local and global level and continuously monitors control activities.
Trading Portfolio Activities
Market risk is defined as the possibility of suffering losses in the value of a portfolio as a result of adverse changes in market prices. The main market risks can be classified as follows:
•Interest rate risk: This arises as a result of exposure to movements in the different yield curves.
•Foreign exchange risk: This is caused by the movements in the different currencies’ exchange rates in which a position is held. This risk is generated primarily in spot currency positions and in any derivative product whose underlying asset is an exchange rate.
The structure of measurement and control of the market risk includes a scheme of limits and alerts in terms of economic capital, value at risk (“VaR”), stress VaR, monthly and annual stop loss and internal sub-limits. In order to measure and manage market risk, BBVA Argentina uses a VaR model, which estimates the maximum loss that may occur in the trading portfolio at a given confidence interval of 99% and a time horizon of one day.
Monitoring and control of market risk is conducted under a scheme of limits that is presented and proposed by the Market Risk Unit and approved every year by the Risk Management Committee and the Board (only those limits included inside the Risk Appetite Framework).
Market risk management focuses on the Bank’s Global Market trading portfolio. This portfolio includes:
•fixed income securities (Argentine sovereign bonds and bills, Central Bank bills and corporate bonds);
•spot currency positions; and
•derivative products (foreign exchange futures and forwards).
Within the model of market risk management there are specific circuits established for communication and operation in case approved risks levels are exceeded.
The following charts show the Bank’s VaR and Risk Factor evolution during 2024.
The following tables show the evolution of VaR during the last three years.
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Daily Trading VaR at BBVA Argentina (in millions of pesos)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Average | 2,735.59 |  |  | 303.54 |  |  | 141.13 |
Minimum | 273.39 |  |  | 24.49 |  |  | 48.71 |
Maximum | 9,720.95 |  |  | 1,586.80 |  |  | 263.07 |
At December 31 | 3,907.74 |  |  | 296.22 |  |  | 112.22 |

Average daily trading VaR at BBVA Argentina significantly increased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to interest rate risk, which had a significant impact on the Bank’s overall risk exposure, as well as the incorporation of the heightened volatility observed in the 2023 U.S. dollar futures curve to the model as well as the Bank’s increased position in futures and bonds during 2024.
Average daily trading VaR at BBVA Argentina increased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to high volatility in the 2023 U.S. dollar futures curve, which caused VaR levels to increase significantly in the second half of the year, particularly following the devaluation of the Argentine peso.
Daily Trading VaR – Categories (in millions of pesos)

Interest Risk VaR |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Average |  | 2,736.58 |  |  | 336.97 |  |  | 157.79 |
Minimum |  | 257.73 |  |  | 29.58 |  |  | 49.32 |
Maximum |  | 9,715.07 |  |  | 2,163.96 |  |  | 298.07 |
At December 31 |  | 3,911.14 |  |  | 298.78 |  |  | 121.29 |

Average daily interest risk VaR significantly increased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to higher volatility in the U.S. dollar futures curve, which contributed to an increase in interest rate VaR volatility, and an increase in the fixed-income portfolio.
Average daily interest risk VaR significantly increased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to to higher volatility in the U.S. dollar futures curve, which contributed to an increase in interest rate VaR volatility.

Exchange-rate Risk |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Average |  | 29.30 |  |  | 7.24 |  |  | 1.05 |
Minimum |  | 3.59 |  |  | 0.29 |  |  | -0.47 |
Maximum |  | 123.48 |  |  | 190.63 |  |  | 65.11 |
At December 31 |  | 16.21 |  |  | 12.28 |  |  | 0.15 |

Average daily exchange-rate risk VaR significantly increased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to the Bank’s increased exposure to futures and spot, along with the volatility incorporated to the model following the devaluation of the peso in 2023.
Average daily exchange-rate risk VaR significantly increased in 2023 compared to 2022 due to higher volatility in the U.S. dollar futures curve.
Back testing
In line with Basel recommendations, the market risk model is periodically validated through back-testing analysis. The aim of these tests is to determine the quality and precision of the model used to calculate the daily maximum loss of a
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portfolio, with a 99% of confidence interval and temporal horizon of 250 days, by comparing the trading portfolio results and the risk measurements calculated by the model.
Stress test analysis
As described in “—Risk Management” above, a number of stress tests are carried out at the Bank, and this is also performed on the Bank’s trading portfolios. The aim is to expose BBVA Argentina’s trading portfolios to abnormal market variations, based on stress situations that occurred in the past (historical scenarios) or in stress situations that may occur in the future with some probability (simulated scenarios), but outside the predetermined confidence interval of the daily VaR measurement.
•Historical scenarios: The historical scenario used as reference for this stress test is 2019. The uncertainty due to the government change in August 2019 generated a high impact on the behavior of financial markets, which implied high volatility of prices and interest rates.
•Simulated scenarios: The scenario used for these exercises of economic stress is based on resampling methodology. This methodology is based on the use of dynamic scenarios that are recalculated periodically depending on the main risks in the trading portfolios. On a data window wide enough to collect different periods of stress (data from January 1, 2008 to the stress test date), a simulation is performed by a resampling of historical observations. This generates a distribution of losses and gains that provides an analysis of the most extreme events that occurred within the selected historical window. The advantage of this methodology is that the stress period is not pre-established, but rather is a function of the portfolio held at any time.
Valuation
The Market Risk Unit is responsible for establishing the fair value of fixed income instruments and derivatives. Automatic systems are used for daily capture and dissemination of prices and market variables that have an impact on the Bank’s portfolio and clients’ holdings in custody.
For price determination, the use of market information is prioritized. The main market to determine the fair value of fixed-income securities is the MAE. If not possible, pricing is established through internal models, considering the availability of data with which to develop inputs that represent the assumptions that markets participants would use when pricing the asset. For instance, fixed income securities are priced with the discounted cash flow model using market yield curves, technical value or last market price with the addition of accrued interest. In the case of exchange rate futures, the fair value is determined by their price in the market in which they are operated (Rofex or MAE). Finally, in the case of non-delivery forwards, the fair value is determined by the discounted cash flow method.
Derivatives Credit Risk
The Market Risk Unit is responsible for the monitoring and control of derivatives credit risk. The derivatives credit risk exposure is measured by the probability that the counterparty defaults on its obligations as a consequence of insolvency or incapacity of payment, causing BBVA Argentina to suffer a financial loss.
Risk exposure is determined using the following formula:
Derivatives credit risk = Market Value (MtM) + Potential Risk; where:
•The market value is the amount for which something can be sold on a given market. This market value can be positive or negative depending on the risk exposure.
•The potential risk is an estimation of the maximum expected increase of market value for a given level of confidence due to future price fluctuations until the operation due date.
The structure of measurement and control of the counterparty risk includes a scheme of limits and alerts by asset classes (net counterparty risk by clearing house, corporates, government and financial institution and gross counterparty risk by OTC derivatives and clearing house derivatives). Monitoring and control of counterparty risk is conducted under a scheme of limits that is presented and proposed by the Market Risk Unit and approved every year by the Risk Management Committee and the Board who may approve only up to the limit included within the Risk Appetite Framework (net counterparty risk limit).
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Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate sensitivity is the relationship between market interest rates and net portfolio value on one hand, and net interest income on the other, due to the repricing of assets and liabilities. Our interest rate sensitivity analysis measures the sensitivity of the net portfolio value and net interest income to parallel changes in interest rates and to changes in the yield curve.
For the purpose of calculating the net present value, when the interest rate is fixed, the future cash flows of the financial assets and liabilities are calculated on a contractual basis. When the interest rate is variable, cash flows that have a maturity during the repricing interval are included. These amounts are added to the remaining balance of the asset or liability at the end of the interval.
Net interest income is calculated as the difference between interest income earned on interest-earning assets and interest expense from interest-bearing liabilities for each month of the fiscal year.
In general, this calculation is limited to the assumption of a permanent increase or decrease in interest rates and of an equal change in interest rates. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those projected.
For any given period, the pricing structure is matched when an equal amount of assets and liabilities reprice. Any mismatch of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is known as a gap. A positive gap denotes asset sensitivity and normally means that an increase in interest rates would have a negative effect on net portfolio value and a positive effect on interest income, while a decline in interest rates would have a positive effect on net portfolio value and a negative effect on net interest income.
Changes in interest rates could impact our profitability as a result of timing differences on the repricing of the assets and liabilities. One measure of interest rate risk is the change in net portfolio value (defined as the net present value of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities) and the change in net interest income caused by a change in market interest rates.
The table below sets forth the results of the equity value and net interest income under various interest rate scenarios and the percentage changes from amounts generated under a stable interest rate environment.

December 31, 2024
Change in base interest rates and adjust rates (basis points) |  | Net portfolio value |  | Percentage change |  | Net interest and adjust income |  | Percentage change |  | Net income of adjustable portfolio |  | Percentage change
(in millions of pesos, except percentages)
500 |  |  | 800,442.0 |  |  | (10.69) | % |  | 2,649,894.4 |  |  | 3.75 | % |  | 85,418.2 |  |  | 19.41 | %
0 |  |  | 896,230.3 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 2,554,046.2 |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | 71,535.1 |  |  | 0.00 | %
(500) |  |  | 1,019,090.6 |  |  | 13.71 | % |  | 2,443,919.0 |  |  | (4.31) | % |  | 57,530.7 |  |  | (19.58) | %

Based on our position at December 31, 2024, and assuming a hypothetical, immediate 500-basis point increase in interest rates affecting all interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities, we estimate that our net portfolio value would be reduced by Ps.95,788.3 million and our net interest income would be increased by approximately Ps.95,848.1 million.
Foreign Exchange Risk
As of December 31, 2024, as part of our asset and liability management, we aimed to minimize the impact on results of foreign exchange rate fluctuations by maintaining excess balances of assets over liabilities denominated in dollars. The
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following table shows the estimated effect on net income of a 10% variation in the value of the peso against all other currencies:

Peso against all other currencies |  | Effect on net income based on our position as of December 31, 2024 |  | Effect on net income based on our position as of December 31, 2023
(in millions of pesos, except percentages)
10 | % |  | 8,476 |  |  | (22,729) |
(10) | % |  | (8,476) |  |  | 22,729 |

For a description of the changes in exchange rates, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Exchange Rates”.
Equity and Commodity Price Risk
Equity and commodity price risk are the risks associated with adverse movements in the value of equity securities and commodities or related indexes. We do not have any material exposure to either of them.
Non-trading Portfolio Activities
Non-trading instruments consist primarily of loans and deposits. The Bank’s primary market risk exposure in its non-trading instruments is interest rate risk, which arises from the possibility of changes in market interest rates. Such changes in market interest rates affect the Bank’s net interest income due to timing differences on the repricing of their assets and liabilities. The Bank is also affected by gaps in maturity dates and interest rates in the different asset and liability accounts.
The interest rate risks arising from these activities are included in the analysis of the interest rate risk previously showed and managed in aggregated manner.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
A.Debt securities
Not applicable.
B.Warrants and rights
Not applicable.
C.Other securities
Not applicable.
D.American Depositary Shares
Fees and charges for holders of American Depositary Receipts
The depositary for our ADRs is the Bank of New York Mellon (BoNY).
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Holders of our ADRs are generally expected to pay fees and expenses to BoNY according to the schedule below:

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares must pay: |  | For:
US$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADRs (or portion thereof) |  | •   Issuance of ADRs, including issuances resulting from a distribution, sale or exercise of shares or rights or other property •   Cancellation of ADRs for the purpose of withdrawal including if the deposit agreement terminates
US$0.50 (or less) per 100 ADRs (or portion thereof) |  | •   Any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADRs |  | •   Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by the depositary to ADR registered holders
US$0.05 (or less) per ADR per calendar year |  | •   Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees |  | •   Transfer and registration of shares on the Bank’s share register on behalf of the depositary or its agent when shares are deposited or withdrawn
Expenses of the depositary |  | •   Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (as expressly provided in the deposit agreement) •   Incurred in the conversion of foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADR or share underlying an ADR, for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes |  | •   As necessary
Any other charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities |  | •   As necessary

BoNY collects its fees for the delivery and surrender of ADRs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADRs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. It also collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. BoNY may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deductions from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. BoNY generally refuses to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.
Fees Paid by Depositary to the Bank
Fees due from BoNY to BBVA Argentina in 2024 amounted to US$178,823.76.
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- PART II -
ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES
None.
ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2024, the management of the Bank, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act).
Based on such evaluation, the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Bank’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective for gathering, analyzing and disclosing the information the Bank is required to disclose in the reports it files under the Exchange Act, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The management of the Bank is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Bank’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS-IASB and includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Bank;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS-IASB, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Bank’s management and directors; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Bank’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on this assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited), an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included further below in this annual report on Form 20-F.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.’s (the Bank) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Bank maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Bank as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes, and our report dated April 4, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Bank’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PISTRELLI, HENRY MARTIN Y ASOCIADOS S.A.
Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited
City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
April 4, 2025
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
Management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Bank have been detected.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT
The Bank’s Board of Directors has appointed Mr. Ernesto San Gil to serve on its Audit Committee. The Bank’s Board of Directors has concluded that Mr. Ernesto San Gil is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC based on his extensive audit experience.
ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS
The BBVA Argentina Code of Conduct applies to all our management and employees, including the Executive Chairman, the Financial Director and other senior financial officers of the Bank. The Code of Conduct sets out the standards of behavior that should be adhered to so that the Bank’s conduct towards its customers, colleagues and the society are consistent with the Bank’s values. The BBVA Argentina Code of Conduct can be found on BBVA Argentina’s website at www.bbva.com.ar and can be accessed without charge.
ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Fees
Below is a summary of the fees paid by us to our independent external auditors for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| 2024 |  | 2023
| (in millions of pesos)
Audit fees | 2,997.62 |  |  | 2,189.39 |
Audit-related fees | 108.67 |  |  | 20.82 |
Total fees | 3,106.29 |  |  | 2,210.21 |

Audit fees are fees for professional services performed by Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited) during 2024 and 2023, for the audit and limited review of the Bank’s annual and quarterly financial statements and services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings. Audit-related fees consist of fees for assurance and related services performed by Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited) that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the
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Bank’s financial statements and are not reported as Audit fees. The Bank has approved policies and procedures for pre-approving all non-audit work that would be performed by the Bank’s external auditor. Specifically, the policies and procedures prohibit an accounting firm, including the Bank’s external auditor, from performing any services for the Bank or its subsidiaries without the prior approval of the Audit Committee.
Services
Since April 2022, Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited), has acted as the Bank’s external auditor. Its appointment was approved by the ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meetings held on April 29, 2022.
The ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meetings held on April 26, 2024 designated Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited) as the Bank’s external auditor for the fiscal year 2024.
The firm Pistrelli, Henry Martin y Asociados S.A. (Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited) has its domicile at 25 de mayo 487 (C1002ABI), City of Buenos Aires, Argentina and is registered with the Professional Council of Economic Sciences of the City of Buenos Aires, under Volume 1, Page 13.
ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM LISTING REQUIREMENTS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES
Not applicable.
ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS
None.
ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT
Not applicable.
ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
BBVA Argentina corporate governance practices are governed by the applicable Argentine law (particularly Law No. 26,831 as modified by Law No. 27,440 and the standards of the CNV), as well as by its Bylaws. BBVA Argentina has securities that are registered with the SEC and are listed on the NYSE, and is therefore subject to corporate governance requirements applicable to NYSE-listed non-U.S. companies.
NYSE-listed non-U.S. companies may, in general, follow their home country corporate governance practices in lieu of most of the new NYSE corporate governance requirements codified in Section 303A of the NYSE’s Listed Company Manual. However, NYSE-listed non-U.S. companies must comply with NYSE Sections 303A.06, 303A.11 and 303A.12 (b) and (c).
The CNV passed in May 2012 and in September 2013, General Resolution No. 606/12 (“GR 606/12”) and General Resolution No. 622/13 (“GR 622/13”), respectively, which set forth the corporate governance requirements which companies that publicly offer shares representing their capital stock in Argentina must adopt. Moreover, since December 2012, the Bank has a new corporate governance code (Código de Gobierno Societario, hereinafter the “CGS”) in accordance with Communication “A” 5201 and Communication “A” 6639, as amended, Communication “A” 7100 of the Central Bank, General Resolution No. 797/19 and the Recommendations Guide for the corporate governance code report 2022 from the CNV.
NYSE Section 303A.11 requires that non-U.S. companies disclose any significant ways in which their corporate governance practices differ from U.S. companies under NYSE listing standards. In accordance with NYSE Section 303A.11, we describe below the relevant differences between BBVA Argentina’s corporate governance practices and NYSE standards for listed companies.
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Director Independence
Under NYSE Section 303A.01, a NYSE-listed company must have a majority of independent directors on its board of directors.
Under Argentine law, the board is not required to consist of a majority of independent directors. However, when directors are appointed, each shareholder that nominates a director is required to report at the meeting whether or not such director is independent. Since May 28, 2004, Argentine companies are required to have at least two independent directors appointed to the audit committee. Currently, the Board is composed of four independent directors.
Standards for Evaluating Director Independence
NYSE Section 303A.02 establishes general standards to evaluate directors’ independence (and no director qualifies as “independent” unless the board of directors affirmatively determines that such director has no material relationship with the listed company (either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with the company)), and emphasizes that the concern is independence from management. The board of directors is also required, on a case-by-case basis, to express an opinion with regard to the independence or lack of independence, of each individual director.
To qualify as an “independent” or “non-independent” director, CNV standards are generally similar to NYSE standards.
Pursuant to CNV Rules, a director will be considered as “independent” if its main relationship with the listed company is his position as director of the board. He will be appointed taking into account his professional career, suitability, qualified knowledge, and economic and interest independence criteria, considering also that he can perform his functions objectively and impartially.
For the purposes of this definition, it shall be understood under CNV rules that a director does not qualify as “independent” when one or more of the following circumstances are met:
(a)such director is a member of the board of directors of the parent company or another company belonging to the same economic group of the company through a pre-existing relationship at the time of his election, or during the immediately prior three years;
(b)such director is or has been associated with the company or any of the company’s shareholders that have a direct or indirect “significant participation” on the company, or with corporations with which such shareholders also have a direct or indirect “signification participation”; or if such director was associated with any of them through an employment relationship during the last three years;
(c)such director has any professional relationship or is a member of a corporation that maintains frequent professional relationships of significant nature and volume, or receives remuneration or fees (other than the one received in consideration of his role as a director) from the company or the company’s shareholders that have a direct or indirect “significant participation” on the company, or with corporations in which such shareholders also have a direct or indirect “significant participation”. This prohibition includes professional relationships and affiliations during the immediately prior three years to his or her appointment as director;
(d)such director directly or indirectly owns 5% or more of the voting shares and/or capital stock of the company or any company with a “significant participation” in the company;
(e)such director directly or indirectly sells and/or provides goods and/or services (different from those accounted for in section (c) above) on a regular basis and of a significant nature and volume to the company or to the company’s shareholders that have a direct or indirect “significant participation”, that result in proceeds that are higher than his remuneration as a director. This prohibition includes business relationships that have been carried out during the immediately prior three years to such director’s appointment;
(f)such director has been a director, manager, administrator or principal executive of not-for-profit organizations that have received funds, for amounts greater than those described in section I) of article 12 of Resolution No. 30/2011 of the UIF and its amendments, from the company, its parent company and other companies of the same group of which the company is a party, as well as of their respective principal executives;
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(g)such director receives any consideration, including through such director’s participation in plans or stock option schemes, from the company or companies of the same economic group, other than the compensation paid to such director for its role as a director, except dividends paid as a shareholder of the company in compliance with section (d) above or the consideration received in compliance with section (e);
(h)such director has served as member of the board of directors of the company, its parent company or another company belonging to the same economic group for more than ten years, except if such relationship ceased to exist during the three years immediately preceding the appointment; and
(i)such director is the spouse or legally recognized partner, relative up to the third level of consanguinity or up to the second level of affinity of persons who, if they were members of the board of directors, would not be independent, according to the above-listed criteria.
In connection with the independence criteria above, references to “significant participation” refer to those individuals who hold shares representing at least 5% of the capital stock and or the voting shares, or a smaller amount if they have the right to elect one or more directors by share class or have other shareholders’ agreements relating to the government and administration of the company or its parent company.
Non-management Directors Meetings
Under NYSE Section 303A.03, non-management directors must meet at regularly scheduled executive meetings not attended by management. Neither Argentine law nor BBVA Argentina Bylaws require that any such meetings be held.
Nominations Corporate Governance Committee
Under NYSE Section 303A.04, listed companies shall have a “nominations/corporate governance committee” comprised entirely of independent directors. GR 622/13, requires public companies to have a Nomination Committee. Moreover, pursuant to CNV standards, the person who nominates a director shall report at the shareholders’ meeting whether or not the nominee is an “independent person”, based on the criteria established by the CNV (which are substantially similar to NYSE standards).
Compensation Committee
Under NYSE Section 303A.05(a), listed companies have to have a compensations committee comprised entirely of independent directors. Under NYSE Section 303A.05(b), the compensations committee shall have a written charter establishing certain minimum responsibilities as set forth in NYSE Section 303A.05(b)(i). In addition, amendments approved by the NYSE in January 2013 require the charter to specify the rights and responsibilities of the compensation committee regarding the authority to retain advisers and to provide funding for such advisers. Certain specified factors must be considered regarding such advisers’ independence from management. GR 622/13 also requires for companies which publicly offer their securities to have a compensation committee.
The CGS sets forth the creation of a nominations and compensations committee, composed of three non-executive directors, whose duties, among others, are to fix the rules and procedures for the selection of key executives and senior staff, to determine the level of remuneration for directors and key executives, to fix policies and practices regarding remunerations and benefits and to approve any relevant changes.
Audit Committee
Under NYSE Section 303A.06, listed companies must have an “audit committee” that complies with SEC requirements. The Audit Committee of BBVA Argentina currently complies with SEC requirements and the standards of Law No. 26,831 as modified by Law No. 27,440 and the Central Bank’s rules.
Under NYSE Section 303A.07(a), the audit committee shall consist of at least three members. All of its members shall be financially literate or must acquire such financial knowledge within a reasonable period of time and at least one of its members shall have experience in accounting or financial administration. Argentine law also requires the audit committee to be comprised of at least three members. Pursuant to CNV’s standards, audit committee members are required to be conversant in business, financial, or accounting issues. CNV’s rules provide for the training of its members to carry out their duties and BBVA Argentina engages in this training.
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Under NYSE Section 303A.07(a), if a member of the audit committee is simultaneously a member of the audit committee of more than three public companies, and the listed company does not limit the number of audit committees on which its members may serve, then, in each case the board of directors shall determine whether the simultaneous service would prevent such member from effectively serving on the listed company’s audit committee, and shall report its decision in the annual proxy statement of the company or in the company’s annual report filed with the SEC. No such provision regarding an audit committee member’s simultaneous membership on public companies exists under Argentine law or BBVA Argentina’s Bylaws.
Under NYSE Section 303A.07 (a), all members of the audit committee are required to be “independent”. In accordance with Law No. 26,831, a majority of the members of Audit Committee must be “independent”.
Under NYSE Section 303A.07 (b), the audit committee shall have a charter establishing the duties and responsibilities of its members, including, at a minimum, some of the duties and responsibilities required by Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and as set forth in NYSE Section 303A.7(b) of the NYSE Manual. The functions and responsibilities of the audit committee in Argentina, established by Law No. 26,831 as modified by the Law No. 27,440 and CNV’s standards, are essentially the same as provided for under Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.
NYSE Sections 303A.07 (b)(iii)(A), (B) and (C) establish the duties and responsibilities of the audit committee, among others: (i) to discuss the annual audited financial statements and the quarterly financial statements of the company with management and the independent auditor, including the information disclosed under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” and (ii) to discuss the company’s press releases relating to its earnings, as well as the financial information and guidelines relating to its earnings that are supplied to equity researchers and rating agencies. No such provision is contained in the Argentine law or BBVA Argentina’s Bylaws. However, CNV standards establish similar functions for the audit committee, namely, “to verify the reliability of the administrative-accounting system, and of all financial data, or of any significant data submitted to CNV and to self-regulated exchanges, in compliance with the applicable reporting regime”.
NYSE Section 303A.07 (b)(iii)(G) provides that the audit committee shall establish clear policies for hiring external auditors’ employees. No such provision regarding hiring external auditors’ employees is contained in Argentine law or BBVA Argentina’s Bylaws.
NYSE Section 303A.07 (c) provides that each company must have an internal audit function in order to provide to the management and to the audit committee permanent assessments on the company’s risk management processes and internal control system. The audit committee according to Central Bank’s rules, provides to the management permanent assessments about management and operating processes, and risks of the company.
Disclosure of Corporate Governance Guidelines
NYSE Section 303A.09 provides that companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines, including several issues for which such reporting is mandatory, and include such information on the company’s website, which should also include the charters of the audit committee, the nominations committee and the compensation committee.
Law No. 26,831 as modified by the Law No. 27,440 required additional information that companies must include in their annual reports, including information relating to the decision-making organization (corporate governance), the company’s internal controls system, rules for director and manager compensation, stock-options, and any other compensation system applicable to Board members and managers. Law No. 26,831 does not address the remaining issues included in NYSE Section 303A.09. However, all relevant information sent by the Bank to the CNV is forwarded to the CNV through the CNV’s Financial Reporting Highway and may be viewed on the CNV’s website.
The Bank publishes on its website, in the Shareholders and Investors Section, among others, any notices of relevant events; the CGS; the Bank’s bylaws or the composition of the Board of Directors and Senior Management.
Evaluation of Board Performance
Under NYSE Section 303A.09, the Board of Directors must make a self-assessment of its performance at least once a year to determine if it or its committees function effectively and report thereon. Under Argentine law, the board’s performance is evaluated at the annual shareholders’ meeting.
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According to the provisions of the CGS, Regular Directors perform an annual self-assessment of Board performance as the governing body and their individual roles as members thereof, must submit them to the head of the Legal Services of the Bank, in his capacity as Secretary of the Board.
Code of Ethics
NYSE Section 303A.10 provides for the adoption of a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and sets out the topics that such code must contain. BBVA Argentina’s Board approved on December 18, 2003, as amended on August 25, 2015 and May 31, 2022, the “Code of Conduct of BBVA Argentina and its group of companies in Argentina”, which applies to all management and employees, with no exceptions, the English translation of which is available to the public on BBVA Argentina’s website. See “Item 16B. Code of Ethics” above, BBVA Argentina believes that its Code of Conduct complies with NYSE requirements.
Certifications by the CEO
NYSE Section 303A.12(a) provides that the CEO shall on a yearly basis certify to NYSE that he/she knows of no violation by the company of NYSE Sections relating to corporate governance. No such certification is required by Argentine law or our Bylaws.
Notification of Non-fulfillment
Under NYSE Section 303A.12(b), the CEO shall notify the NYSE in writing whenever any executive officer of the company becomes aware of any substantial non-fulfillment of any applicable provision under NYSE Section 303A.
No such provision regarding notification of non-fulfillment of NYSE Section 303A is contained in Argentine law or our Bylaws, but BBVA Argentina CEO will comply with the notice provisions as set forth under NYSE Section 303A.12(b).
ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES
BBVA Argentina has adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of the registrant’s securities by directors, senior management, and employees that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to the Bank. A copy of BBVA Argentina’s General Policy on Conduct in the Securities Markets is filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F. This policy sets forth certain minimum standards for the prevention of -among others- market abuse, use of inside information, market manipulation, conflicts of interest and market abuse.
ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity Risk Management
Risk Management and Strategy
Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program provides a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents, including threats and incidents associated with the use of services provided by third-party service providers, and is designed to facilitate coordination across different departments in the handling of such cybersecurity threats and incidents. This framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat, identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat, including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider, implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies. Our cybersecurity risk management program is regularly updated to align with industry best practices established by internationally accepted security standards and its effectiveness in mitigating the risks that the Bank is exposed to is periodically assessed.
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Cybersecurity is not only a strategic priority, but also one of the main elements in the digital transformation of the Bank. Our Corporate Security & Financial Crime Prevention Hub Area is responsible for ensuring adequate information security management by establishing security policies, procedures and controls that bolster the security of our infrastructures, digital channels and payment methods following a holistic and threat intelligence-led approach, where a program has been designed for each of the four fundamental pillars of our security strategy: cybersecurity, data protection, physical security and security in business processes and fraud management, with the aim to reduce the risks identified in the risk taxonomy defined by the Group.
As cyberattacks evolve and become more sophisticated, the Bank has strengthened its prevention and monitorization efforts. During the past few years, cybersecurity and information security measures have been reinforced with the aim to ensure an adequate protection of our information and the assets supporting business processes. Security measures adopted in the past few years include measures intended to: (i) ensure end-to-end protection of business processes, considering addressing logical and physical security, privacy and fraud management concerns; (ii) ensure compliance with the security and privacy by design principles; and (iii) improve client access control and authentication services related to online services, from a security and user experience perspective, including by enhancing the use of facial biometrics and advanced analytics models.
Further, system monitoring capabilities, as well as incident prevention, detection and response capabilities have also been strengthened through the use of integrated information sources, improved analytical capabilities and automated platforms, improving information security management from a preventive and proactive approach.
Additionally, and with the aim to ensure that security is embedded in business processes, the security management model has been reinforced in the software development lifecycle process and in infrastructure, architecture and operations management.
The Bank routinely reviews, reinforces and tests its security processes and procedures through simulation exercises in the areas of physical security and digital security. Specialized teams periodically perform security technical tests in order to detect and correct possible security vulnerabilities. These tests include technical tests of technological platforms as well as malicious users’ simulated attacks performed by the “red team”. The outcome of such exercises is a fundamental part of a feedback process designed to improve the cybersecurity strategies.
We continuously carry out training and awareness initiatives related to security and privacy, promoting training and awareness campaigns for our employees, clients and society, through our app, online channels and social networks. Some of the topics covered include protection of personal information, secure password management, device protection (laptops, smartphones, etc.), social engineering (phishing, smishing, vishing), malware and other technical attacks detection, detection of scams, security on online purchases and how to react if there is a security incident.
The Global and Local Computer Emergency Response Team (“CERT”) are the first line of detection and response to cyberattacks aimed at users and infrastructure. The Global and Local CERT operate 24x7 and provide services with operation lines dedicated to fraud and cybersecurity.
The Bank’s cybersecurity strategy is based on internationally accepted security standards. It covers best practices established in information-security standards and guidelines including ISO/IEC 27002 and other ISO/IEC 27000 series standards, COBIT 5 and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework.
In 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, despite our efforts, we cannot eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats, or provide assurances that we have not experienced an undetected cybersecurity incident.
Governance
Our Board of Directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management, and is assisted by the Information Technology Committee in the oversight of technological risk and cybersecurity management and in monitoring the technological and cybersecurity strategy. This Committee is one of the main elements of our risk management governance model. It is responsible for the oversight of our technological and cybersecurity strategies, being informed, every three months, by the Chief Security Officer (“CSO”) of the performance and of any incidents that have arisen.
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Further, our Corporate Security & Financial Crime Prevention Hub Area and the Risk Control Area is responsible for identifying and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs. Our cybersecurity programs are under the direction of our CSO, who receives reports from our cybersecurity team and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.
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- PART III -
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of this item.
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Reference is made to Item 19 for a list of the financial statements filed as a part of this annual report.
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ITEM 19. EXHIBITS
•Index to Consolidated Financial Statements:

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-1
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-10
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-12

•Index to Exhibits:

Exhibit Number |  | Description
1.1 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws (Estatutos) of Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. (*)
1.2 |  | English translation of the Amended and Restated Bylaws (Estatutos) of Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. (*)
2.1 |  | Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act
8.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Company
11.1 |  | Insider Trading Policy
12.1 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer
12.2 |  | Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer
13.1 |  | Certification by CEO and CFO pursuant to Section 1350, as adapted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002
97 |  | Remuneration Recoupment Policy (**)
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

_____________
(*)Incorporated by reference to BBVA Argentina’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on April 12, 2022.
(**)Incorporated by reference to BBVA Argentina’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on April 17, 2024.
We will furnish to the SEC, upon request, copies of any unfiled instruments that define the rights of holders of long-term debt of BBVA Argentina.
194

Tab le of Conte nts
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| BANCO BBVA ARGENTINA S.A.
| By: | /s/ Carmen Morillo Arroyo
|  | Name: | Carmen Morillo Arroyo
|  | Title: | Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 4, 2025
195

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| BANCO BBVA ARGENTINA S.A. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, DECEMBER 31, 2024

Table of Contents

Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS | PAGE
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-1
Consolidated Financial Statements, December 31, 2024 |
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-10
Notes to the consolidated financial statements | F-12

Table of Contents
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. (the Bank) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS Accounting Standards) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Bank's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated April 4, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Bank’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Bank in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Impairment of financial assets
Description of the matter
As of December 31, 2024, the Bank’s allowances related to financial assets at amortized cost and at fair value through other comprehensive income were 258,080 million Argentine Pesos as disclosed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. As discussed in Notes 2.3.4.g) and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the Bank recognized an allowance for credit losses using an expected credit loss (ECL) model. The recognition and measurement of ECL is complex and involves the use of significant analysis and estimation, including formulation and incorporation of forward-looking economic conditions into the ECL model.
F-1

Table of Contents
Auditing the allowance for credit losses related to financial assets at amortized cost and at fair value through other comprehensive income involved subjective and complex auditor judgment, as well as specialized skills and knowledge due to the inherent complexity of the models, including the models and significant assumptions used to estimate the probability of default (PD), exposure at default (EAD) and loss given default (LGD); the significant assumptions and judgments with respect to the forward-looking information that could be affected by future economic conditions and the maintenance of updated and accurate relevant data elements. The variations in model methodology, underlying assumptions and judgments in the calculation of allowance for credit losses could have a material effect on its measurement.
How we addressed the matter in our audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Bank’s ECL process. The controls we tested included, among others, controls over management’s review of data, models and assumptions used to calculate the ECL.
Our audit procedures, in which we involved professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, included, among others, assessing whether the methodology and assumptions used to estimate ECL are consistent with the requirements of IFRS Accounting Standards, the Bank’s own historical data and industry standards; evaluating the models used in calculating the PD, EAD and LGD and assessing the methodologies used and the assumptions incorporated into the models by management by inspecting the model documentation and the recalculation of ECL for a sample of collective models, evaluating management’s forecasting and comparing management’s forward-looking information to independently estimate of future economic conditions and publicly available information; and testing the accuracy underlying relevant data elements for a sample of loans by comparing them to contractual documentation. We also assessed the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses financial statement disclosures.
/s/ PISTRELLI, HENRY MARTIN Y ASOCIADOS S.A.
Member of Ernst & Young Global Limited
We have served as the Bank’s auditor since 2022.
City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
April 4, 2025
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5.)

| Notes |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | 4 |  | 2,823,405,750 |  |  | 2,488,330,006 |
FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  | 110,564,951 |  |  | 522,744,971 |
Debt securities | 5.1. |  | 91,797,177 |  |  | 492,324,281 |
Derivatives | 5.2. |  | 9,863,462 |  |  | 21,780,413 |
Equity instruments | 5.3. |  | 8,904,312 |  |  | 8,640,277 |
FINANCIAL ASSETS AT AMORTIZED COST |  |  | 8,281,410,537 |  |  | 7,472,926,498 |
Loans and advances to government sector |  |  | 964,726 |  |  | 316,210 |
Loans and advances to financial institutions | 6.1. |  | 58,268,412 |  |  | 33,647,488 |
Loans and advances to customers | 6.2. |  | 7,479,338,394 |  |  | 4,267,933,731 |
Reverse repurchase agreements | 6.3. |  | — |  |  | 2,615,655,397 |
Debt securities | 6.4. |  | 152,528,570 |  |  | 182,535,735 |
Other financial assets | 6.5. |  | 590,310,435 |  |  | 372,837,937 |
FINANCIAL ASSETS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  | 2,466,183,835 |  |  | 1,837,633,581 |
Debt securities | 10.1. |  | 2,461,681,262 |  |  | 1,833,311,004 |
Equity instruments | 10.2. |  | 4,502,573 |  |  | 4,322,577 |
INVESTMENT IN JOINT VENTURES AND ASSOCIATES | 12 |  | 23,817,993 |  |  | 26,929,047 |
TANGIBLE ASSETS |  |  | 779,810,690 |  |  | 780,397,732 |
Property and equipment | 13.1. |  | 646,547,368 |  |  | 649,407,209 |
Investment properties | 13.2. |  | 133,263,322 |  |  | 130,990,523 |
INTANGIBLE ASSETS | 14 |  | 69,228,950 |  |  | 72,161,118 |
INCOME TAX ASSETS |  |  | 73,536,960 |  |  | 6,546,287 |
Current | 11.1. |  | 45,438,057 |  |  | 349,167 |
Deferred | 11.3. |  | 28,098,903 |  |  | 6,197,120 |
OTHER ASSETS | 15 |  | 88,184,537 |  |  | 96,015,251 |
NON-CURRENT ASSETS HELD FOR SALE | 16 |  | 3,749,640 |  |  | 1,855,763 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  |  | 14,719,893,843 |  |  | 13,305,540,254 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5.) (cont.)

| Notes |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  | 3,858,635 |  |  | 27,167,107 |
Derivatives | 17.1 |  | 3,858,635 |  |  | 4,671,486 |
Trading liabilities | 17.2. |  | — |  |  | 22,495,621 |
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES AT AMORTIZED COST |  |  | 11,441,847,483 |  |  | 8,990,491,427 |
Bank loans | 18.1. |  | 200,930,558 |  |  | 61,387,247 |
Deposits from government sector |  |  | 120,614,473 |  |  | 74,112,350 |
Deposits from financial institutions |  |  | 4,327,184 |  |  | 5,603,327 |
Deposits from customers | 18.2. |  | 9,804,737,468 |  |  | 7,845,338,558 |
Other financial liabilities | 18.3. |  | 1,195,339,210 |  |  | 976,139,925 |
Debt securities issued | 19 |  | 115,898,590 |  |  | 27,910,020 |
PROVISIONS | 20 |  | 47,098,283 |  |  | 45,128,635 |
INCOME TAX LIABILITIES |  |  | 13,774,022 |  |  | 458,483,209 |
Current | 11.2. |  | 13,774,022 |  |  | 418,467,790 |
Deferred | 11.3. |  | — |  |  | 40,015,419 |
OTHER LIABILITIES | 21 |  | 597,488,183 |  |  | 703,413,124 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  | 12,104,066,606 |  |  | 10,224,683,502 |
EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Share capital | 22 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 612,710 |
Share premium |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 6,744,974 |
Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | 902,627,443 |
Reserves |  |  | 1,921,852,605 |  |  | 2,071,042,959 |
Accumulated loss |  |  | (367,211,255) |  |  | (369,305,680) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 109,132,988 |  |  | 430,006,405 |
Equity attributable to owners of the Bank |  |  | 2,573,759,465 |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |
Non-controlling interests |  |  | 42,067,772 |  |  | 39,127,941 |
TOTAL EQUITY |  |  | 2,615,827,237 |  |  | 3,080,856,752 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  | 14,719,893,843 |  |  | 13,305,540,254 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5. , except earnings per share)

| Notes |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest income | 24.1. |  | 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |
Interest expense | 24.2. |  | (1,767,275,340) |  |  | (3,389,943,816) |  |  | (1,970,167,737) |
NET INTEREST INCOME |  |  | 2,928,966,234 |  |  | 3,543,505,959 |  |  | 2,297,614,621 |
Fee and commission income | 25 |  | 548,839,620 |  |  | 553,863,559 |  |  | 537,969,789 |
Fee and commission expense | 26 |  | (266,256,295) |  |  | (251,270,573) |  |  | (220,994,595) |
Gains (Losses) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net | 27 |  | 152,692,993 |  |  | (45,061,608) |  |  | 101,054,719 |
Gains (Losses) on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net | 28 |  | 241,671,545 |  |  | 88,391,254 |  |  | 1,966,214 |
Exchange differences, net | 29 |  | 54,636,460 |  |  | 457,541,435 |  |  | 54,772,068 |
Other operating income | 30 |  | 142,790,472 |  |  | 146,440,914 |  |  | 143,506,300 |
Other operating expenses | 31 |  | (491,172,138) |  |  | (571,855,776) |  |  | (418,543,458) |
GROSS INCOME |  |  | 3,312,168,891 |  |  | 3,921,555,164 |  |  | 2,497,345,658 |
Administrative costs |  |  | (1,079,873,320) |  |  | (1,083,513,789) |  |  | (923,059,270) |
Personnel benefits | 32 |  | (516,301,039) |  |  | (540,989,136) |  |  | (461,751,067) |
Other administrative expenses | 33 |  | (563,572,281) |  |  | (542,524,653) |  |  | (461,308,203) |
Depreciation and amortization | 34 |  | (79,611,677) |  |  | (62,448,521) |  |  | (74,412,260) |
Impairment of financial assets | 35 |  | (290,406,994) |  |  | (290,935,480) |  |  | (214,784,580) |
Loss on net monetary position | 2.1.5. |  | (1,421,247,270) |  |  | (1,804,868,429) |  |  | (905,994,003) |
NET OPERATING INCOME |  |  | 441,029,630 |  |  | 679,788,945 |  |  | 379,095,545 |
Shared of profit or loss of entities accounted using the equity method |  |  | 50,755 |  |  | 2,518,723 |  |  | (3,163,436) |
PROFIT BEFORE TAX |  |  | 441,080,385 |  |  | 682,307,668 |  |  | 375,932,109 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | 11.4. |  | (76,264,805) |  |  | (339,863,041) |  |  | 17,114,200 |
PROFIT FOR THE YEAR |  |  | 364,815,580 |  |  | 342,444,627 |  |  | 393,046,309 |
Attributable to owners of the Bank |  |  | 360,405,364 |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 399,017,982 |
Attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | 4,410,216 |  |  | 865,030 |  |  | (5,971,673) |
EARNINGS PER SHARE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share (in pesos) | 3 |  | 588.2152 |  |  | 557.4898 |  |  | 651.2346 |
Diluted earnings per share (in pesos) | 3 |  | 588.2152 |  |  | 557.4898 |  |  | 651.2346 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5.)

