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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2024

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-15781
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 04-3510455
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
60 State Street | Boston | Massachusetts |  | 02109
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (800) 773-5601, ext. 133773
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | BHLB |  | The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No ☒
As of November 7, 2024, the Registrant had 42,975,514 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX

|  | Page
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
|  | Note 1 | Basis of Presentation | 11
|  | Note 2 | Branch Sale | 12
|  | Note 3 | Trading Securities | 12
|  | Note 4 | Securities Available for Sale, Held to Maturity, and Equity Securities | 13
|  | Note 5 | Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | 19
|  | Note 6 | Deposits | 36
|  | Note 7 | Borrowed Funds | 36
|  | Note 8 | Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities | 38
|  | Note 9 | Leases | 46
|  | Note 10 | Capital Ratios and Shareholders' Equity | 48
|  | Note 11 | Earnings per Share | 53
|  | Note 12 | Stock-Based Compensation Plans | 54
|  | Note 13 | Fair Value Measurements | 55
|  | Note 14 | Net Interest Income after Provision/(Benefit) for Credit Losses | 65
|  | Note 15 | Tax Equity Investments | 66
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 67
| Selected Financial Data | 67
| Average Balances and Average Yields/Rates | 69
| Non-GAAP Financial Measures | 71
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 83
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 85

PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 86
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 87
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 88
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 88
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 88
Item 5. | Other Information | 88
Item 6. | Exhibits | 89
Signatures |  | 90

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PART I
ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(In thousands, except share data) |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 134,056 |  |  | $ | 148,148 |
Short-term investments |  | 435,911 |  |  | 1,055,096 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 569,967 |  |  | 1,203,244 |
Trading securities, at fair value |  | 5,560 |  |  | 6,142 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  | 13,278 |  |  | 13,029 |
Securities available for sale, at fair value |  | 661,740 |  |  | 1,022,285 |
Securities held to maturity (fair values of $451,194 and $476,228) |  | 512,277 |  |  | 543,351 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 30,685 |  |  | 22,689 |
Total securities |  | 1,223,540 |  |  | 1,607,496 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses on securities held to maturity |  | (65) |  |  | (68) |
Net securities |  | 1,223,475 |  |  | 1,607,428 |
Loans held for sale |  | 50,634 |  |  | 2,237 |
Total loans |  | 9,212,322 |  |  | 9,039,686 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans |  | (112,047) |  |  | (105,357) |
Net loans |  | 9,100,275 |  |  | 8,934,329 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 54,667 |  |  | 68,915 |
Intangible assets |  | 16,192 |  |  | 19,664 |
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies |  | 245,210 |  |  | 242,309 |
Other assets |  | 337,212 |  |  | 341,757 |
Assets held for sale |  | 6,930 |  |  | 10,938 |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,604,562 |  |  | $ | 12,430,821 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  | $ | 2,267,595 |  |  | $ | 2,469,164 |
NOW and other deposits |  | 748,737 |  |  | 858,644 |
Money market deposits |  | 3,042,712 |  |  | 3,565,516 |
Savings deposits |  | 998,549 |  |  | 1,053,810 |
Time deposits |  | 2,519,896 |  |  | 2,686,250 |
Total deposits |  | 9,577,489 |  |  | 10,633,384 |
Short-term debt |  | 353,500 |  |  | 260,000 |
Long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other |  | 232,042 |  |  | 125,223 |
Subordinated borrowings |  | 121,549 |  |  | 121,363 |
Total borrowings |  | 707,091 |  |  | 506,586 |
Other liabilities |  | 249,531 |  |  | 278,630 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 10,534,111 |  |  | $ | 11,418,600 |
(continued)
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Common stock ($0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 51,903,190 shares issued and 42,981,618 shares outstanding in 2024; 51,903,190 shares issued and 43,500,872 shares outstanding in 2023) |  | 528 |  |  | 528 |
Additional paid-in capital - common stock |  | 1,421,218 |  |  | 1,423,273 |
Unearned compensation |  | (12,399) |  |  | (10,109) |
Retained (deficit) |  | (14,976) |  |  | (33,136) |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | (89,257) |  |  | (143,016) |
Treasury stock, at cost (8,921,572 shares in 2024 and 8,402,318 shares in 2023) |  | (234,663) |  |  | (225,319) |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,070,451 |  |  | 1,012,221 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 11,604,562 |  |  | $ | 12,430,821 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
4

Table of Contents
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 142,879 |  |  | $ | 132,816 |  |  | $ | 418,899 |  |  | $ | 377,180 |
Securities and other |  | 14,389 |  |  | 15,205 |  |  | 44,484 |  |  | 48,582 |
Total interest and dividend income |  | 157,268 |  |  | 148,021 |  |  | 463,383 |  |  | 425,762 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 58,374 |  |  | 44,008 |  |  | 172,272 |  |  | 106,056 |
Borrowings |  | 10,835 |  |  | 13,679 |  |  | 26,380 |  |  | 39,080 |
Total interest expense |  | 69,209 |  |  | 57,687 |  |  | 198,652 |  |  | 145,136 |
Net interest income |  | 88,059 |  |  | 90,334 |  |  | 264,731 |  |  | 280,626 |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit related fees |  | 8,656 |  |  | 8,792 |  |  | 25,522 |  |  | 25,674 |
Loan related fees |  | 3,214 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 8,241 |  |  | 8,537 |
Gain on SBA loans |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 8,013 |  |  | 7,952 |
Wealth management fees |  | 2,685 |  |  | 2,481 |  |  | 8,182 |  |  | 7,803 |
Total fee income |  | 17,575 |  |  | 16,700 |  |  | 49,958 |  |  | 49,966 |
Other, net |  | 3,416 |  |  | 1,232 |  |  | 8,633 |  |  | 1,454 |
Fair value adjustments on securities |  | 516 |  |  | (467) |  |  | 359 |  |  | (255) |
(Loss) on sale of AFS securities, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49,909) |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of business operations and other assets, net |  | 16,048 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,048 |  |  | — |
Total non-interest income |  | 37,555 |  |  | 17,465 |  |  | 25,089 |  |  | 51,165 |
Total net revenue |  | 125,614 |  |  | 107,799 |  |  | 289,820 |  |  | 331,791 |
Provision expense for credit losses |  | 5,500 |  |  | 8,000 |  |  | 17,999 |  |  | 24,999 |
Non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 40,663 |  |  | 40,155 |  |  | 121,524 |  |  | 119,186 |
Occupancy and equipment |  | 7,373 |  |  | 8,816 |  |  | 24,135 |  |  | 27,165 |
Technology |  | 10,014 |  |  | 10,616 |  |  | 30,154 |  |  | 30,552 |
Professional services |  | 2,109 |  |  | 2,423 |  |  | 7,542 |  |  | 8,226 |
Regulatory expenses |  | 1,851 |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | 5,544 |  |  | 5,165 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 1,128 |  |  | 1,205 |  |  | 3,473 |  |  | 3,615 |
Marketing |  | 861 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | 4,270 |
Restructuring and other expenses |  | (297) |  |  | 2,607 |  |  | 2,936 |  |  | 2,592 |
Other |  | 8,258 |  |  | 7,234 |  |  | 21,094 |  |  | 21,745 |
Total non-interest expense |  | 71,960 |  |  | 76,513 |  |  | 218,911 |  |  | 222,516 |
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 48,154 |  |  | $ | 23,286 |  |  | $ | 52,910 |  |  | $ | 84,276 |
Income tax expense |  | 10,645 |  |  | 3,741 |  |  | 11,564 |  |  | 13,233 |
Net income |  | $ | 37,509 |  |  | $ | 19,545 |  |  | $ | 41,346 |  |  | $ | 71,043 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.89 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.64 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 42,170 |  |  | 43,164 |  |  | 42,456 |  |  | 43,435 |
Diluted |  | 42,454 |  |  | 43,347 |  |  | 42,658 |  |  | 43,640 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5