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Profit for the year | 364,815,580 |  |  | 342,444,627 |  |  | 393,046,309 |
Items that are or may be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |
Profit or loss for financial instruments at fair value through Other comprehensive income (FVOCI) |  |  |  |  |
(Loss) Profit for the year for financial instruments at FVOCI | (370,129,388) |  |  | 714,304,550 |  |  | (89,713,102) |
Adjustment for reclassifications for the year | (122,608,090) |  |  | (75,817,890) |  |  | (1,845,974) |
Related income tax (expense) benefit (Note 11.4.) | 169,658,849 |  |  | (184,930,091) |  |  | (4,839,879) |
| (323,078,629) |  |  | 453,556,569 |  |  | (96,398,955) |
Share in Other Comprehensive income (OCI) from investees at equity method |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year for the share in OCI from associates at equity-method | — |  |  | — |  |  | 739,275 |
| — |  |  | — |  |  | 739,275 |
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss |  |  |  |  |
Fair value changes for equity instruments at FVOCI |  |  |  |  |
Profit (Loss) for the year for equity instruments at FVOCI | 734,827 |  |  | 3,535,221 |  |  | (16,133) |
| 734,827 |  |  | 3,535,221 |  |  | (16,133) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (322,343,802) |  |  | 457,091,790 |  |  | (95,675,813) |
Total comprehensive income for the year | 42,471,778 |  |  | 799,536,417 |  |  | 297,370,496 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |
Attributable to owners of the Bank | 39,531,947 |  |  | 797,200,917 |  |  | 303,342,245 |
Attributable to non-controlling interests | 2,939,831 |  |  | 2,335,500 |  |  | (5,971,749) |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency, except dividends per share – Note 2.1.5.)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other comprehensive income |  | Reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactions |  | Share capital |  | Share premium |  | Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium |  | Fair value reserve |  | Share of OCI from associates and joint ventures |  | Legal reserve |  | Other reserves |  | Accumulated loss |  | Total equity atributable to owners of the Bank |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2023 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | 429,985,159 |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 730,616,367 |  |  | 1,340,426,592 |  |  | (369,305,680) |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |  |  | 39,127,941 |  |  | 3,080,856,752 |
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Profit for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 360,405,364 |  |  | 360,405,364 |  |  | 4,410,216 |  |  | 364,815,580 |
- Other comprehensive income for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (320,873,417) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (320,873,417) |  |  | (1,470,385) |  |  | (322,343,802) |
Distribution of retained earnings as per the Shareholders' Meeting held on April 26, 2024 (Note 42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legal reserve |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,662,188 |  |  | — |  |  | (71,662,188) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other reserves |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 286,648,751 |  |  | (286,648,751) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Distribution of dividends, approved by the Shareholders' Meeting held on April 26, by the BCRA on May 3 and at the Board of Directors' meeting held on May 6, 2024 (Note 42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends in kind and cash (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (507,501,293) |  |  | — |  |  | (507,501,293) |  |  | — |  |  | (507,501,293) |
Balances at December 31, 2024 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | 109,111,742 |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 802,278,555 |  |  | 1,119,574,050 |  |  | (367,211,255) |  |  | 2,573,759,465 |  |  | 42,067,772 |  |  | 2,615,827,237 |

(1)Dividends per share amounts to pesos 431.24 (in nominal values)
The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency, except dividends per share – Note 2.1.5.)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other comprehensive income |  | Reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactions |  | Share capital |  | Share premium |  | Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium |  | Fair value reserve |  | Share of OCI from associates and joint ventures |  | Legal reserve |  | Other reserves |  | Accumulated loss |  | Total equity atributable to owners of the Bank |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | (25,636,161) |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 650,833,794 |  |  | 1,190,883,908 |  |  | (311,972,411) |  |  | 2,414,115,503 |  |  | 36,641,274 |  |  | 2,450,756,777 |
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Profit for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 865,030 |  |  | 342,444,627 |
- Other comprehensive income for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 455,621,320 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 455,621,320 |  |  | 1,470,470 |  |  | 457,091,790 |
Distribution of retained earnings as per the Shareholders' Meeting held on April 28, 2023 (Note 42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legal reserve |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,782,573 |  |  | — |  |  | (79,782,573) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other reserves |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 319,130,293 |  |  | (319,130,293) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Distribution of dividends, approved by the Shareholders' Meeting held on April 28, by the BCRA on May 31 and at the Board of Directors' meeting held on june 7, 2023 (Note 42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends in kind and cash (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (169,587,609) |  |  | — |  |  | (169,587,609) |  |  | — |  |  | (169,587,609) |
Subsidiary capital increase (Note 2.2.) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151,167 |  |  | 151,167 |
Balances at December 31, 2023 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | 429,985,159 |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 730,616,367 |  |  | 1,340,426,592 |  |  | (369,305,680) |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |  |  | 39,127,941 |  |  | 3,080,856,752 |

(1)Dividends per share amounts to pesos 58.05 (in nominal values)
The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency, except dividends per share – Note 2.1.5.)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other comprehensive income |  | Reserves |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transactions |  | Share capital |  | Share premium |  | Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium |  | Fair value reserve |  | Share of OCI from associates and joint ventures |  | Legal reserve |  | Other reserves |  | Accumulated loss |  | Total equity atributable to owners of the Bank |  | Non- controlling interest |  | Total equity
Balances at December 31, 2021 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | 70,778,851 |  |  | (718,029) |  |  | 598,866,415 |  |  | 983,014,390 |  |  | (451,153,496) |  |  | 2,110,773,258 |  |  | 42,546,405 |  |  | 2,153,319,663 |
Total comprehensive income for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Profit (Loss) for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 399,017,982 |  |  | 399,017,982 |  |  | (5,971,673) |  |  | 393,046,309 |
- Other comprehensive income for the year |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,415,012) |  |  | 739,275 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,675,737) |  |  | (76) |  |  | (95,675,813) |
Distribution of retained earnings as per the Shareholders' Meeting held on April 29, 2022 (Note 42) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Legal reserve |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,967,379 |  |  | — |  |  | (51,967,379) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other reserves |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 207,869,518 |  |  | (207,869,518) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other net increases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66,618 |  |  | 66,618 |
Balances at December 31, 2022 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 6,744,974 |  |  | 902,627,443 |  |  | (25,636,161) |  |  | 21,246 |  |  | 650,833,794 |  |  | 1,190,883,908 |  |  | (311,972,411) |  |  | 2,414,115,503 |  |  | 36,641,274 |  |  | 2,450,756,777 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5.)

Accounts |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash flow from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit before tax |  | 441,080,385 |  |  | 682,307,668 |  |  | 375,932,109 |
Adjustments and other non-cash items |  | (487,549,439) |  |  | (2,545,037,376) |  |  | (1,067,046,743) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 79,611,677 |  |  | 62,448,521 |  |  | 74,412,260 |
Net impairment loss of financial assets |  | 290,406,994 |  |  | 290,935,480 |  |  | 214,784,580 |
Accrued interest |  | (2,922,890,116) |  |  | (3,542,699,530) |  |  | (2,304,753,736) |
Exchange rate |  | 541,852,227 |  |  | (1,247,476,057) |  |  | (8,219,631) |
Loss on net monetary position |  | 1,421,247,270 |  |  | 1,804,868,429 |  |  | 905,994,003 |
Gain on sale of Prisma Medios de Pagos S.A. (see Note 6.5.) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,392,691) |
Other adjustments |  | 102,222,509 |  |  | 86,885,781 |  |  | 54,128,472 |
Net increases (decreases) in operating assets: |  | (8,781,460,009) |  |  | (10,156,166,531) |  |  | (7,273,004,330) |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) |  | 135,910,873 |  |  | (630,070,749) |  |  | (214,869,197) |
Financial assets at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Other financial assets |  | (585,690,715) |  |  | (553,470,799) |  |  | (314,309,658) |
Loans and advances to financial institutions |  | (44,279,082) |  |  | (33,260,111) |  |  | (5,306,308) |
Loans and advances to customers |  | (6,750,666,479) |  |  | (4,660,460,953) |  |  | (3,144,825,777) |
Loans and advances to government sector |  | (1,151,102) |  |  | (1,077,758) |  |  | (9,006) |
Loans and advances to central bank |  | — |  |  | 57,779 |  |  | (80,331) |
Reverse repurchase agreements |  | 1,046,814,494 |  |  | (3,314,444,240) |  |  | 1,006,702,072 |
Debt securities |  | 30,007,165 |  |  | 73,916,303 |  |  | 5,855,759 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | (2,515,286,132) |  |  | (938,480,833) |  |  | (4,653,816,465) |
Other assets |  | (97,119,031) |  |  | (98,875,170) |  |  | 47,654,581 |
Net increases (decreases) in operating liabilities: |  | 8,827,341,447 |  |  | 9,927,813,541 |  |  | 6,319,292,128 |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits from financial institutions |  | 17,181,908 |  |  | 7,448,076 |  |  | 1,481,393 |
Deposits from customers |  | 7,635,971,336 |  |  | 7,863,304,092 |  |  | 5,259,313,168 |
Deposits from government sector |  | 206,586,285 |  |  | 73,234,494 |  |  | (16,412,775) |
Repurchase agreements |  | 8,030,197 |  |  | (11,654,723) |  |  | 5,453,712 |
Financial liabilities at FVTPL |  | (14,746,183) |  |  | 31,361,740 |  |  | 1,384,489 |
Other financial liabilities |  | 974,317,904 |  |  | 1,964,119,862 |  |  | 1,068,072,141 |
Income tax paid |  | (274,977,772) |  |  | (15,377,796) |  |  | (11,020,847) |
Interest received |  | 4,735,719,954 |  |  | 6,793,039,316 |  |  | 4,293,902,152 |
Interest paid |  | (1,870,805,703) |  |  | (3,377,324,865) |  |  | (1,871,629,188) |
Total cash flows generated by operating activities |  | 2,589,348,863 |  |  | 1,309,253,957 |  |  | 766,425,281 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022
(in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5.) (cont.)

Accounts |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments: |  | (166,029,679) |  |  | (96,161,217) |  |  | (191,840,417) |
Purchase of property and equipment, intangible assets and other assets |  | (164,525,453) |  |  | (91,783,378) |  |  | (111,280,464) |
Other payments related to investment activities |  | (1,504,226) |  |  | (4,377,839) |  |  | (80,559,953) |
Collections: |  | 3,633,976 |  |  | 2,533,639 |  |  | 7,709,775 |
Dividends received |  | 3,633,976 |  |  | 2,533,639 |  |  | 7,709,775 |
Total cash flows used in investing activities |  | (162,395,703) |  |  | (93,627,578) |  |  | (184,130,642) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments: |  | (114,415,612) |  |  | (90,253,305) |  |  | (61,436,682) |
Dividends |  | (90,609,727) |  |  | (606,095) |  |  | (17,475,201) |
Debt security payments - Capital |  | (10,729,920) |  |  | (1,231,274) |  |  | (5,069,086) |
Payment of lease liabilities |  | (13,075,965) |  |  | (13,561,406) |  |  | (14,532,650) |
Financing by local financial institutions |  | — |  |  | (74,854,530) |  |  | (24,359,745) |
Collections: |  | 238,807,228 |  |  | 32,638,527 |  |  | 3,739,301 |
Debt securities issued - Capital |  | 99,271,683 |  |  | 30,821,854 |  |  | — |
Financing by local financial institutions |  | 101,954,554 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other collections related to financing activities |  | 37,580,991 |  |  | 1,816,673 |  |  | 3,739,301 |
Total cash flows generated/(used in) by financing activities |  | 124,391,616 |  |  | (57,614,778) |  |  | (57,697,381) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (541,852,227) |  |  | 1,247,476,057 |  |  | 8,219,631 |
Inflation effect on cash and cash equivalents |  | (1,674,416,805) |  |  | (1,925,745,984) |  |  | (1,407,545,700) |
Total changes in cash and cash equivalents |  | 335,075,744 |  |  | 479,741,674 |  |  | (874,728,811) |
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year (Note 4) |  | 2,488,330,006 |  |  | 2,008,588,332 |  |  | 2,883,317,143 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year (Note 4) |  | 2,823,405,750 |  |  | 2,488,330,006 |  |  | 2,008,588,332 |

The accompanying explanatory notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos) (cont.) |

1. General information
1.1. Information on Banco BBVA Argentina S.A.
Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. (hereinafter “BBVA Argentina”, the “Bank” or the “Entity”) is a corporation (“sociedad anónima”) incorporated under the laws of Argentina, operating as a universal bank with a network of 235 national branches.
Since December 1996, BBVA Argentina is controlled by Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. (“BBVA”, “BBVA Group” or the “controlling entity”), which directly and indirectly owned 66.55% of the share capital of the Bank as of December 31, 2024.
These Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Bank and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”). The Bank’s subsidiaries are detailed in Note 2.2.
Part of the Bank’s share capital is publicly traded and has been registered with the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange and the Madrid Stock Exchange.
1.2. Evolution of the macroeconomic situation and the financial and capital systems
In recent years, the Argentine financial market has observed a prolonged period of volatility in the market values of public and private financial instruments, including a high level of country risk, an increase in the official exchange rate between the Argentine peso and the US dollar, an increase in interest rates and a significant acceleration in inflation (see note 2.1.5. Measuring unit).
On December 10, 2023, a new national government took office and issued a series of emergency measures. Among the new government main objectives are to pursue, regulatory flexibility in economic matters and a reduction of the fiscal deficit mainly through a reduction in spending, including a reduction of different types of subsidies.
Particularly, with regards to the US dollar/Peso exchange rate, since the end of 2019, the gap between the official price of the US dollar (mainly used for foreign trade) has widen significantly compared to the alternative exchange rate arising from stock exchange transactions having reached maximum peaks close to 200%, towards the end of 2023, a period in which the Argentine peso depreciated by close to 55%. During 2024, the aforementioned gap has seen a significant reduction, to approximately 19% at the date of issue of these financial statements.
On the other hand, the National Government and the Central Bank of Argentina (BCRA) reformulated monetary and financial policies to drastically reduce the so-called quasi-fiscal deficit. The exchange of the BCRA's obligations with banks, including puts on public securities held by financial institutions, and their transfer to the National Treasury, together with the fiscal surplus obtained by the Nation and the renewal of the services of the debt denominated in pesos, allowed to significantly absorb pesos from the economy and, in this way, reduce both inflation (8% during the fourth quarter of 2024) and nominal interest rates.
In terms of the national public debt management, a restructuring process has been observed, including various voluntary swaps and agreements reached regarding claims with the Paris Club and the International Monetary Fund. In addition, in recent months, the authorities in charge of the Ministry of Economy and the BCRA have implemented restrictive monetary policy measures, along with a process of debt transfer from the BCRA to the National Treasury. This included the repurchase by the BCRA of a large portion of the put options on public securities held by financial institutions.
On March 18, 2025, Decree No. 179/2025 was published, approving a future loan to be entered into between the National Executive Branch and the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”). It establishes that it will be used to pay off a portion of the National Treasury's debt with the Central Bank. The future loan will have a 10-year term. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, it is pending approval by the IMF.
The comprehensive program pursued by the new Administration includes economic, legal, foreign relations, infrastructure and other reforms. On December 20, 2023, Emergency Decree No. 70/2023 was issued establishing a significant number of reforms regarding which different players filed constitutional protection actions in Court in order to stop them from being implemented. In addition, on July 8, 2024, Law 27,742, as enacted by the Federal Executive through Executive Decree No. 592/2024, was published on the Official Gazette, including issues such as delegated powers to the Federal Executive, and tax, labor, and social security reforms, among others. As of the date of these financial statements, the referred law is pending regulation.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Additionally, the national and international macroeconomic context generates a certain degree of uncertainty regarding its future evolution with regard to the level of economic recovery to global level.
For all of the above, the Entity’s Management permanently monitors the macro and local environment to determine the actions to adopt and identify potential impacts on the Entity’s assets and financial situation, which could be reflected in the financial statements of future periods.
2. Basis for the presentation of the consolidated financial statements and applicable accounting standard
2.1. Basis for preparation
2.1.1. Applicable accounting standards
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS” or “IFRS Accounting Standards”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) (“IFRS-IASB”).
The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, were authorized for issue on April 4, 2025.
2.1.2. Figures stated in thousands of pesos
Amounts in these consolidated financial statements are presented in thousands of Argentine pesos in terms of purchasing power as of December 31, 2024 and are rounded to the nearest amount in thousands of pesos.
It should also be noted that the Entity and its subsidiaries, consider the Argentine peso as their functional and presentation currency.
2.1.3. Presentation of Statement of Financial Position
The Entity presents its Statement of Financial Position in order of liquidity.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are generally reported in gross figures in the Statement of Financial Position. They are offset and reported on a net basis only if there is a legal and unconditional right to offset them and Management has the intention to settle them on a net basis or to realize assets and settle liabilities simultaneously.
These consolidated financial statements were prepared on historical cost basis (see note 2.1.5. Measuring unit), except for certain financial instruments which were valued at Fair value through Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) or at Fair Value through Profit or Loss. In addition, assets and liabilities of derivatives were valued at Fair Value through profit or loss.
2.1.4. Comparative information
The Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2024 is comparatively presented with data as of prior year-end, while the Statements of Profit or Loss, Comprehensive Income, Changes in Equity, and Cash Flows, are comparatively presented with data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The figures of comparative information have been restated in order to consider the changes in the general purchasing power of the currency and, as a result, are stated in the measuring unit current as of the end of the reporting period (see “Measuring unit” below).
2.1.5. Measuring unit
These consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been restated to be expressed in terms of the measuring unit current as of that date, as set forth in IAS 29.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

According to IFRS Accounting Standards, the restatement of financial statements is needed when the functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy. To achieve consistency in identifying an economic environment of that nature, IAS 29 “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” establishes (i) certain non-exclusive qualitative indicators consisting of analyzing general population behavior, prices, interest rates and salaries in view of the evolution of price indexes and the loss of purchasing power of the currency, and (ii) as a quantitative characteristic, which is the most considered condition in practice, to test whether the cumulative inflation rate in three years approaches or exceeds 100%.
Due to several macroeconomic factors, three-year inflation was above this figure, while the national government’s targets and other available projections indicate that this trend will not be reversed in the short term. The Argentine economy is considered to be hyperinflationary as from July 1, 2018.
Such restatement should be made as if the economy had always been hyperinflationary, using a general price index that reflects the changes in the purchasing power of the currency. In order to make such restatement, a series of indexes are prepared and published on a monthly basis by the Argentine Federation of Professional Councils of Economic Sciences (FACPCE, as per its Spanish acronym), which combine the domestic consumer price index (CPI) published by the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INDEC, as per its Spanish acronym) as from January 2017 (base month: December 2016) with the domestic wholesale price index (IPIM, as per its Spanish acronym) published by INDEC until such date, computing for November and December 2015, for which the INDEC did not published any information on the variation of the IPIM, the variation of the CPI in the City of Buenos Aires.
Considering the index referred above, inflation for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was 117.76%, 211.41% and 94.79%, respectively.
Below is a description of the main impacts of applying IAS 29 and the restatement process of financial statements:
a)Description of the main aspects of the statement of financial position restatement process:
i.Monetary items (those with a fixed nominal value in local currency) are not restated, as they are already expressed in the measuring unit current as of the end of the reporting period. In an inflationary period, holding monetary assets generates a loss of purchasing power and holding monetary liabilities generates a gain in purchasing power, provided that such items are not subject to an adjustment mechanism that offsets these effects to some extent. Gain or loss on net monetary position is included in profit (loss) for the reporting period.
ii.Assets and liabilities subject to adjustments pursuant to specific agreements are adjusted according to such agreements.
iii.Non-monetary items measured at their current values at the end of the reporting period are not restated for their presentation in the statement of financial position, but the adjustment process must be completed in order to determine in terms of constant measuring unit, the gain or loss generated for holding those non-monetary items.
iv.Non-monetary items measured at historical cost or at a current value as of a date prior to the end of the reporting period are restated at indexes that reflect the variation occurred in the general price index level as from the date of acquisition or restatement until the closing date, and then the restated amounts of said assets are compared with the relevant recoverable values. Profit (loss) for the period from depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, as well as any other consumption of non-monetary assets are determined on the basis of the new restated amounts.
v.The restatement of non-monetary assets in terms of a measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period without an equivalent adjustment for tax purposes results in a taxable temporary difference and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities, whose balancing entry is recognized in profit or loss for the period.
b)Description of the main aspects of the statements of profit and loss and other comprehensive income restatement process:
i.Expenses and income are restated as from the date of their booking, except for those profit or loss items that reflect or include in their determination the consumption of assets in purchasing power currency of a date prior to the booking of the consumption, which are restated taking as basis the date of origination of the asset with which the item is related; and also except for income or loss arising
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

from comparing two measurements expressed in purchasing power currency of different dates, for which it is necessary to identify the amounts compared, restate them separately, and make the comparison again, but with the amounts already restated.
ii.Gain or loss on net monetary position will be classified according to the item that originated it, and is presented in a separate line reflecting the effect of inflation on monetary items.
c)Description of the main aspects of the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity restatement process:
i.As of the transition date (January 1, 2017) the Entity has applied the following procedures:
a)Equity items, except for those stated below, are restated as from the date on which they were subscribed for or paid-in.
b)Reserves, including the reserve for first time application of IFRS Accounting Standards, were maintained at their nominal value as of the transition date (non-restated legal amount).
c)Restated unappropriated retained earnings are determined according to the difference between restated net assets as of the transition date and the rest of the components of initial equity restated as described above.
d)Balances of other accumulated comprehensive income were restated as of the transition date.
ii.After the restatement as of the transition date stated in (i) above, all the shareholders’ equity components are restated by applying the general price index from the beginning of the fiscal year and each variation of those components is restated from the date of contribution or from the moment such variation occurred by other means, restating the balances of other accumulated comprehensive income according to the items that give rise to it.
d)Description of the main aspects of the statement of cash flows restatement process:
i.All items are restated in terms of the measuring unit current as of the end of the reporting period.
ii.Monetary gain or loss on the components of cash and cash equivalents are disclosed in the statement of cash flows after operating, investing and financing activities, in a separate line and independent from them, under “Inflation effect on cash and cash equivalents”.
2.2. Basis for consolidation
The consolidated financial statements comprise the Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ financial statements (the “Group”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Bank. The Bank controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its continued involvement with the entity and has the ability to manage the operating and financial policies of that entity, in order to affect those returns.
This is generally observed in the case of an ownership interest representing more than 50% of the voting shares of an entity.
However, under particular circumstances, the Entity may exercise control with an ownership interest below 50% or may not exercise control even with an ownership interest above 50% in the voting shares of an investee.
When assessing if the Entity has control over an investee and therefore, whether it controls the variability of its returns, the Entity considers all the relevant events and circumstances, including:
•The purpose and design of the investee.
•The relevant activities, the decision-making process on these activities and whether the Entity and its subsidiaries can manage those activities.
•Contractual agreements such as call options, put options and settlement rights.
•If the Entity and its subsidiaries are exposed to, or entitled to, variable returns arising from their interest in the investee, and are empowered to affect their variability.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Subsidiaries are fully consolidated as from the date on which effective control thereof is transferred to the Entity and they are no longer consolidated as from the date on which such control ceases. These consolidated financial statements include the Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ assets, liabilities, profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income. Transactions among consolidated entities are fully eliminated.
Any change in the ownership interest in a subsidiary, without loss of control, is booked as an equity transaction. Conversely, if the Entity loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other equity components, while any resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss, and any retained investment is recognized at fair value at the date of the loss of control.
The financial statements of subsidiaries have been prepared as of the same date and for the same accounting periods as those of the Entity, using accounting policies consistent with those applied by the Entity. If necessary, relevant adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries so that the accounting policies used by the Group are uniform.
Besides, non-controlling interests represent the portion of profit or loss and shareholders’ equity that does not belong, either directly or indirectly, to the Entity. Non-controlling interests are exposed in these financial statements in a separate line in the Statements of Financial Position, of Profit or Loss, of Comprehensive Income and of Changes in Equity.
As of December 31, 2024, and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Entity has consolidated its financial statements with the financial statements of the following companies:

Subsidiaries |  | Registered Office |  | Province |  | Country |  | Main Business Activity
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. |  | Av. Córdoba 111, 30th floor |  | City of Buenos Aires |  | Argentina |  | Financing
PSA Finance Arg. Cía. Financiera S.A. |  | Carlos María Della Paolera 265, 22nd floor |  | City of Buenos Aires |  | Argentina |  | Financing
Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) (1) |  | Av. Córdoba 111, 22nd floor |  | City of Buenos Aires |  | Argentina |  | Retirement and Pension Fund Manager
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión |  | Av. Córdoba 111, 30th floor |  | City of Buenos Aires |  | Argentina |  | Mutual Funds Management

(1)Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) (“Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings)”): a corporation incorporated under the laws of Argentina undergoing liquidation proceedings. On December 4, 2008, Law No. 26,425 was enacted, providing for the elimination and replacement of the capitalization regime that was part of the Integrated Retirement and Pension System, with a single pay-as-you go system named the Argentine Integrated Retirement and Pensions System (SIPA). Consequently, Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) ceased to manage the resources that were part of the individual capitalization accounts of affiliates and beneficiaries of the capitalization regime of the Integrated Retirement and Pension System, which were transferred to the Guarantee Fund for the Sustainability of the Argentine Retirement and Pension Regime as they were already invested, and the Argentine Social Security Office (ANSES, as per its Spanish acronym) is now the sole and exclusive owner of those assets and rights. Likewise, on October 29, 2009, the ANSES issued Resolution 290/2009, whereby retirement and pension fund managers interested in reconverting their corporate purpose to manage the funds for voluntary contributions and deposits held by participants in their capitalization accounts had 30 business days to express their intention to that end. On December 28, 2009, based on the foregoing and taking into consideration that it is impossible for Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) to comply with the corporate purpose for which it was incorporated, it was resolved, at a Unanimous General and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting to approve the dissolution and subsequent liquidation of that company effective as of December 31, 2009.
On December 7, 2010, Consolidar A.F.J.P. S.A. (undergoing liquidation proceedings) filed a lawsuit for damages against the Argentine government under case No. 40.437/2010. The lawsuit was ratified by BBVA Banco Francés in its capacity as the Company’s majority shareholder. On July 1, 2021, a decision rejecting the claim was issued. On August 9, 2022, Room I of the Federal Court of Appeals in Contentious and Administrative Matters ratified the trial court decision. On August 25, 2022, a federal extraordinary appeal was filed against the abovementioned resolution, which was partially accepted in regard to the federal issue at stake and rejected the request concerning the grounds of arbitrariness through the court decision dated September 15, 2022. Considering the partial rejection, an appeal was filed with the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice on September 21, 2022. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, neither the outcome of the legal process referred to above nor the final assessment of the case by the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice can be estimated. Similarly, in the hypothetical event of a rejection, all or part of the legal costs may be imposed on Consolidar AFJP S.A.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

(undergoing liquidation proceedings) and the assets of such entity were insufficient to bear them, the Bank would bear these expenses, reserving the right to recover the proportional part related to the remaining shareholder.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Entity’s interest in its consolidated companies was as follows:

Subsidiaries |  | Shares |  | Interest held by the Entity |  | Non-controlling Interests
| Type |  | Number |  | % of Total Shares |  | % of Total Votes |  | % of Total Shares |  | % of Total Votes
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. |  | Common |  | 897,000,000 |  | 51.00 | % |  | 51.00 | % |  | 49.00 | % |  | 49.00 | %
PSA Finance Arg. Cía. Financiera S.A. (1) |  | Common |  | 52,178 |  | 50.00 | % |  | 50.00 | % |  | 50.00 | % |  | 50.00 | %
Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A.(undergoing liquidation proceedings) (2) |  | Common |  | 235,738,503 |  | 53.89 | % |  | 53.89 | % |  | 46.11 | % |  | 46.11 | %
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión |  | Common |  | 242,524 |  | 100.00 | % |  | 100.00 | % |  | 0.00 | % |  | 0.00 | %

(1)According to the Shareholders’ Agreement, the Bank controls the entity because it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its continued involvement with the entity and has the ability to direct the relevant activities in order to affect those returns, such as financial and risk management activities, among others.
(2)On November 28, 2023, a contribution of 120,000 (327,849 in restated values) was made, which was integrated in cash. The Bank subscribed 64,667 (176,682 in restated values) and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria S.A. (BBVA) 55,333 (151,167 in restated values).
The Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ total assets, liabilities and equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:

The Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ | December 31, 2024
Assets | Liabilities |  | Equity attributable to owners of the Bank | Non-controlling interests |  | Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to owners of the Bank | Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. | 261,564,794 |  | 203,903,249 |  |  | 29,407,389 |  | 28,254,156 |  |  | 4,255,249 |  | 4,088,374 |
PSA Finance Arg. Cía. Financiera S.A. | 151,119,864 |  | 123,816,237 |  |  | 13,651,813 |  | 13,651,814 |  |  | (1,034,078) |  | (1,034,076) |
Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A.(undergoing liquidation proceedings) | 421,826 |  | 70,921 |  |  | 189,103 |  | 161,802 |  |  | (133,781) |  | (114,467) |
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión | 38,608,100 |  | 7,793,335 |  |  | 30,814,765 |  | - |  |  | 19,937,278 |  | - |
The Entity | 14,480,987,575 |  | 11,907,228,110 |  |  | 2,573,759,465 |  | - |  |  | 39,531,947 |  | - |
Eliminated | (212,808,316) |  | (138,745,246) |  |  | (74,063,070) |  | - |  |  | (23,024,668) |  | - |
The Group | 14,719,893,843 |  | 12,104,066,606 |  |  | 2,573,759,465 |  | 42,067,772 |  |  | 39,531,947 |  | 2,939,831 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ | December 31, 2023
Assets | Liabilities |  | Equity attributable to owners of the Bank | Non-controlling interests |  | Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to owners of the Bank | Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. | 153,853,857 |  | 104,535,935 |  |  | 25,152,144 |  | 24,165,778 |  |  | 1,756,722 |  | 1,687,841 |
PSA Finance Arg. Cía. Financiera S.A. | 100,441,859 |  | 71,070,078 |  |  | 14,685,891 |  | 14,685,890 |  |  | 602,968 |  | 602,974 |
Consolidar Administradora de Fondos de Jubilaciones y Pensiones S.A.(undergoing liquidation proceedings) | 651,727 |  | 52,574 |  |  | 322,880 |  | 276,273 |  |  | 52,224 |  | 44,685 |
BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión | 29,983,496 |  | 5,171,628 |  |  | 24,811,868 |  | - |  |  | 16,414,383 |  | - |
The Entity | 13,164,932,555 |  | 10,123,203,744 |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |  | - |  |  | 797,200,917 |  | - |
Eliminated | (144,323,240) |  | (79,350,457) |  |  | (64,972,783) |  | - |  |  | (18,826,297) |  | - |
The Group | 13,305,540,254 |  | 10,224,683,502 |  |  | 3,041,728,811 |  | 39,127,941 |  |  | 797,200,917 |  | 2,335,500 |

The Board of Directors of the Entity considers that there are no other companies or structured entities that should be included in the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Acquisition of 50% stake in FCA Compañía Financiera S.A.
On December 18, 2024, the Entity entered into an agreement with FIDIS S.P.A pursuant to which the Entity intends to acquire 50% of the share capital of FCA Compañía Financiera S.A. (hereinafter, “FCA CF”).
FCA CF is a financial company authorized by the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic through Resolution No. 432, dated September 16, 1999. It is part of the global Stellantis automotive group, and its main activity is financing private, non-financial sector residents for the purchase of vehicles of Fiat, Jeep and RAM brands, which are produced and/or marketed by FCA Automobiles Argentina S.A.
The share acquisition will be completed after obtaining authorization from the Central Bank and other applicable regulatory and competition authorizations.
Trusts
The Bank acts as trustee for a number of trusts. The Bank considers the purpose and design of the trust so as to identify its relevant activities, how decisions about such activities are made, who has the current ability to direct those activities, and who receives returns therefrom. In case the Bank has decision-making power over the trust, it determines whether it acts as a principal or as an agent of a third party.
The Bank has concluded that it does not have control over any of these trusts.
Mutual funds
A subsidiary of the Bank acts as fund manager of 15 mutual funds. The amount of total equity under management accrued as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 amounts to 3,038,648,122 and 2,805,914,146, respectively. Determining whether the Bank controls such an mutual fund usually focuses on the assessment of the aggregate economic interests of the Bank in the fund (comprising any carried interests and expected management fees) and considers that investors have no right to remove the fund manager without cause. The Bank has concluded that it does not have control over any of these mutual funds.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

2.3. Significant accounting policies
2.3.1. Going concern
The Entity’s Management conducted an assessment of its ability to continue as a going concern and concluded that it has the resources to continue in business for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Management is not aware of any material uncertainties that could call into question the Entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Therefore, these consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis.
2.3.2. Foreign currency
Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currency of the Bank at the spot exchange rates published by the BCRA at the date of the transactions.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the spot exchange rate at the reporting date.
Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated into the functional currency at the spot exchange rate at the date on which the fair value is determined. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured based on historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the spot exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
Foreign currency differences arising from translation are recognized in profit or loss.
2.3.3. Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes cash, bank deposits, balances with no restrictions kept with the BCRA and on-demand accounts held at domestic and foreign financial institutions that are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in their fair value which are used by the Bank in the management of its short-term commitments.
Cash and cash equivalents are carried at amortised cost in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
2.3.4. Financial assets and liabilities
a)Initial recognition and measurement
The Group initially recognizes loans, deposits, debt securities issued and liabilities on the date on which they are originated. All other financial instruments (including ordinary course purchases and sales of financial assets) are recognized on the trade date, which is the date when the Group becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
The Group recognizes purchases of financial instruments with the commitment to resell at a certain price as a loan granted in the line “Reverse repurchase agreements” in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The difference between the purchase and sale prices of those instruments is recorded as interest accrued during the term of the transactions using the effective interest method.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognized at fair value. Instruments not measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) are recognized at fair value plus (in the case of assets) or minus (in the case of liabilities) the transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset or the issuance of the liability.
The transaction price is usually the best evidence of fair value for initial recognition.
However, if the Group determines that the fair value at initial recognition is different than the consideration received or paid, when the fair value is classified as Level 1 or 2, the financial instrument is initially recognized at fair value and the difference is recognized in profit or loss. If the fair value at initial recognition is classified as Level 3, the difference between the fair value and the consideration is deferred. The Bank shall recognize that deferred profit or loss only to the extent that it arises from a change in a factor (including time) that market participants would take into account when pricing the asset or liability.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

b)Classification of financial assets
On initial recognition, financial assets are classified as measured at amortized cost, fair value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI) or fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).
A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:
•The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and
•The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest (“SPPI”) on the principal amount outstanding.
A financial asset is measured at FVOCI only if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:
•The financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and
•The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise to cash flows that are SPPI on the principal amount outstanding.
For a financial asset measured at FVOCI, gains and losses are recognised in OCI, except for the following, which are recognised in profit or loss in the same manner as for financial assets measured at amortised cost:
•Interest revenue using the effective interest method;
•Expected credit losses (“ECL”) and reversals; and
•Foreign exchange gains and losses.
When a financial asset measured at FVOCI is derecognised, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified from equity to profit or loss.
On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Bank may irrevocably elect to, for each individual instrument, present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. Gains and losses on such equity instruments are never reclassified to profit or loss and no impairment is recognised in profit or loss. Dividends are recognised in profit or loss unless they clearly represent a recovery of part of the cost of the investment, in which case they are recognised in OCI. Cumulative gains and losses recognised in OCI are transferred to retained earnings on disposal of an investment.
On initial recognition, the Group may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVOCI or at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise.
All other financial assets are classified as measured at FVTPL. This category includes derivative financial instruments.
Business model assessment
The Group makes an assessment of the objective of a business model in which an asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:
•The stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. In particular, if Management focuses on the profit that arises from contractual interests,
•How the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Group’s management,
•The risks that affect the performance of the business model and how those risks are managed,
•How managers of the business are compensated – e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

•The frequency, volume and timing of sales in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and its expectations about future sales activity. However, information about sales activity is not considered in isolation, but as part of an overall assessment of how the Group’s stated objective for managing the financial assets is achieved and how cash flows are realized.
Financial assets that are held for trading and whose performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL because they are neither held to collect contractual cash flows nor held both to collect contractual cash flows and to sell financial assets.
Assessment of whether contractual cash flows are SPPI
For the purpose of this assessment, ‘principal’ is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. ‘Interest’ is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs as well as profit margin. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition.
In making the assessment, the Group considers:
•Contingent events that would change the amount and timing of cash flows;
•Leverage features;
•Prepayment and extension terms;
•Terms that limit the Bank’s claim to cash flows from specified assets; and
•Features that modify consideration of the time value of money (e.g. periodical reset of interest rate).
Reclassification
Financial assets are not reclassified after their initial recognition, except for a change in the Group’s business models. Financial liabilities are not reclassified.
c)Classification of financial liabilities
The Group classifies its financial liabilities, other than derivatives, financial guarantees and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss as measured at amortized cost.
Financial liabilities held for trading and derivative financial instruments are measured at FVTPL.
Financial liabilities held for trading have been acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term, or held as part of a portfolio that is managed together for short-term profit or position taking. Trading liabilities are initially recognised and subsequently measured at fair value in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, with transaction costs recognised in profit or loss. All changes in fair value are recognised as part of net trading income in profit or loss.
Financial guarantees are contracts that require the Group to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss that it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when it is due in accordance with the terms of a financial asset.
Financial guarantees issued are initially recognized at fair value, and subsequently are measured at the higher of this amortized amount and the present value of any expected payment to settle the liability when a payment under the contract has become probable.
The Group recognizes sales of financial instruments with the commitment of non-optional repurchase at a certain price (repos) as a financing received in the line “Repo transactions” in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The difference between the purchase and sale prices of those instruments is recorded as interest accrued during the term of the transactions using the effective interest method and is accounted for in the line “Interest expenses” in the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

d)Measurement at amortized cost
The amortized cost of a financial asset or liability is the amount of its initial recognition less the capital reimbursements, plus or less the amortization, using the effective interest method, of any difference between the initial amount and the amount at maturity. In the case of financial assets, it also includes any impairment.
e)Modifications of financial assets and financial liabilities
i)Financial assets
If the terms of a financial asset are modified, then the Group evaluates whether the cash flows of the modified asset are substantially different.
If the cash flows are substantially different, then the contractual rights to cash flows from the original financial asset are deemed to have expired. In this case, the original financial asset is derecognised and a new financial asset is recognised at fair value plus any eligible transaction costs. Any fees received as part of the modification are accounted for as follows:
•Fees that are considered in determining the fair value of the new asset and fees that represent reimbursement of eligible transaction costs are included in the initial measurement of the asset; and
•Other fees are included in profit or loss as part of the gain or loss on derecognition.
If cash flows are modified when the borrower is in financial difficulties, then the objective of the modification is usually to maximize recovery of the original contractual terms rather than to originate a new asset with substantially different terms. If the Group plans to modify a financial asset in a way that would result in forgiveness of cash flows, then it first considers whether a portion of the asset should be written off before the modification takes place. This approach impacts the result of the quantitative evaluation and the derecognition criteria are not usually met in such cases.
If the modification of a financial asset measured at amortised cost or FVOCI does not result in derecognition of the financial asset, then the Group first recalculates the gross carrying amount of the financial asset using the original effective interest rate of the asset and recognizes the resulting adjustment as a modification gain or loss in profit or loss. For floating-rate financial assets, the original effective interest rate used to calculate the modification gain or loss is adjusted to reflect current market terms at the time of the modification. Any costs or fees incurred and fees received as part of the modification adjust the gross carrying amount of the modified financial asset and are amortised over the remaining term of the modified financial asset.
If such a modification is carried out because of financial difficulties of the borrower, then the gain or loss is presented together with impairment losses. In other cases, it is presented as interest income calculated using the effective interest rate method.
ii)Financial liabilities
The Group derecognizes a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different. In this case, a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and consideration paid is recognised in profit or loss. Consideration paid includes non-financial assets transferred, if any, and the assumption of liabilities, including the new modified financial liability.
If the modification of a financial liability is not accounted for as derecognition, then the amortised cost of the liability is recalculated by discounting the modified cash flows at the original effective interest rate and the resulting gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss. For floating-rate financial liabilities, the original effective interest rate used to calculate the modification gain or loss is adjusted to reflect current market terms at the time of the modification. Any costs and fees incurred are recognised as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the liability and amortised over the remaining term of the modified financial liability by re-computing the effective interest rate on the instrument.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

f)Derecognition of financial assets and liabilities
i)Financial assets
The Group derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.
On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the asset (or the carrying amount allocated to the portion of the asset derecognized) and the sum of (i) the consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) and (ii) any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in OCI is recognised in profit or loss.
Any cumulative gain/loss recognised in OCI in respect of equity investment securities designated as at FVOCI is not recognised in profit or loss on derecognition of such securities. Any interest in transferred financial assets that qualify for derecognition that is created or retained by the Group is recognised as a separate asset or liability.
The Group enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised on its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets or a portion of them. In such cases, the transferred assets are not derecognized. Examples of such transactions are securities lending and sale-and-repurchase transactions.
When assets are sold to a third party with a concurrent total rate of return swap on the transferred assets, the transaction is accounted for as a secured financing transaction similar to sale-and-repurchase transactions, because the Group retains all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of such assets.
In transactions in which the Group neither retains nor transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of a financial asset and it retains control over the asset, the Group continues to recognise the asset to the extent of its continuing involvement, determined by the extent to which it is exposed to changes in the value of the transferred asset.
In certain transactions, the Group retains the obligation to service the transferred financial asset for a fee. The transferred asset is derecognized if it meets the derecognition criteria. An asset or liability is recognised for the servicing contract if the servicing fee is more than adequate (asset) or is less than adequate (liability) for performing the servicing.
ii)Financial liabilities
The Group derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged, cancelled, or expire.
g)Impairment of financial assets
The IFRS 9 impairment model is applied to financial assets valued at amortized cost and to financial assets valued at fair value with changes in other comprehensive income, except for investments in equity instruments. Likewise, all the financial instruments valued at fair value through profit and loss are excluded from the impairment model.
The standard classifies financial instruments into three categories, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The first category includes the transactions with no significant increase in credit risk since their initial recognition and not impaired for which a 12-month ECL is recognised (Stage 1); the second comprises the financial assets for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since its initial recognition but which are not credit-impaired (Stage 2) for which a lifetime ECL is recognised; and the third category which is for impaired financial assets where one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred (Stage 3).
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The calculation of the allowances for credit risk in each of these three categories are done differently following concepts of expected loss:
•Expected loss at 12 months: expected credit loss that arises from possible default events within 12 months following the presentation date of the financial statements, applicable for financial assets classified as Stage 1; and
•Lifetime Expected Credit Losses of the transaction: this is the expected credit loss that arises from all possible default events over the remaining life of the financial instrument, applicable for financial assets classified as Stage 2 and 3.
All this requires considerable judgment, both in the modeling for the estimation of the expected losses and in the forecasts, on how the economic factors affect such losses, which must be carried out on a weighted probability basis.
The Group has applied the following definitions in accordance with IFRS 9:
Definition of Default
It will be consider that a default can occur when one or both of the following conditions are met:
a) Objective Default: the obligor has material past due balances for more than 90 consecutive days with respect to any credit obligation. Materiality is defined by an absolute threshold (maximum amount of the sum of all past due amounts fixed in local currency at 23 thousand pesos for retail portfolios and 117 thousand pesos for wholesale portfolios) and a relative threshold (percentage reflecting the past due amount in relation to the total amount of all exposures to the obligor included in the balance sheet, excluding equity exposures, fixed at 1% for all portfolios).
b) Subjective Default: when there are reasonable doubts about the entity’s ability to pay all of its debt obligations. In addition to an objective default, subjective default takes into account other indicators of probability of default such as a specific credit risk adjustment, forced restructurings, connected clients, clients in bankruptcy, among others.
Restructured asset
If the terms of a financial asset are renegotiated or modified or an existing financial asset is replaced with a new one due to financial difficulties of the borrower, then an assessment is made of whether the financial asset should be derecognised and ECL are measured as follows.
•If the restructuring will not result in the derecognition of the existing asset, then the expected cash flows arising from the modified financial asset are included in calculating the cash shortfalls from the existing asset.
•If the restructuring will result in the derecognition of the existing asset, then the expected fair value of the new asset is treated as the final cash flow from the existing financial asset at the time of its derecognition.
Credit-impaired financial assets
At each reporting date the Group assesses whether the financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt financial assets carried at FVOCI and finance lease receivables are credit-impaired (Stage 3).
An asset is credit-impaired if one or more events have occurred and they have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the asset. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events:
•Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower.
•A breach of contract (e.g., a default or past due event).
•A lender having granted a concession to the borrower – for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty – that the lender would not otherwise consider.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

•It becomes probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization.
•The disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties.
It may not be possible to identify a single discrete event. Instead, the combined effect of several events may cause financial assets to become credit-impaired.
The definition of impaired financial assets in the Group is aligned with the definition of default previously explained.
Significant increase in credit risk
The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime ECL for financial instruments for which there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition considering all reasonable and documented information, including that information which is forward-looking.
The model developed by the Group for assessing the significant increase in credit risk has a two-prong approach:
•Quantitative criterion: the Group uses a quantitative analysis based on comparing the current expected probability of default over the life of the transaction with the original adjusted expected probability of default, so that both values are comparable in terms of expected default probability for their residual life. The thresholds used for considering a significant increase in risk take into account special cases according to geographic areas and portfolios. Depending on how old current operations are, at the time implementation of the standard, some simplification is made to compare the probabilities of default between the current and the original moment, based on the best information available at that moment.
•Qualitative criterion: most indicators for detecting significant risk increase are included in the Group’s systems through rating/scoring systems or macroeconomic scenarios, so quantitative analysis covers the majority of circumstances. The Group will use additional qualitative criteria when it considers it necessary to include circumstances that are not reflected in the rating/score systems or macroeconomic scenarios used.
Additionally, instruments under one of the following main circumstances are classified as Stage 2 (Qualitative criterion):
•More than 30 days past due. However this presumption can be rebutted in those cases in which the Group considers, based on reasonable and documented information, that such non-payment does not represent a significant increase in risk. The Group has not considered periods superior to 30 days for any of the significant portfolios.
•Watch list: They are subject to special watch by the Risks units because they show negative signs in their credit quality, even though there may be no objective evidence of impairment.
•Refinance or restructuring that does not show evidence of impairment.
Method for calculating ECL
The measurement of ECL must reflect:
•A considered and unbiased amount, determined by evaluating a range of possible results.
•The time value of money.
•Reasonable and documented information that is available without undue cost or effort and that reflects current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.
The Group measures ECL both individually and collectively.
For significant impaired instruments the amount of credit losses is calculated as the difference between expected discounted cash flows at the effective interest rate of the transaction and the carrying amount of the instrument.
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To establish which and how many clients need to be analyzed individually, the Group adopts the criteria defined by the BBVA Group, which is a relative weight in terms of total risk over the defaulted total risk of wholesale exposure and in terms of total risk over the Watch List total risk of wholesale exposure.
The scope for individual analysis is defined with the following criteria to analyze all clients with at least an asset in default and with total risk above the local threshold (30,000) or with at least an asset on the Watch List (WL) with total risk above the local threshold (100,000), meaning:
a)Stage 3 and Total Risk > 30,000;
b)Stage 2, WL and Total Risk > 100,000.
Threshold for Defaulted exposure: The threshold is established in such a way that the clients with total risk above this threshold are assessed individually for at least 40% of the total risk of the defaulted wholesale portfolio.
Threshold for Watch List exposure: The threshold is established in such a way that the clients with total risk above this threshold are assessed individually for at least 20% of the total risk of the Watch List wholesale portfolio.
For the collective measurement of expected losses instruments are grouped into groups of assets based on their risk characteristics. Exposure within each group is segmented according to the common credit risk characteristics, which are indicative of the payment capacity of the borrower in accordance with his contractual conditions. These risk characteristics have to be relevant in estimating the future flows of each group.
The characteristics of credit risk may consider, among others, the following factors:
•Type of instrument.
•Rating or scoring tools.
•Type of collateral.
•Period of time at default for stage 3.
•Segment.
•Qualitative criteria which can have a significant increase in risk.
ECL are derived from the following parameters:
•Probability of Default (PD): An estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon.
•Exposure at Default (EAD): An estimate of the exposure at a future default date, taking into account expected changes in the exposure after the reporting date.
•Credit Conversion Factors (CCF): Cash conversion factor is the estimate made on off-balance sheet contractual arrangements to determine the exposure subject to credit risk in the event of a default.
•Loss Given Default (LGD): An estimate of the loss arising on default, based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due and those that the lender would expect to receive, including from any collateral.
In the case of debt securities, the Low Default Portfolio (LDP) methodology that is used has parameters based on external ratings.
Use of present, past and future information
ECL requires incorporation of present, past and future information to detect any significant increase in risk and measure the expected loss.
ECL does not require identification of all possible scenarios for measuring expected loss. However, the probability of a loss event occurring and the probability it will not occur also need to be considered, even if the possibility of a loss may be very small. Also, when there is no linear relation between the different future
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economic scenarios and their associated expected losses, more than one future economic scenario must be used for the measurement.
The approach used by the Group consists of using first the most probable scenario (baseline scenario) consistent with that used in the Group’s internal management processes, and then applying an additional adjustment, calculated by considering the weighted average of expected losses in other economic scenarios (one more positive and the other more negative). This adjustment is applied every six months and the macro model is calibrated at least once a year. The main macroeconomic variable in each of the scenarios is Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”).
Presentation of allowance for ECL in the statement of financial position
Loss allowances for ECL are presented in the statement of financial position as follows:
•Financial assets measured at amortised cost: as a deduction from the gross carrying amount of the assets;
•Loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts: generally, as a provision; and
•Financial assets measured at FVOCI: no loss allowance is recognised in the statement of financial position because the carrying amount of these assets is their fair value. However, the loss allowance is disclosed and is recognised in the fair value reserve (OCI).
h)Write-off
Loans and debt securities are written off (either partially or in full) when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the financial asset in its entirety or a portion thereof. This is generally the case when the Group determines that the borrower does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to repay the amounts subject to the write-off. This assessment is carried out at the individual asset level.
Recoveries of amounts previously written off are included in ‘Impairment of financial assets’ in the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss.
Financial assets that are written off could still be subject to enforcement activities in order to comply with the Group’s procedures for recovery of amounts due.
i)Offsetting
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and net amounts presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
Income and expenses are presented on a net basis only when permitted under IFRS-IASB, or for gains and losses arising from a group or similar transactions such as in the Group’s trading activity.
2.3.5. Investments in joint ventures and associates
An associate is an entity over which the Group has a significant influence but not control over its financial and operating policies. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Group holds between 20 and 50 percent of the voting power of another entity. A joint venture is an arrangement in which the Group has joint control whereby the Group has rights to the net assets of the arrangement rather than rights to its assets and obligations for its liabilities.
Investments in associates and joint ventures are initially recognized at cost, which includes transaction costs, and subsequently accounted for using the equity method.
The consolidated financial statements include the Group’s share of the income and expenses and equity movements of equity accounted investees, after adjustments to align the accounting policies with those of the Group, from the date that significant influence or joint control commences until the date that significant influence ceases.
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When the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of that interest, including any long-term investments, is reduced to nil, and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Group has an obligation or has made payments on behalf of the investee.
2.3.6. Property and equipment
Property and equipment items are measured at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
The cost includes the spot purchase price and expenses directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating as intended by Management.
At the transition date to IFRS on January 1, 2017 the Group considered as the deemed cost of its real estate the fair value at that date determined through technical appraisals.
If significant parts of an item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property and equipment.
Any gains or losses on disposal of an item of property and equipment are recognized net within other income in profit or loss. Subsequent expenses are only capitalized if they are likely to provide future economic benefits for the Group. Ongoing repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.
Depreciation is calculated using the straight line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, and is recognized in profit or loss in the heading “Depreciation and amortization” on the consolidated statement of profit or loss.
The estimated useful lives of significant items of property and equipment are as follows:
•Buildings: as informed in the technical appraisal corresponding to each one.
•Furniture and facilities: 10 years.
•Equipment: 3-5 years.
•Automobiles: 5 years.
Depreciation methods and useful lives are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted prospectively, if necessary. As a non-monetary asset, this item is adjusted for inflation.
2.3.7. Investment properties
Investment properties are measured at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any.
The cost includes the spot purchase price and expenses directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating as intended by Management.
At the transition date to IFRS on January 1, 2017 the Group considered as deemed cost of its investment properties the fair value at that date determined through technical appraisals.
Any gains or losses on disposal of investment property (calculated as the difference between the net proceeds from disposal and the carrying amount of the item) are recognized in profit or loss.
When the use of a property changes such that it is reclassified as property and equipment, its fair value at the date of reclassification becomes its cost for subsequent accounting.
The estimated useful lives of investment properties are as informed in the respective technical appraisal.
Depreciation methods and useful lives are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted prospectively, if necessary. As a non-monetary asset, this item is adjusted for inflation.
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2.3.8. Leases
IFRS 16 introduces a single lessee accounting model, requiring that lessees recognize the asset related to the right of use of the leased asset and a lease liability representing the obligation to make lease payments. The Entity has opted to apply the exceptions related to the recognition of short-term leases and leases where the underlying asset is of low value.
As to the lessor’s accounting, IFRS 16 substantially keeps the requirements of IAS 17. Therefore, lessors continue classifying leases as operating or finance, and each of them is recognized differently.
The Group recognizes the right of use as an asset and the lease liability as a liability, mainly related to the leases of offices in its branch network.
As of December 31, 2024, the Entity had not entered into agreements related to variable lease payments. As of such date, there were no leases that had not yet commenced, pursuant to which the Entity had undertaken commitments, and which enter into force in subsequent years.
Below is a detail of the accounting policies:
•Contracts that contain a lease
At the beginning of the contract, the Group evaluates whether a contract is, or contains a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
•Leases where the Group is the lessor
When the Group acts as lessor, at the beginning of the contract the Group determines whether it is a finance or an operating lease.
To classify each lease, the Group evaluates if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to the ownership of the leased asset. If so, it classifies it as a finance lease, otherwise, it is an operating lease.
In a finance lease, the leased asset is derecognized and recognized as a receivable for an amount equivalent to the net investment in the lease under “Loans and advances to customers”.
Lease payments included in the measurement of the net investment are:
•Fixed payments, including payments that are substantially fixed;
•Variable payments, which depend on a rate or index, initially measured applying the rate or index as of the lease commencement date;
•Any amounts expected to be collected as guaranteed residual value;
•The exercise price of call options, if it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised; and
•Any penalties for early termination, if it is reasonably certain that the contract will be terminated early.
Collections received under a finance lease are broken down into interest and the reduction of the net investment in the lease. Interest is recognized over the lease term applying an effective interest rate. Contingent leases are not considered in determining the net investment in the lease.
In an operating lease, the leased asset (generally investment property) is not derecognized, and the collection received is recognized as income applying the straight-line method.
•Leases where the Group is the lessee
The Group recognizes the right of use of the leased asset and the lease liability at the beginning of the contract. The right of use is initially measured at cost, which includes the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made before the beginning of the contract, plus initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of the costs for dismantling or restoring the underlying asset, less any incentives received.
The right of use of the leased asset is then depreciated on a straight-line basis from the beginning of the contract to the expiration of the lease term.
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The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that were not paid at the beginning of the contract, discounted using the BBVA Group’s incremental borrowing rate.
Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability include the following items:
•Fixed payments, including payments that are substantially fixed;
•Variable payments, which depend on a rate or index, initially measured applying the rate or index as of the lease commencement date;
•Any amounts expected to be paid as guaranteed residual value;
•The exercise price of call options, if it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised;
•Any amounts expected to be paid for renewal periods if it is reasonably certain that the renewal options will be exercised; and
•Any penalties for early termination, if it is reasonably certain that the contract will be early terminated.
The lease liability is measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments due to a change in the rate or index, in the amounts that the Group is expected to pay as guaranteed residual value or if the Group changes the evaluation as regards whether it will exercise a call, renewal or early termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured; the relevant adjustment is recognized in the right of use of the leased asset.
Lease liabilities denominated in US dollars are translated into the functional currency at the spot exchange rate at the reporting date. Foreign currency differences arising from translation are recognized in profit or loss.
The Group has elected not to recognize right of use assets and liabilities for lease of low-value and short-term leases, including IT equipment. The Group recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
2.3.9. Intangible assets
Intangible assets include the information systems costs of acquisition and implementation, which are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairments, if any.
Subsequent expenses related to information systems are only capitalized if the economic benefits of the related asset increase. All other expenses are recognized as incurred.
Information systems are amortized using the straight line method over their estimated useful life of 5 years and are recognized in profit or loss in the heading “Depreciation and amortization” on the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss.
Amortization methods and the estimated useful lives are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted prospectively, if necessary. As a non-monetary asset, this item is adjusted for inflation.
2.3.10. Other assets
Foreclosed assets
Assets acquired as security for loans are measured at fair value at the date on which the Entity becomes the owner thereof, and any differences with the accounting balance of the related loan are recognized in profit or loss. The subsequent valuation will be based on the acquired asset.
Rest of other assets
Other assets (prepayments, advances to personnel, tax advances, advances to suppliers of goods, among others) are valued at amortized cost less losses due to deterioration.
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2.3.11.Non- current assets held-for-sale
Assets are classified as held-for-sale if it is highly likely that they will be recovered, mainly through their sale, which is estimated to occur within the twelve months following the date of their classification as such.
These assets are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and their fair value less the cost of disposal.
Once classified as held-for-sale, property and equipment are no longer depreciated and any equity-accounted investee is no longer equity accounted.
2.3.12. Impairment of non-financial assets
At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether there are indications that a non-financial asset may be impaired (except deferred tax assets). If there is such an indication, the asset’s recoverable value is estimated.
For the impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows for their continued use that is largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or other cash generating units (CGU).
The “recoverable value” of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less the cost of sale. “Value in use” is based on estimated future cash flows, discounted at their present value using the pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessment of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU.
An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount.
An impairment loss for goodwill is not reversed. For other assets, an impairment loss is reversed only to the extent the carrying amount of the assets does not exceed the amount they would have been determined if the impairment loss had not been recognized.
2.3.13. Provisions
The Group recognizes a provision if and only if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation resulting from past events; it is probable (i.e. more likely than not) that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and the amount payable can be estimated reliably.
To assess provisions, the existing risks and uncertainties are considered, taking into account the opinion of the Group’s external and internal legal advisors. Based on the analysis carried out, the Group recognizes a provision for the amount considered as the best estimate of the potential expense necessary to settle the present obligation at each reporting date.
The provisions recognized by the Group are reviewed at each reporting date and are adjusted to reflect the best estimate available.
2.3.14.Employee benefits
a)Short-term personnel benefits
Short-term personnel benefits are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past services provided by its personnel and the obligation can be estimated reliably.
b)Other long-term personnel benefits
The Group’s obligation in relation to long-term personnel benefits is the amount of the future benefit the employees have earned in exchange for services provided during the current and prior periods. The benefit is discounted at present value. Remeasurement is recognized in profit or loss.
c)Termination benefits
Termination benefits are expensed at the earlier of when the Group can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits and when the Group recognizes costs for a restructuring. If benefits are not expected to be wholly settled within 12 months of the reporting date, then they are discounted.
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2.3.15. Share capital, Share premium and Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium
The “Share capital” and “Share premium” accounts are presented at its nominal value, in accordance with current regulations, and the difference with its restated amount is presented in the complementary account “Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium”.
Transaction costs directly attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares are recognized as a reduction of the contributions received, net of the related income tax.
2.3.16. Interest income and expenses
Interest income and expenses are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest rate method. The ‘effective interest rate’ is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments and collections during the expected lifetime of the financial instrument to the gross carrying amount of the financial assets; or the amortized cost of the financial liability.
The calculation of the effective interest rate includes transaction costs, commissions and other items paid or received that are an integral part of the effective interest rate. Transaction costs include incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of a financial asset or the issuance of a financial liability.
The ‘amortized cost’ of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured on initial recognition minus the principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount and, for financial assets, adjusted for any ECL allowance.
The ‘gross carrying amount of a financial asset’ is the amortized cost of a financial asset before adjusting for any ECL allowance.
In calculating interest income and expense, the effective interest rate is applied to the gross carrying amount of the asset (when the asset is not credit-impaired) or to the amortized cost of the liability.
However, for financial assets that have become credit-impaired subsequent to initial recognition, interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset. If the asset is no longer credit-impaired, then the calculation of interest income reverts to the gross basis.
Interest income and expenses presented in the Consolidated Statement of profit or loss mainly include interest on:
•Financial assets and liabilities measured at amortized cost; and
•Financial assets measured at fair value through OCI
2.3.17. Fee and commission income / expenses
This item contains income from commissions resulting from transactions with customers, mainly related to maintenance and administration fees on current and saving accounts, credit cards, securities custody and foreign exchange transactions.
Commissions, fees and similar items that are part of a financial asset or liability’s effective interest rate are included in the effective interest rate.
The breakdown of commission income and expenses is presented in Note 25 and 26 to these financial statements.
Other commission income is recognized when the related services are performed:
•at a point in time (in relation to fees for services, fees for investment funds management, sales commissions, syndication fees), or
•over the performance obligation period (in relation to annual fee for credit cards, issuance of financial guarantees).
Commission expenses are recognized in profit or loss when the related service is received.
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2.3.18. Current and deferred income tax
Income tax expense includes the current income tax and the deferred income tax and is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent it relates to an item recognized in OCI or directly in equity.
a)Current taxes
The current amount of tax payable (or to be recovered) is the best estimate of the amount that is expected to be paid (or to be recovered) measured at the applicable tax rate enacted or substantially enacted at the reporting date.
b)Deferred tax
Deferred income tax recognizes the tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities and the related tax bases used for tax purposes.
Deferred tax is not recognized for:
•Temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that does not affect accounting nor taxable profit or loss.
•Temporary differences related to an investment in subsidiaries to the extent that is probable that it will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and
•Taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for the tax effect of all taxable temporary differences.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits against which they can be used will be available. Future taxable profits are determined based on the Bank’s business plans. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized; while such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profits improves.
Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date and recognized to the extent that it becomes probable that future taxable profit against which they can be used will be available.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.
The measurement of deferred tax reflects the tax consequences that would follow the manner in which the Group expects, at the reporting date, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met.
2.3.19. Segment reporting
An operating segment is a component of the Bank that engages in business activities and from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses relating to transactions with any of the Bank’s other components, whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Bank’s chief operating decision maker (CODM) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group has determined that it has only one reportable segment related to banking activities.
2.3.20. Customer Loyalty Program
The loyalty program offered by the Bank consists in accumulating points generated by purchases made with the credit cards, which can be exchanged by any reward available in the program platform.
While the program is managed by the Bank, it has concluded that it is acting as an agent in relation to the points and consequently the allocated transaction price consists only of the commission on the amounts paid to the principal.
The Bank concluded that the rewards to be granted originate a separate performance obligation. Therefore, at the end of each fiscal year, the Bank recognized a provision for the rewards to be granted in “Other liabilities”.
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2.4. Accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards requires the preparation and consideration, by the Entity’s and its subsidiaries’ Management, of significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions that impact in the reported balances of assets and liabilities, income and expenses, as well as in the determination and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the end of the reporting period.
The entries made are based on the best estimate of the probability of occurrence of different future events. In this sense, the uncertainties associated with the estimates and assumptions adopted may result in the future in final results that would differ from such estimates and require significant adjustments to the reported balances of the assets and liabilities affected. Accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis and their effects are recognized prospectively.
2.4.1. Judgments
Information about judgments made in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements is described in the following notes:
•Note 2.2. – “Basis for consolidation”
•Note 2.3.4.b) – “Financial assets and liabilities - Classification of financial assets”
•Note 2.3.4.g) – “Financial assets and liabilities - Impairment of financial assets”
•Note 2.3.8. – “Leases”
•Note 2.3.12 – “Impairment of non-financial assets”
2.4.2. Assumptions and estimation uncertainties
Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment in these consolidated financial statements within the next financial year is included in the following notes:
•Note 7 – “Measurement of Expected Credit Losses (ECL)” regarding impairment of financial assets: establishing the criteria for determining whether credit risk on a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition, determining the methodology for incorporating forward-looking information into the measurement of ECL and selection and approval of models used to measure ECL.
•Note 11 – “Income Tax”, regarding availability of future taxable profit against which deferred tax assets may be realized and the effect of the final resolution of uncertain tax positions.
•Note 20 – “Provisions”, regarding the likelihood, timing and amount of outflow of resources.
•Note 37 b.3) – “Valuation techniques for Levels 2 and 3”, regarding measurement of the fair value of financial instruments with observable and unobservable inputs, respectively.
2.4.3. Fair value measurement
The fair value of a financial asset or liability is the price that would be received for the sale of an asset or paid for the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
The most objective and usual reference of the fair value of a financial asset or liability is the price that would be paid in an orderly, transparent and deep market, that is to say, its quoted or market price.
If it is not possible to obtain a market price, a fair value is determined using best market practice quoting techniques, such as cash flows discount based on a yields curve for the same class and type of instrument, or if there is no market curve with the same characteristics of the bond, the fair value is calculated considering the latest market price plus interest accrued until the valuation date (whichever is more representative for the security).
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In line with the accounting standard, a three-level classification of financial instruments is established. This classification is mainly based on the observability of the necessary inputs to calculate that fair value, defining the following levels:
•Level 1: Financial instruments valued with quoted prices in an active market. Active market means a market that allows the observation of representative prices with sufficient frequency and daily volume.
•Level 2: Financial instruments that do not have an active market, but that may be valued through observable market inputs. Observable market inputs should be understood as such assets with market quoted prices that allow to calculate an interest rate curve or determine a credit spread.
•Level 3: Valuation using models where variables not obtained from observable market inputs are used.
2.5. Regulatory matters
2.5.1. Regulatory changes introduced during this fiscal year by the IASB
In the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2024, the following amendments to IFRS Accounting Standards became effective, which have not had a significant impact on these consolidated financial statements taken as a whole:
Amendments to IAS 1: Classification of current and noncurrent liabilities with covenants:
In January 2020 and October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements specifying the requirements to classify liabilities as current or non-current. The amendments clarify: (i) what it is meant by a right to defer settlement; (ii) that a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period; (iii) that such classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its right to defer; (iv) that only if an embedded derivative in a convertible liability is itself an equity instrument would the terms of a liability do not affect its classification; and (v) disclosures.
The IASB decided that if an entity's right to defer payment of a liability is subject to an entity’s compliance with the required covenants only at a date subsequent to the reporting period ("future covenants"), the entity has the right to defer payment of the liability even if the entity had not been compliant at the end of the reporting period.
The amendments also clarify that the requirement of the right to exist at the end of the reporting period applies to covenants that the entity must comply with at the reporting date or earlier, regardless of whether compliance is evidenced at that date or at a later date.
Amendment to IFRS 16 – Lease liability in a sale and leaseback:
In September 2022, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 16, specifically on the requirements that a lessee-seller uses to measure the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure that the lessee-seller does not recognize any amount of gain or loss that relates to the right-of-use. The application of these requirements will not prevent the lessee-seller from recognizing, in profit or loss, any gain or loss related to the partial or total termination of a lease. The amendment does not prescribe specific measurement requirements for lease liabilities arising from a subsequent lease. The initial measurement of lease liabilities arising from a subsequent lease may result in the seller-lessee determining 'lease payments' that are different from the general definition of lease payments. The seller-lessee should develop and apply an accounting policy that results in information that is relevant and reliable in accordance with IAS 8.
Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7 - Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements:
In May 2023, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 7 “Statement of Cash Flows” and IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”, which specify the information requirements to be disclosed to enhance the current requirements, the purpose of which is helping financial statement users to understand the effects of supplier finance agreements on the entity’s liabilities, cash flows and exposure to liquidity risk.
These amendments require an entity to provide information about the impact of supplier finance arrangements on liabilities and cash flows, including the terms and conditions of those arrangements, the quantitative information on liabilities related to those arrangements at the beginning and end of the reporting period and the type and effect of non-cash changes in the carrying amounts of those arrangements. The information on those arrangements is required to be aggregated unless the individual arrangements have dissimilar or unique terms and conditions. In the context of
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

the quantitative liquidity risk disclosures required by IFRS 7, supplier finance arrangements are included as an example of other factors that might be relevant to disclose.
2.6. New pronouncements
The standards and interpretations applicable to the Entity, issued but with effective date after the date of these consolidated financial statements are exposed below. The Entity will adopt these standards, if applicable, when they are effective. The Entity is evaluating the effects that this amendment would have on the Consolidated Financial Statements:
Amendments to IAS 21 - Lack of exchangeability
In August 2023, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 21 relating to the “Lack of exchangeability”. The amendment to IAS 21 specifies how an entity should assess whether a currency is exchangeable and how it should determine a spot exchange rate when interchangeability is lacking. A currency is considered to be exchangeable for another currency when an entity is able to obtain the other currency without undue delay and through markets or exchange mechanisms that create enforceable rights and obligations. If a currency is not exchangeable for another currency, an entity is required to estimate the spot exchange rate at the measurement date. An entity's purpose in estimating the spot rate is to reflect the rate at which an orderly exchange transaction would take place at the measurement date between market participants under prevailing economic conditions. The amendments state that an entity may use an unadjusted observable exchange rate or other estimation technique.
When an entity estimates a spot exchange rate because a currency is not exchangeable for another currency, it should disclose information that enables users of the financial statements to understand how the fact of that currency not being interchangeable affects, the entity's performance, financial position and cash flows. These amendments will be effective from January 1, 2025.
Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 – Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments
In May 2024, the IASB issued amendments to the classification and measurement of financial instruments, which:
•Clarify that a financial liability is derecognized on the “settlement date,” that is, when the related obligation is fulfilled, canceled, expires, or the liability otherwise qualifies for derecognition. It also introduces an accounting policy option to derecognize financial liabilities settled through an electronic payment system before the settlement date if certain conditions are met.
•Clarify how to assess the contractual cash flow characteristics of financial assets that include environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and other similar contingent characteristics.
•Clarify the treatment of non-recourse assets and contractually linked instruments.
•Require additional disclosures for financial assets and liabilities with contractual terms that make reference to a contingent event (including those linked to ESG) and equity instruments classified at fair value through other comprehensive income.
These amendments will be effective from January 1, 2026.
Improvements to IFRS Accounting Standards
In July 2024, the IASB published Annual Improvements to IFRS Accounting Standards - Volume 11. A summary of the amendments is included below:
•IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards – Hedge Accounting by a First-Time Adopter.
•IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures of Gain or Loss on Derecognition of the Deferred Difference between Fair Value and the Transaction Price and Disclosures about Credit Risk; amendments are also made to paragraph IG1 of the Implementation Guidance.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

•IFRS 9 Financial Instruments – Derecognition of Lease Liabilities by Lessee. However, the amendment does not address how a lessee distinguishes between a lease modification as defined in IFRS 16 and an extinguishment of a lease liability in accordance with IFRS 9.
•IFRS 9 Financial Instruments – Transaction Price: Section 5.1.3 of IFRS 9 has been amended to replace the reference to the "transaction price defined by IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers" with "the amount determined applying IFRS 15."
•IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements – Determination of a "De Facto Agent": Paragraph B74 of IFRS 10 has been amended to clarify that the relationship described in paragraph B74 is only one example of the various relationships that could exist between the investor and other parties acting as de facto agents of the investor.
•IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows – Cost Method: Paragraph 37 of IAS 7 has been amended to replace the term "cost method" with "at cost," following the previous deletion of the definition of "cost method."
These improvements will be effective from January 1, 2026.
IFRS 18 - Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements
In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18 “Presentation and Disclosures in Financial Statements”, addressing the disclosure format for profit or loss in the financial statements, the performance measures defined by management and the aggregation/breakdown of information in disclosures. This regulation will replace IAS 1 and will be effective from January 1, 2027.
3. Earnings per share
The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Bank by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss that is attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.
The calculation of the earnings per share is detailed below:

Accounts |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit attributable to owners of the Bank |  | 360,405,364 |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 399,017,982 |
Profit attributable to owners of the Bank adjusted to reflect the effect of dilution |  | 360,405,364 |  |  | 341,579,597 |  |  | 399,017,982 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average of outstanding ordinary shares for the year |  | 612,710,079 |  | 612,710,079 |  | 612,710,079
Weighted average of outstanding ordinary shares for the year adjusted to reflect the effect of dilution |  | 612,710,079 |  | 612,710,079 |  | 612,710,079
Basic earnings per share (in pesos) (1) |  | 588.2152 |  |  | 557.4898 |  |  | 651.2346 |
Diluted earnings per share (in pesos) (1) |  | 588.2152 |  |  | 557.4898 |  |  | 651.2346 |

(1)Since BBVA Argentina has not issued financial instruments with a dilutive effect on earnings per share, basic and diluted earnings per share are the same.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

4. Cash and cash equivalents

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash | 1,781,763,440 |  |  | 1,583,725,745 |
BCRA - Unrestricted current account | 758,790,439 |  |  | 783,628,140 |
Balances with other local and foreign institutions | 283,329,888 |  |  | 121,565,176 |
Allowances for ECL | (478,017) |  |  | (589,055) |
TOTAL | 2,823,405,750 |  |  | 2,488,330,006 |

It is worth mentioning that the balances of Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022, amounted to 2,008,588,332.
5. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
5.1. Debt securities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Government securities | 91,797,177 |  |  | 487,641,727 |
Private securities - Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 4,682,554 |
TOTAL | 91,797,177 |  |  | 492,324,281 |

5.2. Derivatives
The Group uses derivatives, not designated in a qualifying hedge relationship, to manage its exposure to foreign currency and interest rate risks. The instruments used include interest rate swaps and forward contracts (net settled in pesos) and options.
The aforementioned instruments were measured at fair value and were recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position in the item “Derivative instruments”. Changes in fair values were recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss in “Gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net”.