Table of Contents
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income |  | $ | 37,509 |  |  | $ | 19,545 |  |  | $ | 41,346 |  |  | $ | 71,043 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss), before tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gain/(loss) on debt securities available-for-sale |  | 25,250 |  |  | (40,525) |  |  | 68,721 |  |  | (41,398) |
Changes in unrealized gain/(loss) on derivative hedges |  | 9,349 |  |  | (2,959) |  |  | 4,249 |  |  | (9,072) |
Income taxes related to other comprehensive income/(loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in unrealized gain/(loss) on debt securities available-for-sale |  | (6,616) |  |  | 10,544 |  |  | (18,056) |  |  | 10,701 |
Changes in unrealized gain/(loss) on derivative hedges |  | (2,542) |  |  | 794 |  |  | (1,155) |  |  | 2,435 |
Total other comprehensive income/(loss) |  | 25,441 |  |  | (32,146) |  |  | 53,759 |  |  | (37,334) |
Total comprehensive income/(loss) |  | $ | 62,950 |  |  | $ | (12,601) |  |  | $ | 95,105 |  |  | $ | 33,709 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

Table of Contents
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

|  |  |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Unearned compensation |  | Retained earnings (deficit) |  | Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | Treasury stock |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Balance at June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 44,033 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,423,856 |  |  | $ | (14,470) |  |  | $ | (35,490) |  |  | $ | (186,240) |  |  | $ | (214,803) |  |  | $ | 973,381 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,545 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,545 |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,146) |  |  | — |  |  | (32,146) |
Total comprehensive (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,545 |  |  | (32,146) |  |  | — |  |  | (12,601) |
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.18 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,901) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,901) |
Treasury shares repurchased |  |  |  |  |  | (179) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,578) |  |  | (3,578) |
Forfeited shares |  |  |  |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |  |  | (82) |  |  | 572 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (490) |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock grants |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | (54) |  |  | (172) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 226 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,066 |
Other, net |  |  |  |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (358) |  |  | (358) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 43,822 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,423,720 |  |  | $ | (12,004) |  |  | $ | (23,846) |  |  | $ | (218,386) |  |  | $ | (219,003) |  |  | $ | 951,009 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 42,959 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,421,301 |  |  | $ | (14,064) |  |  | $ | (44,874) |  |  | $ | (114,698) |  |  | $ | (235,251) |  |  | $ | 1,012,942 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,509 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,509 |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,441 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,509 |  |  | 25,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,950 |
Cash dividends declared on common shares $0.18 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,611) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,611) |
Treasury shares repurchased |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited shares |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90) |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock grants |  |  |  |  |  | 28 |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |  |  | (632) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 726 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,218 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,218 |
Other, net |  |  |  |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48) |  |  | (48) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 42,982 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,421,218 |  |  | $ | (12,399) |  |  | $ | (14,976) |  |  | $ | (89,257) |  |  | $ | (234,663) |  |  | $ | 1,070,451 |

7

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Unearned compensation |  | Retained earnings (deficit) |  | Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | Treasury stock |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 44,361 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,424,183 |  |  | $ | (8,598) |  |  | $ | (71,428) |  |  | $ | (181,052) |  |  | $ | (209,571) |  |  | $ | 954,062 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,043 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,043 |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37,334) |  |  | — |  |  | (37,334) |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71,043 |  |  | (37,334) |  |  | — |  |  | 33,709 |
Impact of ASU No. 2022-02 Adoption |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 401 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 401 |
Cash dividends declared on common shares ($0.54 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,862) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,862) |
Treasury shares repurchased |  |  |  |  |  | (807) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,146) |  |  | (17,146) |
Forfeited shares |  |  |  |  |  | (72) |  |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,789) |  |  | (1) |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock grants |  |  |  |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | (262) |  |  | (10,760) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,022 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,521 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,521 |
Other, net |  |  |  |  |  | (60) |  |  | — |  |  | (156) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,519) |  |  | (1,675) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 43,822 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,423,720 |  |  | $ | (12,004) |  |  | $ | (23,846) |  |  | $ | (218,386) |  |  | $ | (219,003) |  |  | $ | 951,009 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | 43,501 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,423,273 |  |  | $ | (10,109) |  |  | $ | (33,136) |  |  | $ | (143,016) |  |  | $ | (225,319) |  |  | $ | 1,012,221 |
Comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,346 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,759 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,346 |  |  | 53,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,105 |
Cash dividends declared on common shares $0.54 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,186) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,186) |
Treasury shares repurchased |  |  |  |  |  | (794) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,538) |  |  | (17,538) |
Forfeited shares |  |  |  |  |  | (121) |  |  | — |  |  | (410) |  |  | 3,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,697) |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted stock grants |  |  |  |  |  | 498 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,645) |  |  | (11,563) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,208 |  |  | — |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,166 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,166 |
Other, net |  |  |  |  |  | (102) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,317) |  |  | (2,317) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 42,982 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  | $ | 1,421,218 |  |  | $ | (12,399) |  |  | $ | (14,976) |  |  | $ | (89,257) |  |  | $ | (234,663) |  |  | $ | 1,070,451 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
8

Table of Contents
BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 41,346 |  |  | $ | 71,043 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 17,999 |  |  | 24,999 |
Net amortization of securities |  | (301) |  |  | 965 |
Change in unamortized net loan costs and premiums |  | 5,025 |  |  | 145 |
Premises and equipment depreciation and amortization expense |  | 5,419 |  |  | 6,404 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 6,166 |  |  | 5,521 |
Accretion of purchase accounting entries, net |  | (853) |  |  | (503) |
Amortization of other intangibles |  | 3,473 |  |  | 3,615 |
Income from cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies |  | (4,616) |  |  | (3,910) |
(Gain) on SBA loan sales |  | (8,013) |  |  | (7,952) |
Fair value adjustments on securities |  | (359) |  |  | 255 |
Loss on sale of AFS securities, net |  | 49,909 |  |  | — |
Net change in loans held-for-sale |  | (4,215) |  |  | 1,969 |
Amortization of interest in tax-advantaged projects |  | (1,508) |  |  | 5,959 |
Gain on sale of business operations and other assets |  | (16,048) |  |  | — |
Net change in other |  | (4,921) |  |  | (3,804) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 88,503 |  |  | 104,706 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Net decrease in trading security |  | 674 |  |  | 641 |
Purchases of securities available for sale |  | (54,206) |  |  | (44,586) |
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale |  | 361,871 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and prepayments of securities available for sale |  | 72,503 |  |  | 166,552 |
Purchases of securities held to maturity |  | (300) |  |  | (700) |
Proceeds from maturities, calls, and prepayments of securities held to maturity |  | 31,778 |  |  | 29,852 |
Net change in loans |  | (322,683) |  |  | (658,823) |
Net change in New York branch loans held for sale |  | 1,146 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from surrender of bank-owned life insurance |  | 1,715 |  |  | 657 |
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | (112,147) |  |  | (449,336) |
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 104,151 |  |  | 417,643 |
Net investment in limited partnership tax credits |  | (10,654) |  |  | — |
Purchase of premises and equipment, net |  | (1,018) |  |  | (753) |
Proceeds from sales of seasoned residential loan portfolios |  | 47,123 |  |  | — |
Cash outflows from sale of business operations and other assets |  | (314,712) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided/(used) by investing activities |  | (194,759) |  |  | (538,853) |