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Foreign Currency Forwards | 9,270,169 |  |  | 18,588,677 |
Interest Rate Swaps | 593,293 |  |  | — |
Put Options (1) | — |  |  | 3,191,736 |
TOTAL | 9,863,462 |  |  | 21,780,413 |

(1)On July 18, 2024, the Bank undertook the bidding process for terminating the liquidity options related to government securities issued by the BCRA and existing in the Bank’s portfolio (Communications “B” 12,847 and “A” 7,546). As a result of such process, put options for a face value of 546,974,473,392 were delivered.The Entity subscribed options according to Communication “A” 7546 issued by the BCRA.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The notional amounts of foreign currency forward transactions, stated in US Dollars (US$) and in Euros, as applicable, as well as the base value of interest rate swaps and put options taken are reported below:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Foreign Currency Forwards |  |  |
Foreign currency forward purchases - US$ | 718,460 |  |  | 169,836 |
Foreign currency forward sales - US$ (3) | 705,015 |  |  | 119,093 |
Foreign currency forward sales – Euros (3) | 3,451 |  |  | 5,500 |
Interest Rate Swaps |  |  |
Fixed rate for floating rate (1) | 7,044,000 |  |  | — |
Put Options |  |  |
Put options taken (2) | — |  |  | 142,183,107 |

(1)Floating rate: BADLAR (Buenos Aires Deposits of Large Amount Rate), is the interest rate for time deposits over 1 (one) million pesos, for 30 to 35 days.
(2)On July 18, 2024, the Bank undertook the bidding process for terminating the liquidity options related to government securities issued by the BCRA and existing in the Bank’s portfolio (Communications “B” 12,847 and “A” 7,546). As a result of such process, put options for a face value of 546,974,473,392 were delivered.The Entity subscribed options according to Communication “A” 7546 issued by the BCRA.
(3)See note 17.1.
5.3. Equity instruments

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
BYMA - Bolsas y Mercados Argentinos S.A. | 6,062,948 |  |  | 4,723,901 |
VALO - Banco de Valores de Buenos Aires S.A. | 2,092,186 |  |  | 2,300,986 |
Mutual Funds | 749,178 |  |  | 1,615,390 |
TOTAL | 8,904,312 |  |  | 8,640,277 |

6. Financial assets at amortized cost
6.1. Loans and advances to financial institutions

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Loans and advances to financial institutions | 60,235,154 |  |  | 35,782,959 |
Allowances for ECL | (1,966,742) |  |  | (2,135,471) |
TOTAL | 58,268,412 |  |  | 33,647,488 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

6.2. Loans and advances to customers

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Credit Cards | 2,052,689,770 |  |  | 1,530,126,592 |
Notes | 1,098,210,199 |  |  | 692,636,024 |
Loans for the prefinancing and financing of exports | 1,003,823,052 |  |  | 333,614,287 |
Consumer loans | 814,048,729 |  |  | 330,607,096 |
Other financing | 810,925,119 |  |  | 451,036,300 |
Commercial papers | 730,263,083 |  |  | 316,217,724 |
Overdrafts | 643,005,825 |  |  | 384,385,683 |
Real estate mortgage | 234,142,459 |  |  | 172,913,557 |
Pledge loans | 178,348,891 |  |  | 96,545,542 |
Loans to employees | 44,164,421 |  |  | 22,361,108 |
Receivables from financial leases | 25,671,951 |  |  | 27,698,842 |
Documents purchased | 920,747 |  |  | 6,566,782 |
Allowances for ECL | (156,875,852) |  |  | (96,775,806) |
TOTAL | 7,479,338,394 |  |  | 4,267,933,731 |

The Group holds loans and other financing within a business model whose objective is collecting contractual cash flows.
Loans by Economic Activity
The tables below analyze our loan portfolio (broken down by performing and non-performing) according to the borrowers’ main economic activity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Where appropriate, loans to individuals are allocated to the economic activity of the borrower. Loans are stated before deduction of the allowance for loan losses and include loans and advances to all clients.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

|  | December 31, 2024
|  | Loan portfolio (1)
|  | Performing |  | % |  | Non-performing |  | % |  | Total
|  | (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Consumer |  | 3,481,793,760 |  |  | 45.91 | % |  | 100,087,788 |  |  | 88.72 | % |  | 3,581,881,548 |
Other manufacturing |  | 1,119,865,854 |  |  | 14.77 | % |  | 4,166,912 |  |  | 3.69 | % |  | 1,124,032,766 |
Wholesale and retail trade |  | 617,831,686 |  |  | 8.15 | % |  | 856,509 |  |  | 0.76 | % |  | 618,688,195 |
Agricultural and livestock |  | 420,625,247 |  |  | 5.55 | % |  | 1,148,503 |  |  | 1.02 | % |  | 421,773,750 |
Mining products |  | 163,529,011 |  |  | 2.16 | % |  | 114,636 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | 163,643,647 |
Electricity, oil,water and sanitary services |  | 136,383,301 |  |  | 1.80 | % |  | 112,455 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | 136,495,756 |
Transport |  | 111,440,083 |  |  | 1.47 | % |  | 241,771 |  |  | 0.21 | % |  | 111,681,854 |
Services |  | 104,280,882 |  |  | 1.37 | % |  | 505,070 |  |  | 0.45 | % |  | 104,785,952 |
Financial sector |  | 60,235,154 |  |  | 0.79 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 60,235,154 |
Construction |  | 43,967,749 |  |  | 0.58 | % |  | 272,767 |  |  | 0.24 | % |  | 44,240,516 |
Government services |  | 960,927 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 3,799 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 964,726 |
Others |  | 1,323,682,150 |  |  | 17.44 | % |  | 5,308,112 |  |  | 4.70 | % |  | 1,328,990,262 |
|  | 7,584,595,804 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 112,818,322 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 7,697,414,126 |

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Loan portfolio (1)
|  | Performing |  | % |  | Non-performing |  | % |  | Total
|  | (in thousands of pesos, except percentages)
Consumer |  | 2,014,879,775 |  |  | 46.60 | % |  | 63,137,051 |  |  | 82.35 | % |  | 2,078,016,826 |
Other manufacturing |  | 504,469,152 |  |  | 11.67 | % |  | 6,736,053 |  |  | 8.79 | % |  | 511,205,205 |
Wholesale and retail trade |  | 359,287,744 |  |  | 8.31 | % |  | 572,866 |  |  | 0.75 | % |  | 359,860,610 |
Mining products |  | 322,806,208 |  |  | 7.47 | % |  | 194,249 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  | 323,000,457 |
Agricultural and livestock |  | 214,729,088 |  |  | 4.97 | % |  | 1,310,231 |  |  | 1.71 | % |  | 216,039,319 |
Services |  | 81,031,633 |  |  | 1.87 | % |  | 282,822 |  |  | 0.37 | % |  | 81,314,455 |
Transport |  | 72,552,135 |  |  | 1.68 | % |  | 420,315 |  |  | 0.55 | % |  | 72,972,450 |
Financial sector |  | 35,782,960 |  |  | 0.83 | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |  | 35,782,960 |
Construction |  | 27,733,253 |  |  | 0.64 | % |  | 587,618 |  |  | 0.77 | % |  | 28,320,871 |
Electricity, oil,water and sanitary services |  | 23,655,781 |  |  | 0.55 | % |  | 5,895 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 23,661,676 |
Government services |  | 313,391 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 2,818 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 316,209 |
Others |  | 666,899,454 |  |  | 15.40 | % |  | 3,418,214 |  |  | 4.44 | % |  | 670,317,668 |
|  | 4,324,140,574 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 76,668,132 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 4,400,808,706 |

(1)Performing: Stage 1 y Stage 2; Non Performing: Stage 3
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Receivables from financial leases
The Group as lessor entered into finance lease agreements related to vehicles and machinery and equipment.
The following table shows the total gross investment of the finance leases (leasing) and the present value of the minimum collections to be received thereunder:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
| Total investment |  | Present value of minimum lease collections |  | Total investment |  | Present value of minimum lease collections
Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Up to 1 year | 15,055,680 |  |  | 5,979,926 |  |  | 19,578,450 |  |  | 5,660,933 |
From 1 to 2 years | 14,495,003 |  |  | 7,487,274 |  |  | 20,197,364 |  |  | 7,955,625 |
From 2 to 3 years | 10,521,814 |  |  | 6,563,738 |  |  | 14,779,283 |  |  | 6,710,041 |
From 3 to 4 years | 3,974,129 |  |  | 2,646,884 |  |  | 7,972,993 |  |  | 4,779,270 |
From 4 to 5 years | 2,659,573 |  |  | 2,220,798 |  |  | 2,848,324 |  |  | 2,592,973 |
More than 5 years | 1,040,932 |  |  | 773,331 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
TOTAL | 47,747,131 |  |  | 25,671,951 |  |  | 65,376,414 |  |  | 27,698,842 |
Principal |  |  | 24,989,716 |  |  |  |  | 26,292,421 |
Interest accrued |  |  | 682,235 |  |  |  |  | 1,406,421 |
TOTAL |  |  | 25,671,951 |  |  |  |  | 27,698,842 |

6.3. Reverse repurchase agreements

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
BCRA repos | — |  |  | 2,618,426,757 |
Allowances for ECL | — |  |  | (2,771,360) |
TOTAL | — |  |  | 2,615,655,397 |

The fair value of financial assets accepted as collateral that the Group was permitted to sell or repledge in the absence of default was 2,886,702,153 as of December 31, 2023 and BCRA repos had an expiration date of January 2, 2024.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

6.4. Debt securities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos. Maturity 08-23-2025 | 125,492,302 |  |  | 107,798,424 |
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos. Maturity 05-23-2027 | 24,039,592 |  |  | 70,570,093 |
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos at 0.7% Badlar Private Rate. Maturity 11-23-2027 | 10,372,413 |  |  | 32,167,645 |
Allowances for ECL | (7,375,737) |  |  | (28,000,427) |
TOTAL | 152,528,570 |  |  | 182,535,735 |

6.5. Other financial assets

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial assets pledged as collateral (1) | 337,967,647 |  |  | 176,041,364 |
Sundry debtors | 144,335,268 |  |  | 107,559,147 |
Receivable from financial institution for spot transactions pending settlement | 64,541,525 |  |  | 2,007,555 |
Receivables from sale of ownership interest in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A. (2) | 34,869,174 |  |  | 88,138,521 |
Receivable from non-financial institution for spot transactions pending settlement | 9,746,206 |  |  | 1,904,520 |
Others | 657,095 |  |  | 276,761 |
Allowances for ECL | (1,806,480) |  |  | (3,089,931) |
TOTAL | 590,310,435 |  |  | 372,837,937 |

(1)Special guarantee current accounts opened at the BCRA for transactions related to the automated clearing houses and other similar entities; deposits pledged as collateral for activities related to credit card transactions in the country and abroad, and leases; and trust is composed of dollars in cash.
(2)On October 1, 2021, the Bank, together with the other Class B Shareholders, gave notice of the exercise of the put option and therefore initiated the procedure to sell 49% of the capital stock in the company Prisma Medios de Pago S.A. On March 18, 2022, the transfer of all the remaining shareholding of the Bank in Prisma Medios de Pago S.A. was consummated for a price of US$40,038,122. Such amount will be paid as follows: (i) 30% in Pesos adjustable by CER (UVA) at an annual nominal rate of 15% and (ii) 70% in US Dollars at an annual nominal rate of 10% within a term of six years.
7. Measurement of Expected Credit Losses (ECL)
The ECL of a financial instrument must reflect an unbiased estimate, the time value of money and a forward looking perspective (including the economic forecast).
Therefore the recognition and measurement of ECL is highly complex and involves the use of significant analysis and estimation including formulation and incorporation of forward-looking economic conditions into ECL.
Risk Parameters Adjusted by Macroeconomic Scenarios
ECL must include forward-looking macroeconomic information. The Group uses the credit risk parameters PD, LGD and EAD in order to calculate the ECL for the credit portfolios.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The Group’s methodological approach in order to incorporate the forward looking information aims to determine the relation between macroeconomic variables and risk parameters following three main steps:
•Step 1: Analysis and transformation of time series data.
•Step 2: For each dependent variable find conditional forecasting models that are economically consistent.
•Step 3: Select the best conditional forecasting model from the set of candidates defined in Step 2, based on their out of sample forecasting performance.
How economic scenarios are reflected in calculation of ECL
Based on economic theory and analysis, the macroeconomic variables most directly relevant for explaining and forecasting the selected risk parameters are:
•The net income of families, corporates or public administrations.
•The payment amounts on the principal and interest on the outstanding loans.
The Group approximates these variables by using a proxy indicator from the set included of the macroeconomic scenarios provided by the economic research department.
Only a single specific indicator can be used for each of the two variables and only key macroeconomic indicators should be chosen as the first option: a) the use of GDP Growth can be perceived as the only sufficient “factor” necessary to capture the influence of the entire macroeconomic scenario possibly relevant to internal PD; or b) the use of the most representative short-term interest rate or the exchange rate expressed in real terms.
GDP growth is preferred over any other indicator, not only because it is the most comprehensive indicator of income and economic activity, but also because it is the central variable in macroeconomic scenario generation.
Multiple scenario approach under IFRS 9
IFRS 9 requires calculating an unbiased probability weighted measurement of ECL by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, including forecasts of future economic conditions.
The BBVA Research team produces forecasts of the macroeconomic variables under the baseline scenario, which are used in the rest of the related processes of the Group, such as budgeting, the internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP) and risk appetite framework, stress testing, etc.
Additionally, the BBVA Research team produces alternative scenarios to the baseline scenario so as to meet the requirements under the IFRS 9.
Alternative macroeconomic scenarios
For each of the macro-financial variables (GDP or interest rate or exchange rate), BBVA Research produces three scenarios.
Each of these scenarios corresponds to the expected value of a different area of the probabilistic distribution of the possible projections of the economic variables.
The approach of the Group consists of using the scenario that is the most likely scenario, which is the baseline scenario, consistent with the rest of internal processes (ICAAP, Budgeting) and then applying upside and downside scenarios by taking into account the weighted average of the ECL determined by each of the scenarios.
It is important to note that in general, the effect of the adjustment for the application of multiple scenarios is expected to increase the ECL. It is possible to obtain an adjustment that does not have that effect whenever the correlation between macroeconomic scenarios and losses is linear; however, it is not expected that it will reduce the ECL.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

8. Credit risk exposure and allowances
The table below sets forth the changes during 2024 and 2023 in the credit risk exposure and the impairment allowances booked under IFRS 9 in the consolidated statement of financial position or reversal of estimated impairment of financial assets at amortized cost, financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, loan commitments and financial guarantees:
December 31, 2024

CREDIT RISK EXPOSURE - FINANCIAL ASSETS (1) |  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
| Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
| Credit risk exposure |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure
Opening balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 8,193,251,178 |  |  | 2,059,189,205 |  |  | 15,095,299 |  |  | 68,348,011 |  |  | 8,320,121 |  |  | 10,344,203,814 |
Transfers of financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (837,319,455) |  |  | 804,869,883 |  |  | 5,915,233 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (26,534,339) |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 603,549,865 |  |  | (520,148,591) |  |  | (3,840,477) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 79,560,797 |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (18,749,254) |  |  | (150,272,911) |  |  | (127,573) |  |  | 175,087,957 |  |  | 121,679 |  |  | 6,059,898 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 1,891,706 |  |  | 7,880,058 |  |  | (4,873) |  |  | (13,864,284) |  |  | (152,824) |  |  | (4,250,217) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 2,299,343,253 |  |  | 1,673,646,919 |  |  | 14,085,888 |  |  | (828,779) |  |  | 2,934,992 |  |  | 3,989,182,273 |
New financial assets originated |  | 22,920,918,069 |  |  | 3,049,045,571 |  |  | 12,951,056 |  |  | 21,793,244 |  |  | 236,952 |  |  | 26,004,944,892 |
Repayments |  | (18,851,707,987) |  |  | (2,334,171,234) |  |  | (14,475,739) |  |  | (30,077,699) |  |  | (522,112) |  |  | (21,230,954,771) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  | – |  |  | (62,971,100) |  |  | (1,828,294) |  |  | (64,799,394) |
Foreign exchange |  | 163,427,530 |  |  | 2,990,226 |  |  | 2,101,449 |  |  | 15,072 |  |  | 958,669 |  |  | 169,492,946 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (5,672,187,276) |  |  | (1,650,712,590) |  |  | (10,303,544) |  |  | (49,995,382) |  |  | (4,757,901) |  |  | (7,387,956,693) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 8,802,417,629 |  |  | 2,942,316,536 |  |  | 21,396,719 |  |  | 107,507,040 |  |  | 5,311,282 |  |  | 11,878,949,206 |

(1)Refer to Note 36 for credit risk exposure of financial assets with stage allocation by asset classification.
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Table of Contents

Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2023

CREDIT RISK EXPOSURE - FINANCIAL ASSETS (1) |  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
| Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
| Credit risk exposure |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure
Opening balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 9,660,848,834 |  |  | 1,683,896,922 |  |  | 30,025,289 |  |  | 74,794,712 |  |  | 10,518,892 |  |  | 11,460,084,649 |
Transfers of financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (989,087,309) |  |  | 975,117,458 |  |  | 57 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (13,969,794) |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 664,703,804 |  |  | (588,489,919) |  |  | (3,395,564) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 72,818,321 |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (19,926,600) |  |  | (158,949,974) |  |  | (4,916,802) |  |  | 181,726,964 |  |  | 5,034,514 |  |  | 2,968,102 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 4,482,570 |  |  | 9,938,627 |  |  | 3,672,288 |  |  | (18,343,970) |  |  | (4,091,886) |  |  | (4,342,371) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 2,003,810,433 |  |  | 1,647,529,017 |  |  | 5,788,598 |  |  | (10,473,506) |  |  | 3,218,655 |  |  | 3,649,873,197 |
New financial assets originated |  | 50,597,228,463 |  |  | 1,580,027,146 |  |  | 73,438,205 |  |  | 16,255,562 |  |  | 4,115,479 |  |  | 52,271,064,855 |
Repayments |  | (44,629,500,721) |  |  | (1,228,918,344) |  |  | (73,995,344) |  |  | (26,716,922) |  |  | (5,745,330) |  |  | (45,964,876,661) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (58,657,193) |  |  | (2,219,251) |  |  | (60,876,444) |
Foreign exchange |  | 795,292,889 |  |  | 20,885,797 |  |  | 10,380,602 |  |  | 160,354 |  |  | 6,761,440 |  |  | 833,481,082 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (9,894,601,185) |  |  | (1,881,847,525) |  |  | (25,902,030) |  |  | (90,397,990) |  |  | (9,272,392) |  |  | (11,902,021,122) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 8,193,251,178 |  |  | 2,059,189,205 |  |  | 15,095,299 |  |  | 68,348,011 |  |  | 8,320,121 |  |  | 10,344,203,814 |

(1)Refer to Note 36 for credit risk exposure of financial assets with stage allocation by asset classification.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2024

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
CREDIT RISK EXPOSURE - LOAN COMMITMENTS AND FINANCIAL GUARANTEES |  | Credit risk exposure |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure
Opening balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 1,274,815,404 |  |  | 133,320,842 |  |  | 392,084 |  |  | 451,089 |  |  | 753 |  |  | 1,408,980,172 |
Transfers of loan commitments and financial guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (234,954,965) |  |  | 208,668,179 |  |  | 71,708 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (26,215,078) |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 282,600,695 |  |  | (192,561,880) |  |  | (252,306) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 89,786,509 |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (2,055,990) |  |  | (680,161) |  |  | (284) |  |  | 1,765,558 |  |  | 208 |  |  | (970,669) |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 1,000,777 |  |  | 339,440 |  |  | 284 |  |  | (1,015,178) |  |  | (1,342) |  |  | 323,981 |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 2,466,252,715 |  |  | 106,996,063 |  |  | (1,324,084) |  |  | 298,641 |  |  | 6,858 |  |  | 2,572,230,193 |
New loan commitments and financial guarantees originated |  | 1,087,873,500 |  |  | 52,586,237 |  |  | 2,892,098 |  |  | 222,498 |  |  | – |  |  | 1,143,574,333 |
Expirations and repayments |  | (493,088,612) |  |  | (56,648,154) |  |  | (494,000) |  |  | (423,595) |  |  | (69) |  |  | (550,654,430) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (1,822) |  |  | – |  |  | (1,822) |
Foreign exchange |  | 40,682,101 |  |  | 1,893,004 |  |  | 408,500 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 42,983,605 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (1,112,263,685) |  |  | (94,947,309) |  |  | (919,843) |  |  | (349,581) |  |  | (4,433) |  |  | (1,208,484,851) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 3,310,861,940 |  |  | 158,966,261 |  |  | 774,157 |  |  | 947,610 |  |  | 1,975 |  |  | 3,471,551,943 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2023

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
CREDIT RISK EXPOSURE - LOAN COMMITMENTS AND FINANCIAL GUARANTEES |  | Credit risk exposure |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (collectively assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure (individually assessed) |  | Credit risk exposure
Opening balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 1,321,683,381 |  |  | 124,417,490 |  |  | 417,739 |  |  | 453,972 |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 1,446,973,647 |
Transfers of loan commitments and financial guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (254,854,479) |  |  | 237,205,389 |  |  | 16,657 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (17,632,433) |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 218,840,681 |  |  | (177,171,409) |  |  | (67,147) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 41,602,125 |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (1,545,425) |  |  | (1,126,681) |  |  | (246) |  |  | 1,462,449 |  |  | 322 |  |  | (1,209,581) |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 457,019 |  |  | 541,548 |  |  | 268 |  |  | (1,053,689) |  |  | (21,506) |  |  | (76,360) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 591,409,436 |  |  | 66,443,885 |  |  | 203,362 |  |  | 380,919 |  |  | 26,700 |  |  | 658,464,302 |
New loan commitments and financial guarantees originated |  | 984,079,857 |  |  | 35,642,932 |  |  | 323,828 |  |  | 331,158 |  |  | – |  |  | 1,020,377,775 |
Expirations and repayments |  | (421,131,951) |  |  | (52,529,209) |  |  | (140,270) |  |  | (545,315) |  |  | (1,422) |  |  | (474,348,167) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (1,154) |  |  | – |  |  | (1,154) |
Foreign exchange |  | 236,444,966 |  |  | 20,514,301 |  |  | 97,867 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 257,057,134 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (1,400,568,081) |  |  | (120,617,404) |  |  | (459,974) |  |  | (577,251) |  |  | (4,406) |  |  | (1,522,227,116) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 1,274,815,404 |  |  | 133,320,842 |  |  | 392,084 |  |  | 451,089 |  |  | 753 |  |  | 1,408,980,172 |

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Table of Contents

Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2024

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
ALLOWANCES - FINANCIAL ASSETS |  | Loss allowances |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances
Opening balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 40,349,027 |  |  | 115,542,361 |  |  | 230,871 |  |  | 49,314,954 |  |  | 5,980,333 |  |  | 211,417,546 |
Transfers of financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (16,124,291) |  |  | 47,578,081 |  |  | 347,830 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 31,801,620 |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 5,250,908 |  |  | (17,717,381) |  |  | (45,399) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (12,511,872) |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (1,261,890) |  |  | (26,350,084) |  |  | (4,107) |  |  | 102,528,347 |  |  | 2,829 |  |  | 74,915,095 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 109,116 |  |  | 568,706 |  |  | – |  |  | (9,484,619) |  |  | (100,109) |  |  | (8,906,906) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 8,849,844 |  |  | (25,226,055) |  |  | 653,695 |  |  | 30,434,842 |  |  | 2,922,053 |  |  | 17,634,379 |
New financial assets originated |  | 97,090,358 |  |  | 173,353,583 |  |  | 128,373 |  |  | 12,099,402 |  |  | 236,944 |  |  | 282,908,660 |
Repayments |  | (55,646,807) |  |  | (50,138,632) |  |  | (165,061) |  |  | (19,593,514) |  |  | (468,675) |  |  | (126,012,689) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | (6) |  |  | – |  |  | (50,406,351) |  |  | (1,785,614) |  |  | (52,191,971) |
Foreign exchange |  | 1,577,358 |  |  | 126,854 |  |  | 39,882 |  |  | 5,353 |  |  | 663,655 |  |  | 2,413,102 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (24,816,666) |  |  | (98,908,242) |  |  | (177,646) |  |  | (35,938,448) |  |  | (3,545,748) |  |  | (163,386,750) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2024 (1) |  | 55,376,957 |  |  | 118,829,185 |  |  | 1,008,438 |  |  | 78,959,966 |  |  | 3,905,668 |  |  | 258,080,214 |

(1)Impairment of financial assets detailed in the table above includes allowances on financial assets at FVOCI for 89,577,386.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2023

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
ALLOWANCES - FINANCIAL ASSETS |  | Loss allowances |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances
Opening balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 46,335,924 |  |  | 163,250,849 |  |  | 815,243 |  |  | 61,356,726 |  |  | 7,581,630 |  |  | 279,340,372 |
Transfers of financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (22,774,025) |  |  | 88,932,978 |  |  | 15 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 66,158,968 |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 10,020,586 |  |  | (40,738,217) |  |  | (44,935) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (30,762,566) |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (1,220,560) |  |  | (47,120,627) |  |  | (165,027) |  |  | 108,913,847 |  |  | 3,222,910 |  |  | 63,630,543 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 376,690 |  |  | 928,296 |  |  | (36,530) |  |  | (14,913,737) |  |  | (2,760,528) |  |  | (16,405,809) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 14,308,254 |  |  | 57,647,261 |  |  | (41,651) |  |  | 32,715,312 |  |  | 4,094,530 |  |  | 108,723,706 |
New financial assets originated |  | 176,176,225 |  |  | 110,014,971 |  |  | 1,967,604 |  |  | 10,347,983 |  |  | 2,803,528 |  |  | 301,310,311 |
Repayments |  | (152,844,477) |  |  | (49,123,387) |  |  | (1,926,858) |  |  | (19,509,676) |  |  | (4,297,979) |  |  | (227,702,377) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | (2) |  |  | – |  |  | (56,211,057) |  |  | (2,137,681) |  |  | (58,348,740) |
Foreign exchange |  | 18,397,094 |  |  | 721,777 |  |  | 383,578 |  |  | 20,269 |  |  | 4,587,074 |  |  | 24,109,792 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (48,426,684) |  |  | (168,971,538) |  |  | (720,568) |  |  | (73,404,713) |  |  | (7,113,151) |  |  | (298,636,654) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2023 (1) |  | 40,349,027 |  |  | 115,542,361 |  |  | 230,871 |  |  | 49,314,954 |  |  | 5,980,333 |  |  | 211,417,546 |

(1)Impairment of financial assets detailed in the table above includes allowances on financial assets at FVOCI for 78,055,496.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2024

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
ALLOWANCES - LOAN COMMITMENTS AND FINANCIAL GUARANTEES |  | Loss allowances |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances
Opening balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 10,217,322 |  |  | 2,498,089 |  |  | 6,352 |  |  | 283,283 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 13,005,597 |
Transfers of loan commitments and financial guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (2,434,920) |  |  | 6,061,055 |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 3,630,754 |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 1,936,559 |  |  | (4,318,846) |  |  | (4,464) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (2,386,751) |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (45,352) |  |  | (66,759) |  |  | (11) |  |  | 1,003,537 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 891,496 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 39,028 |  |  | 16,131 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (611,374) |  |  | (22,743) |  |  | (578,952) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | 1,448,987 |  |  | 2,590,230 |  |  | (34,551) |  |  | 273,611 |  |  | 31,926 |  |  | 4,310,203 |
New loan commitments and financial guarantees originated |  | 18,208,338 |  |  | 720,836 |  |  | 59,442 |  |  | 144,462 |  |  | – |  |  | 19,133,078 |
Repayments |  | (4,578,926) |  |  | (1,091,098) |  |  | (10,539) |  |  | (243,098) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (5,923,712) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (1,337) |  |  | – |  |  | (1,337) |
Foreign exchange |  | 392,144 |  |  | 15,136 |  |  | 7,464 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 414,744 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (7,650,729) |  |  | (1,830,316) |  |  | (17,039) |  |  | (212,281) |  |  | (4,900) |  |  | (9,715,265) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 17,532,451 |  |  | 4,594,458 |  |  | 11,279 |  |  | 636,803 |  |  | 4,864 |  |  | 22,779,855 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

December 31, 2023

|  | Performing |  | Non performing |  |
|  | Stage 1 |  | Stage 2 |  | Stage 3 |  | Total
ALLOWANCES - LOAN COMMITMENTS AND FINANCIAL GUARANTEES |  | Loss allowances |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances (collectively assessed) |  | Loss allowances (individually assessed) |  | Loss allowances
Opening balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 11,918,098 |  |  | 5,984,412 |  |  | 29,174 |  |  | 337,665 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 18,270,055 |
Transfers of loan commitments and financial guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from Stage 1 to Stage 2 |  | (3,600,012) |  |  | 12,503,769 |  |  | 542 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 8,904,299 |
Transfers from Stage 2 to Stage 1 |  | 2,713,585 |  |  | (9,413,685) |  |  | (20,263) |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (6,720,363) |
Transfers from Stage 1 or 2 to Stage 3 |  | (33,681) |  |  | (197,184) |  |  | (61) |  |  | 857,848 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 627,042 |
Transfers from Stage 3 to Stage 1 or 2 |  | 75,742 |  |  | 59,012 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | (843,456) |  |  | (57,021) |  |  | (761,348) |
Changes without transfers between Stages |  | (4,472,823) |  |  | (2,260,074) |  |  | 14,764 |  |  | 463,359 |  |  | 66,620 |  |  | (6,188,154) |
New loan commitments and financial guarantees originated |  | 16,717,879 |  |  | 745,670 |  |  | 12,939 |  |  | 227,974 |  |  | – |  |  | 17,704,462 |
Repayments |  | (3,735,742) |  |  | (1,027,477) |  |  | (10,287) |  |  | (337,861) |  |  | (6,058) |  |  | (5,117,425) |
Write-offs |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | (886) |  |  | – |  |  | (886) |
Foreign exchange |  | 2,000,236 |  |  | 110,693 |  |  | 2,461 |  |  | – |  |  | – |  |  | 2,113,390 |
Inflation adjustment |  | (11,365,960) |  |  | (4,007,047) |  |  | (27,292) |  |  | (421,360) |  |  | (3,816) |  |  | (15,825,475) |
Closing balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 10,217,322 |  |  | 2,498,089 |  |  | 6,352 |  |  | 283,283 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 13,005,597 |

9. Refinancing and restructuring operations
Policies and principles with respect to refinancing and restructuring operations
Refinancing and restructuring transactions are carried out with customers who have requested such an operation in order to meet their current loan payments if they are expected, or may be expected, to experience financial difficulty in making payments in the future.
The basic aim of a refinancing and restructuring operation is to provide the customer with a situation of financial viability over time by adapting the repayment of the loan entered into with the Group to the customer’s new situation of fund generation. The use of refinancing and restructuring for other purposes, such as to delay loss recognition, is contrary to the Group’s policies.
The Group’s refinancing and restructuring policies are based on the following general principles:
•Refinancing and restructuring is authorized according to the capacity of customers to pay the new installments. This is done by first identifying the origin of the payment difficulties and then carrying out an analysis of the customers’ viability, including an updated analysis of their economic and financial situation and capacity to pay and generate funds. If the customer is a company, the analysis also covers the situation of the industry in which it operates.
•With the aim of increasing the solvency of the operation, new guarantees and/or guarantors of demonstrable solvency are obtained where possible. An essential part of this process is an analysis of the effectiveness of both the new and original guarantees.
•This analysis is carried out from the overall customer or group perspective.
•Refinancing and restructuring operations do not in general increase the amount of the customer’s loan, except for the expenses inherent to the operation itself.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

•The capacity to refinance and restructure loans is not delegated to the branches, but decided by the risk units.
•The decisions made are reviewed from time to time with the aim of evaluating full compliance with refinancing and restructuring policies.
In the case of retail customers (private individuals), the main aim of the Group’s policy on refinancing and restructuring loans is to avoid default arising from a customer’s temporary liquidity problems by implementing structural solutions that do not increase the balance of the customer’s loan. The solution required is adapted to each case and the loan repayment is easened, in accordance with the following principles:
•Analysis of the viability of the operations based on the customer’s willingness and ability to pay, which may be reduced, but should nevertheless be present. The customer must therefore repay at least the interest on the operation in all cases. No arrangements may be concluded that involve a grace period for both principal and interest.
•Refinancing and restructuring of operations is only allowed on those loans in which the Group originally entered into.
•Customers subject to refinancing and restructuring operations are excluded from marketing campaigns of any kind.
Under restructuring or refinancing, the cure period is defined as one year from the latter of:
•The moment of extending the restructuring measures.
•The moment when the exposure has been classified as defaulted.
•The end of the grace period included in the restructuring agreements.
Additionally, this period should not be shorter than the period during which material payment has been made by the customer.
During the cure period, facilities have a PD of 100% assigned and are classified as Stage 3.
Once the cure period for Stage 3 is finished, the contract refinancing and restructuring is transferred to Stage 2 for two additional years.
The following table provides information about the Group's refinanced assets:

|  |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
| Refinanced assets |  | 25,937,582 |  |  | 21,512,288 |  |
| Allowances for ECL |  | (15,725,577) |  |  | (12,767,907) |  |

The table below includes Stage 2 and Stage 3 assets that were refinanced during the period, with the related modification loss suffered by the Group:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Additions of financial assets at amortized cost modified during the period |  | 19,990,358 |  |  | 17,926,003 |
Net modification loss |  | (689,942) |  |  | (956,980) |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The table below shows the gross carrying amount of modified financial assets for which loss allowance has changed to 12-month ECL measurement during the period:

|  | Post modification
December 31, 2024 |  | Gross carrying amount |  | ECL
Financial assets that have cured since modification and are now measured using 12-month ECL (Stage 1) |  | 94,200 |  |  | 1,373 |
Financial assets that reverted to (Stage 2/3) lifetime ECL having once cured |  | 131,827 |  |  | 6,204 |

|  | Post modification
December 31, 2023 |  | Gross carrying amount |  | ECL
Financial assets that have cured since modification and are now measured using 12-month ECL (Stage 1) |  | 294,263 |  |  | 2,003 |
Financial assets that reverted to (Stage 2/3) lifetime ECL having once cured |  | 1,353,794 |  |  | 34,500 |

10. Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
10.1. Debt securities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Government securities | 2,262,027,285 |  |  | 1,136,448,130 |
Financial assets pledged as collateral (1) | 125,000,331 |  |  | 380,367,224 |
Private securities - Corporate bonds | 37,554,734 |  |  | 19,509,778 |
BCRA notes | 37,098,912 |  |  | — |
BCRA Internal Bills - USD | — |  |  | 151,937,663 |
BCRA Liquidity Bills | — |  |  | 131,713,790 |
Financial assets pledged as collateral – USD (2) | — |  |  | 13,334,419 |
TOTAL | 2,461,681,262 |  |  | 1,833,311,004 |

(1)Set up as collateral to operate with Rosario Futures Exchange (ROFEX), Bolsas y Mercados Argentinos SA (BYMA) and Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A (MAE) on foreign currency forward transactions and futures contracts. The trust fund consists of government securities in pesos adjusted by CER with maturity 2025 and 2026 (T2X5, TX26 and TZXD5). As of December 31, 2023, it was composed of T2X4, T2X5 and TX26.
(2)Financial assets pledged as collateral are composed of dollars in cash, Treasury Bonds (TV24D) and Private securities - Corporate bonds (LTP4, PQCOO y PCRH) as collateral for activities related to the transactions on MAE and BYMA.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Debt exchange - March/June, 2023
In March 2023, the Bank participated in a voluntary debt exchange under section 11, Decree No. 331/2022 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered or received under such swap were as follows:

Securities Delivered |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bill in pesos at discount. Maturity April 28, 2023 (LEDES S28A3) |  | 19,027,714,460 |
Argentine Treasury Bill in pesos adjusted by CER at discount. Maturity May 19, 2023 (LECER X19Y3) |  | 7,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bill in pesos at discount. Maturity May 31, 2023 (LEDES S31Y3) |  | 6,840,800,244 |
Argentine Treasury Bill in pesos at discount. Maturity June 30, 2023 (LEDES S30J3) |  | 5,532,343,136 |

Securities Received |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 3.75%. Maturity April 14, 2024 (T3X4P) |  | 13,237,176,685 |
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4%. Maturity October 14, 2024 (T4X4P) |  | 17,649,568,913 |
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4.25%. Maturity February 14, 2025 (T2X5P) |  | 13,237,176,685 |

In June 2023, the Bank participated in a voluntary debt swap under section 11, Presidential Decree No. 331/2022 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered or received under such swap were as follows:

Securities Delivered |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bill in pesos adjusted by CER at discount. Maturity June 16, 2023 (LECER X16J3) |  | 2,159,998,000
Argentine Treasuty Bill in pesos adjusted by CER at discount. Maturity July 18, 2023 (LECER X18L3) |  | 35,863,500,000
Argentine Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by CER 1.45%. Maturity August 13, 2023 (T2X3) |  | 3,622,490,577

Securities Received |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4.25%. Maturity December 13, 2024 (T5X4P) |  | 71,442,000,014 |

In addition, the Bank purchased put options from the BCRA. These options grant the Bank an opportunity to sell (put option) the underlying asset at a price determined by the BCRA applicable regulations. In these transactions, options may be exercised up to the day prior to the maturity date of the underlying asset. On July 18, 2024, the Bank undertook the bidding process for terminating the liquidity options related to government securities issued by the BCRA and existing in the Bank’s portfolio (Communications “B” 12,847 and “A” 7,546). As a result of such process, put options for a face value of 546,974,473,392 were delivered.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Debt exchange - August, 2024
In August 2024, the Bank participated in a voluntary debt exchange under section 11, Decree No. 331/2022 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered or received under such swap were as follows:

Securities Delivered |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4.25%. Maturity February 14, 2025 (T2X5P) |  | 4,730,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4%. Maturity October 14, 2024 (T4X4P) |  | 14,420,000,000 |

Securities Received |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity March 31, 2025 (LT S31M5P) |  | 21,939,229,119 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos adjusted by CER. Maturity December 15, 2025 (BOND TZXD5P) |  | 56,422,237,648 |

Debt exchange - January, 2025
In January 2025, the Bank participated in a voluntary debt exchange under section 2, Decree No. 846/2024 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered or received under such swap were as follows:

Securities Delivered |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bond in pesos adjusted by CER 4.25%. Maturity February 14, 2025 (BOND T2X5P) |  | 13,857,176,685 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity May 30, 2025 (LT S30Y5P) |  | 26,690,835,200 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity July 18, 2025 (LT S18J5P) |  | 50,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity July 30, 2025 (LT S30J5P) |  | 25,112,610,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos adjusted by CER. Maturity June 30, 2025 (BOND TZX25P) |  | 3,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity August 29, 2025 (LT S29G5P) |  | 25,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity July 31, 2025 (LT S31L5P) |  | 175,850,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity September 12, 2025 (LT S12S5P) |  | 25,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity September 30, 2025 (LT S30S5P) |  | 50,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity October 17, 2025 (BOND T17O5P) |  | 100,000,000,000 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity May 16, 2025 (LT S16Y5P) |  | 19,387,383,700 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Securities Received |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity November 10, 2025 (LT S10N5P) |  | 91,130,891,038 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos Dual Rate. Maturity March 16, 2026 (TTM26P) |  | 163,702,463,045 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos Dual Rate. Maturity June 30, 2026 (TTJ26P) |  | 163,702,463,045 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos Dual Rate. Maturity September 15, 2026 (TTS26P) |  | 163,702,463,045 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in Pesos Dual Rate. Maturity December 15, 2026 (TTD26P) |  | 163,702,463,038 |

Debt exchange - February, 2025
In February 2025, the Bank participated in a voluntary debt exchange under section 2, Decree No. 846/2024 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered or received under such swap were as follows:

Securities Delivered |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity March 31, 2025 (LT S31M5P) |  | 42,927,187,195 |

Securities Received |  |
Description |  | Nominal values
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity November 10, 2025 (LT S10N5P) |  | 64,312,653,526 |

10.2. Equity instruments

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Compensadora Electrónica S.A. | 2,436,994 |  |  | 1,941,974 |
Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A. | 1,011,785 |  |  | 1,114,544 |
Banco Latinoamericano de Exportaciones S.A. | 735,975 |  |  | 880,780 |
Seguro de Depósitos S.A. | 268,270 |  |  | 314,132 |
Others | 49,549 |  |  | 71,147 |
TOTAL | 4,502,573 |  |  | 4,322,577 |

11. Income Tax
Income Tax should be booked using the liability method, recognizing (as credit or debt) the tax effect of temporary differences between the accounting valuation and the tax valuation of assets and liabilities, and its subsequent charge to profit or loss for the year in which its reversion occurs, also considering the possibility of taking advantage of tax losses in the future.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

11.1. Current income tax assets
Below is a breakdown of the current income tax assets disclosed in the statement of financial position:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Tax advances | 45,438,057 |  |  | 349,167 |
TOTAL | 45,438,057 |  |  | 349,167 |

11.2. Current income tax liabilities
Below is a breakdown of the current income tax liabilities disclosed in the statement of financial position:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Income tax provision | 17,135,128 |  |  | 426,610,954 |
Tax advances | (2,573,657) |  |  | (7,392,376) |
Collections and withholdings | (787,449) |  |  | (750,788) |
TOTAL | 13,774,022 |  |  | 418,467,790 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

11.3. Deferred income tax
The deferred tax assets and liabilities disclosed in the statement of financial position are as follows:

Account |  |  |  | Changes recognized in |  | As of December 31, 2024
| As of December 31, 2023 |  | Consolidated statement of profit or loss |  | Other comprehensive income |  | Deferred tax asset |  | Deferred tax liabilities
Allowance for loan losses |  | 66,149,028 |  |  | (17,353,276) |  |  | — |  |  | 48,795,752 |  |  | — |
Provisions |  | 77,535,032 |  |  | (21,493,729) |  |  | — |  |  | 56,041,303 |  |  | — |
Loan Commissions |  | 9,897,350 |  |  | 3,029,326 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,926,676 |  |  | — |
Expenses capitalized for tax purpose |  | (36,907,330) |  |  | (7,620,053) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,527,383) |
Property and equipment |  | (90,911,885) |  |  | 9,906,978 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (81,004,907) |
Investments in debt securities and equity instruments |  | (65,098,000) |  |  | 48,977,886 |  |  | 1,521,923 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,598,191) |
Inflation adjustment (see Note 11.4) |  | 2,776,485 |  |  | (2,709,258) |  |  | — |  |  | 67,227 |  |  | — |
Tax loss |  | 2,740,908 |  |  | 47,657,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,398,374 |  |  | — |
Others |  | 113 |  |  | (61) |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |
Balance |  | (33,818,299) |  |  | 60,395,279 |  |  | 1,521,923 |  |  | 168,229,384 |  |  | (140,130,481) |
Offsetting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (140,130,481) |  |  | 140,130,481 |
Net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,098,903 |  |  | — |

Account |  |  |  | Changes recognized in |  | As of December 31, 2023
| As of December 31, 2022 |  | Consolidated statement of profit or loss |  | Other comprehensive income |  | Deferred tax asset |  | Deferred tax liabilities
Allowance for loan losses |  | 81,141,588 |  |  | (14,992,560) |  |  | — |  |  | 66,149,028 |  |  | — |
Provisions |  | 85,541,940 |  |  | (8,006,908) |  |  | — |  |  | 77,535,032 |  |  | — |
Loan Commissions |  | 8,280,148 |  |  | 1,617,202 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,897,350 |  |  | — |
Expenses capitalized for tax purpose |  | (32,811,674) |  |  | (4,095,656) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (36,907,330) |
Property and equipment |  | (88,236,354) |  |  | (2,675,531) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90,911,885) |
Investments in debt securities and equity instruments |  | (95,215,710) |  |  | 215,047,801 |  |  | (184,930,091) |  |  | — |  |  | (65,098,000) |
Inflation adjustment (see Note 11.4) |  | 16,851,957 |  |  | (14,075,472) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,776,485 |  |  | — |
Tax loss |  | 5,981,492 |  |  | (3,240,584) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,740,908 |  |  | — |
Others |  | (234,219) |  |  | 234,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |
Balance |  | (18,700,832) |  |  | 169,812,624 |  |  | (184,930,091) |  |  | 159,098,916 |  |  | (192,917,215) |
Offsetting |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (152,901,796) |  |  | 152,901,796 |
Net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,197,120 |  |  | (40,015,419) |

In the consolidated financial statements, the (current and deferred) income tax assets of a Group entity will not be offset with the (current and deferred) income tax liabilities of another Group entity because they are related to income tax amounts borne by different taxpayers and also because they do not have legal rights before tax authorities to pay or receive any amounts to settle the net position.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

11.4. Income tax expense
Below are the main components of the income tax benefit in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current Tax | (136,660,084) |  |  | (509,675,665) |  |  | (62,999,041) |
Deferred Tax | 60,395,279 |  |  | 169,812,624 |  |  | 80,113,241 |
Income tax recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss | (76,264,805) |  |  | (339,863,041) |  |  | 17,114,200 |
Income tax recognized in the consolidated statement of comprenhensive income | 169,658,849 |  |  | (184,930,091) |  |  | (4,839,879) |
Total income tax | 93,394,044 |  |  | (524,793,132) |  |  | 12,274,321 |

The Group's effective tax rate calculated on the income tax recognized in the income statement for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 17% and 50%, respectively, and income tax benefit was 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes the effect of the claim filed before AFIP, as stated under “Inflation adjustment for tax purposes. Fiscal year 2021” of Note 11.6.
The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes receivables for judgments for fiscal years 2013 and 2014, as stated under “Requests for refunds. Fiscal years 2013, 2014 and 2015” of Note 11.6.
Below is a reconciliation between the tax that would result from applying the current tax rate to the result before income tax and the income tax charge recorded in results as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Profit before income tax | 441,080,385 |  | 682,307,668 |  | 375,932,109
Income tax rate | 35 | % |  | 35 | % |  | 35 | %
Income tax using the Bank’s income tax rate | 154,378,135 |  | 238,807,684 |  | 131,576,238
Tax-exempt income | (5,046,526) |  | (4,035,063) |  | (1,007,349)
Non-deductible expenses | 2,393,524 |  | 5,540,479 |  | 1,036,102
Other | 67,800 |  | (84,226) |  | (1,473,226)
Net monetary inflation adjustment | 690,318,492 |  | 911,255,310 |  | 411,884,383
Subtotal | 842,111,425 |  | 1,151,484,184 |  | 542,016,148
Inflation adjustment for tax purposes (see Note 11.6) | (773,960,520) |  | (811,621,143) |  | (558,520,266)
Other | 8,113,900 |  | — |  | (610,082)
Income tax expense (benefit) | 76,264,805 |  | 339,863,041 |  | (17,114,200)
Effective tax rate | 17 | % |  | 50 | % |  | (5 | %)

11.5. Income Tax Corporate Rate
Law 27,630, enacted on June 16, 2021 through Decree 387/2021, set forth for fiscal years starting on or after January 1, 2021, a tax rate scale scheme of 25%, 30% and 35% to be progressively applied according to the level of taxable net income accumulated as of each fiscal year end. In these consolidated financial statements, the Entity and its subsidiaries have determined the current income tax using the progressive tax rate that is expected to be applicable to
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

the total expected income for the year, while deferred income tax balances were measured using the progressive tax rate that is expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are reversed.
11.6. Inflation adjustment for tax purposes
Law 27,430 of Tax Reform, as amended by Laws 27,468 and 27,541, sets forth the following as regards the inflation adjustment for tax purposes, effective for fiscal years started on or after January 1, 2018:
i.Such adjustment will be applicable in the tax year in which the percentage variation of the general consumer price index at national level (CPI) exceeds 100% in the thirty-six months prior to the end of the reporting fiscal year;
ii.Regarding the first, second and third fiscal years as from January 1, 2018, the procedure will be applicable in the event that the variation of such index, calculated from the beginning and until the closing of each of those fiscal years, exceeds 55%, 30% and 15% for the first, second and third years of application, respectively;
iii.The effect of the positive or negative inflation adjustment for tax purposes, as the case may be, corresponding to the first, second and third fiscal years started on or after January 1, 2018, is charged one third in that tax period and the remaining two thirds, in equal parts, in the two immediately following tax periods;
iv.The effect of the positive or negative inflation adjustment corresponding to the first and second tax years starting on or after January 1, 2019, is charged one-sixth in the tax year in which the adjustment is determined and the remaining five-sixths in the immediately following tax periods; and
v.For tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, 100% of the adjustment may be deducted in the year in which it is determined.
As of December 31, 2024, the parameters established by the income tax law to apply the inflation adjustment for tax purposes were met and the effects arising from the application of such adjustment as provided by law have been included when booking current and deferred income tax.
11.7. Other tax matters
- Inflation adjustment for tax purposes. Fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018
On May 10, 2017, May 10, 2018 and May 13, 2019, and based on related case law, the Entity’s Board of Directors approved the filing of actions for declaratory judgment of unconstitutionality of section 39 of Law 24073, section 4 of Law 25,561, section 5 of Decree 214/02 issued by the Argentine Executive, Law 27,468 and any other regulation whereby the inflation adjustment mechanism provided for under Law 20,628, as amended, is considered not applicable due to the confiscatory effect in the specific case, for fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018. Consequently, the Entity filed its income tax returns for those fiscal years taking into consideration the effect of those restatement mechanisms.
The net impact of this measure on nominal values was an adjustment to the income tax assessed for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 in the amount of 1,185,800 (in nominal values), for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, in the amount of 1,021,519 (in nominal values), and for fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, in the amount of 3,239,760 (in nominal values).
On June 8, 2020, the Federal Court on Administrative Matters (JCAF 12-23) ruled upon the action for declaratory judgment filed on May 12, 2017, upholding the complaint and thus declaring that the prohibition to apply the inflation adjustment mechanism for the purposes of the income tax return filed by the Bank for fiscal period 2016 is not applicable to the case.
The appeals filed against the judgment were granted on August 6, 2020, and the case was submitted to the Appellate Court for consideration. On December 9, 2020, the Federal Appellate Court on Administrative Matters (Courtroom II) dismissed the appeals, thus confirming the judgment rendered by the court of original jurisdiction. The tax authority Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos (“AFIP” or the “Tax Authority” or the “National Tax Authority”) filed an extraordinary appeal against the judgment, but then withdrew it through a motion filed on
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

February 1, 2021. Accordingly, the judgment rendered by the Appellate Court in favor of the Bank’s interests became final.
On June 14, 2021, the Court of First Instance rendered judgment in respect of the action for declaratory judgment of unconstitutionality for fiscal year 2017 in favor of the Bank’s position. After appealing the judgment to the Appellate Court, the Bank filed the basis for the appeal but on September 3, 2021 the tax authority filed a brief withdrawing the appeal filed. Finally, on May 10, 2022, the Appellate Court considered that AFIP had withdrawn its appeal with respect to the judgment on the merits.
On October 5, 2022, the Court of First Instance rendered judgment in respect of the action for declaratory judgment of unconstitutionality for fiscal year 2018 in favor of the Bank’s position. On October 6, 2022, the tax authorities appealed the sentence.
On July 11, 2023, the Bank obtained a favorable judgment from the Contentious Court Administrative and on August 8, 2023, the tax authorities filed an extraordinary appeal.
On September 24, 2024, the Federal Court issued a ruling dismissing the extraordinary appeal filed by AFIP.
Based on the foregoing, as of December 31, 2024, the Entity had no liabilities booked for the items referred to above.
- Requests for refunds. Fiscal year 2019
As concerns fiscal year 2019, the Entity assessed its income tax liability applying the inflation adjustment for tax purposes according to the terms of the Public Emergency Law, which maintains the inflation adjustment mechanism set out under Title VI of the Income Tax Law. Nevertheless, one sixth of the resulting inflation adjustment amount should be recognized during that fiscal year, with the remaining five sixths being computed, in equal parts, over the five immediately following fiscal years. Such deferral has been recognized as a deferred tax asset.
On August 21, 2020, the Bank filed a request for refund at the administrative stage pursuant to the provisions of the first paragraph of section 81 of Law No. 11,683 (as compiled in 1998 and as amended) to recover the amount of 4,528,453 (in nominal values).
Upon no response from the tax authorities, on June 17, 2021 the Entity filed a motion for expedited proceedings and on November 18, 2021 a legal action was filed before National Court on Federal Administrative Matters No. 10 (Court Clerk’s Office No. 24).
Pursuant to the financial reporting framework set forth by the BCRA, the Entity does not book assets in relation to contingent assets derived from the action filed.
- Inflation adjustment for tax purposes. Fiscal year 2020
In relation to fiscal year 2020, the Entity determined the income tax as of December 31, 2020 by applying the inflation adjustment for tax purposes in accordance with the provisions of the Public Emergency Law.
On May 26, 2021, and based on related case law, the Entity’s Board of Directors approved the filing of an action against the AFIP for declaratory judgment of unconstitutionality of section 194 of the Income Tax Law (as compiled in 2019) and/or of such rules that prohibit the full application of the inflation adjustment for tax purposes, on the grounds that they would lead to the assessment of a confiscatory income tax liability for fiscal year 2020; therefore allowing the full application of the mechanism set forth in section 106, paragraphs a) through e), Title VI of the Income Tax Law in that fiscal year.
Consequently, as of December 31, 2021, the Entity accounted for an adjustment in nominal values to the income tax liability assessed for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 in the amount of 5,817,000 (113,217,279 in restated values), with the ensuing impact on deferred tax assets by 5,033,000 (decrease) (100,351,307 in restated values) and on the income tax expense of 784,000 (12,865,981 in restated values).
On August 15, 2023, a trial court decision sustaining the claim filed by the Bank was issued. On August 22, 2023, the Bank appealed the decision by which the Bank should bear the costs and requested that they be borne by the losing party. On August 23, 2023, the AFIP appeals the subject matter of the case requesting that the decision be revoked.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

On July 1, 2024, the Appellate Court rejected AFIP’s claims regarding the substance of the case and also resolved to impose legal costs according to each party to the case in both instances. The AFIP filed an extraordinary appeal against the decision in favor of the Bank.
- Requests for refunds. Fiscal year 2021
On June 30, 2022, the Bank filed a prior administrative claim before the AFIP in order to obtain the recognition of the corrective tax return in less filed on June 30, 2022 with respect to the Income Tax for the 2021 tax year for 309,000 (in nominal values), on the grounds that the partial application of the correction mechanisms of the inflation adjustment under the provisions of Section 93 of the Income Tax Law is unconstitutional, since it affects the principle of reasonableness, equality, contributive capacity and confiscatory nature.
On June 6, 2023, a prompt resolution was requested. In view of the AFIP's silence, on September 20, 2023, a claim was filed before the Federal Court on Contentious Administrative Matters No. 1, Clerks’ Office No. 1.
- Inflation adjustment for tax purposes. Fiscal year 2022
On June 2, 2023, the Bank filed an unconstitutionality action against the AFIP to obtain a ruling declaring the unconstitutionality of section 93 of Income Tax Law (as revised in 2019) or other regulations preventing the comprehensive application of the tax adjustment for inflation, as it leads to a confiscatory income tax assessment for 2022 and, consequently, allows for the comprehensive adoption of the cost and amortization adjustment method provided for by sections 62 through 66, 71, 87 and 88 of Income Tax Law.The same procedure is being carried out in the Court No. 9.
The case is currently in the evidence production stage.
- Requests for refunds. Fiscal year 2023
On September 13, 2024, the Bank filed an administrative claim with the AFIP requesting that the amending tax return filed on May 13, 2024, in connection with income tax for the 2023 tax year amounting to 2,491,499 (in nominal terms) be recognized. The claim was grounded on the fact that the partial application of the adjustment for inflation mechanisms under section 93, Income Tax Law, is unconstitutional because it affects the fairness, equality, tax-paying capacity and confiscation principles.
- Requests for refunds. Fiscal years 2013, 2014 and 2015
Regarding fiscal years 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Entity assessed income tax without applying the inflation adjustment for tax purposes, consequently a higher tax was paid in the amounts of 264,257, 647,945 and 555,002 for those periods in nominal values, based on grounds similar to those stated in the first paragraph “Inflation Adjustment for Tax Purposes. Fiscal Years 2016, 2017 and 2018”
In the judicial case of the repetition corresponding to the fiscal period 2013, on August 7, 2023, the entity was notified of the judgment issued by the Supreme Court of Justice, by which the extraordinary appeal and the complaint filed by the Treasury were rejected, leaving firm the favorable judgments of the previous instances that recognized the Bank the repetition of 264,257 (in nominal values) for said period plus interest.
Once the presented liquidation was approved and the corresponding procedures were completed, on December 27, 2023, the AFIP deposited in a bank account of the Entity the sum of 1,037,484 (in nominal values), corresponding to 264,257 (in nominal values) in the concept of capital and 773,227 (in nominal values) in the concept of updating capital and interest.
In the judicial case of the repetition corresponding to the fiscal period 2014, on July 12, 2023, the Entity was notified of the judgment issued by the Supreme Court of Justice, by which the extraordinary appeal and the complaint filed by the Treasury were rejected. In this way, the favorable judgments of the previous instances that recognized the Bank the repetition of 647,946 (in nominal values) for said period plus interest until effective payment become final.
Then, on November 19, 2024, the Court approved the liquidation of 647,945 (in nominal values) plus 2,226,229 (in nominal values) corresponding to accrued interest from the filing of the request for repetition until September 23, 2024 (in nominal values) calculated according to the average monthly passive rate published by the BCRA and as of July 17, 2019, the effective monthly rate published by the AFIP applies, in compliance with Resolution MH 598/19, 559/2022 and 3/2024. Without prejudice to the interest that will continue to accrue until the payment date.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

As a result of the abovementioned favorable decisions by the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice and the collection of one of such cases, the Bank booked a receivable of 2,898,298 restated as of December 31, 2024.
In turn, on April 4, 2017, a request for refund was filed in relation to the higher amount of tax paid for fiscal year 2015. Likewise, on December 29, 2017, the related judicial action was filed for this fiscal year.
On June 28, 2022, the Federal Appellate Court on Administrative Matters (Courtroom VII) rendered judgment in favor of the Bank as regards the recovery of the income tax for tax period 2015 and AFIP appealed such judgment.
On October 25, 2023, the Appellate Court rendered favorable judgment in the case relating to the request for refund of the Income Tax due to the application of the tax inflation adjustment in 2015, confirming the first instance judgment.
The AFIP and the Entity filed extraordinary appeals.
On October 25, 2024, through Presidential Decree No. 953/2024, the Federal Executive established that the AFIP be dissolved and the ARCA (Revenue and Customs Control Agency) be created.
12. Investment in joint ventures and associates

| BBVA Argentina Ownership and Voting Power (in percentages) |  | Main Business Activity |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Rombo Cía. Financiera S.A. | 40.00% |  | Financial institution |  | 10,358,064 |  |  | 6,701,552 |
BBVA Seguros Argentina S.A. | 12.22% |  | Insurance |  | 7,416,514 |  |  | 10,256,766 |
Interbanking S.A. | 11.11% |  | Information services for financial markets |  | 3,375,717 |  |  | 4,595,583 |
Play Digital S.A. (1) | 11.56% |  | Development, offer and implementation of a digital payment solution |  | 1,930,078 |  |  | 4,252,970 |
Openpay Argentina S.A. (2) | 12.51% |  | Development, offer and implementation of a digital payment solution |  | 737,620 |  |  | 1,122,176 |
TOTAL |  |  |  |  | 23,817,993 |  |  | 26,929,047 |

(1)To establish the value of this investment, accounting information from Play Digital S.A. has been used as of September 30, 2024. Additionally, significant transactions carried out or events that occurred between October 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024 have been considered. In addition, on February 27, 2023 and October 18, 2023, capital contributions were made in the amount of 396,030 (2,375,465 in restated values) and 600,969 (1,852,294 in restated values), respectively. Besides, on August 23, 2024, a new capital contribution was made for 427,401 (477,730 in restated values).
(2)On April 19, 2023, the amount of 29,205 (150,081 in restated values) in shares were subscribed for and paid in cash. It is worth mentioning that on July 4, 2024, a new capital contribution was made, amounting to 250,377 (291,537 in restated values), which was also paid in in cash.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

The following table summarizes the information related to the Bank’s material joint venture:

| Rombo Compañía Financiera S.A.
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Total assets | 94,219,825 |  |  | 75,238,938 |
Total liabilities | 68,324,665 |  |  | 58,485,058 |
Equity | 25,895,160 |  |  | 16,753,880 |
Gain/Losses | 9,141,214 |  |  | 4,137,133 |

13. Tangible assets
13.1. Property and equipment

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real estate | 436,423,792 |  | 484,540,109
Furniture and facilities | 82,711,872 |  | 83,491,519
Right of use – Real Estate | 57,029,285 |  | 53,004,486
Machinery and equipment | 48,444,939 |  | 17,173,215
Works in progress | 19,862,736 |  | 8,884,230
Automobiles | 2,074,744 |  | 2,313,650
TOTAL | 646,547,368 |  | 649,407,209

Changes in the item for years 2024 and 2023 are included below:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Impairment |  | Depreciation |  |
| Cost as of December 31, 2023 |  | Transfer to investment properties |  | Additions |  | Disposals (1) |  |  |  | Reversals |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Transfer to investment properties |  | Disposals (1) |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2024 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2024
Real estate | 553,042,144 |  |  | (47,800,365) |  |  | 3,965,164 |  |  | 8,153,728 |  |  |  |  | 4,576,625 |  |  | 68,502,035 |  |  | (5,698,979) |  |  | 5,468,993 |  |  | 11,871,985 |  |  | 69,206,048 |  |  | 436,423,792 |
Furniture and facilities | 180,422,468 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,927,686 |  |  | 16,541,832 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 96,930,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,541,786 |  |  | 18,707,287 |  |  | 99,096,450 |  |  | 82,711,872 |
Rights of use – Real estate | 106,946,603 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,028,401 |  |  | 14,268,200 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 53,942,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,327,880 |  |  | 4,063,282 |  |  | 49,677,519 |  |  | 57,029,285 |
Machinery and equipment | 34,984,084 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,892,251 |  |  | 11,228,689 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 17,810,869 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,230,344 |  |  | 22,622,182 |  |  | 29,202,707 |  |  | 48,444,939 |
Work in progress | 8,884,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,446,861 |  |  | 6,468,355 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,862,736 |
Automobiles | 5,468,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 723,660 |  |  | 442,940 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,154,394 |  |  | — |  |  | 240,416 |  |  | 760,042 |  |  | 3,674,020 |  |  | 2,074,744 |
Total | 889,747,573 |  |  | (47,800,365) |  |  | 107,984,023 |  |  | 57,103,744 |  |  |  |  | 4,576,625 |  |  | 240,340,364 |  |  | (5,698,979) |  |  | 41,809,419 |  |  | 58,024,778 |  |  | 250,856,744 |  |  | 646,547,368 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Impairment |  | Depreciation |  |
| Cost as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | Additions |  | Disposals (1) |  | Loss |  | Reversals |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | Disposals (1) |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2023
Real estate | 545,402,595 |  |  |  |  | 15,759,793 |  |  | 8,813,919 |  |  | 1,735,867 |  |  | 2,429,542 |  |  | 65,217,886 |  |  |  |  | 8,540,645 |  |  | 11,824,794 |  |  | 68,502,035 |  |  | 484,540,109 |
Furniture and facilities | 173,938,549 |  |  |  |  | 14,858,656 |  |  | 8,374,737 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,347,699 |  |  |  |  | 8,361,929 |  |  | 17,945,179 |  |  | 96,930,949 |  |  | 83,491,519 |
Rights of use – Real estate | 93,930,002 |  |  |  |  | 20,795,120 |  |  | 7,778,519 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,220,934 |  |  |  |  | 5,509,446 |  |  | 5,230,629 |  |  | 53,942,117 |  |  | 53,004,486 |
Machinery and equipment | 46,958,668 |  |  |  |  | 10,576,312 |  |  | 22,550,896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,809,289 |  |  |  |  | 22,550,897 |  |  | 14,552,477 |  |  | 17,810,869 |  |  | 17,173,215 |
Work in progress | 22,175,719 |  |  |  |  | 9,449,544 |  |  | 22,741,033 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,884,230 |
Automobiles | 4,634,513 |  |  |  |  | 1,171,940 |  |  | 338,409 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,735,505 |  |  |  |  | 276,674 |  |  | 695,563 |  |  | 3,154,394 |  |  | 2,313,650 |
Total | 887,040,046 |  |  |  |  | 72,611,365 |  |  | 70,597,513 |  |  | 1,735,867 |  |  | 2,429,542 |  |  | 235,331,313 |  |  |  |  | 45,239,591 |  |  | 50,248,642 |  |  | 240,340,364 |  |  | 649,407,209 |

(1)Includes write-off of fully depreciated items and finalized constructions.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

As mentioned in note 2.3.12, as of December 31, 2024, the recoverable value of Property and equipment exceeds its carrying amount.
As of December 31, 2023, the impairment of certain assets recorded in the Property and equipment item was recognized for 4,576,625.
13.2. Investment properties
Investment properties include pieces of real estate leased to third parties. The average term of lease agreements is 6 years. Subsequent renewals are negotiated with the lessee. The Group has classified these leases as operating leases, since these arrangements do not substantially transfer all risks and benefits inherent to the ownership of the assets. The rental income is recognized under “Other operating income” on a straight-line basis during the term of the lease.
Below are the changes in investment properties:

|  |  |  |  | Impairment |  | Depreciation |  |
| Cost as of December 31, 2023 |  | Transfer to investment properties |  | Loss |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Transfer to investment properties |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2024 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2024
Real estate | 140,534,065 |  |  | 47,800,365 |  |  | 37,136,276 |  |  | 9,543,542 |  |  | 5,698,979 |  |  | 2,692,311 |  |  | 17,934,832 |  |  | 133,263,322 |
Total | 140,534,065 |  |  | 47,800,365 |  |  | 37,136,276 |  |  | 9,543,542 |  |  | 5,698,979 |  |  | 2,692,311 |  |  | 17,934,832 |  |  | 133,263,322 |

|  |  |  |  |  | Impairment |  |  |  | Depreciation |  |
|  | Cost as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | Loss |  |  |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2023
Real estate |  | 141,053,024 |  |  |  |  | 518,959 |  |  |  |  | 7,206,963 |  |  |  |  | 2,336,579 |  |  | 9,543,542 |  |  | 130,990,523 |
Total |  | 141,053,024 |  |  |  |  | 518,959 |  |  |  |  | 7,206,963 |  |  |  |  | 2,336,579 |  |  | 9,543,542 |  |  | 130,990,523 |

As mentioned in note 2.3.12, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the recoverable value of investment properties does not exceed their carrying amount considering the impairment recorded at those dates in the properties detailed below.
The impairment loss is disclosed in Note 31 – Other operating expenses, Loss from sale or impairment of investment properties and other non-financial assets.

| Impairment Loss
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real Estate - Torre BBVA | (16,683,862) |  |  | — |
Real Estate - Della Paolera | (10,877,934) |  |  | — |
Real Estate - Edificio Tesla | (8,605,852) |  |  | — |
Real Estate - Viamonte | (1,487,587) |  |  | (518,959) |
Total | (37,655,235) |  |  | (518,959) |

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14. Intangible assets
Below are the changes in the items:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortization |  |
| Cost as of December 31, 2023 |  | Additions |  | Disposals (1) |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Disposals (1) |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2024 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2024
Software | 90,968,518 |  |  | 56,541,430 |  |  | 54,576,390 |  |  | 18,807,400 |  |  | 13,987,925 |  |  | 18,885,133 |  |  | 23,704,608 |  |  | 69,228,950 |
Total | 90,968,518 |  |  | 56,541,430 |  |  | 54,576,390 |  |  | 18,807,400 |  |  | 13,987,925 |  |  | 18,885,133 |  |  | 23,704,608 |  |  | 69,228,950 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Amortization |  |
| Cost as of December 31, 2022 |  | Additions |  | Disposals (1) |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2022 |  | Disposals (1) |  | For the period |  | Accumulated as of December 31, 2023 |  | Carrying amount as of December 31, 2023
Software | 80,332,774 |  |  | 19,172,013 |  |  | 8,536,269 |  |  | 15,113,610 |  |  | 4,422,968 |  |  | 8,116,758 |  |  | 18,807,400 |  |  | 72,161,118 |
Total | 80,332,774 |  |  | 19,172,013 |  |  | 8,536,269 |  |  | 15,113,610 |  |  | 4,422,968 |  |  | 8,116,758 |  |  | 18,807,400 |  |  | 72,161,118 |

(1)Includes write-off of fully depreciated items.
15. Other assets

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Prepayments | 28,129,030 |  |  | 26,852,512 |
Advances to suppliers of goods | 17,336,437 |  |  | 14,377,596 |
Tax advances | 15,172,745 |  |  | 16,439,668 |
Other miscellaneous assets | 13,619,468 |  |  | 2,501,553 |
Advances to personnel | 10,976,759 |  |  | 18,525,667 |
Foreclosed assets | 162,765 |  |  | 172,123 |
Others | 2,787,333 |  |  | 17,146,132 |
TOTAL | 88,184,537 |  |  | 96,015,251 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

16. Non-current assets held for sale
Includes certain real property assets located in Argentina that the Board of Directors are committed to sale in the short-term.