9

BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONCLUDED)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
(continued)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Net (decrease) in deposits |  | (637,572) |  |  | (346,725) |
Net change in New York branch deposits held for sale |  | (34,896) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings |  | 1,207,500 |  |  | 10,010,000 |
Repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings |  | (1,007,181) |  |  | (9,210,150) |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | (17,538) |  |  | (17,146) |
Common stock cash dividends paid |  | (15,449) |  |  | (23,862) |
Settlement of derivative contracts with financial institution counterparties |  | (21,885) |  |  | 145 |
Net cash (used)/provided by financing activities |  | (527,021) |  |  | 412,262 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | (633,277) |  |  | (21,885) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 1,203,244 |  |  | 685,355 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 569,967 |  |  | $ | 663,470 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Interest paid on deposits |  | $ | 175,433 |  |  | $ | 98,428 |
Interest paid on borrowed funds |  | 25,796 |  |  | 36,165 |
Income taxes paid, net |  | 360 |  |  | 7,743 |
Other non-cash changes: |  |  |  |
Other net comprehensive income/(loss) |  | $ | 53,759 |  |  | $ | (37,334) |
Dividends declared not yet paid |  | 7,737 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of seasoned loan portfolios to held-for-sale, net |  | 91,754 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of New York branch loans from portfolio loans to assets held-for-sale, net |  | 58,455 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of New York branch assets to assets held-for-sale |  | 13,936 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of New York branch deposits to liabilities held-for-sale, net |  | 484,530 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of New York branch liabilities to liabilities held-for-sale |  | 12,929 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of New York branch loans held-for-sale to held-for investment, net |  | 7,183 |  |  |
Reclassification of liabilities held-for-sale to deposits, net |  | 66,207 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of held-for-sale loans to held-for-investment, net |  | 450 |  |  | — |
Impact to retained earnings from adoption of ASU 2022-02 |  | — |  |  | 401 |
Properties transferred to held for sale |  | — |  |  | 8,714 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The Consolidated Financial Statements (the “financial statements”) of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Berkshire”) have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company is a Delaware corporation, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (the “Bank”), a Massachusetts-chartered trust company headquartered in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries. In consolidation, all significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated. The results of operations of companies or assets acquired are included only from the dates of acquisition. All material wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries are consolidated unless GAAP requires otherwise.
The Company has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these financial statements were issued.
These interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X, and accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared according to GAAP have been omitted.
The results for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and disclosures Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. In management’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair statement are reflected in the interim periods.
Reclassifications
Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Recently Adopted Accounting Principles
Effective January 1, 2024, the Company adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-02, "Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)" (ASU 2023-02). ASU 2023-02 expanded the permitted use of the proportional amortization method (PAM), which was previously only available to low-income housing tax credit investments, to other tax equity investments if certain conditions are met. Under PAM, the initial cost of an investment is amortized in proportion to the income tax benefits received and both the amortization of the investment and the income tax benefits received are recognized as a component of income tax expense. Under this ASU, an entity has the option to apply PAM to applicable investments on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis. The Company has elected PAM for its public welfare investments which consist of Affordable Housing and New Market tax credit investments. In addition, the amendments in this ASU require that all tax equity investments accounted for using PAM use the delayed equity contribution guidance in paragraph ASC 323-740-25-3, requiring a liability be recognized for delayed equity contributions that are unconditional and legally binding or for equity contributions that are contingent upon a future event when that contingent event becomes probable. The amendments in this ASU also require additional disclosures in interim and annual periods concerning investments for which PAM is applied, including (i) the nature of tax equity investments, and (ii) the effect of tax equity investments and related income tax credits and other income tax benefits on the financial position and results of operations. The provisions of this ASU became effective for the Company for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2024. Refer to Note 15 – Tax Equity Investments for additional information. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Future Application of Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The ASU requires disclosure in the rate reconciliation table of additional categories of information and more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU also requires all entities to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes for annual periods and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold, among other things. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating; however, the adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTE 2. BRANCH SALE
During the third quarter of 2024, the Company completed the sale of ten of the Bank’s branches in upstate and eastern New York. The sale was made pursuant to definitive agreements entered into on March 4, 2024 with three buyers. The sale consisted of three separate transactions, which were completed during the third quarter of 2024. In the aggregate, the Bank sold $383 million in deposits and $50 million of related residential mortgage and consumer loans, along with all branch premises and equipment. The three buyers also assumed related operations and the employment of all associated staff. The sale excluded the Bank’s commercial banking business. The Company recorded a $16.0 million pre-tax gain related to the branch sale.
NOTE 3. TRADING SECURITIES
The Company holds a tax-advantaged economic development bond accounted for at fair value. The security had an amortized cost of $5.5 million and $6.2 million, and a fair value of $5.6 million and $6.1 million, at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As discussed further in Note 8 - Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities, the Company entered into a swap contract to swap-out the fixed rate of the security in exchange for a variable rate. The Company does not purchase securities with the intent of selling them in the near term, and there were no other securities in the trading portfolio at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.
12

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 4. SECURITIES AVAILABLE FOR SALE, HELD TO MATURITY, AND
EQUITY SECURITIES
The following is a summary of securities available for sale, held to maturity, and marketable equity securities:

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Allowance
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries |  | $ | 6,896 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,907 |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | 64,050 |  |  | 289 |  |  | (1,408) |  |  | 62,931 |  |  | — |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 308,857 |  |  | 340 |  |  | (56,765) |  |  | 252,432 |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 276,077 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (43,155) |  |  | 232,931 |  |  | — |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 86,714 |  |  | — |  |  | (16,148) |  |  | 70,566 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 38,697 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (3,403) |  |  | 35,317 |  |  | — |
Other bonds and obligations |  | 655 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (66) |  |  | 656 |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | 781,946 |  |  | 739 |  |  | (120,945) |  |  | 661,740 |  |  | — |
Securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | 236,707 |  |  | 421 |  |  | (17,087) |  |  | 220,041 |  |  | 45 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 103,272 |  |  | — |  |  | (15,332) |  |  | 87,940 |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 44,465 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,048) |  |  | 37,417 |  |  | — |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 126,312 |  |  | — |  |  | (22,001) |  |  | 104,311 |  |  | — |
Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | 1,244 |  |  | — |  |  | (36) |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | 20 |
Other bonds and obligations |  | 277 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 277 |  |  | — |
Total securities held to maturity |  | 512,277 |  |  | 421 |  |  | (61,504) |  |  | 451,194 |  |  | 65 |
Equity securities |  | 15,035 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,757) |  |  | 13,278 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,309,258 |  |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | (184,206) |  |  | $ | 1,126,212 |  |  | $ | 65 |

(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Allowance
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries |  | $ | 7,980 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,981 |  |  | $ | — |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | 64,788 |  |  | 494 |  |  | (1,429) |  |  | 63,853 |  |  | — |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 426,986 |  |  | — |  |  | (79,112) |  |  | 347,874 |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 492,633 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (75,155) |  |  | 417,480 |  |  | — |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 174,879 |  |  | — |  |  | (29,553) |  |  | 145,326 |  |  | — |
Corporate bonds |  | 43,291 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (4,210) |  |  | 39,115 |  |  | — |
Other bonds and obligations |  | 655 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (66) |  |  | 656 |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | 1,211,212 |  |  | 598 |  |  | (189,525) |  |  | 1,022,285 |  |  | — |
Securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | 251,046 |  |  | 698 |  |  | (16,987) |  |  | 234,757 |  |  | 48 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 112,929 |  |  | — |  |  | (18,360) |  |  | 94,569 |  |  | — |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 47,379 |  |  | — |  |  | (8,052) |  |  | 39,327 |  |  | — |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 130,169 |  |  | — |  |  | (24,368) |  |  | 105,801 |  |  | — |
Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | 1,540 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (60) |  |  | 1,486 |  |  | 20 |
Other bonds and obligations |  | 288 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 288 |  |  | — |
Total securities held to maturity |  | 543,351 |  |  | 704 |  |  | (67,827) |  |  | 476,228 |  |  | 68 |
Equity securities |  | 15,035 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,006) |  |  | 13,029 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,769,598 |  |  | $ | 1,302 |  |  | $ | (259,358) |  |  | $ | 1,511,542 |  |  | $ | 68 |

13

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for debt securities held to maturity by security type for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(In thousands) | Municipal bonds and obligations |  | Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | Total
Balance at June 30, 2024 | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 65 |
Provision for credit losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 65 |

(In thousands) | Municipal bonds and obligations |  | Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | Total
Balance at June 30, 2023 | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 71 |
(Benefit) for credit losses | (1) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 69 |

(In thousands) | Municipal bonds and obligations |  | Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 68 |
(Benefit) for credit losses | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 65 |

(In thousands) | Municipal bonds and obligations |  | Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 91 |
(Benefit) for credit losses | (18) |  |  | (4) |  |  | (22) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 69 |

Credit Quality Information
The Company monitors the credit quality of held to maturity securities through credit ratings from various rating agencies. Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security and are utilized by the Company to make informed decisions. Investment grade securities are rated BBB-/Baa3 or higher and generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be of low credit risk. Conversely, securities rated below investment grade are considered to have distinctively higher credit risk than investment grade securities. For securities without credit ratings, the Company utilizes other financial information indicating the financial health of the underlying municipality, agency, or organization.
As of September 30, 2024, none of the Company's investment securities were delinquent or in non-accrual status.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available for sale (“AFS”) and held to maturity (“HTM”) securities segregated by contractual maturity at September 30, 2024 are presented below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Mortgage-backed securities are shown in total, as their maturities are highly variable.
14