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real estate held for sale - Villa del parque | 1,509,906 |  |  | — |
Real estate held for sale - Lavallol | 829,952 |  |  | — |
Real estate held for sale - Fisherton (1) | 590,642 |  |  | 1,041,944 |
Real estate held for sale - Avellaneda | 344,844 |  |  | — |
Real estate held for sale - Villa Lynch | 272,859 |  |  | 272,859 |
Real estate held for sale - Bernal | 201,437 |  |  | 201,437 |
Real estate held for sale - Mendoza | — |  |  | 339,523 |
Total | 3,749,640 |  |  | 1,855,763 |

(1) On January 13, 2025, the sale of the property held for sale - Fisherton took place. See Note 46 - Subsequent events.
As mentioned in note 2.3.12, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the recoverable value of n on-current assets held for sale does not exceed their carrying amount considering the impairment recorded at those dates in the properties detailed below.
The impairment loss is disclosed in Note 31 – Other operating expenses, Loss from sale or impairment of investment properties and other non-financial assets.

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Real estate held for sale - Fisherton | (990,686) |  |  | (539,384) |
Total | (990,686) |  |  | (539,384) |

17. Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
17.1. Derivatives

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Foreign Currency Forwards (1) | 3,858,635 |  |  | 4,671,486 |
TOTAL | 3,858,635 |  |  | 4,671,486 |

(1)The notional amounts are disclosed in note 5.2.
17.2. Trading liabilities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Short sold positions | — |  |  | 22,495,621 |
TOTAL | — |  |  | 22,495,621 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

18. Financial liabilities at amortized cost
18.1. Banks loans

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Local financial institutions | 156,920,724 |  |  | 55,330,406 |
Foreign financial institutions | 43,776,917 |  |  | 5,818,767 |
BCRA | 232,917 |  |  | 238,074 |
TOTAL | 200,930,558 |  |  | 61,387,247 |

18.2. Deposits from customers

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Savings Accounts | 4,568,620,629 |  |  | 3,745,858,253 |
Time deposits | 3,096,287,478 |  |  | 1,654,828,856 |
Currents accounts | 1,781,297,285 |  |  | 1,989,615,392 |
Investment accounts | 303,754,063 |  |  | 396,604,568 |
Other | 54,778,013 |  |  | 58,431,489 |
TOTAL | 9,804,737,468 |  |  | 7,845,338,558 |

18.3. Other financial liabilities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Obligations for financing of purchases (1) | 907,432,486 |  |  | 612,362,960 |
Collections and other transactions on behalf of third parties | 103,696,454 |  |  | 88,853,549 |
Lease liabilities (See Notes 2.3.8 and 40) | 32,398,779 |  |  | 51,193,475 |
Cash and cash equivalents for spot purchases or sales pending settlement | 30,361,873 |  |  | 741,090 |
Payment orders pending credit | 29,455,350 |  |  | 31,141,331 |
Funds collected under ARCA’s instructions | 19,127,288 |  |  | 160,877,424 |
Creditors for spot transactions pending settlement | 8,942,092 |  |  | 1,673,811 |
Accrued commissions payable | 170,833 |  |  | 27,987 |
Other | 63,754,055 |  |  | 29,268,298 |
TOTAL | 1,195,339,210 |  |  | 976,139,925 |

(1)Includes payables to merchants acquirers as a result of purchases made by the holders of the Bank’s credit cards.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

19. Debt securities issued

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Carrying amount as of
Detail |  | Issuance date |  | Nominal Value |  | Maturity date |  | Annual Nominal |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Class 29 BBVA |  | September 23, 2024 |  | 24,500,000 |  |  | June 23, 2025 |  | BADLAR + 5 % |  | 24,500,000 |  |  | — |
Class 30 BBVA |  | December 12, 2024 |  | 15,088,235 |  |  | September 12, 2025 |  | FIXED TEM 2.75 % |  | 15,088,235 |  |  | — |
Class 31 BBVA |  | December 12, 2024 |  | 37,706,733 |  |  | December 12, 2025 |  | TAMAR + 2.74 % |  | 37,706,733 |  |  | — |
Class 10 Volkswagen Financial Services |  | October 12, 2023 |  | 10,000,000 |  |  | October 12, 2024 |  | BADLAR + 4.5 % |  | — |  |  | 21,776,275 |
Class 11 Volkswagen Financial Services |  | October 22, 2024 |  | 15,974,963 |  |  | October 22, 2025 |  | BADLAR +5.75 % |  | 15,974,963 |  |  | — |
Class 29 PSA |  | December 23, 2024 |  | 11,655,556 |  |  | September 23, 2025 |  | FIXED TNA 36.72 % |  | 11,655,556 |  |  | — |
Class 30 PSA |  | December 23, 2024 |  | 8,344,444 |  |  | June 23, 2026 |  | TAMAR + 3.25 % |  | 8,344,444 |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Principal |  | 113,269,931 |  |  | 21,776,275 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Interest accrued payable |  | 2,628,659 |  |  | 6,133,745 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | 115,898,590 |  |  | 27,910,020 |

Definitions:
BADLAR (Buenos Aires Deposits of Large Amount Rate), is the interest rate for time deposits over 1 (one) million pesos, for 30 to 35 days.
TAMAR (Wholesale Rate of Argentina), is the interest rate for time deposits over 1000 (one thousand) millions pesos, for 30 to 35 days.
TEM: Monthly Effective Rate
TNA: Annual Nominal Rate
Below is a description of the current Global Corporate Bond Programs:
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Company | Authorized Amount | Type of Corporate Bond | Program Term | Date of Approval by Shareholders/Board of Directors | CNV Approval
Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | US$500,000 thousand or equivalent | Non-subordinated, simple corporate bonds not convertible into shares, secured, if permitted by current regulations, with floating and/or special guarantees, and/or subordinated, convertible or not into shares, secured. | 5 years | Approval by Shareholders’ Meetings dated July 15, 2003, April 26, 2007, March 28, 2008, March 30, 2011, March 26, 2013, April 9, 2013, and April 10, 2018. Approval by Board of Directors’ Meetings dated August 31, 2004, December 7, 2004, September 24, 2008, September 23, 2009, December 22, 2009, June 24, 2022, December 20, 2022, and May 22, 2024. | Resolution No.14,967 dated November 29, 2004, and extended through Resolution No. 16,010 dated November 6, 2008. The increase in the program's total outstanding amount was authorized through Resolution No. 16,611 dated July 21, 2011, and through Resolution No. 16,826 dated May 30, 2012. In addition, a new program term extension was authorized through Resolution No, 17,127 dated July 11, 2013, and the amendment of its general terms and conditions, the extension of its term and the increase in its maximum amount were authorized through Resolution No. RESFC-2018-19516-APN-DIR#CNV dated May 17, 2018. Lastly, the extension of the program term, the reduction of the amount and the amendment of certain terms and conditions were authorized by CNV Resolution No. DI-2022-36-APN-GE#CNV dated July 13, 2022.
Volkswagen Financial Services Cía. Financiera S.A. | US$250,000 thousand or equivalent | Simple, not convertible into shares | 5 years | September 26, 2024 | The creation of the program and the extension thereof were authorized by Resolution No. RESFC-2018-19549-APN-DIR#CNV dated June 14, 2018, and DI2023-38-APN-GE#CNV dated August 18, 2023, respectively, issued by the Board of Directors of the CNV.
PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. | US$50,000 thousand or equivalent | Simple, not convertible into shares | 5 years | September 26, 2023 | On April 26, 2018, the General Ordinary and Extraordinary Meeting of PSA Finance Argentina Compañía Financiera S.A. resolved to update and modify the terms and conditions of the Program to be able to opt to place Debt Securities denominated in monetary units adjustable by indexes and/or, which was authorized by the CNV through Resolution No. RESFC-2018-19523- APN-DIR#CNV dated May 17, 2018. The extension of the Program for a period of 5 (five) years and the modification of its terms and conditions were approved by the Ordinary and Extraordinary Meeting of April 20, 2023. The following modifications to the terms of the Program were approved by the Board of Directors meeting dated September 26, 2023. The update of the Prospectus and its preliminary version were approved by resolution of the deputy delegate dated November 3, 2023.

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

20. Provisions
The Group, as a result of the ordinary course of its business, may be a party to legal lawsuits of a labor, commercial, tax and regulatory nature. A provision is recognized whenever the loss is classified as probable.
•Financial guarantees and loan commitments: reflects the ECL arising from financial guarantees issued, unused balances of checking account overdrafts, credit cards and other loan commitments.
•Other provisions: reflects the estimated amounts to pay class actions, labour, tax and commercial claims as well as other miscellaneous complaints.

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial guarantees and loan commitments | 22,779,855 |  |  | 13,005,597 |
Other provisions | 24,318,428 |  |  | 32,123,038 |
Provisions commercial claims | 16,298,010 |  |  | 19,709,153 |
Provisions tax claims | 1,187,703 |  |  | 4,203,405 |
Provisions labor-related | 1,179,832 |  |  | 1,987,934 |
Others | 5,652,883 |  |  | 6,222,546 |
TOTAL | 47,098,283 |  |  | 45,128,635 |

Changes in fiscal year 2024 and 2023 are included below:

Accounts |  | Balances as of December 31, 2023 |  | Increases |  | Provision reversals |  | Provisions used |  | Inflation adjustment |  | Balances as of December 31, 2024
Financial guarantees and loan commitments |  | 13,005,597 |  |  | 19,499,523 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,725,265) |  |  | 22,779,855 |
Other provisions |  | 32,123,038 |  |  | 28,207,132 |  |  | (980,972) |  |  | (5,827,558) |  |  | (29,203,212) |  |  | 24,318,428 |
Provisions commercial claims |  | 19,709,153 |  |  | 10,432,283 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,340,317) |  |  | (12,503,109) |  |  | 16,298,010 |
Provisions labor-related |  | 1,987,934 |  |  | 4,606,370 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,320,231) |  |  | (1,094,241) |  |  | 1,179,832 |
Provisions tax claims |  | 4,203,405 |  |  | 94,354 |  |  |  |  | (151,405) |  |  | (2,958,651) |  |  | 1,187,703 |
Others |  | 6,222,546 |  |  | 13,074,125 |  |  | (980,972) |  |  | (15,605) |  |  | (12,647,211) |  |  | 5,652,883 |
TOTAL PROVISIONS |  | 45,128,635 |  |  | 47,706,655 |  |  | (980,972) |  |  | (5,827,558) |  |  | (38,928,477) |  |  | 47,098,283 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Accounts |  | Balances as of December 31, 2022 |  | Increases |  | Provision reversals |  | Provisions used |  | Inflation adjustment |  | Balances as of December 31, 2023
Financial guarantees and loan commitments |  | 18,270,055 |  |  | 10,561,016 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,825,474) |  |  | 13,005,597 |
Other provisions |  | 40,519,694 |  |  | 35,909,633 |  |  | (226,713) |  |  | (10,688,020) |  |  | (33,391,556) |  |  | 32,123,038 |
Provisions commercial claims |  | 23,707,896 |  |  | 23,785,701 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,907,980) |  |  | (19,876,464) |  |  | 19,709,153 |
Provisions labor-related |  | 4,169,288 |  |  | 3,539,147 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,365,126) |  |  | (3,355,375) |  |  | 1,987,934 |
Provisions tax claims |  | 4,033,561 |  |  | 2,803,761 |  |  | — |  |  | (78,249) |  |  | (2,555,668) |  |  | 4,203,405 |
Others |  | 8,608,949 |  |  | 5,781,024 |  |  | (226,713) |  |  | (336,665) |  |  | (7,604,049) |  |  | 6,222,546 |
TOTAL PROVISIONS |  | 58,789,749 |  |  | 46,470,649 |  |  | (226,713) |  |  | (10,688,020) |  |  | (49,217,030) |  |  | 45,128,635 |

The expected terms to settle these obligations are as follows:

December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Provisions |  | Within 12 months |  | After 12 months
Financial guarantees and loan commitments |  | 22,779,855 |  |  | — |
Other provisions |  | 5,869,817 |  |  | 18,448,611 |
Provisions commercial claims |  | 3,466,941 |  |  | 12,831,069 |
Provisions labor-related |  | 201,894 |  |  | 977,938 |
Provisions tax claims |  | 801,672 |  |  | 386,031 |
Others |  | 1,399,310 |  |  | 4,253,573 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
Provisions |  | Within 12 months |  | After 12 months
Financial guarantees and loan commitments |  | 13,005,597 |  |  | — |
Other provisions |  | 22,919,769 |  |  | 9,203,269 |
Provisions commercial claims |  | 17,901,727 |  |  | 1,807,426 |
Provisions labor-related |  | 400,011 |  |  | 1,587,923 |
Provisions tax claims |  | 1,817,060 |  |  | 2,386,345 |
Others |  | 2,800,971 |  |  | 3,421,575 |

The Group’s management and legal advisors consider no further significant accounting effects could arise from the final outcome of the abovementioned proceedings other than those disclosed in these consolidated Financial Statements.
Possible contingencies
Contingent liabilities have not been recognized in these financial statements and correspond to 138 claims received (in court or administrative proceedings), that have arisen in the Bank’s ordinary course of business. The estimated amount of said claims amounts to 35,712 of which an outflow of funds is estimated for approximately 15,787 in the next 12 months. These claims are primarily related to leasing claims, petitions to secure evidence, and labor claims. The Group’s management and legal advisors consider that the probability of these cases resulting in an outflow of resources is possible, but not probable, and that the potential cash disbursements should not be material.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

21. Other liabilities

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Miscellaneous creditors | 260,923,620 |  |  | 278,870,191 |
Short term personnel benefits | 109,633,309 |  |  | 132,879,847 |
Other collections and withholdings | 92,594,007 |  |  | 91,426,646 |
Advance collections | 70,010,381 |  |  | 107,360,783 |
Other taxes payable | 44,093,198 |  |  | 74,268,415 |
Contract liabilities | 6,695,211 |  |  | 3,708,739 |
Long term personnel benefits | 4,602,683 |  |  | 6,956,709 |
Termination benefits payable | 4,280,110 |  |  | 2,529,395 |
Social security payable | 967,585 |  |  | 807,763 |
Other | 3,688,079 |  |  | 4,604,636 |
TOTAL | 597,488,183 |  |  | 703,413,124 |

22. Capital and Reserves
•Share capital

Quantity of shares at December 31, 2024 |  | Share capital December 31, 2024
Class |  | Quantity |  | Nominal value per share |  | Votes per share |  | Shares outstanding |  | Paid-in (1)
Ordinary |  | 612,710,079 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 612,710 |  |  | 612,710 |

(1)Registered with the Public Registry of Commerce.
Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. is a corporation (“sociedad anónima”) incorporated under the laws of Argentina. The shareholders limit their liability to the shares subscribed and paid in, pursuant to the Argentine Companies Law (Law 19,550). Therefore, and pursuant to Law 25,738, it is reported that neither foreign capital majority shareholders nor local or foreign shareholders shall be liable in excess of the above-mentioned capital contribution for obligations arising from transactions carried out by the financial institution.
•Share premium
The share premium account represents the difference between the par value of the shares issued and the subscription price.
•Inflation adjustment to share capital and premium
It comprises the cumulative monetary inflation adjustment on the share capital and share premium based on the IAS 29 restatement process described in note 2.1.5. and BCRA requirements.
•Other comprehensive income (OCI)
•Fair value reserve: the fair value reserve comprises the cumulative net change in the fair value of financial assets measured at FVOCI, net of the related income tax.
•Share of OCI from associates and joint ventures: corresponds to the Bank’s participation in the OCI of its associates and joint ventures.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

•Legal reserve
BCRA regulations establish that 20% of net income as determined in accordance with BCRA Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (BCRA GAAP), should be allocated to the legal reserve (See Note 42.a)).
•Other reserves
Set up to fulfil the requirement of the Argentine National Securities Commission (CNV, as per its Spanish acronym) where by the entire balance of retained earnings determined in accordance with BCRA GAAP needs to be allocated by the shareholders’ meeting to cash dividends, dividends in shares, set up reserves other than the legal reserve, or a combination there of.
•Optional Reserve: includes all other reserves that are established by express will social.
•Reserve for first-time Application of IFRS Accounting Standards: originated in the differences in valuation of assets and liabilities in accordance with international financial reporting standards at the time of initial adoption.
23. Analysis of changes in financing activities during the year
The following chart provides a reconciliation between the opening and closing balances for the main liabilities arising from financing activities:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Financial liabilities |  |  |
Opening balance | 140,490,742 |  |  | 164,045,838 |
Cash flow |  |  |
Debt securities issued - Capital | 99,271,683 |  |  | 30,821,854 |
Collections - Financing by local financial institutions | 139,535,545 |  |  | 1,816,673 |
Debt payments | (10,729,920) |  |  | (76,085,804) |
Payment of lease liabilities | (13,075,965) |  |  | (13,561,406) |
Non-cash changes |  |  |
Additions - Rights of use - Real estate | 14,028,401 |  |  | 20,795,120 |
Interests and adjustments accrued | 7,151,318 |  |  | 52,978,534 |
Net monetary inflation adjustment | (27,443,877) |  |  | (40,320,067) |
Closing balance | 349,227,927 |  |  | 140,490,742 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

24. Net interest income
24.1. Interest income

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
CER clause adjustment (1) | 989,710,613 |  |  | 825,141,529 |  |  | 556,628,928 |
Premium for reverse repurchase agreements | 845,845,984 |  |  | 845,394,681 |  |  | 216,040,876 |
Interest from government securities | 635,080,487 |  |  | 2,501,144,005 |  |  | 1,739,404,272 |
Interest from commercial papers | 579,932,926 |  |  | 724,217,420 |  |  | 268,514,987 |
Interest from credit card loans | 431,887,103 |  |  | 610,925,948 |  |  | 424,637,152 |
Interest from consumer loans | 305,531,003 |  |  | 283,675,392 |  |  | 217,515,536 |
Interest from overdrafts | 303,017,240 |  |  | 383,223,388 |  |  | 195,080,888 |
Interest from other loans | 247,810,876 |  |  | 369,902,975 |  |  | 301,123,772 |
UVA clause adjustment (2) | 221,036,327 |  |  | 243,189,388 |  |  | 212,813,364 |
Interest from pledge loans | 62,331,652 |  |  | 80,126,752 |  |  | 71,956,088 |
Interest on loans to the financial institutions | 16,796,646 |  |  | 13,948,303 |  |  | 16,922,306 |
Interest from loans for the prefinancing and financing of exports | 16,660,568 |  |  | 5,236,271 |  |  | 4,922,014 |
Interest from mortgage loans | 15,336,145 |  |  | 14,071,117 |  |  | 20,631,721 |
Interest from financial leases | 12,955,249 |  |  | 20,591,504 |  |  | 13,370,945 |
Interest from private securities | 4,358,370 |  |  | 7,541,862 |  |  | 4,494,699 |
Other financial interest income | 7,950,385 |  |  | 5,119,240 |  |  | 3,724,810 |
TOTAL | 4,696,241,574 |  |  | 6,933,449,775 |  |  | 4,267,782,358 |

(1)CER (Reference stabilitation coefficient) adjustment clause based on the variation of the consumer price index.
(2)UVA (Purchasing Value Unit): It is a unit of measure that is updated daily according to the CER.
24.2. Interest expenses

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Interest from time deposits | 1,059,322,758 |  |  | 2,533,937,410 |  |  | 1,452,034,912 |
Interest from current accounts deposits | 475,683,772 |  |  | 678,423,669 |  |  | 268,972,606 |
UVA clause adjustment (1) | 133,384,580 |  |  | 93,059,557 |  |  | 170,287,834 |
Interest from bank loans | 41,980,571 |  |  | 55,106,427 |  |  | 58,987,104 |
Interest from other financial liabilities | 21,750,500 |  |  | 10,049,379 |  |  | 4,566,601 |
Interest from savings accounts deposits | 18,335,036 |  |  | 15,584,182 |  |  | 10,878,827 |
Borrowing surety bond transactions | 11,900,120 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest on the lease liability | 4,100,609 |  |  | 3,700,118 |  |  | 4,215,434 |
Premium for reverse repurchase agreements | 810,774 |  |  | 54,412 |  |  | 182,219 |
Other financial interest expense | 6,620 |  |  | 28,662 |  |  | 42,200 |
TOTAL | 1,767,275,340 |  |  | 3,389,943,816 |  |  | 1,970,167,737 |

(1)UVA (Purchasing Value Unit): It is a unit of measure that is updated daily according to the CER.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

25. Fee and commission income

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Linked to credit cards | 268,034,994 |  |  | 253,943,717 |  |  | 210,023,996 |
Linked to deposits and other | 154,723,084 |  |  | 183,640,618 |  |  | 228,906,247 |
Linked to loans and other | 59,731,044 |  |  | 56,009,673 |  |  | 45,100,630 |
From foreign currency transactions | 25,961,950 |  |  | 23,594,476 |  |  | 23,882,019 |
Insurance agent fees | 19,779,102 |  |  | 20,981,896 |  |  | 23,877,102 |
Linked to securities | 19,324,931 |  |  | 14,576,241 |  |  | 6,155,694 |
Fees linked to loan commitments | 841,081 |  |  | 887,281 |  |  | — |
From guarantees granted | 443,434 |  |  | 229,657 |  |  | 24,101 |
TOTAL | 548,839,620 |  |  | 553,863,559 |  |  | 537,969,789 |

26. Fee and commission expense

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
For credit and debit cards | 145,291,281 |  |  | 147,594,366 |  |  | 156,516,380 |
For foreign trade transactions | 61,852,231 |  |  | 40,302,506 |  |  | 6,682,733 |
For payment of wages | 24,798,642 |  |  | 24,776,270 |  |  | 17,311,622 |
For new channels | 18,907,569 |  |  | 13,154,114 |  |  | 8,787,795 |
For data processing | 11,742,085 |  |  | 9,539,347 |  |  | 10,375,102 |
For advertising campaigns | 659,815 |  |  | 2,207,485 |  |  | 1,753,646 |
Linked to transactions with securities | 129,096 |  |  | 146,816 |  |  | 106,473 |
Other commission expenses | 2,875,576 |  |  | 13,549,669 |  |  | 19,460,844 |
TOTAL | 266,256,295 |  |  | 251,270,573 |  |  | 220,994,595 |

27. Gains/(Losses) on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Gain (Loss) from government securities | 154,704,801 |  |  | (113,774,261) |  |  | 72,420,836 |
Gain from private securities | 11,017,043 |  |  | 15,996,235 |  |  | 14,575,304 |
Gain from corporate bonds | 1,512,685 |  |  | 2,992,028 |  |  | 133,211 |
Interest rate swaps | 1,030,476 |  |  | (387,132) |  |  | 685,551 |
Loss from put options | (685,766) |  |  | (1,137,120) |  |  | (235,018) |
(Loss) Gain from foreign currency forward transactions | (14,889,122) |  |  | 51,248,270 |  |  | 10,117,949 |
Gain from the sale of financial assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,392,691 |
Others | 2,876 |  |  | 372 |  |  | (35,805) |
TOTAL | 152,692,993 |  |  | (45,061,608) |  |  | 101,054,719 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

28. Gains/(Losses) on derecognition of financial assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, net

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income from sale of government securities | 236,363,693 |  |  | 72,267,736 |  |  | 1,472,931 |
Income from sale of private securities | 5,307,852 |  |  | 16,123,518 |  |  | 493,283 |
TOTAL | 241,671,545 |  |  | 88,391,254 |  |  | 1,966,214 |

29. Exchange differences, net

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income from trading in foreign currency | 59,043,073 |  |  | 86,181,018 |  |  | 84,728,415 |
Conversion of foreign currency assets and liabilities into pesos | (4,406,613) |  |  | 371,360,417 |  |  | (29,956,347) |
TOTAL | 54,636,460 |  |  | 457,541,435 |  |  | 54,772,068 |

30. Other operating income

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Adjustments and interest on miscellaneous receivables | 46,131,374 |  |  | 59,951,762 |  |  | 46,313,560 |
Rental of safe deposit boxes | 22,306,092 |  |  | 17,572,045 |  |  | 19,836,171 |
Debit and credit card commissions | 13,089,542 |  |  | 10,249,421 |  |  | 10,322,122 |
Loans recovered | 11,846,785 |  |  | 14,994,770 |  |  | 22,798,028 |
Punitive interest | 7,305,237 |  |  | 5,619,971 |  |  | 3,252,841 |
Rent | 5,670,084 |  |  | 5,242,910 |  |  | 4,144,644 |
Allowances reversed | 4,676,270 |  |  | 2,910,574 |  |  | 5,003,003 |
Fees expenses recovered | 4,471,404 |  |  | 5,095,381 |  |  | 5,595,766 |
Commission from syndicated transactions | 1,521,174 |  |  | 2,027,244 |  |  | 1,788,820 |
Gain from the sale of non-current assets held for sale | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,092,539 |
Income from asset sale in equity instruments | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,276,895 |
Other operating income | 25,772,510 |  |  | 22,776,836 |  |  | 11,081,911 |
TOTAL | 142,790,472 |  |  | 146,440,914 |  |  | 143,506,300 |

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31. Other operating expenses

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Turnover tax | 319,231,352 |  |  | 443,134,044 |  |  | 277,100,441 |
Loss from sale or impairment of investment properties and other non-financial assets | 37,587,578 |  |  | 518,959 |  |  | 81,796 |
Provisions for legal and administrative proceedings | 27,040,824 |  |  | 34,635,857 |  |  | 26,355,247 |
Loss on initial recognition of loans bearing below market interest rate | 26,577,005 |  |  | 25,415,443 |  |  | 28,528,171 |
Expected credit losses on financial guarantee and loan commitments | 19,499,523 |  |  | 10,561,016 |  |  | 13,866,405 |
Adjustment for restatement of dividends in constant currency | 12,453,062 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Contributions to the Deposits Guarantee Fund (Note 44) | 10,933,914 |  |  | 12,473,800 |  |  | 13,784,610 |
Damage claims | 4,142,449 |  |  | 5,541,215 |  |  | 10,026,803 |
Provisions for reorganization | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,096,761 |
Other operating expenses | 33,706,431 |  |  | 39,575,442 |  |  | 32,703,224 |
TOTAL | 491,172,138 |  |  | 571,855,776 |  |  | 418,543,458 |

32. Personnel benefits

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Salaries | 270,391,806 |  |  | 271,389,903 |  |  | 253,894,573 |
Other short term personnel benefits | 91,948,192 |  |  | 144,103,066 |  |  | 93,721,521 |
Social security charges | 82,507,767 |  |  | 89,005,696 |  |  | 79,654,038 |
Personnel compensations and rewards | 54,648,857 |  |  | 16,701,397 |  |  | 19,339,816 |
Personnel services | 12,956,731 |  |  | 11,187,606 |  |  | 10,254,525 |
Termination benefits | 1,129,772 |  |  | 1,040,558 |  |  | 1,520,650 |
Fees to Bank Directors and Supervisory Committee | 705,742 |  |  | 716,884 |  |  | 778,426 |
Other long term benefits | 2,012,172 |  |  | 6,844,026 |  |  | 2,587,518 |
TOTAL | 516,301,039 |  |  | 540,989,136 |  |  | 461,751,067 |

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33. Other administrative expenses

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Taxes | 124,150,966 |  |  | 114,801,585 |  |  | 98,054,460 |
Administrative services hired | 87,704,001 |  |  | 66,365,686 |  |  | 42,028,910 |
Rent | 67,928,153 |  |  | 74,027,375 |  |  | 71,186,416 |
Armored transportation services | 48,447,340 |  |  | 45,443,899 |  |  | 49,336,443 |
Maintenance costs | 48,286,547 |  |  | 46,270,516 |  |  | 44,870,127 |
Advertising | 34,273,928 |  |  | 29,925,767 |  |  | 23,795,598 |
IT | 32,586,746 |  |  | 62,900,839 |  |  | 38,785,383 |
Documents distribution | 22,787,340 |  |  | 14,492,787 |  |  | 14,903,848 |
Electricity and communications | 19,750,071 |  |  | 18,251,519 |  |  | 16,814,171 |
Other fees | 17,178,709 |  |  | 15,892,592 |  |  | 15,456,211 |
Security services | 16,519,227 |  |  | 12,715,130 |  |  | 12,200,176 |
Trade reports | 11,570,401 |  |  | 9,845,645 |  |  | 8,461,189 |
Insurance | 4,263,755 |  |  | 4,210,588 |  |  | 4,377,926 |
Representation, travel and mobility | 3,799,674 |  |  | 3,474,140 |  |  | 4,365,720 |
Stationery and supplies | 875,741 |  |  | 818,964 |  |  | 580,883 |
Other administrative expenses | 23,449,682 |  |  | 23,087,621 |  |  | 16,090,742 |
TOTAL | 563,572,281 |  |  | 542,524,653 |  |  | 461,308,203 |

34. Depreciation and amortization

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Depreciation of property and equipment (See Note 13.1) | 53,961,496 |  |  | 45,018,013 |  |  | 49,421,025 |
Amortization of intangible assets (See Note 14) | 18,885,133 |  |  | 8,116,758 |  |  | 4,462,041 |
Amortization of rights to use leased real estate (See Note 13.1) | 4,063,282 |  |  | 5,230,629 |  |  | 13,689,190 |
Depreciation of investment properties (See note 13.2) | 2,699,998 |  |  | 2,336,577 |  |  | 2,053,468 |
Loss from sale or impairment of property and equipment (See Note 13.1) | — |  |  | 1,735,867 |  |  | 4,772,385 |
Depreciation of other assets | 1,768 |  |  | 10,677 |  |  | 14,151 |
TOTAL | 79,611,677 |  |  | 62,448,521 |  |  | 74,412,260 |

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35. Impairment of financial assets

|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Financial assets measured at amortized cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit loss allowance in pesos |  | 272,605,776 |  |  | 266,494,705 |  |  | 219,783,860 |
Credit loss allowance in foreign currency |  | 6,279,329 |  |  | 34,168,622 |  |  | 196,568 |
Financial assets measured at fair value through OCI |  |  |  |  |  |
Value adjustment due to credit losses |  | 11,521,889 |  |  | (9,727,847) |  |  | (5,195,848) |
TOTAL |  | 290,406,994 |  |  | 290,935,480 |  |  | 214,784,580 |

36. Financial instruments risks
Presentation of Risk Management and Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA)
Strategies and processes
The purpose of the organization is based on assuming a prudential level of risks in order to generate yields and keep acceptable levels of capital and funding, and generate benefits on a recurring basis. Therefore, it is vital that the teams assigned to risk management are highly trained professionals.
The General Risks Policy of BBVA Argentina expresses the levels and types of risk the Entity is willing to take to carry out its strategic plan, with no relevant deviations, even under stress conditions. Along this line, the process for risks management is comprehensive and proportional to the economic size and importance of the financial institution.
To achieve its goals, BBVA Argentina uses a management model with two guiding principles for the decision-making process:
•Prudential analysis: related to the management of the various risks acknowledged by the Entity.
•Anticipation: it refers to the capacity to make decisions foreseeing relevant changes in the environment, the competition and customers that may have an impact in the mid-term.
This process is adequate, sufficiently proven, duly documented and periodically reviewed based on the changes to the Entity’s risk profile and the market.
In this regard, the Board of Directors and the Senior Management are highly committed to the identification, evaluation, follow-up, control and mitigation of significant risks. These bodies periodically review credit, financial and operational risks, which may potentially affect the success of BBVA Argentina’s activities, and place special emphasis on strategic, reputation and concentration risks.
Structure and organization
The Group has a formal organizational structure, with a set of roles and responsibilities, organized in a pyramidal structure that generates control instances from lower to higher levels, up to the highest decision-making bodies. The following are the areas that conform the structure and a list of their functions:
•Risks Management Unit.
•Committees.
•Reporting Units.
•Cross-Control Areas.
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Risks Management Unit:
This is an area that is independent from the Bank’s business units, in charge of implementing the criteria, policies and procedures defined by the organization within the scope of credit (retail and wholesale), operational and market risk management, with a follow-up and control of proper application and proposing the actions necessary to the keep quality of risks within the defined goals. One of its main functions is to ensure proper information for the decision-making process at all levels, including relevant risk factors, such as:
•Active management throughout the life of the risk.
•Clear processes and procedures.
•Integrated management of all risks through identification and quantification.
•Generation, implementation and dissemination of advanced decision-making support tools.
Committees
Committees are responsible for risk management. This implies knowledge, assessment, weighting and potential mitigation. BBVA Argentina has an agile and proper structure of committees in charge of managing various risks.
Reporting Units
The Reporting Units are in charge of control procedures for risk in compliance with Central Bank regulations, determining the risk quota for each segment of economic activity and type of financing, preparing fundamental metrics setting forth the principles and general risk profile in the statement of Appetite for Risk. In addition, it is in charge of generating reports for the Risks Management Unit for decision-making process in accordance with internal credit policies and control organizations’ policies, reviewing processes and proposing alternatives.
Cross-Control Areas
Internal Control and Compliance Department - has the following main functions: to ensure that there is a sufficient internal regulatory framework; a process and measures defined for each type of risk; to control its application and operation; and to ensure that an assessment is made of the existence of a control environment and its adequate implementation and operation.
Model Validation - Internal Control and Compliance Department - who ensures that BBVA Argentina’s internal statistical risk models are adequate for their use, and must issue a well-founded and updated opinion on their adequate use.
The control and monitoring areas are in charge of giving cohesion to credit risk management and ensuring that the management of the rest of the critical risks for the Bank is carried out in accordance with the established standards.
Finally, Internal Audit, transversal to the business and support units.
Risk Appetite Framework
Risk appetite is a key element which provides the Group with a comprehensive framework to determine the risks and level of risks, expressed in terms of capital, liquidity, profitability, income recurrence, risk costs or other metrics.
Risk appetite is expressed through a statement containing the general principles for the Group’s strategy and quantitative metrics.
Stress Testing
In compliance with the provisions on “guidelines for risk management in Financial Institutions” set forth by the Argentine Central Bank, the Entity has developed a stress test program, within the Entity’s comprehensive risk management.
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Stress test means the evaluation of the Entity’s financial position under an adverse but plausible scenario, which requires the simulation of scenarios to estimate the potential impact on the value of portfolios, profitability, solvency and liquidity for the purposes of identifying latent risks or detecting vulnerabilities.
Credit risk
The Bank defines credit risk as the possibility to sustain losses as a result of a debtor’s or counterparty’s noncompliance with the contractual obligations assumed.
Credit risk is present in on and off-balance sheet transactions, as well as settlement risk , that is to say, when a financial transaction cannot be completed or settled as agreed. Credit risk losses arise from a debtor’s or counterparty’s noncompliance with its obligations. Also, it takes into consideration several types of risks, such as country risk, and counterparty credit risk.
BBVA Argentina defines country risk as the risk of sustaining losses generated in investments and loans to individuals, companies, and governments due to the incidence of economic, political, and social events occurring in a foreign country.
Strategy and processes
BBVA Argentina develops its credit risk strategy defining the goals that will guide its granting activities, the policies to be adopted and the necessary practices and procedures to carry out those activities.
Additionally, the Risks Management Department, together with the rest of the Bank’s Management Departments, annually develops a budget process, which includes the main variables of credit risk:
•Expected growth per portfolio and product.
•Evolution of default ratio.
•Evolution of write-off portfolios.
This way, the expected standard credit risk values are set for a term of one year. Afterwards, the real values obtained are compared with that budget, to assess the growth of the portfolio and its quality.
Also, maximum limits or exposures per economic activity are formalized, pursuant to the Group’s placement strategy, which are used to follow up credit portfolios. In case of deviations from the set limits, these are analyzed by the Risks Follow-Up Committees to take the necessary measures.
Origination
BBVA Argentina has credit risk origination policies in place, to define the criteria to obtain quality assets, establish risk tolerance levels and alignment of the credit activities with the strategy of BBVA Argentina and in accordance with the Group. The policy of accepting risks is therefore organized into three different levels within the Group:
•Analysis of the financial risk of the transaction, based on the debtor’s capacity for repayment or funds generation.
•The constitution of guarantees that are adequate, or at any rate generally accepted, for the risk assumed, in any of the generally accepted forms: monetary, secured, personal or hedge guarantees.
•Assessment of the repayment risk (asset liquidity) of the guarantees received.
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Monitoring
The Bank establishes certain monitoring procedures based on the banking area involved, as the admission stage is not the end of the process. Monitoring is as important as decision-making, since risk is dynamic and customers rely on themselves and the environment.
The main monitoring procedures carried out by the various Banking areas are:
•Monitoring of the limit granted: Since customer profiles vary over time, the limits of products contracted are periodically reviewed for the purpose of broadening, reducing or suspending the limit assigned, based on the risk situation.
•Maintenance of pre-approved limits: Customers’ characteristics, vary over time. Therefore, there is periodical maintenance of the pre-approved limits, taking into consideration changes in a customer’s situation (position of asset and liability and relationship). Likewise, there is a periodic follow-up of the evolution of the pre-approved limit amount for the purpose of controlling and ensuring the risk assigned in accordance with the desired risk levels.
•Monitoring of rating tools: Rating tools are a reflection of the internal inputs and show the characteristics and biases of such inputs. Therefore, they need a long period to reduce or eliminate those biases through the inclusion of new information, correction of existing information and periodic reviews optimizing the results of back-tests.
•Portfolio analysis: The portfolio analysis consists of a monitoring process and study of the complete cycle of portfolio risk for the purpose of analyzing the status of the portfolio, identifying potential paths towards improvements in management and forecasting future behavior.
Additionally, the following functions are carried out:
•Monitoring of specific customers.
•Monitoring of products.
•Monitoring of units (branches, areas).
•Other monitoring actions (samples, control of admission process and risk management, campaigns).
The priority in credit risk monitoring processes is focused mainly on problematic or potentially problematic customers for preventive purposes. The remaining aspects, the monitoring of products, units and other monitoring actions, are supplementary to the specific monitoring of customers.
Recovery
BBVA Argentina also has a Recoveries Area within Risk Management to mitigate the severity of credit portfolios, both regarding the Bank and its subsidiaries, as well as to provide the results directly through collections of write-off portfolios and indirectly through collections of active portfolios, which imply a reduction of allowances.
Scope and nature of information and/or risk measurement systems
BBVA Argentina has several tools to be used in credit risk management for effective risk control and to facilitate the entire process.
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Exposure to credit risk
The Group’s credit risk exposure of financial assets, loan commitments and financial guarantees under IFRS 9 with stage allocation by asset classification as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:

Credit risk exposure | December 31, 2024 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3
Cash and cash equivalents | 1,042,120,327 |  | 1,042,120,327 |  | – |  | – |
Financial assets at amortized cost | 8,375,147,617 |  | 7,685,643,561 |  | 576,685,734 |  | 112,818,322 |
Debt securities | 159,904,307 |  | – |  | 159,904,307 |  | – |
Wholesale | 5,218,807,744 |  | 5,054,873,309 |  | 148,561,327 |  | 15,373,108 |
- Business | 1,678,823,355 |  | 1,627,278,931 |  | 46,568,893 |  | 4,975,531 |
- Corporate and Investment Banking | 1,726,193,273 |  | 1,676,557,727 |  | 49,635,093 |  | 453 |
- Institutional and international | 378,184,032 |  | 375,201,620 |  | 2,960,468 |  | 21,944 |
- MSMEs | 919,378,387 |  | 859,606,334 |  | 49,396,873 |  | 10,375,180 |
- Others | 516,228,697 |  | 516,228,697 |  | – |  | – |
Retail | 2,996,435,566 |  | 2,630,770,252 |  | 268,220,100 |  | 97,445,214 |
- Advances | 3,179,536 |  | 1,002,106 |  | 415,997 |  | 1,761,433 |
- Credit cards | 1,816,918,989 |  | 1,633,558,594 |  | 135,627,862 |  | 47,732,533 |
- Personal loans | 652,523,556 |  | 559,553,150 |  | 55,613,581 |  | 37,356,825 |
- Pledge loans | 246,836,049 |  | 238,682,962 |  | 5,614,063 |  | 2,539,024 |
- Mortgages | 271,113,510 |  | 193,420,283 |  | 69,785,765 |  | 7,907,462 |
- Receivables from financial leases | 4,263,439 |  | 2,952,670 |  | 1,162,832 |  | 147,937 |
- Others | 1,600,487 |  | 1,600,487 |  | – |  | – |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 2,461,681,262 |  | 74,653,741 |  | 2,387,027,521 |  | – |
Debt securities | 2,461,681,262 |  | 74,653,741 |  | 2,387,027,521 |  | – |
Total financial assets risk | 11,878,949,206 |  | 8,802,417,629 |  | 2,963,713,255 |  | 112,818,322 |
Loan commitments and financial guarantees |  |  |  |
Wholesale | 644,817,414 |  | 605,654,440 |  | 39,030,267 |  | 132,707 |
- Business | 126,425,220 |  | 115,594,098 |  | 10,822,142 |  | 8,980 |
- Corporate and Investment Banking | 162,657,173 |  | 152,971,422 |  | 9,685,744 |  | 7 |
- Institutional and international | 122,136,205 |  | 121,249,204 |  | 887,001 |  | – |
- MSMEs | 233,598,816 |  | 215,839,716 |  | 17,635,380 |  | 123,720 |
Retail | 2,826,734,529 |  | 2,705,207,500 |  | 120,710,151 |  | 816,878 |
- Advances | 14,827,666 |  | 14,332,266 |  | 492,404 |  | 2,996 |
- Credit cards | 2,807,335,057 |  | 2,687,775,960 |  | 118,876,905 |  | 682,192 |
- Mortgages | 3,881,551 |  | 2,415,398 |  | 1,334,496 |  | 131,657 |
- Receivables from financial leases | 690,255 |  | 683,876 |  | 6,346 |  | 33 |
Total loan commitments and financial guarantees | 3,471,551,943 |  | 3,310,861,940 |  | 159,740,418 |  | 949,585 |
Total credit risk exposure | 15,350,501,149 |  | 12,113,279,569 |  | 3,123,453,673 |  | 113,767,907 |

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Credit risk exposure | December 31, 2023 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3
Cash and cash equivalents | 905,193,315 |  | 905,193,315 |  | – |  | – |
Financial assets at amortized cost | 7,605,699,495 |  | 6,868,250,968 |  | 660,780,395 |  | 76,668,132 |
Debt securities | 210,536,162 |  | – |  | 210,536,162 |  | – |
Wholesale | 2,659,604,263 |  | 2,460,608,745 |  | 186,934,328 |  | 12,061,190 |
- Business | 1,151,637,940 |  | 1,099,143,921 |  | 43,374,906 |  | 9,119,113 |
- Corporate and Investment Banking | 789,156,296 |  | 678,551,274 |  | 110,604,549 |  | 473 |
- Institutional and international | 22,471 |  | 8,025 |  | 3,347 |  | 11,099 |
- MSMEs | 346,691,972 |  | 310,809,941 |  | 32,951,526 |  | 2,930,505 |
- Others | 372,095,584 |  | 372,095,584 |  | – |  | – |
Retail | 2,117,132,312 |  | 1,789,215,465 |  | 263,309,905 |  | 64,606,942 |
- Advances | 4,157,983 |  | 2,539,453 |  | 821,000 |  | 797,530 |
- Credit cards | 1,468,861,738 |  | 1,267,633,162 |  | 170,296,770 |  | 30,931,806 |
- Personal loans | 334,213,212 |  | 285,298,231 |  | 24,612,075 |  | 24,302,906 |
- Pledge loans | 104,456,830 |  | 101,329,378 |  | 1,422,594 |  | 1,704,858 |
- Mortgages | 196,868,339 |  | 126,583,781 |  | 63,414,716 |  | 6,869,842 |
- Receivables from financial leases | 4,741,925 |  | 4,710,722 |  | 31,203 |  | – |
- Others | 3,832,285 |  | 1,120,738 |  | 2,711,547 |  | – |
Reverse repurchase agreements | 2,618,426,758 |  | 2,618,426,758 |  | – |  | – |
- BCRA repos | 2,618,426,758 |  | 2,618,426,758 |  | – |  | – |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income | 1,833,311,004 |  | 419,806,895 |  | 1,413,504,109 |  | – |
Debt securities | 1,833,311,004 |  | 419,806,895 |  | 1,413,504,109 |  | – |
Total financial assets risk | 10,344,203,814 |  | 8,193,251,178 |  | 2,074,284,504 |  | 76,668,132 |
Loan commitments and financial guarantees |  |  |  |
Wholesale | 525,564,116 |  | 474,146,108 |  | 51,368,823 |  | 49,185 |
- Business | 210,429,605 |  | 182,358,733 |  | 28,058,941 |  | 11,931 |
- Corporate and Investment Banking | 208,766,443 |  | 201,947,941 |  | 6,818,485 |  | 17 |
- Institutional and international | 77,096,824 |  | 68,788,927 |  | 8,307,897 |  | – |
- MSMEs | 29,271,244 |  | 21,050,507 |  | 8,183,500 |  | 37,237 |
Retail | 883,416,056 |  | 800,669,296 |  | 82,344,103 |  | 402,657 |
- Advances | 28,929,705 |  | 27,847,180 |  | 1,075,757 |  | 6,768 |
- Credit cards | 850,807,486 |  | 770,660,261 |  | 79,874,405 |  | 272,820 |
- Mortgages | 3,481,517 |  | 1,990,060 |  | 1,368,388 |  | 123,069 |
- Others | 197,348 |  | 171,795 |  | 25,553 |  | – |
Total loan commitments and financial guarantees | 1,408,980,172 |  | 1,274,815,404 |  | 133,712,926 |  | 451,842 |
Total credit risk exposure | 11,753,183,986 |  | 9,468,066,582 |  | 2,207,997,430 |  | 77,119,974 |

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Information on the credit quality of assets
The Group’s credit quality analysis of financial assets under IFRS 9 with risk allocation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:

Credit quality analysis |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |
- Low risk (PD < 2.3%) |  | 1,042,120,327 |  |  | 905,193,315 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 1,042,120,327 |  |  | 905,193,315 |
Wholesale |  |  |  |
- Low risk (PD < 4%) |  | 5,271,693,652 |  |  | 2,732,218,500 |
- Medium risk (PD ≥ 4% to < 24%) |  | 431,138,682 |  |  | 361,874,966 |
- High risk (PD ≥ 24% to < 100% or Individually Stage 2) |  | 145,287,009 |  |  | 78,964,538 |
- Non performing (PD = 100% or Individually Stage 3) |  | 15,505,815 |  |  | 12,110,375 |
Total wholesale |  | 5,863,625,158 |  |  | 3,185,168,379 |
Retail |  |  |  |
- Low risk (PD < 2.3%) |  | 4,493,788,292 |  |  | 2,342,903,616 |
- Medium risk (PD ≥ 2.3% to < 29%) |  | 1,183,021,451 |  |  | 579,528,590 |
- High risk (PD ≥ 29% to < 100% or Individually Stage 2) |  | 48,098,260 |  |  | 13,106,563 |
- Non performing (PD = 100% or Individually Stage 3) |  | 98,262,092 |  |  | 65,009,599 |
Total retail |  | 5,823,170,095 |  |  | 3,000,548,368 |
Reverse repurchase agreement |  |  |  |
- BCRA repos (CCC+) |  | – |  |  | 2,618,426,758 |
Total reverse repurchase agreement |  | – |  |  | 2,618,426,758 |
Debt securities |  |  |  |
- BCRA securities (B) |  | 37,098,912 |  |  | 379,626,933 |
- Government securities (CCC+) |  | 2,546,931,922 |  |  | 1,637,712,932 |
- Corporate bonds (B) |  | 5,266,631 |  |  | 26,317,403 |
- Corporate bonds (BB-) |  | 31,845,107 |  |  | 189,898 |
- Corporate bonds (BB) |  | 442,997 |  |  | – |
Total debt securities |  | 2,621,585,569 |  |  | 2,043,847,166 |
Total credit risk exposure |  | 15,350,501,149 |  |  | 11,753,183,986 |

The amounts included in the table above represent the Entity’s maximum exposure to credit risk as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, without taking account of any collateral held or other credit enhancements. In order to mitigate credit risk, the following table shows the net credit risk exposure as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Maximum exposure to credit risk | 15,350,501,149 |  |  | 11,753,183,986 |
Collateral held or other credit enhancements | (2,846,051,751) |  |  | (4,713,488,682) |
Total net credit risk exposure | 12,504,449,398 |  |  | 7,039,695,304 |

Mitigation of credit risk, collateralized credit risk and other credit enhancements
In most cases, maximum credit risk exposure is reduced by collateral, credit enhancements and other actions which mitigate the Group’s exposure. The Group applies a credit risk hedging and mitigation policy deriving from a banking approach focused on relationship banking. The existence of guarantees could be a necessary but not sufficient instrument for accepting risks, as the assumption of risks by the Group requires prior evaluation of the debtor’s capacity for repayment, or that the debtor can generate sufficient resources to allow the amortization of the risk incurred under the agreed terms.
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The procedures for the management and valuation of collateral following the Corporate Policies (retail and wholesale), which establish the basic principles for credit risk management, including the management of collaterals assigned in transactions with customers.
The methods used to value the collateral are in line with the best market practices and imply the use of appraisal of real-estate collateral, the market price in market securities, the trading price of shares in investment funds, etc. All the collaterals received must be correctly assigned and entered in the corresponding register.
The following are the principal types of collateral managed by BBVA Argentina:
•Guarantees: It includes sureties or unsecured instruments.
•Joint and several guarantee: upon default on payment, the creditor may collect the unpaid amount from either the debtor or the surety.
•Joint guarantee: in this case the guarantors and debt-holders are liable in proportion to their interest in the company / transaction and restricted to such amount or percentage.
•Security interest: it includes guarantees based on tangible assets, which are classified as follows:
•Mortgages: a mortgage does not change the debtor’s unlimited liability, who is fully liable. They are documented pursuant to the Group’s internal regulations for such purposes and are duly registered. Also, there is an independent appraisal, at market value, which enables a prompt sale.
•Pledges: this includes chattel mortgages of motor vehicles or machinery, as well as liens on time deposits and investment funds. To be accepted, they shall be effective upon realization accordingly, be properly documented and approved by the Legal Services area.
Loan commitments
To meet the specific financial needs of customers, the Group’s credit policy also includes, among others, the granting of financial guarantees, letters of credit and lines of credit through checking account overdrafts and credit cards. Although these transactions are not recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, because they imply a potential liability for the Group, they expose the Group to credit risks in addition to those recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and are, therefore, an integral part of the Group’s total risk.
Hedging based on netting of on and off-balance sheet transactions
The Entity, within the limits defined by regulations regarding netting, negotiates with its customers the execution of master agreements (for instance, ISDA or CMOF) for the derivatives business, including the netting of off-balance sheet transactions.
The wording of each agreement determines in each case the transaction subject to netting. The reduction in the exposure of counterparty risk arising from the use of mitigation techniques (netting plus use of collateral agreements) implies a decrease in total exposure (current market value plus potential risk).
Main types of guarantors
The Group defines that the collateral shall be direct, explicit, irrevocable and unconditional in order to be accepted as risk mitigation. Furthermore, regarding admissible guarantors, BBVA Argentina accepts financial institutions (local or foreign), public entities, stock exchange companies, resident and non-resident companies, including insurance companies.
Credit quality of financial assets that are neither past due nor impaired
The Group has tools (“scoring” and “rating”) that enable it to rank the credit quality of its transactions and customers based on an assessment and its correspondence with the PD scales. To analyze the performance of PD, the Group has a series of tracking tools and historical databases that collect the relevant internally generated information. These tools can be grouped together into scoring and rating models, being the main difference between ratings and scorings is that the latter are used to assess retail products, while ratings use a wholesale banking customer approach.
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These different levels and their PD were calculated by using as a reference the rating scales and default rates. These calculations establish the PD levels for the Bank’s Master Rating Scale. Although this scale is common to the entire Group, the calibrations (mapping scores to PD sections/Master Rating Scale levels) are carried out at the country level.
Financial risks
The Financial Risks Management of the Risks Management area applies the criteria, policies and procedures defined by the Board of Directors to manage, with a follow-up and control of its proper application, and proposing the necessary actions to maintain the quality of risk within the defined appetite for risk.
The financial risks management model of BBVA Argentina consists of the Market Risks and Structural Risks and Economic Capital Areas, which are coordinated for the control and follow-up of risks.
The management of these risks is in line with the basic principles of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, with a comprehensive process to identify, measure, monitor and control risks.
The organization of financial risks is completed with a scheme of committees in which it participates, for the purpose of having an agile management process integrated into the treatment of the various risks.
Among others:
•Assets and liabilities Committee (ALCO).
•Risk Management Committee (RMC).
•Financial Risks Committee (FRC).
BBVA Argentina has many tools and systems to manage and follow-up market risk, to achieve effective risk control and treatment.
Market risk
BBVA Argentina considers market risk as the likelihood of losses of value of the trading portfolio as a consequence of adverse changes in market variables affecting the valuation of financial products and instruments.
The main market risk factors the Group is exposed to are as follows:
•Interest rate risk: From exposure to changes in the various interest rate curves.
•Foreign exchange risk: From changes in the various foreign exchange rates. All positions in a currency other than the currency of the consolidated statements of financial position create foreign exchange risk.
The main market risk metric is Value at Risk (“VaR”), a parameter to estimate the maximum loss expected for the trading portfolio positions with a 99% confidence level and a time horizon of 1 day.
Current management structure and procedures in force include the follow-up of a limits and alerts scheme in terms of VaR, economic capital, stress and stop loss.
The market risk measurement model is periodically validated through Back-Testing to determine the quality and precision of the VaR estimate.
The Market Risk management model contemplates procedures for communication in the event the risks levels defined are exceeded, establishing specific communication and acting circuits based on the exceeded threshold.
The market risk measurement perimeter is the trading portfolio (trading book) managed by the Global Markets unit. This portfolio mainly consists of:
•Argentine Government Securities.
•BCRA Liquidity Bills
•Corporate Bonds.
•Foreign exchange spot.
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•Derivatives (Exchange rate Futures and Forwards and Interest rate swaps).
The following tables show the trading portfolio total VaR and VaR per risk factors based on daily VaR information:
VaR (in millions of pesos)

| Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Average | 2,735.59 |  |  | 303.54 |
Minimum | 273.39 |  |  | 24.49 |
Maximum | 9,720.95 |  |  | 1,586.80 |
Closing | 3,907.74 |  |  | 296.22 |

VaR per risk factors – (in millions of pesos)

VaR interest rate | Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Average | 2,736.58 |  |  | 336.97 |
Minimum | 257.73 |  |  | 29.58 |
Maximum | 9,715.07 |  |  | 2,163.96 |
Closing | 3,911.14 |  |  | 298.78 |

VaR foreign exchange rate | Year ended December 31, 2024 |  | Year ended December 31, 2023
Average | 29.30 |  |  | 7.24 |
Minimum | 3.59 |  |  | 0.29 |
Maximum | 123.48 |  |  | 190.63 |
Closing | 16.21 |  |  | 12.28 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Currency risk
The position in foreign currency is shown below:

| Total as of December 31, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2024 (per currency) |  | Total as of December 31, 2023
|  | US Dollar |  | Euro |  | Real |  | Other |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 2,345,962,528 |  |  | 2,303,474,291 |  |  | 39,071,194 |  |  | 664,039 |  |  | 2,753,004 |  |  | 2,344,694,623 |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - Debt securities | 66,219 |  |  | 66,219 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 490,401,598 |
Other financial assets | 112,204,432 |  |  | 112,107,856 |  |  | 96,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 175,727,166 |
Loans and advances | 1,285,842,873 |  |  | 1,283,269,614 |  |  | 2,573,259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 428,900,800 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income - Debt securities | 71,866,052 |  |  | 71,866,052 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 161,297,397 |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income - Equity instruments | 770,488 |  |  | 735,975 |  |  | 34,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 941,205 |
TOTAL ASSETS | 3,816,712,592 |  |  | 3,771,520,007 |  |  | 41,775,542 |  |  | 664,039 |  |  | 2,753,004 |  |  | 3,601,962,789 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 3,595,692,416 |  |  | 3,565,638,416 |  |  | 30,054,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,791,388,887 |
Other financial liabilities | 184,601,391 |  |  | 180,539,108 |  |  | 3,059,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,002,869 |  |  | 174,058,115 |
Bank loans | 43,783,095 |  |  | 41,560,479 |  |  | 2,222,616 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,792,230 |
Other liabilities | 77,399,790 |  |  | 44,784,051 |  |  | 32,615,739 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134,777,707 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 3,901,476,692 |  |  | 3,832,522,054 |  |  | 67,951,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,002,869 |  |  | 3,107,016,939 |
NET ASSETS / (LIABILITIES) | (84,764,100) |  |  | (61,002,047) |  |  | (26,176,227) |  |  | 664,039 |  |  | 1,750,135 |  |  | 494,945,850 |

The notional values of forward transactions, foreign currency forwards and interest rate swaps are detailed in Note 5.2.
Interest rate risk
Structural interest risk (SIR) gathers the potential impact of market interest rate variations on the margin of interest and the equity value of BBVA Argentina.
The process to manage this risk has a limits structure to keep the exposure to this risk within levels that are consistent with the appetite for risk and the business strategy defined and approved by the Board of Directors.
Within the core metrics used for measurement, follow-up and control, the following stand out:
•Margin at Risk (MaR): quantifies the maximum loss which may be recorded in the financial margin projected for 12 months under the worst case scenario of rate curves for a certain level of confidence.
•Economic Capital (EC): quantifies the maximum loss which may be recorded in the economic value of the Group under the worst case scenario of rate curves for a certain level of confidence.
The Group additionally carries out an analysis of sensitivity of the economic value and the financial margin for parallel variations by +/- 100 basis points over interest rates.
The following table shows the sensitivity of the economic value (SEV), to +100 basis points variation presented as a proportion of Core Capital:
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SEV +100 bps

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Closing | 0.94 | % |  | 1.09 | %
Minimum | 0.30 | % |  | 0.67 | %
Maximum | 0.94 | % |  | 1.09 | %
Average | 0.63 | % |  | 0.79 | %

The following table shows the sensitivity of the financial margin (SFM), to -100 basis points variation presented as a percentage of 12-month forecast net interest income:
SFM -100 bps

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Closing | 0.77 | % |  | 0.30 | %
Minimum | 0.11 | % |  | 0.11 | %
Maximum | 0.77 | % |  | 0.35 | %
Average | 0.44 | % |  | 0.24 | %

Liquidity and financing risk
Liquidity risk is defined as the possibility of the Group not efficiently meeting its payment obligations without incurring significant losses which may affect its daily operations or its financial standing.
The short-term purpose of the liquidity and financing risk management process at BBVA Argentina is to timely and duly address payment commitments agreed, without resorting to additional funding deteriorating the Group’s reputation or significantly affecting its financial position, keeping the exposure to this risk within levels that are consistent with the appetite for risk and the business strategy defined and approved by the Board of Directors. In the medium and long term, to watch for the suitability of the financial structure of the Bank and its evolution, according to the economic situation, the markets and regulatory changes.
Within the core metrics used for measurement, follow-up and control of this risk, management considers the following to be most relevant:
LtSCD: (Loan to Stable Customers Deposits), measures the relationship between the net credit investment and the customers’ stable resources, and is set forth as the key metric of appetite for risk. The goal is to preserve a stable financing structure in the medium and long term.
Below are the Bank’s LtSCD ratios as of the dates indicated:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
LtSCD Closing | 88.9 | % |  | 59.7 | %
Max | 88.9 | % |  | 80.3 | %
Min | 57.7 | % |  | 58.2 | %
Avg | 74.6 | % |  | 62.7 | %

LCR: (Liquidity Coverage Ratio), BBVA Argentina calculates the liquidity coverage coefficient daily by measuring the relation between high quality liquid assets and total net cash outflows during a 30-day period.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Below are the Bank’s LCR ratios as of the dates indicated:

| December, 2024 |  | December, 2023
LCR Closing | 141 | % |  | 271 | %
Max | 246 | % |  | 433 | %
Min | 137 | % |  | 151 | %
Avg | 176 | % |  | 246 | %

The following chart shows the concentration of deposits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Number of customers |  | Debt balance |  | % over total portfolio |  | Debt balance |  | % over total portfolio
10 largest customers |  | 1,717,605,000 |  |  | 17.30 | % |  | 1,199,565,594 |  |  | 15.14 | %
50 following largest customers |  | 1,444,405,788 |  |  | 14.55 | % |  | 854,755,895 |  |  | 10.79 | %
100 following largest customers |  | 458,378,093 |  |  | 4.62 | % |  | 406,392,414 |  |  | 5.13 | %
Rest of customers |  | 6,309,290,244 |  |  | 63.53 | % |  | 5,464,340,332 |  |  | 68.94 | %
TOTAL |  | 9,929,679,125 |  |  | 100.00 | % |  | 7,925,054,235 |  |  | 100.00 | %

The following chart shows the breakdown by contractual maturity of loans and advances, other financing and financial liabilities considering the total amounts to their due date, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Assets (1) |  | Liabilities (1)
|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Up to 1 month (2) |  | 3,021,473,708 |  |  | 2,064,451,238 |  |  | 10,488,823,051 |  |  | 8,428,811,205 |
From more than 1 month to 3 month |  | 1,502,715,250 |  |  | 812,176,934 |  |  | 642,720,479 |  |  | 627,466,145 |
From more than 3 month to 6 month |  | 1,189,985,899 |  |  | 766,359,510 |  |  | 295,112,417 |  |  | 218,637,104 |
From more than 6 month to 12 month |  | 894,151,306 |  |  | 678,828,458 |  |  | 214,608,934 |  |  | 73,441,349 |
From more than 12 month to 24 month |  | 1,000,563,315 |  |  | 458,095,457 |  |  | 27,626,562 |  |  | 25,510,631 |
More than 24 months |  | 1,862,576,846 |  |  | 760,580,740 |  |  | 20,770,224 |  |  | 40,703,755 |
TOTAL |  | 9,471,466,324 |  |  | 5,540,492,337 |  |  | 11,689,661,667 |  |  | 9,414,570,189 |

(1)These figures includes expected interest amounts. For floating rate instruments such interest amounts were calculated using interest rate prevailing at the end of each period.
(2)The Bank has liquid assets such as cash and cash equivalents (Note 4) and short term loans (Note 6.2), among others, to settle its liabilities. As of December 31, 2023, it also had reverse repurchase agreements (Note 6.3) and BCRA liquidity bills (Note 10.1).
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Additionally, the Bank has issued financial guarantees and loan commitments which may require outflows on demand.

Financial guarantees and loan commitments |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Up to 1 month |  | 11,945,342,933 |  |  | 4,115,344,661 |
From more than 1 month to 3 month |  | 26,919,305 |  |  | 47,975,606 |
From more than 3 month to 6 month |  | 23,867,217 |  |  | 30,306,102 |
From more than 6 month to 12 month |  | 107,666,815 |  |  | 50,224,779 |
From more than 12 month to 24 month |  | 79,504,722 |  |  | 49,525,587 |
More than 24 months |  | 10,364,452 |  |  | 11,272,679 |
TOTAL |  | 12,193,665,444 |  |  | 4,304,649,414 |

The amounts of the Bank’s financial assets and liabilities, which were expected to be collected or paid twelve months after the closing date as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are set forth below:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial assets |  |  |
Loans and advances | 2,863,140,161 |  |  | 1,218,676,198 |
Debt securities | 673,144,688 |  |  | 293,369,007 |
Other financial assets | 25,757,300 |  |  | 74,955,190 |
Total | 3,562,042,149 |  |  | 1,587,000,395 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |
Other financial liabilities | 23,930,280 |  |  | 48,125,310 |
Bank loans | 18,121,437 |  |  | 17,458,993 |
Deposits | 3,215 |  |  | 630,083 |
Debt securities | 6,341,854 |  |  | — |
Total | 48,396,786 |  |  | 66,214,386 |

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37. Fair values of financial instruments
a)Assets and liabilities measured at fair value
The fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 is detailed below:

| Book value |  | Total fair value |  | Level 1 Fair value |  | Level 2 Fair value |  | Level 3 Fair value
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Debt securities | 91,797,177 |  | 91,797,177 |  | 82,335,871 |  | 9,461,306 |  | —
- Derivatives | 9,863,462 |  | 9,863,462 |  | 861,433 |  | 9,002,029 |  | —
- Equity instruments | 8,904,312 |  | 8,904,312 |  | 8,904,312 |  | — |  | —
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Debt securities | 2,461,681,262 |  | 2,461,681,262 |  | 2,388,045,118 |  | 70,848,550 |  | 2,787,594
- Equity instruments | 4,502,573 |  | 4,502,573 |  | — |  | 770,488 |  | 3,732,085
Total | 2,576,748,786 |  | 2,576,748,786 |  | 2,480,146,734 |  | 90,082,373 |  | 6,519,679
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives | 3,858,635 |  | 3,858,635 |  | — |  | 3,858,635 |  | —
Total | 3,858,635 |  | 3,858,635 |  | — |  | 3,858,635 |  | —

The fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 is detailed below:

| Book value |  | Total fair value |  | Level 1 Fair value |  | Level 2 Fair value |  | Level 3 Fair value |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Debt securities | 492,324,281 |  | 492,324,281 |  | 487,641,727 |  | 3,596,552 |  | 1,086,002 |
- Derivatives | 21,780,413 |  | 21,780,413 |  | — |  | 21,780,413 |  | — |
- Equity instruments | 8,640,277 |  | 8,640,277 |  | 8,640,277 |  | — |  | — |
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Debt securities | 1,833,311,004 |  | 1,833,311,004 |  | 1,427,176,770 |  | 395,919,469 |  | 10,214,765 |
- Equity instruments | 4,322,577 |  | 4,322,577 |  | — |  | 941,205 |  | 3,381,372 |
Total | 2,360,378,552 |  | 2,360,378,552 |  | 1,923,458,774 |  | 422,237,639 |  | 14,682,139 |
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading liabilities | 22,495,621 |  | 22,495,621 |  | 22,484,421 |  | 11,200 |  | — |
Derivatives | 4,671,486 |  | 4,671,486 |  | — |  | 4,671,486 |  | — |
Total | 27,167,107 |  | 27,167,107 |  | 22,484,421 |  | 4,682,686 |  | — |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Financial assets at fair value mainly consist of BCRA Liquidity Bills and Argentine Government Bonds, together with a minor share in Argentine Treasury Bills, Corporate Bonds and Equity Instruments. Likewise, financial derivatives are classified at fair value, which include futures that are valued at the price of the market where they are traded (Rofex and MAE) and foreign currency NDF (non-delivery forwards), put options, and interest rate swaps.
b)Transfers between hierarchy levels
The Entity monitors the availability of market information in order to assess the category of financial instruments in the different hierarchies at fair value, as well as the resulting determination of inter-level transfers at each closing, considering the comparison of hierarchy levels of the current year versus previous year levels.
b.1) Transfers from Level 1 to Level 2
There were no transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 for instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss or through OCI as of period-end.
b.2) Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1
The following instruments measured at fair value were transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Treasury Bonds adjusted by 1.55% CER in pesos maturing 07-26-2024 | — |  | 111,892,095
Treasury Bonds adjusted by 2.00% CER in pesos maturing 11-09-2026 | — |  | 74,004

The transfer is due to the fact that the bonds were listed on the market the number of days necessary to be considered Level 1. As of December 31, 2024, there were no transfers from Level 2 to Level 1.
b.3) Valuation techniques for Levels 2 and 3
The valuation techniques for Level 2 and 3 are described in the paragraphs below.
Fixed Income
The determination of fair value prices set forth by the Bank for fixed income consists of considering reference market prices from Mercado Abierto Electrónico (“MAE”), the main market where bonds are traded.
For Argentine Treasury Bonds (medium- and long-term debt instruments) prices are captured from MAE. If bonds have not traded for the last 10 business days, fair value is determined by discounting cash flows using the pertinent discount curve.
Corporate bonds in US dollars, if bonds have not traded for the last 10 business days in MAE, they are valued at the present value of the future cash flow with the discount curve that corresponds to the type of industry or sector.The same criteria applies to the case of Corporate bonds that are Dollar Link, except that in this case the discount curve used is the dollar linked curve.
Swaps
For swaps, the theoretical valuation consists in discounting future cash flows using the interest rate, according to the curve estimated on the basis of fixed-rate peso-denominated bonds and bills issued by the
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Argentine Government and/or alternatively in case there are no bonds in pesos of some comparable issuer with a market price (Province of Buenos Aires or City of Buenos Aires Bonds).
Non-Deliverable Forwards (“NDFs”)
The fair value of NDFs consists of discounting the future cash flows to be exchanged pursuant to the contract, using a discount curve that will depend on the currency of each cash flow. The result is then calculated by subtracting the present values in pesos, estimating the value in pesos based on the applicable spot exchange rate, depending on whether the contract is local or offshore.
For local peso-dollar swap contracts, cash flows in pesos are discounted using the yield curve in pesos resulting from the prices of ROFEX futures and the U.S. dollar spot selling exchange rate published by Banco de la Nación Argentina (“BNA”). Cash flows in U.S. dollars are discounted using the Overnight Index Swap (OIS) international dollar yield curve. Then, the present value of cash flows in dollars is netted by converting such cash flows into pesos using the U.S. dollar spot selling exchange rate published by BNA.
For local peso-euro swap contracts, cash flows in pesos are discounted using the yield curve in pesos resulting from the prices of ROFEX futures and the U.S. dollar spot selling exchange rate published by BNA. Cash flows in euros are discounted using the yield curve in euros. Then, the present value of cash flows in euros is netted by converting such cash flows into pesos using the euro spot selling exchange rate published by BNA.
For offshore peso-dollar swap contracts, cash flows in pesos are discounted using the yield curve in pesos resulting from market quoted forward prices sourced from ICAP Broker. Cash flows in dollars are discounted using the OIS yield curve. Then, the present value of cash flows in dollars is netted by converting such cash flows into pesos using the Emerging Markets Traders Association (EMTA) U.S. dollar spot exchange rate.
The valuation techniques used for Level 3 financial assets require the use of variables that are not based on observable market inputs. Below is a detail of the valuation techniques used for each financial asset:
Investments in Equity Instruments
Investments in equity instruments for which the Group has no control, joint control or a significant influence are measured at fair value through profit or loss and at fair value through other comprehensive income based on the latest information available of these companies.
Corporate Bonds
The fair value of the following corporate bonds held in portfolio:
•ON Banco de Servicios Financieros (ON BSCPO)
•Refi Pampa ( ON REF2B)
•Newsan S.A (ON WNCMO)
•Newsan S.A (ON WNCLO)
Corporate bonds in pesos that are in the portfolio were classified in Level 3. The valuation criterion at fair market value determined by the Entity depends on whether it is Fixed Rate or Variable Rate.
As regards the price of Fixed Rate Corporate bonds, they are valued by cash flow discounted with the Argentine Bonds curve in pesos, assuming a credit spread of 0 (since this data is not observable in the market). The sensitivity to this interest rate curve at 1 basis point is -0.000064.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Finally, the price of variable rate Corporate bonds is determined from the last available market price (or the subscription price if it has not been quoted on the market since its issue date) by adding the accrued interest to date. If the bond has a cut coupon, the “clean” price is calculated. If it has been amortized, the amortization is subtracted and the “dirty” price is calculated again, accruing interest until the closing date of the period end.
The most relevant non-observable inputs include:
•Latest market price
•Projected UVA
•Projected Badlar private rate
The tables below show a sensitivity analysis for each of the above-mentioned securities:

Latest market price scenarios |  | Changes in final price
|  | ON REF2B |  | ON BSCPO |  | ON WNCMO |  | ON WNCLO |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+ 2% |  | 4.083 | % |  | 1.930 | % |  | 1.937 | % |  | 1.931 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+ 5% |  | 10.208 | % |  | 4.824 | % |  | 4.842 | % |  | 4.828 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+ 10% |  | 20.417 | % |  | 9.649 | % |  | 9.685 | % |  | 9.655 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

UVA |  | Changes in final price
Scenarios |  | ON REF2B |  |
+ 5% |  | 5.000 | % |  |
+ 10% |  | 10.000 | % |  |
+ 15% |  | 15.000 | % |  |