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Available for sale |  | Held to maturity
|  | Amortized |  | Fair |  | Amortized |  | Fair
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  | Value |  | Cost |  | Value
Within 1 year |  | $ | 7,271 |  |  | $ | 7,281 |  |  | $ | 646 |  |  | $ | 646 |
Over 1 year to 5 years |  | 19,220 |  |  | 18,903 |  |  | 1,910 |  |  | 1,904 |
Over 5 years to 10 years |  | 48,936 |  |  | 45,939 |  |  | 48,372 |  |  | 48,226 |
Over 10 years |  | 34,871 |  |  | 33,688 |  |  | 187,300 |  |  | 170,750 |
Total bonds and obligations |  | 110,298 |  |  | 105,811 |  |  | 238,228 |  |  | 221,526 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 671,648 |  |  | 555,929 |  |  | 274,049 |  |  | 229,668 |
Total |  | $ | 781,946 |  |  | $ | 661,740 |  |  | $ | 512,277 |  |  | $ | 451,194 |

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, purchases of AFS securities totaled $46.4 million and $54.2 million, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, there were no sales of AFS securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, proceeds from sales of AFS securities totaled $361.9 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, purchases of AFS securities totaled $7.8 million and $44.6 million, respectively. During the t hree and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no sales of AFS securities. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, there were no gross gains or losses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, gross gains totaled $5.1 million and gross losses totaled $54.9 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 there were no gross gains or losses.
15

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Securities available for sale and held to maturity with unrealized losses, segregated by the duration of their continuous unrealized loss positions, are summarized as follows:

|  | Less Than Twelve Months |  | Over Twelve Months |  | Total
|  | Gross |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  | Gross |  |
|  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair
(In thousands) |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasuries |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | 61 |  |  | 10,885 |  |  | 1,347 |  |  | 26,465 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 37,350 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56,765 |  |  | 212,953 |  |  | 56,765 |  |  | 212,953 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,155 |  |  | 232,132 |  |  | 43,155 |  |  | 232,132 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,148 |  |  | 70,566 |  |  | 16,148 |  |  | 70,566 |
Corporate bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,403 |  |  | 34,501 |  |  | 3,403 |  |  | 34,501 |
Other bonds and obligations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 295 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 10,885 |  |  | $ | 120,884 |  |  | $ | 576,912 |  |  | $ | 120,945 |  |  | $ | 587,797 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 34,770 |  |  | $ | 16,980 |  |  | $ | 115,023 |  |  | $ | 17,087 |  |  | $ | 149,793 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,332 |  |  | 87,940 |  |  | 15,332 |  |  | 87,940 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,048 |  |  | 37,417 |  |  | 7,048 |  |  | 37,417 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,001 |  |  | 104,311 |  |  | 22,001 |  |  | 104,311 |
Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | 5 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 1,208 |
Total securities held to maturity |  | 112 |  |  | 35,140 |  |  | 61,392 |  |  | 345,529 |  |  | 61,504 |  |  | 380,669 |
Total |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 46,025 |  |  | $ | 182,276 |  |  | $ | 922,441 |  |  | $ | 182,449 |  |  | $ | 968,466 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 9,326 |  |  | $ | 1,353 |  |  | $ | 22,739 |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 32,065 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79,112 |  |  | 347,874 |  |  | 79,112 |  |  | 347,874 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | 1 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 75,154 |  |  | 417,151 |  |  | 75,155 |  |  | 417,173 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,553 |  |  | 145,326 |  |  | 29,553 |  |  | 145,326 |
Corporate bonds |  | 457 |  |  | 6,543 |  |  | 3,753 |  |  | 31,690 |  |  | 4,210 |  |  | 38,233 |
Other bonds and obligations |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 295 |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 15,891 |  |  | $ | 188,991 |  |  | $ | 965,075 |  |  | $ | 189,525 |  |  | $ | 980,966 |
Securities held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal bonds and obligations |  | $ | 229 |  |  | $ | 28,895 |  |  | $ | 16,758 |  |  | $ | 92,063 |  |  | $ | 16,987 |  |  | $ | 120,958 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 18,359 |  |  | 94,548 |  |  | 18,360 |  |  | 94,569 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,052 |  |  | 39,327 |  |  | 8,052 |  |  | 39,327 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,368 |  |  | 105,801 |  |  | 24,368 |  |  | 105,801 |
Tax advantaged economic development bonds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | 922 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 922 |
Total securities held to maturity |  | 230 |  |  | 28,916 |  |  | 67,597 |  |  | 332,661 |  |  | 67,827 |  |  | 361,577 |
Total |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 44,807 |  |  | $ | 256,588 |  |  | $ | 1,297,736 |  |  | $ | 257,352 |  |  | $ | 1,342,543 |

16

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Debt Securities
The Company expects to recover its amortized cost basis on all debt securities in its AFS and HTM portfolios. Furthermore, the Company does not intend to sell nor does it anticipate that it will be required to sell any of its securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024, prior to this recovery. The Company’s ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery is supported by the Company’s strong capital and liquidity positions as well as its historically low portfolio turnover.
The following summarizes, by investment security type, the basis for the conclusion that the debt securities in an unrealized loss position within the Company’s AFS and HTM portfolios were not other-than-temporarily impaired at September 30, 2024:
AFS municipal bonds and obligations
At September 30, 2024, 40 of the 91 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS municipal bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 3.6% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Company continually monitors the municipal bond sector of the market carefully and periodically evaluates the appropriate level of exposure to the market. At this time, the Company has determined that the bonds in this portfolio carry minimal risk of default and the Company is appropriately compensated for that risk. There were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
AFS collateralized mortgage obligations
At September 30, 2024, 37 of the 40 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS collateralized mortgage obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 21.1% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), and Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company’s collateralized mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
AFS commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities
At September 30, 2024, 28 of the 28 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 16.4% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
AFS corporate bonds
At September 30, 2024, 13 of the 14 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS corporate bonds were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represents 9.0% of the amortized cost of the bonds in unrealized loss positions. The Company reviews the financial strength of all of these bonds and has concluded that the amortized cost remains supported by the expected future cash flows of these securities. All securities are performing.
AFS other bonds and obligations
At September 30, 2024, 2 of the 3 securities in the Company’s portfolio of AFS other bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represents 18.3% of the amortized cost of the bonds in unrealized loss positions. The Company reviews the financial strength of all of these bonds and has concluded that the amortized cost remains supported by the expected future cash flows of these securities. All securities are performing.
17

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
HTM municipal bonds and obligations
At September 30, 2024, 111 of the 161 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM municipal bonds and obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 10.2% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Company continually monitors the municipal bond sector of the market carefully and periodically evaluates the appropriate level of exposure to the market. At this time, the Company has determined that the bonds in this portfolio carry minimal risk of default and the Company is appropriately compensated for that risk. There were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
HTM collateralized mortgage obligations
At September 30, 2024, 12 of the 12 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM collateralized mortgage obligations were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 14.9% of the amortized cost of the securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of all of the Company's collateralized residential mortgage obligations. The securities are investment grade rated, and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
HTM commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities
At September 30, 2024, 17 of the 17 securities in the Company’s portfolio of HTM mortgage-backed securities were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 17.0% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The FNMA, FHLMC, and GNMA guarantee the contractual cash flows of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities. The securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during the quarter. All securities are performing.
HTM tax-advantaged economic development bonds
At September 30, 2024, 2 of the 2 securities in the Company’s portfolio of tax-advantaged economic development bonds were in unrealized loss positions. Aggregate unrealized losses represented 2.9% of the amortized cost of securities in unrealized loss positions. The Company believes that more likely than not all the principal outstanding will be collected. All securities are performing.
18

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 5. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The following is a summary of total loans by regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on underlying collateral for certain loan types:

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Construction |  | $ | 661,577 |  |  | $ | 640,371 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 663,484 |  |  | 599,145 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 769,428 |  |  | 628,646 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 2,629,198 |  |  | 2,606,409 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1,379,968 |  |  | 1,359,249 |
Residential real estate |  | 2,765,410 |  |  | 2,760,312 |
Home equity |  | 221,423 |  |  | 224,223 |
Consumer other |  | 121,834 |  |  | 221,331 |
Total loans |  | $ | 9,212,322 |  |  | $ | 9,039,686 |
Allowance for credit losses |  | (112,047) |  |  | (105,357) |
Net loans |  | $ | 9,100,275 |  |  | $ | 8,934,329 |

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, $44.6 million of consumer loans were reclassified to loans held for sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, reflecting the Company's intent to sell these loans. Held for sale loans are not contained in the balances within this note and are accounted for at the lower of carrying value or fair market value.
Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows:
Construction - Loans in this segment primarily include real estate development loans for which payment is derived from sale of the property or long term financing at completion. Credit risk is affected by cost overruns, time to sell at an adequate price, and market conditions.
Commercial real estate multifamily, owner occupied and non-owner - Loans in these segments are primarily owner-occupied or income-producing properties throughout New England and Northeastern New York. The underlying cash flows generated by the properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy, which in turn, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment. Management monitors the cash flows of these loans.
Commercial and industrial loans - Loans in this segment are made to businesses and are generally secured by assets of the business such as accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, other liquid collateral, equipment and other business assets. Repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. Loans in this segment include asset based loans which generally have no scheduled repayment and which are closely monitored against formula based collateral advance ratios. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.
Residential real estate - All loans in this segment are collateralized by residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.
Home equity and other consumer loans - Loans in this segment are primarily home equity lines of credit, automobile loans and other consumer loans. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.
19

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans
The Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans (“ACLL”) is comprised of the allowance for credit losses, and the allowance for unfunded commitments is accounted for as a separate liability in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The Company uses a static pool migration analysis method, applying expected historical loss trend and observed economic metrics. The level of the ACLL is based on management’s ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past and current events, utilizing a 7 quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with a 1 year reversion period. The ACLL reserve is overlaid with qualitative factors based upon:
•the existence and growth of concentrations of credit;
•the volume and severity of past due financial assets, including nonaccrual assets;
•the institutions lending and credit review as well as the experience and ability of relevant management and staff and;
•the effect of other external factors such as regulatory, competition, regional market conditions, legal and technological environment and other events such as natural disasters;
•the effect of other economic factors such as economic stimulus and customer forbearance programs.
The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level by the Company to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit) and is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses for loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 was as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision/(Benefit) for Credit Losses |  | Balance at End of Period
Three months ended September 30, 2024
Construction |  | $ | 2,776 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,175 |  |  | $ | 3,951 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 3,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,164) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,538 |  |  | 3,609 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 10,871 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22) |  |  | 95 |  |  | 1,145 |  |  | 12,089 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 35,843 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36) |  |  | 109 |  |  | 1,101 |  |  | 37,017 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 22,843 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,731) |  |  | 716 |  |  | 1,805 |  |  | 23,633 |
Residential real estate |  | 22,604 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 283 |  |  | (974) |  |  | 21,913 |
Home equity |  | 2,094 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 2,428 |
Consumer other |  | 11,901 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,138) |  |  | 265 |  |  | (621) |  |  | 7,407 |
Total allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 112,167 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (7,091) |  |  | $ | 1,471 |  |  | $ | 5,500 |  |  | $ | 112,047 |

20

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  |  |  |  | Adoption of ASU No. 2022-02 |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision/(Benefit) for Credit Losses |  | Balance at End of Period
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Construction |  | $ | 1,553 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,949 |  |  | $ | 3,502 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 2,066 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339 |  |  | 2,405 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 10,343 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | 116 |  |  | (979) |  |  | 9,455 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 36,322 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 20 |  |  | (3,059) |  |  | 33,282 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 18,741 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (3,997) |  |  | 617 |  |  | 3,158 |  |  | 18,519 |
Residential real estate |  | 18,218 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |  |  | 92 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 20,004 |
Home equity |  | 2,572 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (71) |  |  | 278 |  |  | (677) |  |  | 2,102 |
Consumer other |  | 10,404 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2,578) |  |  | 192 |  |  | 5,505 |  |  | 13,523 |
Total allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 100,219 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6,744) |  |  | $ | 1,315 |  |  | $ | 8,002 |  |  | $ | 102,792 |

(In thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision/(Benefit) for Credit Losses |  | Balance at End of Period
Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Construction |  | $ | 2,885 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,066 |  |  | $ | 3,951 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 2,475 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,164) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,298 |  |  | 3,609 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 9,443 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (228) |  |  | 203 |  |  | 2,671 |  |  | 12,089 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 38,221 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (36) |  |  | 215 |  |  | (1,383) |  |  | 37,017 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 18,602 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,144) |  |  | 1,629 |  |  | 8,546 |  |  | 23,633 |
Residential real estate |  | 19,622 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45) |  |  | 842 |  |  | 1,494 |  |  | 21,913 |
Home equity |  | 2,015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 2,428 |
Consumer other |  | 12,094 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9,355) |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | 3,146 |  |  | 7,407 |
Total allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 105,357 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (15,972) |  |  | $ | 4,660 |  |  | $ | 18,002 |  |  | $ | 112,047 |

(In thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Adoption of ASU No. 2022-02 |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision/(benefit) for Credit Losses |  | Balance at End of Period
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Construction |  | $ | 1,227 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,276 |  |  | $ | 3,502 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 1,810 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 589 |  |  | 2,405 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 10,739 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  |  | (489) |  |  | 758 |  |  | (1,577) |  |  | 9,455 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 30,724 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | 195 |  |  | 2,364 |  |  | 33,282 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 18,743 |  |  | (23) |  |  |  |  | (14,625) |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | 12,688 |  |  | 18,519 |
Residential real estate |  | 18,666 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | (313) |  |  | 555 |  |  | 1,094 |  |  | 20,004 |
Home equity |  | 2,173 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (88) |  |  | 437 |  |  | (420) |  |  | 2,102 |
Consumer other |  | 12,188 |  |  | (404) |  |  |  |  | (6,848) |  |  | 580 |  |  | 8,007 |  |  | 13,523 |
Total allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 96,270 |  |  | $ | (401) |  |  |  |  | $ | (22,365) |  |  | $ | 4,267 |  |  | $ | 25,021 |  |  | $ | 102,792 |

21

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 9,256 |  |  | $ | 8,687 |  |
Expense for credit losses |  | 565 |  |  | 300 |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 9,821 |  |  | $ | 8,987 |  |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 9,256 |  |  | $ | 8,588 |  |
Expense for credit losses |  | 565 |  |  | 399 |  |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 9,821 |  |  | $ | 8,987 |  |

Credit Quality Information
The Company monitors the credit quality of its portfolio by using internal risk ratings that are based on regulatory guidance. Loans that are given a Pass rating are not considered a problem credit. Loans that are classified as Special Mention loans are considered to have potential weaknesses and are evaluated closely by management. Substandard, including non-accruing loans, are loans for which a definitive weakness has been identified and which may make full collection of contractual cash flows questionable. Doubtful loans are those with identified weaknesses that make full collection of contractual cash flows, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.
For commercial credits, the Company assigns an internal risk rating at origination and reviews the rating annual, semiannually, or quarterly depending on the risk rating. The rating is also reassessed at any point in time when management becomes aware of information that may affect the borrower’s ability to fulfill their obligations.
The Company risk rates its residential mortgages, including 1-4 family and residential construction loans, based on a three rating system: Pass, Special Mention, and Substandard. Loans that are current within 59 days are rated Pass. Residential mortgages that are 60-89 days delinquent are rated Special Mention. Loans delinquent for 90 days or greater are rated Substandard and generally placed on non-accrual status.
22

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the Company’s loans by risk category:

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
As of September 30, 2024
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 23,139 |  | $ | 124,651 |  | $ | 434,632 |  | $ | 59,489 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,138 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 643,049 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 18,528 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 18,528 |
Total | $ | 23,139 |  | $ | 124,651 |  | $ | 434,632 |  | $ | 78,017 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,138 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 661,577 |
Commercial multifamily:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,164 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,164 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 81,287 |  | $ | 18,097 |  | $ | 203,684 |  | $ | 69,594 |  | $ | 38,407 |  | $ | 244,800 |  | $ | 506 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 656,375 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 239 |  | 2,497 |  | 4,373 |  | — |  | — |  | 7,109 |
Total | $ | 81,287 |  | $ | 18,097 |  | $ | 203,684 |  | $ | 69,833 |  | $ | 40,904 |  | $ | 249,173 |  | $ | 506 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 663,484 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 45 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 126 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 228 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 86,777 |  | $ | 93,390 |  | $ | 158,857 |  | $ | 98,990 |  | $ | 69,022 |  | $ | 234,095 |  | $ | 3,373 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 744,504 |
Special Mention | 1,860 |  | 1,383 |  | 964 |  | 7,129 |  | 222 |  | 5,052 |  | — |  | — |  | 16,610 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 411 |  | 772 |  | 43 |  | 7,088 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,314 |
Total | $ | 88,637 |  | $ | 94,773 |  | $ | 160,232 |  | $ | 106,891 |  | $ | 69,287 |  | $ | 246,235 |  | $ | 3,373 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 769,428 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 152,463 |  | $ | 423,575 |  | $ | 547,513 |  | $ | 414,539 |  | $ | 143,949 |  | $ | 865,768 |  | $ | 5,810 |  | $ | 1,500 |  | $ | 2,555,117 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 223 |  | 41,173 |  | — |  | — |  | 41,396 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 371 |  | 2,804 |  | — |  | 27,254 |  | 2,256 |  | — |  | 32,685 |
Total | $ | 152,463 |  | $ | 423,575 |  | $ | 547,884 |  | $ | 417,343 |  | $ | 144,172 |  | $ | 934,195 |  | $ | 8,066 |  | $ | 1,500 |  | $ | 2,629,198 |
Commercial and industrial:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 630 |  | $ | 1,154 |  | $ | 837 |  | $ | 106 |  | $ | 2,417 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,144 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 162,483 |  | $ | 106,993 |  | $ | 136,689 |  | $ | 99,758 |  | $ | 22,783 |  | $ | 112,678 |  | $ | 645,314 |  | $ | 1,110 |  | $ | 1,287,808 |
Special Mention | 173 |  | 1,641 |  | 22,116 |  | 1,386 |  | 1,908 |  | 2,368 |  | 13,721 |  | — |  | 43,313 |
Substandard | — |  | 1,270 |  | 2,182 |  | 11,417 |  | 1,556 |  | 12,762 |  | 19,508 |  | 152 |  | 48,847 |
Total | $ | 162,656 |  | $ | 109,904 |  | $ | 160,987 |  | $ | 112,561 |  | $ | 26,247 |  | $ | 127,808 |  | $ | 678,543 |  | $ | 1,262 |  | $ | 1,379,968 |

23

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
Residential real estate
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 45 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 45 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 215,826 |  | $ | 551,667 |  | $ | 925,169 |  | $ | 250,784 |  | $ | 80,583 |  | $ | 730,662 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,754,868 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | 653 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,227 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,880 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 124 |  | 919 |  | 376 |  | 7,243 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,662 |
Total | $ | 215,826 |  | $ | 551,667 |  | $ | 925,946 |  | $ | 251,703 |  | $ | 80,959 |  | $ | 739,132 |  | $ | 177 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,765,410 |

24

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
As of December 31, 2023
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 104,507 |  | $ | 346,419 |  | $ | 138,802 |  | $ | 29,176 |  | $ | 2,545 |  | $ | 1,098 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 622,547 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | 512 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 512 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 17,312 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17,312 |
Total | $ | 104,507 |  | $ | 346,419 |  | $ | 156,626 |  | $ | 29,176 |  | $ | 2,545 |  | $ | 1,098 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 640,371 |
Commercial multifamily:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 16,020 |  | $ | 216,477 |  | $ | 56,817 |  | $ | 26,566 |  | $ | 94,733 |  | $ | 179,923 |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 590,913 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 242 |  | 2,554 |  | — |  | 5,436 |  | — |  | — |  | 8,232 |
Total | $ | 16,020 |  | $ | 216,477 |  | $ | 57,059 |  | $ | 29,120 |  | $ | 94,733 |  | $ | 185,359 |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 599,145 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 380 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 109 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 489 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 97,271 |  | $ | 120,327 |  | $ | 122,151 |  | $ | 37,914 |  | $ | 70,393 |  | $ | 165,224 |  | $ | 2,653 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 615,933 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | 424 |  | 222 |  | — |  | 788 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,434 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 81 |  | 47 |  | 4,703 |  | 6,448 |  | — |  | — |  | 11,279 |
Total | $ | 97,271 |  | $ | 120,327 |  | $ | 122,656 |  | $ | 38,183 |  | $ | 75,096 |  | $ | 172,460 |  | $ | 2,653 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 628,646 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 65 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 404,687 |  | $ | 591,897 |  | $ | 385,247 |  | $ | 135,134 |  | $ | 277,870 |  | $ | 736,566 |  | $ | 4,553 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,535,954 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | 229 |  | 19,465 |  | 726 |  | — |  | — |  | 20,420 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,814 |  | 13,483 |  | 29,738 |  | — |  | — |  | 50,035 |
Total | $ | 404,687 |  | $ | 591,897 |  | $ | 385,247 |  | $ | 142,177 |  | $ | 310,818 |  | $ | 767,030 |  | $ | 4,553 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,606,409 |
Commercial and industrial:
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 1,154 |  | $ | 863 |  | $ | 2,763 |  | $ | 1,496 |  | $ | 9,283 |  | $ | 2,313 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 17,872 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 142,946 |  | $ | 203,126 |  | $ | 118,191 |  | $ | 69,722 |  | $ | 39,437 |  | $ | 112,770 |  | $ | 554,153 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,240,345 |
Special Mention | 526 |  | 23,149 |  | 3,735 |  | 1,621 |  | 610 |  | 1,353 |  | 35,244 |  | — |  | 66,238 |
Substandard | 432 |  | 761 |  | 11,702 |  | 1,135 |  | 3,785 |  | 12,538 |  | 22,313 |  | — |  | 52,666 |
Total | $ | 143,904 |  | $ | 227,036 |  | $ | 133,628 |  | $ | 72,478 |  | $ | 43,832 |  | $ | 126,661 |  | $ | 611,710 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,359,249 |

25

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
Residential real estate
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 50 |  | $ | 174 |  | $ | 39 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 313 |
Risk rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 599,124 |  | $ | 973,031 |  | $ | 266,055 |  | $ | 88,302 |  | $ | 66,837 |  | $ | 755,372 |  | $ | 81 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,748,802 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 140 |  | 664 |  | — |  | — |  | 804 |
Substandard | — |  | 129 |  | 1,176 |  | 379 |  | 574 |  | 8,448 |  | — |  | — |  | 10,706 |
Total | $ | 599,124 |  | $ | 973,160 |  | $ | 267,231 |  | $ | 88,681 |  | $ | 67,551 |  | $ | 764,484 |  | $ | 81 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,760,312 |

26

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For home equity and consumer other loan portfolio segments, Berkshire evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The performing or nonperforming status is updated on an ongoing basis dependent upon improvement and deterioration in credit quality. The following table presents the amortized cost based on payment activity:

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
As of September 30, 2024
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Payment performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 427 |  | $ | 2,462 |  | $ | 217,865 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 220,754 |
Nonperforming | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 669 |  | — |  | 669 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 427 |  | $ | 2,462 |  | $ | 218,534 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 221,423 |
Consumer other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | 191 |  | $ | 8,351 |  | $ | 680 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 130 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 9,355 |
Payment performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 25,272 |  | $ | 36,561 |  | $ | 27,308 |  | $ | 11,226 |  | $ | 4,105 |  | $ | 7,543 |  | $ | 9,541 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 121,556 |
Nonperforming | — |  | 51 |  | 53 |  | 13 |  | — |  | 159 |  | 2 |  | — |  | 278 |
Total | $ | 25,272 |  | $ | 36,612 |  | $ | 27,361 |  | $ | 11,239 |  | $ | 4,105 |  | $ | 7,702 |  | $ | 9,543 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 121,834 |

| Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
(In thousands) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Revolving Loans Converted to Term | Total
As of December 31, 2023
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 18 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 88 |
Payment performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 439 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,614 |  | $ | 220,209 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 223,262 |
Nonperforming | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 961 |  | — |  | 961 |
Total | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 439 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,614 |  | $ | 221,170 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 224,223 |
Consumer other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current period gross write-offs | $ | 109 |  | $ | 8,843 |  | $ | 1,149 |  | $ | 11 |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | 239 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,429 |
Payment performance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing | $ | 49,588 |  | $ | 108,284 |  | $ | 19,679 |  | $ | 5,843 |  | $ | 7,054 |  | $ | 19,587 |  | $ | 10,614 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 220,649 |
Nonperforming | 77 |  | 104 |  | 47 |  | 26 |  | 110 |  | 284 |  | 34 |  | — |  | 682 |
Total | $ | 49,665 |  | $ | 108,388 |  | $ | 19,726 |  | $ | 5,869 |  | $ | 7,164 |  | $ | 19,871 |  | $ | 10,648 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 221,331 |

27

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following is a summary of loans by past due status at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
September 30, 2024
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 594 |  |  | $ | 660,983 |  |  | $ | 661,577 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 379 |  |  | 429 |  |  | 4,612 |  |  | 5,420 |  |  | 658,064 |  |  | 663,484 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 1,645 |  |  | 615 |  |  | 2,279 |  |  | 4,539 |  |  | 764,889 |  |  | 769,428 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,578 |  |  | 3,615 |  |  | 2,625,583 |  |  | 2,629,198 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 3,514 |  |  | 703 |  |  | 8,453 |  |  | 12,670 |  |  | 1,367,298 |  |  | 1,379,968 |
Residential real estate |  | 6,004 |  |  | 1,227 |  |  | 8,663 |  |  | 15,894 |  |  | 2,749,516 |  |  | 2,765,410 |
Home equity |  | 517 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 1,505 |  |  | 2,773 |  |  | 218,650 |  |  | 221,423 |
Consumer other |  | 1,215 |  |  | 897 |  |  | 1,160 |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | 118,562 |  |  | 121,834 |
Total |  | $ | 13,311 |  |  | $ | 5,216 |  |  | $ | 30,250 |  |  | $ | 48,777 |  |  | $ | 9,163,545 |  |  | $ | 9,212,322 |

(In thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | 90 Days or Greater Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2023
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 640,371 |  |  | $ | 640,371 |
Commercial multifamily |  | 5,436 |  |  | 187 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,623 |  |  | 593,522 |  |  | 599,145 |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 581 |  |  | 286 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 626,975 |  |  | 628,646 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 139 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 4,188 |  |  | 2,602,221 |  |  | 2,606,409 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,749 |  |  | 689 |  |  | 8,769 |  |  | 12,207 |  |  | 1,347,042 |  |  | 1,359,249 |
Residential real estate |  | 5,669 |  |  | 943 |  |  | 10,687 |  |  | 17,299 |  |  | 2,743,013 |  |  | 2,760,312 |
Home equity |  | 707 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | 2,486 |  |  | 221,737 |  |  | 224,223 |
Consumer other |  | 2,363 |  |  | 1,642 |  |  | 1,606 |  |  | 5,611 |  |  | 215,720 |  |  | 221,331 |
Total |  | $ | 17,644 |  |  | $ | 4,496 |  |  | $ | 26,945 |  |  | $ | 49,085 |  |  | $ | 8,990,601 |  |  | $ | 9,039,686 |

28

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following is a summary of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) |  |  |  | Nonaccrual Amortized Cost |  |  |  | Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance |  | Past Due 90 Days or Greater and Accruing |  | Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily |  |  |  | 4,612 |  |  |  |  | 4,216 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  |  |  | 2,279 |  |  |  |  | 1,543 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  |  |  | 3,578 |  |  |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  | 8,028 |  |  |  |  | 4,865 |  |  | 425 |  |  | — |
Residential real estate |  |  |  | 4,525 |  |  |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 4,138 |  |  | — |
Home equity |  |  |  | 669 |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 836 |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 882 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 23,969 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,555 |  |  | $ | 6,281 |  |  | $ | — |

The commercial and industrial loans nonaccrual amortized cost as of September 30, 2024 included medallion loans with a fair value of $0.3 million and a contractual balance of $6.6 million.

(In thousands) |  |  |  | Nonaccrual Amortized Cost |  | Nonaccrual With No Related Allowance |  | Past Due 90 Days or Greater and Accruing |  | Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  |  |  | 605 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  |  |  | 3,798 |  |  | 45 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  | 8,665 |  |  | 5,586 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |
Residential real estate |  |  |  | 6,696 |  |  | 2,796 |  |  | 3,991 |  |  | — |
Home equity |  |  |  | 961 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 320 |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  |  |  | 682 |  |  | — |  |  | 924 |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 21,407 |  |  | $ | 8,834 |  |  | $ | 5,538 |  |  | $ | — |

The commercial and industrial loans nonaccrual amortized cost as of December 31, 2023 included medallion loans with a fair value of $0.4 million and a contractual balance of $8.8 million.
The following table summarizes information about total loans rated Special Mention or lower at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The table below includes consumer loans that are Special Mention and Substandard accruing that are classified as performing based on payment activity.

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Non-Accrual |  | $ | 23,969 |  |  | $ | 21,407 |  |  |
Substandard Accruing |  | 102,830 |  |  | 131,689 |  |  |
Total Classified |  | 126,799 |  |  | 153,096 |  |  |
Special Mention |  | 104,832 |  |  | 91,502 |  |  |
Total Criticized |  | $ | 231,631 |  |  | $ | 244,598 |  |  |

29

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. Expected credit losses for collateral-dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Significant quarter over quarter changes are reflective of changes in nonaccrual status and not necessarily associated with credit quality indicators like appraisal value. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans by loan portfolio segment:

|  | Type of Collateral
(In thousands) |  | Real Estate |  |  |  | Investment Securities/Cash |  |  |  | Other
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily |  | 4,216 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 1,563 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 309 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | 4,129 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 736 |
Residential real estate |  | 1,548 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | 52 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total loans |  | $ | 11,817 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 736 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | 650 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | 342 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | 4,788 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 944 |
Residential real estate |  | 5,035 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | 135 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | 40 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |
Total loans |  | $ | 10,990 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 944 |

30

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Modified Loans
Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or interest rate reduction. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses.
In some cases, the Company provides multiple types of concessions on one loan. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted. For the loans included in the "combination" columns below, multiple types of modifications have been made on the same loan within the current reporting period. The combination is at least two of the following: a term extension and principal forgiveness, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or an interest rate reduction.
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans at September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  | Combination Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  | Total Class of Financing Receivable
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Commercial multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,181 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.88 |
Residential real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,181 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.04 | %

The Company has committed to lend additional amounts totaling $5.8 million to the commercial and industrial borrowers included in the previous table.
31

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  | Combination Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  | Total Class of Financing Receivable
Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Commercial multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 6,240 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.46 |
Residential real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 6,240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.07 | %

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to the borrowers included in the previous table.