Badlar Privated rate |  | Changes in final price
|  | ON BSCPO |  | ON WNCMO |  | ON WNCLO |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
5% |  | -0.0335 | % |  | -0.0284 | % |  | -0.0389 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
10% |  | -0.0670 | % |  | -0.0567 | % |  | -0.0778 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
15% |  | -0.1005 | % |  | -0.0851 | % |  | -0.1168 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

b.4) Reconciliation of opening and ending balances of Level 3 assets and liabilities at fair value
The following table shows a reconciliation between opening balances and final balances of Level 3 fair values as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Balance at the beginning of the fiscal year | 14,682,139 |  |  | 4,409,846 |
Private securities - Corporate bonds | (1,903,183) |  |  | 8,798,656 |
Debt securities at fair value through profit or loss - Private securities - Corporate bonds | (498,709) |  |  | 1,086,002 |
Equity instruments | 2,179,307 |  |  | 3,381,372 |
Net monetary inflation adjustment | (7,939,875) |  |  | (2,993,737) |
Balance at year-end | 6,519,679 |  |  | 14,682,139 |

c)Fair value of Assets and Liabilities not measured at fair value
Below is a description of methodologies and assumptions used to assess the fair value of the main financial instruments not measured at fair value, when the instrument does not have a quoted price in a known market.
•Assets and liabilities with fair value similar to their accounting balance
For financial assets and financial liabilities maturing in less than three months, it is considered that the accounting balance is similar to fair value.
•Fixed rate financial instruments
The fair value of financial assets was assessed by discounting future cash flows from market rates at each measurement date for financial instruments with similar characteristics, adding a liquidity premium (non-observable input) that expresses the added value or additional cost necessary to dispose of the asset.
•Variable rate financial instruments
For financial assets and financial liabilities accruing a variable rate, it is considered that the accounting balance is similar to the fair value.
The fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 is detailed below:
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

|  | Book value |  | Total fair value |  | Level 2 Fair value |  | Level 3 Fair value
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 2,823,405,750 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other financial assets |  | 590,310,435 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt securities |  | 152,528,570 |  |  | 160,612,323 |  |  | 160,612,323 |  |  | — |
Loans and advances |  | 7,538,571,532 |  |  | 7,918,435,940 |  |  | 69,468,034 |  |  | 7,848,967,906 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 9,929,679,125 |  | (b) | 3,272,641,896 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,272,641,896 |
Other financial liabilities |  | 1,195,339,210 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Bank loans |  | 200,930,558 |  |  | 198,965,317 |  |  | 198,965,317 |  |  | — |
Debt securities issued |  | 115,898,590 |  |  | 117,281,355 |  |  | 117,281,355 |  |  | — |

The fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 is detailed below:

|  | Book value |  | Total fair value |  | Level 2 Fair value |  | Level 3 Fair value
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 2,488,330,006 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other financial assets |  | 372,837,937 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt securities |  | 182,535,735 |  |  | 211,594,214 |  |  | 211,594,214 |  |  | — |
Loans and advances |  | 4,301,897,429 |  | (c) | 4,079,647,373 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,079,647,373 |
Reverse repurchase agreements |  | 2,615,655,397 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 7,925,054,235 |  | (b) | 1,833,397,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,833,397,449 |
Other financial liabilities |  | 976,139,925 |  |  | (a) |  | — |  |  | — |
Bank loans |  | 61,387,247 |  |  | 60,148,259 |  |  | 60,148,259 |  |  | — |
Debt securities issued |  | 27,910,020 |  |  | 28,404,015 |  |  | 28,404,015 |  |  | — |

a)The Group does not report the fair value as the accounting values are a reasonable approximation of the fair values.
b)The balance of the Deposits item is made up of Time Deposits, with fair value Hierarchy Level 3 and the rest of the deposits, for which the fair value is not reported as it is considered similar to its accounting balance.
c)The Bank’s Management has not identified additional impairment indicators of its financial assets as a result of the differences in the fair value thereof.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

38. Segment reporting
Basis for segmentation
The Bank identified the operating segments based on the management information reviewed by the chief operating decision maker. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group has determined that it has only one reportable segment related to banking activities.
Most of the Group’s operations, property and customers are located in Argentina. No customer has generated 10% or more of the Group’s total income.
The following is relevant information on loans and deposits by business line as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Group (banking activity) (1) |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Financial assets at amortized cost - Loans and advances |  | 7,538,571,532 |  |  | 4,301,897,429 |
Corporate banking (2) |  | 1,264,836,404 |  |  | 300,239,149 |
Small and medium companies (3) |  | 2,795,879,036 |  |  | 1,920,408,332 |
Retail |  | 3,477,856,092 |  |  | 2,081,249,948 |
Other assets |  | 7,181,322,311 |  |  | 9,003,642,825 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | 14,719,893,843 |  |  | 13,305,540,254 |
Financial liabilities at amortized cost – Deposits |  | 9,929,679,125 |  |  | 7,925,054,235 |
Corporate banking (2) (3) |  | 3,343,946,819 |  |  | 2,152,838,641 |
Small and medium companies (2) (3) |  | 1,541,266,946 |  |  | 1,354,975,087 |
Retail |  | 5,044,465,360 |  |  | 4,417,240,507 |
Other liabilities |  | 2,174,387,481 |  |  | 2,299,629,267 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  | 12,104,066,606 |  |  | 10,224,683,502 |

(1)It includes BBVA Asset Management Argentina S.A.U. Sociedad Gerente de Fondos Comunes de Inversión, Consolidar A.F.J.P. (undergoing liquidation proceedings), PSA Finance Argentina Cía. Financiera S.A. and Volkswagen Financial Services Compañía Financiera S.A.
(2)It includes the Financial Sector.
(3)It includes Government Sector.
The information in relation to the operating segment (Group banking activity) is the same as that set out in the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss, considering that it is the measure used by the Entity’s highest authority in making decisions about the allocation of resources and performance evaluation.
39. Related parties
a)Parent
The Bank’s direct controlling entity is Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A.
b)Key Management personnel
Key management personnel are those having the authority and responsibility for planning, managing and controlling the Bank’s activities, whether directly or indirectly.
Based on that definition, the Bank considers the members of the Board of Directors as key management personnel.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

b.1) Remuneration of key management personnel
The key personnel of the Board of Directors received the following compensations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Fees | 559,642 |  |  | 566,411 |  |  | 613,267 |
Total | 559,642 |  |  | 566,411 |  |  | 613,267 |

b.2) Balances and results arising from transactions with key management personnel

| Balances as of
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Loans |  |  |
Credit cards | 56,034 |  |  | 81,672 |
Overdrafts | 1 |  |  | — |
Mortgage loans | 1,078 |  |  | 3,114 |
Deposits | 129,262 |  |  | 193,025 |

| Results
| December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest income | 146,214 |  | 181,523 |  | 128,139
Interest expense | 18,021 |  | 55,723 |  | 854
Fee and commission income | 6,806 |  | 9,592 |  | 7,826
Fee and commission expense | 1,608 |  | 1,829 |  | 3,533
Other operating expenses | 2,416 |  | 3,144 |  | 4,679

Loans are granted on an arm’s length basis. All loans to key management personnel were classified as performing.
b.3) Balances and results arising from transactions with related parties (except key management personnel)
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

|  | Balances as of
Parent |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Cash and deposits in banks |  | 5,549,671 |  |  | 23,785,069 |
Other financial assets |  | 88 |  |  | 247,378 |
Other liabilities |  | 46,828,702 |  |  | 98,645,567 |
Derivatives (Liabilities) |  | 2,651 |  |  | — |
Off-balance sheet transaction |  |  |  |
Securities in custody (1) |  | 3,075,895,648 |  |  | 1,875,949,266 |
Guarantees received |  | 120,776,780 |  |  | 43,340,133 |
Guarantees granted (2) |  | 86,978,395 |  |  | 34,278,568 |
Derivatives |  | 518,388 |  |  | — |

(1)These balances represent the shares in custody of Banco BBVA Argentina SA held by BBVA and BBV América.
(2)These balances represent commercial guarantees granted.

|  | Results
|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest income |  | — |  |  | 1,921 |  |  | — |
Fee and commission income |  | 223,058 |  |  | 21,550 |  |  | 3,079 |
Fee and commission expense |  | — |  |  | (718,064) |  |  | — |
(Losses) Gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net |  | (2,638) |  |  | (415,252) |  |  | (150,496) |
Other operating income |  | 57,796 |  |  | 69,314 |  |  | 63,174 |
Other administrative expenses |  | (28,328,441) |  |  | (111,204,350) |  |  | (89,428,699) |

|  | Balances as of
Subsidiaries(1) / Associates / Joint Ventures |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Loans and advances |  | 116,885,234 |  |  | 59,992,599 |
Derivatives (Assets) |  | 593,293 |  |  | — |
Other financial assets |  | 2,959,252 |  |  | 954,173 |
Deposits |  | 39,662,467 |  |  | 31,143,439 |
Other liabilities |  | 1,679,936 |  |  | 2,883,532 |
Off-balance sheet transaction |  |  |  |
Securities in custody |  | 22,764,296 |  |  | 46,334,059 |
Guarantees received |  | 167,855 |  |  | — |
Guarantees granted (3) |  | 167,855 |  |  | 610,825 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

|  | Results
|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest income |  | 53,916,589 |  |  | 67,852,231 |  |  | 44,920,120 |
Fee and commission income |  | 15,020,713 |  |  | 10,307,386 |  |  | 10,627,037 |
Interest expense |  | (3,337,615) |  |  | (10,823,638) |  |  | (2,811,381) |
Fee and commission expense |  | (6,566,737) |  |  | (7,750,847) |  |  | (1,073,806) |
(Losses) Gains on financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, net |  | 1,033,237 |  |  | 329,316 |  |  | 694,299 |
Exchange differences, net |  | 23,584 |  |  | 2,877 |  |  | — |
Other operating income (2) |  | 4,971,171 |  |  | 5,764,801 |  |  | 6,213,396 |
Other administrative expenses |  | (396,535) |  |  | (1,920,484) |  |  | 207,656 |
Other operating expenses |  | (415) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1)The transactions between BBVA and its subsidiaries included in the preceding table were eliminated for the purposes of consolidation in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(2)Operating leases.
(3)These balances represent commercial guarantees granted.
Transactions have been agreed upon on an arm’s length basis. All loans to related parties were classified as performing.
40. Leases
The Group as lessee
The Group leases branches under lease contracts. Leases are typically for a term of 5 years, with the option to renew after that date. Payments for leases are increased annually to reflect the market conditions.
Below are the minimum future payments of leases under lease contracts not subject to cancellation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

| Leases in U.S. dollars |  | Leases in local currency |  | Total December 31, 2024 |  | Total December 31, 2023
Up to 1 year | 852,573 |  |  | 274,266 |  |  | 1,126,839 |  |  | 2,662,757 |
From 1 to 5 years | 18,392,659 |  |  | 3,537,237 |  |  | 21,929,896 |  |  | 38,279,009 |
More than 5 years | 9,342,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,342,044 |  |  | 10,251,709 |
TOTAL |  |  |  |  | 32,398,779 |  |  | 51,193,475 |

The interest on liabilities from finance lease as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts to 4,100,609 and 3,700,118, respectively. The exchange rate loss difference recognized in profit or loss as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts to 7,361,232 and 56,365,284, respectively.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

41. Investment Portfolio - Government and Corporate Securities
The Group owns, manages and trades a portfolio of securities issued by the Argentine and other governments and corporate issuers. The following table sets out the Group’s investments in Argentine and other governments and corporate securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 by type and currency of denomination.

Account |  |  |  |  | Fair |  | Book |  | Book
|  |  |  | value |  | Value |  | Value
|  |  |  | level |  | 12.31.2024 |  | 12.31.2023
DEBT SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 05-16-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 45,622,467 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer. Maturity 03-31-2026 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 11,758,191 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 10-31-2025 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 7,414,965 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos Capitalizable Maturity 02-13-2026 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 6,671,200 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 02-28-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 3,932,947 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 04-28-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 3,215,532 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 08-15-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 2,191,160 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 01-17-2025 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,046,341 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 05-30-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 2,021,394 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 01-31-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,920,252 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 02-14-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,810,779 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 04-16-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,196,536 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 12-15-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,022,133 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 03-14-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 449,531 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 08-29-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 208,538 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 06-30-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 142,001 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 4.25%. Maturity 02-14-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 79,516 |  |  | 389,882 |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 03-31-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 27,475 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bills adjusted by Cer. Maturity 01-18-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 446,799 |
Subtotal Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91,730,958 |  |  | 836,681 |
Government Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AL30 Bond Local Law USD Step Up. Maturity 07-09-2030 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 66,219 |  |  | 59,528 |
Argentine Bond in dual currency. Maturity 06-30-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 470,852,827 |
Argentine Bond in dual currency. Maturity 02-28-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 15,830,775 |
GD30 Bond Foreign Law USC Step Up. Maturity 07-09-2030 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 61,916 |
Subtotal Government Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 66,219 |  |  | 486,805,046 |
Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bond New San S.A. Series 18 in Pesos Private BADLAR + 300 bps. Maturity 10-17-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 574,423 |
Corporate Bond New San S.A. Series 19 in Pesos Monetary Policy Rate. Maturity 10-17-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 511,189 |
Corporate Bond Toyota Cia Financiera Series 32 in Pesos. Maturity 02-09-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 390 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In Pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,086,002 |
Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bond Central Puerto Series A in USD. Maturity 03-14-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 3,596,552 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,596,552 |
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91,797,177 |  |  | 492,324,281 |
EQUITY INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acción BYMA- Bolsas y Mercados Argentina |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 6,062,948 |  |  | 4,723,901 |
Acción Banco de Valores de Bs. As. |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 2,092,186 |  |  | 2,300,986 |
Mutual Funds |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 749,178 |  |  | 1,615,390 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,904,312 |  |  | 8,640,277 |
TOTAL EQUITY INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,904,312 |  |  | 8,640,277 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Account |  |  |  |  | Fair |  | Book |  | Book
|  |  |  | value |  | Value |  | Value
|  |  |  | level |  | 12.31.2024 |  | 12.31.2023
DEBT SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer. Maturity 03-31-2026 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 394,906,029 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 02-28-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 248,085,666 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 03-31-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 246,103,423 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0% Maturity 12-15-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 245,559,764 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 04-16-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 162,263,275 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 07-31-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 155,442,254 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 12-15-2026 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 143,133,800 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos Capitalizable Maturity 12-15-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 131,750,000 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos Capitalizable Maturity 10-17-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 128,218,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 09-30-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 64,525,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 06-18-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 63,900,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 02-14-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 58,075,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 03-14-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 35,340,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 08-29-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 32,575,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 09-12-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 32,575,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 06-30-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 31,525,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in pesos. Maturity 05-30-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 29,887,500 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 06-30-2026 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 26,449,509 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 4.25%. Maturity 02-14-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 18,681,070 |  |  | 122,109,199 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 2%. Maturity 11-09-2026 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 6,177,995 |  |  | 74,004 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 06-30-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 6,015,000 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bills Capitalizable in Pesos. Maturity 01-31-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 839,000 |  |  | — |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 4.25%. Maturity 12-13-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 476,737,223 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 4%. Maturity 10-14-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 423,485,649 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 1.55%. Maturity 07-26-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 111,892,095 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 3.75%. Maturity 04-14-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 1,722,921 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 1.50%. Maturity 03-25-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 362,318 |
Subtotal Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,262,027,285 |  |  | 1,136,383,409 |
Government Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dollar-linked Argentine Treasury Bond 0.40%. Maturity 04-30-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 64,721 |
Subtotal Government Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 64,721 |
BCRA Bills - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BCRA Liquidity Bills in pesos. Maturity 01-11-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 121,927,362 |
BCRA Liquidity Bills in pesos. Maturity 01-09-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 9,677,845 |
BCRA Liquidity Bills in pesos. Maturity 01-02-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 108,583 |
Subtotal BCRA Bills - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 131,713,790 |
BCRA Bills - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local BCRA Bills in USD. Maturity 11-16-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 97,359,824 |
Local BCRA Bills in USD. Maturity 11-20-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 36,972,084 |
Local BCRA Bills in USD. Maturity 11-23-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 14,084,603 |
Local BCRA Bills in USD. Maturity 11-27-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 3,521,152 |
Subtotal BCRA Bills - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 151,937,663 |
BCRA Notes - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina - TRANCHE 1 - Maturity 10-31-2027 (Series C) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 10,980,524 |  |  | — |
Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina - TRANCHE 1 - Maturity 10-31-2027 (Series D) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 10,770,937 |  |  | — |
Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina - TRANCHE 1 - Maturity 10-31-2027 (Series A) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 7,875,767 |  |  | — |
Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina - TRANCHE 1 - Maturity 10-31-2027 (Series B) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 7,471,684 |  |  | — |
Subtotal BCRA Notes - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37,098,912 |  |  | — |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Account |  |  |  |  | Fair |  | Book |  | Book
|  |  |  | value |  | Value |  | Value
|  |  |  | level |  | 12.31.2024 |  | 12.31.2023
Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bond Fiat Compañía Financiera Series 20 in Pesos. Maturity 03-01-2026 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 2,023,161 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond New San S.A. in Pesos Series 20 Private BADLAR. Maturity 02-01-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 271,905 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Bco de Serv. Financieros Series 24 in Pesos at Floating rate. Maturity 02-02-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 213,171 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond New San S.A in Pesos Series 21 Private BADLAR. Maturity 05-09-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 171,092 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Refi Pampa Series 2 in Pesos adjusted by Uva. Maturity 05-06-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 108,265 |  |  | 189,898 |
Corporate Bond Arcor Series 17 in Pesos adjusted by Uva. Maturity 10-20-2025 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 8,353,749 |
Corporate Bond New San S.A. in Pesos Private BADLAR + 440 bps. Maturity 02-14-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 491,756 |
Corporate Bond Bco de Serv. Financieros Series 22 in Pesos at Floating rate. Maturity 03-03-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 471,522 |
Corporate Bond Petroquímica Com. Rivadavia S.A. in Pesos at Floating rate. Maturity 08-15-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 376,150 |
Corporate Bond New San S.A. in Pesos Private BADLAR + 575 bps. Maturity 05-19-2024 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 331,690 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,787,594 |  |  | 10,214,765 |
Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate Bond Vista Energy Series 23 in USD. Maturity 03-06-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 4,184,068 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bonds Tecpetrol S.A. Series 7 in USD. Maturity 04-22-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 3,118,272 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bonds YPF. Series 32 in USD. Maturity 10-10-2028 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 3,045,186 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Luz De Tres Picos 4 in USD. Maturity 09-29-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,883,623 |  |  | 756 |
Corporate Bond 360 Energy Solar S.A. Series 4 in USD at fixed rate. Maturity 10-30-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,667,701 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Petroquímica Comodoro Rivadavia Series R in USD. Maturity 10-22-2028 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,549,395 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bonds Minera EXAR Series 1 in USD. Maturity 11-11-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,117,813 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bonds YPF. Series 29 in USD. Maturity 05-28-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,075,476 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Empresa de Gas del Sur (EMGASUD) S.A. Series 39 in USD. Maturity 07-14-2028 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,058,600 |  |  | 2,915,098 |
Corporate Bond Empresa de Gas del Sur (EMGASUD) S.A. Series 39 in USD. Maturity 03-08-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 2,049,323 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Vista Energy Series 20 in USD. Maturity 07-20-2025 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1,742,285 |  |  | 2,889,215 |
Corporate Bond CAPEX S.A. Series 10 in USD. Maturity 07-05-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1,649,240 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bonds YPF. Series 33 in USD. Maturity 10-10-2028 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1,546,884 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Pampa Energia S.A. Series 20 in USC. Maturity 03-26-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1,050,443 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond John Deere Credit Cia Financiera S.A. Series X in USD. Maturity 03-08-2026 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1,017,502 |  |  | — |
Corporate Bond Petroquímica Comodoro Rivadavia Series O in USD. Maturity 09-22-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1,011,329 |  |  | 257 |
Corporate Bond Pampa Energia S.A. Series 18 in USD. Maturity 09-08-2025 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 3,489,687 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34,767,140 |  |  | 9,295,013 |
Financial assets pledged as collateral - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by 4.25% CER. Maturity 02-14-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 69,154,481 |  |  | 10,925,101 |
Argentine Bond adjusted by 2% CER in pesos Tx26 (Boncer). Maturity 11-9-2026 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 51,514,600 |  |  | 80,037,610 |
Treasury Bonds in pesos adjusted by Cer 0%. Maturity 12-15-2025 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 4,331,250 |  |  | — |
Argentine Treasury Bonds adjusted by 1.55% CER in pesos. Maturity 07-26-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 193,429,033 |
BCRA Liquidity Bills in pesos. Maturity 01-09-2024 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 95,975,480 |
Subtotal Financial assets pledged as collateral - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125,000,331 |  |  | 380,367,224 |
Financial assets pledged as collateral - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dollar-linked Argentine Treasury Bond. 0.40%. Maturity 04-30-2024 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | — |  |  | 6,336,898 |
Corporate Bond Luz De Tres Picos Class 4 in USD. Maturity 09-29-2026 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 4,647,359 |
Corporate bond Petroquimica Comodoro Rivadavia Class O in USD. Maturity 09-22-2027 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 1,593,653 |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

Account |  |  |  |  | Fair |  | Book |  | Book
|  |  |  | value |  | Value |  | Value
|  |  |  | level |  | 12.31.2024 |  | 12.31.2023
Corporate Bond Pcr Class H in USD |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | — |  |  | 756,509 |
Subtotal Financial assets pledged as collateral - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 13,334,419 |
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,461,681,262 |  |  | 1,833,311,004 |
EQUITY INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Local: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensadora Electrónica S.A. |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 2,436,994 |  |  | 1,941,974 |
Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A. |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 1,011,785 |  |  | 1,114,544 |
Seguro de Depósitos S.A. |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 268,270 |  |  | 314,132 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 15,036 |  |  | 10,722 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,732,085 |  |  | 3,381,372 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco Latinoamericano de Exportaciones S.A. |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 735,975 |  |  | 880,780 |
Other |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 34,513 |  |  | 60,425 |
Subtotal Private Securities - In foreign currency |  |  |  |  |  |  | 770,488 |  |  | 941,205 |
TOTAL EQUITY INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,502,573 |  |  | 4,322,577 |
DEBT SECURITIES AT AMORTIZED COST |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in pesos. Maturity 08-23-2025 (1) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 125,492,302 |  |  | 107,798,424 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in pesos. Maturity 05-23-2027 (1) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 24,039,592 |  |  | 70,570,093 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds in pesos at 0.70% Badlar Private Rate. Maturity 11-23-2027 (1) |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 10,372,413 |  |  | 32,167,645 |
Subtotal Government Securities - In pesos |  |  |  |  |  |  | 159,904,307 |  |  | 210,536,162 |
Allowances for credit losses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,375,737) |  |  | (28,000,427) |
TOTAL DEBT SECURITIES AT AMORTIZED COST |  |  |  |  |  |  | 152,528,570 |  |  | 182,535,735 |

(1) Correspond to securities computed for minimum cash as of December 31, 2024, Note 45.a)
42. Restrictions to the distribution of earnings
a)In accordance with the regulations of the BCRA, 20% of the income for the year plus/less adjustments of prior years’ results, transfers from other comprehensive income to unappropriated retained earnings and less the accumulated loss at the end of the previous year, if any, must be allocated to the legal reserve. Consequently, the next Shareholders’ Meeting must apply 70,648,487 of Retained Earnings to increase the balance of such reserve.
b)The mechanism to be followed by financial institutions to assess distributable balances is defined by the BCRA by means of the regulations in force on “Distribution of earnings” provided that certain situations are not verified, namely: to receive financial assistance from such entity due to illiquidity, shortfalls as regards minimum capital requirements or minimum cash requirements, to fall under the scope of the provisions of Sections 34 and 35 bis of the Financial Institutions Law (sections referred to regularization and correction plans and restructuring of the Entity), among other conditions detailed in the referred communication to be complied with. Furthermore, distribution of earnings as approved by the Entity’s Shareholders’ Meeting shall not be effective unless approved by the Superintendency of Financial and Foreign Exchange Institutions of the BCRA.
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

In addition, no distributions of earnings shall be made with the profits resulting from the first time application of IFRS Accounting Standards, which shall be included as a special reserve, and the balance of which as of December 31, 2024 amounted to 161,028,676 in accordance with BCRA GAAP.
Besides, the Entity shall verify that, once the proposed distribution of earnings is made, a capital conservation margin equivalent to 2.5% of the risk-weighted assets is kept, which is additional to the minimum capital requirement set forth by law, and shall be paid in with level 1 ordinary capital (COn1), net of deductible concepts (CDC0n1).
On March 21, 2024 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 7984, effective until December 31, 2024, which established that financial institutions may distribute earnings for up to 60% of the amount that would have corresponded to them in six equal, monthly and consecutive installments once authorization is obtained by the BCRA.
Subsequently, by means of Communication "A" 7997, the BCRA established that financial institutions that resolve or have resolved to distribute earnings within the framework of the provisions of Communication "A" 7984, may do so in three equal, monthly and consecutive installments for up to the corresponding amount according to the aforementioned communication. The Communication also established that financial institutions should grant nonresident shareholders the option to collect their dividends –in full or in part– in a single installment in cash, provided that such funds be directly used for the primary subscription of Bonds for the reconstruction of a free Argentina (BOPREAL, for its acronym in Spanish) in accordance with current exchange regulations.
On March 13, 2025 the BCRA issued Communication “A” 8214, effective until December 31, 2025, which established that financial institutions may distribute earnings for up to 60% of the amount that would have corresponded to them in ten equal, monthly and consecutive installments (from June 30, 2025 and not before the penultimate business day of the following months) once authorization is obtained by the BCRA.
c)Pursuant to the provisions of General Resolution 622 of the CNV, the Shareholders’ Meeting that considers the annual financial statements shall resolve upon the specific use of accumulated earnings of the Entity.
On April 29, 2022, the General Ordinary and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting was held and the following was approved:
•To allocate 3,934,134 (51,967,379 in restated values) out of unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2021 to the legal reserve.
•To allocate 15,736,535 (207,869,518 in restated values) out of unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2021 to the other reserve for future distribution of earnings.
•Also, in relation to the dividends approved by the Shareholders’ Meetings of May 15, 2020, November 20, 2020, April 20, 2021 and November 3, 2021, authorization was applied for to the BCRA for the distribution of 13,165,209 (in nominal amounts).
On June 7, 2022, the BCRA approved the distribution of 13,165,209 (in nominal amounts) as dividends, which have been made available to shareholders.
On April 28, 2023, the General Ordinary and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting was held and the following was approved:
•To allocate 11,765,158 (79,782,573 in restated amounts) out of Unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2022 to the Legal Reserve.
•To allocate 47,060,630 (319,130,293 in restated amounts) to Unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2022 to the Optional Reserve for future distribution of earnings.
•To allocate 35,566,224 (169,587,609 in restated amounts) to the payment of dividends by partially reversing the Optional Reserve for future distribution of earnings.
•To request the BCRA for authorization to pay dividends for 50,401,015 (in nominal amounts).
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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

On May 31, 2023, the BCRA approved the distribution of 50,401,015 as dividends which will be paid in kind through the delivery of 49,524,433,015 Argentine discount government bills in Argentine pesos (in nominal values), adjusted by CER and maturing on November 23, 2023 (ISIN ARARGE520DT9) Ticker X23N3 (Caja de Valores code 9197).
On April 26, 2024, the General Ordinary and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting was held and the following was approved:
•To allocate 32,908,378 (71,662,188 in restated amounts) out of Unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2023 to the Legal Reserve.
•To allocate 131,633,510 (286,648,751 in restated amounts) to Unappropriated retained earnings for fiscal year 2023 to the Optional Reserve for future distribution of earnings.
•To allocate 264,227,685 (507,501,293 in restated amounts) to the payment of dividends by partially reversing the Optional Reserve for future distribution of earnings.
•To request the BCRA for authorization to pay dividends for 264,227,685 (507,501,293 in restated values)
On May 3, 2024, the BCRA approved the distribution of 264,227,685 (507,501,293 in restated values) which were be paid as follows as established by Communications “A” 7997 and “A” 7999:
•Non-resident shareholders: they may opt to collect their dividends in a single installment in cash, provided that such funds be directly used for the primary subscription of BOPREAL. The payment in BOPREAL will be made on the date of the calculation of the bid made by the BCRA. In the event that they did not opt for the subscription of BOPREAL, the payment will be made in Argentine pesos unless they state their intention to receive payment through the delivery of Argentine Treasury bonds in Argentine pesos adjusted by CER (benchmark stabilization coefficient) at 4.25% maturing on December 13, 2024 (“T5X4”).
•Resident shareholders: it will be paid in Argentine pesos unless they state their intention to receive the T5X4 bond. Resident shareholders are not allowed to subscribe BOPREAL.
Both the payment in T5X4 and in Argentine pesos were made in three installments on May 14, June 11 and July 11, 2024.
As of the date of these financial statements, the payment of dividends for fiscal year 2023 was completed.
43. Restricted assets
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group had the following restricted assets:
a)The Entity used as security for loans agreed under the Global Credit Program for MSMEs granted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |
Argentine Treasury Bonds adjusted by CER in pesos maturing in 2026 |  | 5,873 |  |  | — |  |
Argentine Treasury Bonds adjusted by CER in pesos maturing in 2024 |  | — |  |  | 27,871 |  |
|  | 5,873 |  |  | 27,871 |  |

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Banco BBVA Argentina S.A. | NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023 (in thousands of Argentine pesos in constant currency – Note 2.1.5) (cont.) |

b)Also, the Entity has accounts, deposits, repo transactions and trusts applied as guarantee for activities related to credit card transactions, with automated clearing houses, transactions settled at maturity, foreign currency futures, court proceedings and leases in the amount of 462,967,978 and 569,743,007 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (see Note 6.5 and 10.1.).
44. Banking deposits guarantee insurance system
Law 24,485 and Decree 540/95 provided for the creation of the Deposit Guarantee Insurance System, with the purpose of covering the risks of bank deposits, in a subsidiary and complementary manner to the system of privileges and protection of deposits established by the Financial Institutions Law.
That law provided for the incorporation of the company “Seguros de Depósitos Sociedad Anónima” (SEDESA) for the exclusive purpose of managing the Deposits Guarantee Fund, the shareholders of which, pursuant to the changes introduced by Decree 1292/96, are the BCRA with at least one share and the trustees of the trust with financial institutions in the proportion determined by the BCRA for each such financial institution, based on their respective contributions to the Deposit Guarantee Fund.
Deposits in pesos and foreign currency made with the participating entities under the form of checking accounts, savings accounts, time deposits or otherwise as determined by the BCRA up to the amount of 25,000 and which meet the requirements of Decree 540/95 and those to be set forth by the enforcement authority shall fall within the scope of said decree.
In August 1995, SEDESA was incorporated, and the Entity has an 8.3672% share of its capital stock as of December 31, 2024 (BCRA Communication “B” 12,755). Through Communication “B” 12,955 of March 14, 2025, the BCRA updated the participation to 9.6486%.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the contributions to the Deposit Guarantee Fund were recorded in the item “Other operating expenses — Contributions to the deposits guarantee fund” in the amounts of 10,933,914 and 12,473,800, respectively.
45. Minimum cash and minimum capital
a)Minimum cash
The BCRA establishes different regulations to be observed by financial institutions, mainly regarding solvency levels, liquidity and credit assistance levels.
Minimum cash regulations set forth an obligation to keep liquid assets in relation to deposits and other obligations recorded for each period on an individual basis. The items included for the purpose of meeting that requirement are detailed below:

Accounts |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Balances at the BCRA |  |  |  |
BCRA – current account - not restricted |  | 757,637,118 |  |  | 781,551,804 |
BCRA – special guarantee accounts – restricted |  | 211,771,973 |  |  | 211,069,288 |
|  | 969,409,091 |  |  | 992,621,092 |
Government securities in pesos – Measured at amortized cost (1) |  | 159,904,307 |  |  | 210,536,162 |
Government securities in pesos – Measured at fair value through OCI (1) |  | 2,002,891,867 |  |  | 1,013,677,345 |
Government securities in foreign currency – Measured at fair value through OCI |  | — |  |  | 470,852,827 |
BCRA bills in pesos – Measured at fair value through OCI |  | — |  |  | 131,605,207 |
TOTAL |  | 3,132,205,265 |  |  | 2,819,292,633 |

(1) See detail of securities considered, as of December 31, 2024, in Note 41, identified with (1).
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b)Minimum capital
Minimum capital requirements are determined on the basis of the implicit risks to which the Group is exposed (credit risk, market risk and operational risk). The minimum capital will be the higher of the minimum capital fixed by the BCRA and the capital requirements for credit risk, market risk (requirement for daily positions in eligible instruments) and operational risk. These requirements must be complied with on both an individual and a consolidated basis.
For the purposes of calculating capital requirements, there is recognition of certain risk mitigation techniques such as collateralization, personal guarantees and credit derivatives. Provided that certain criteria are met financial institutions may opt for either the simple approach (or risk weighting substitution) or for the comprehensive approach, which allows reducing the exposure amount up to the value ascribed to the collateral. Off-balance sheet transactions (including loan commitments) must be converted into credit exposure equivalents through the use of credit conversion factors (CCF). The higher the chance of financing an off-balance sheet transaction, the higher the conversion factor will be. Then, the credit exposure equivalent is weighted based on counterparty risk.
Minimum capital must be, at least, the greater of:
•Minimum basic capital, and
•The sum of minimum capital required for credit risk, market risk and operational risk.
Minimum capital requirement for credit risk will be determined as the sum of:
a)8% of the sum of credit-risk-weighted asset transactions without delivery against payment;
b)failed delivery-against-payment transactions; and
c)requirement for counterpart credit risk in transactions with over-the-counter derivatives.
The sum of (a), (b) and (c) is multiplied by a coefficient which varies from 1 to 1.19 based on the rating the Bank is granted by BCRA.
Minimum Capital Requirement for Market Risk: BCRA imposes additional minimum capital requirements in relation to market risk associated with positions held by financial institutions in “local assets”, “foreign assets”, “foreign currency” and “gold”, including derivatives bought or sold on such positions.
The positions under consideration must be separated according to the currency of issue of each instrument, regardless of the issuer’s residence. In the cases of assets expressed in foreign currency, the Group must consider the risk for two positions: that which corresponds to the assets and the position in foreign currency, the relevant capital requirement being determined on the basis of the latter. The value of all positions will be expressed in pesos by using the reference exchange rate published by the BCRA for the U.S. dollar, after application of the swap rate corresponding to the other currencies.
Minimum Capital Requirement for Operational Risk: Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. The definition includes legal risk but excludes strategic and reputational risk. Financial institutions must establish a system for the management of operational risk that includes policies, processes, procedures and the structure for their adequate management.
Any defects of application derived from the requirement of additional capital will not make the financial institution fall into noncompliance with the Minimum Capital Regulations, even if they are not allowed to distribute cash dividends and pay fees, ownership interest or bonuses originated in the bank’s distribution of results.
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The breakdown of minimum capital at consolidated level is detailed below:

Minimum capital requirements |  | December 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Credit risk |  | (724,705,937) |  |  | (483,634,440) |
Operational risk |  | (253,936,068) |  |  | (197,092,938) |
Market risk |  | (2,505,620) |  |  | (14,236,921) |
Non-compliance (1) |  | — |  |  | (38,120,704) |
Total Capital under Central Bank rules |  | 2,298,928,651 |  |  | 2,483,906,175 |
Excess capital |  | 1,317,781,026 |  |  | 1,750,821,172 |

(1)The increase observed in the minimum capital requirement for credit risk originates from the failure to comply with the maximum limit established by the BCRA for financing the non-financial public sector for 15 days in the month of December 2023. As established by the regulations, this non-compliance causes the increase in the minimum capital requirement for credit risk for an amount equivalent to 100% of the excess the relationship, starting from the month in which the breaches are recorded and as long as they remain. In the case of credit relationships, the calculation of the set aside will be carried out on the basis of the monthly average of the daily excesses. As of the date of issuance of these Consolidated Financial Statements, the aforementioned situation was regularized.
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46. Subsequent events
Debt exchange - January and February, 2025
During the months of January and February, 2025, the Entity participated in voluntary debt exchanges under section 2, Decree No. 846/2024 issued by the Ministry of Economy. The securities delivered/received are detailed in Note 10.1 - Debt securities. The mentioned exchanges have not affected the valuation of the assets received.
Debt securities issued by the Bank - Class 30 (Additional)/32/33/34
In February 2025, the Entity issued corporate bonds under the conditions detailed below:

Issuance conditions |
Class |  | 30 (Additional) |  | 32 |  | 33 |  | 34 |
Term |  | September 12, 2025 |  | 12 months |  | 6 months |  | 12 months |
Currency |  | Pesos |  | Dollar |  | Dollar |  | Pesos |
Amortization |  | Bullet |
Payment of interest |  | Upon-maturity |  | Quarterly |
Nominal Value |  | 9,062,730 |  |  | 16,510 |  |  | 20,446 |  |  | 57,002,870 |  |
Annual Nominal |  | Fixed TEM 2.40 % |  | Fixed TNA 3.50 % |  | Fixed TNA 4.00 % |  | TAMAR + 2.75 % |

Sale of “Fisherton” Real Property
On January 13, 2025, the sale of “Fisherton” real property took place, which was booked under “Non-current assets held for sale” as of December 31, 2024. The income (loss) from the transaction was booked under “Income – loss from sale of non-current assets held for sale” in 2025.
No other events or transactions have occurred between year-end and the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements which may significantly affect the Entity’s financial position or results of operations as of December 31, 2024.
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