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  | Combination Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  | Total Class of Financing Receivable
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Commercial multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 648 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.02 |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | 108 |  |  | 15,918 |  |  | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.15 |
Residential real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 16,566 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.08 | %

The Company has committed to lend additional amounts totaling $5.8 million to the commercial and industrial borrowers included in the previous table.
32

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands) |  | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Combination Term Extension and Principal Forgiveness |  | Combination Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  | Total Class of Financing Receivable
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Commercial multifamily |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,733 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.85 |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | 34 |  |  | 7,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.56 |
Residential real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 19,264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0.22 | %

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to the borrowers included in the previous table.
The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. As of September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there were no loans that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were past due.
The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

(In thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (months)
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0

33

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (months)
Three months ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0

(In thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (months)
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | 10.75 |  |  | 10
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0

(In thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction |  | Weighted Average Term Extension (months)
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | 0
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 34
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0

34

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

(in thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(in thousands) | Principal Forgiveness |  | Payment Delay |  | Term Extension |  | Interest Rate Reduction
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial multifamily | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate non-owner occupied | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202 |  |  | — |
Residential real estate | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Home equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | — |

There were no loans that had a payment default during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 that were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.
35

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 6. DEPOSITS
A summary of time deposits is as follows:

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Time less than $100,000 |  | $ | 698,611 |  |  | $ | 724,911 |
Time $100,000 through $250,000 |  | 1,169,563 |  |  | 1,276,175 |
Time more than $250,000 |  | 651,722 |  |  | 685,164 |
Total time deposits |  | $ | 2,519,896 |  |  | $ | 2,686,250 |

NOTE 7. BORROWED FUNDS
Borrowed funds at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  | Weighted
|  |  |  | Average |  |  |  | Average
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Principal |  | Rate |  | Principal |  | Rate
Short-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advances from the FHLB |  | $ | 353,500 |  |  | 5.73 | % |  | $ | 260,000 |  |  | 5.54 | %
Total short-term borrowings: |  | 353,500 |  |  | 5.73 |  |  | 260,000 |  |  | 5.54 |
Long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advances from the FHLB and other borrowings |  | 232,042 |  |  | 4.09 |  |  | 125,223 |  |  | 4.80 |
Subordinated borrowings |  | 98,482 |  |  | 5.50 |  |  | 98,335 |  |  | 5.50 |
Junior subordinated borrowing - Trust I |  | 15,464 |  |  | 7.21 |  |  | 15,464 |  |  | 7.49 |
Junior subordinated borrowing - Trust II |  | 7,603 |  |  | 6.91 |  |  | 7,564 |  |  | 7.35 |
Total long-term borrowings: |  | 353,591 |  |  | 4.68 |  |  | 246,586 |  |  | 5.33 |
Total |  | $ | 707,091 |  |  | 5.20 | % |  | $ | 506,586 |  |  | 5.44 | %

Short-term debt includes Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances with an original maturity of less than one year. The Bank also maintains a $3.0 million secured line of credit with the FHLB that bears a daily adjustable rate calculated by the FHLB. There was no outstanding balance on the FHLB line of credit for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the FHLB was $2.2 billion and $2.5 billion for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
The Bank is approved to borrow on a short-term basis from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as a non-member bank. The Bank has pledged certain loans and securities to the Federal Reserve Bank to support this arrangement. The Bank had no borrowings with the Federal Reserve Bank under this arrangement during the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Bank's available borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank was $1.5 billion and $1.5 billion for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Long-term FHLB advances consist of advances with an original maturity of more than one year and are subject to prepayment penalties. There were no callable advances outstanding at September 30, 2024. The advances outstanding at September 30, 2024 included amortizing advances totaling $6.1 million. There were no callable advances outstanding at December 31, 2023. The advances outstanding at December 31, 2023 included amortizing advances totaling $4.2 million. All FHLB borrowings, including the line of credit, are secured by a blanket security agreement on certain qualified collateral, principally all residential first mortgage loans and certain securities.
36

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
A summary of maturities of FHLB advances as of September 30, 2024 is as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  |
|  |  |  | Weighted Average |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except rates) |  | Principal |  | Rate |  |  |  |
Fixed rate advances maturing: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  | $ | 270,000 |  |  | 5.44 | % |  |  |  |
2025 |  | 258,500 |  |  | 5.08 |  |  |  |  |
2026 |  | 25,493 |  |  | 3.75 |  |  |  |  |
2027 |  | 25,150 |  |  | 3.65 |  |  |  |  |
2028 and beyond |  | 6,399 |  |  | 0.71 |  |  |  |  |
Total FHLB advances |  | $ | 585,542 |  |  | 5.08 | % |  |  |  |

The Company did not have variable-rate FHLB advances for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In June 2022, the Company issued ten year subordinated notes in the amount of $100.0 million. The interest rate is fixed at 5.50% for the first five years. After five years, the notes become callable and will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to a benchmark rate (which is expected to be Three-Month Term SOFR), plus 249 basis points. The subordinated note includes reduction to the note principal balance of $1.5 million for unamortized debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2024.
The Company holds 100% of the common stock of Berkshire Hills Capital Trust I (“Trust I”) which is included in other assets at a cost of $0.5 million. The sole asset of Trust I is $15.5 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debentures due in 2035. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to 3-month CME Term SOFR plus 1.85% and had a rate of 7.21% and 7.49% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up to five years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value. Trust I is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust I is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.
The Company holds 100% of the common stock of SI Capital Trust II (“Trust II”) which is included in other assets at a cost of $0.2 million. The sole asset of Trust II is $8.2 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debentures due in 2036. These debentures bear interest at a variable rate equal to 3-month CME Term SOFR plus 1.70% and had a rate of 6.91% and 7.35% at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company has the right to defer payments of interest for up to five years on the debentures at any time, or from time to time, with certain limitations, including a restriction on the payment of dividends to shareholders while such interest payments on the debentures have been deferred. The Company has not exercised this right to defer payments. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures at par value. Trust II is considered a variable interest entity for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, Trust II is not consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.
37

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 8. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
As of September 30, 2024, the Company held derivatives with a total notional amount of $4.8 billion. That amount included $0.8 billion in interest rate swap derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. The Company also had economic hedges totaling $4.0 billion and $24.2 million non-hedging derivatives, which are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes with changes in fair value recorded directly through earnings. Economic hedges included interest rate swaps totaling $3.6 billion, risk participation agreements with dealer banks of $0.3 billion, and $5.5 million in forward commitment contracts.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company held derivatives with a total notional amount of $4.8 billion. That amount included $0.6 billion in interest rate swap derivatives and $0.2 billion in interest rate collars that were designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes. The Company had economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives totaling $4.0 billion and $11.1 million, respectively, which are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes and are therefore recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded directly through earnings. Economic hedges included interest rate swaps totaling $3.6 billion, risk participation agreements with dealer banks of $376.6 million, and $2.2 million in forward commitment contracts.
As part of the Company’s risk management strategy, the Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Interest rate swap agreements involve the risk of dealing with both Bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. The agreements are entered into with counterparties that meet established credit standards and contain master netting and collateral provisions protecting the at-risk party. The derivatives program is overseen by the Risk Management and Capital Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. Based on adherence to the Company’s credit standards and the presence of the netting and collateral provisions, the Company believes that the credit risk inherent in these contracts was not significant at September 30, 2024.
The Company had no pledged collateral to derivative counterparties in the form of cash as of September 30, 2024. The Company had pledged securities to derivative counterparties with an amortized cost of $9.6 million and a fair value of $9.2 million as of September 30, 2024. The Company does not typically require its commercial customers to post cash or securities as collateral on its program of back-to-back economic hedges. However certain language is written into the International Swaps Dealers Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) and loan documents where, in default situations, the Bank is allowed to access collateral supporting the loan relationship to recover any losses suffered on the derivative asset or liability. The Company may need to post additional collateral in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions.
38

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Information about derivative assets and liabilities at September 30, 2024, follows:

|  |  | Weighted |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Estimated
| Notional |  | Average |  |  |  | Contract |  | Fair Value
| Amount |  | Maturity |  | Received |  | pay rate |  | Asset (Liability)
| (In thousands) |  | (In years) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands)
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps on commercial loans (1) | $ | 600,000 |  |  | 1.1 |  | 3.64 | % |  | 5.15 | % |  | $ | 1,015 |
Interest rate collars on commercial loans | 200,000 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,116 |
Total cash flow hedges | 800,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,131 |
Economic hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap on tax advantaged economic development bond | $ | 5,528 |  |  | 5.2 |  | 5.70 | % |  | 5.09 | % |  | $ | (185) |
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers | 1,802,749 |  |  | 4.6 |  | 4.60 | % |  | 6.10 | % |  | (29,675) |
Offsetting interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers (1) | 1,802,749 |  |  | 4.6 |  | 6.10 | % |  | 4.60 | % |  | 8,595 |
Risk participation agreements with dealer banks | 343,673 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  |  |  | 247 |
Forward sale commitments | 5,536 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  | 52 |
Total economic hedges | 3,960,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (20,966) |
Non-hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to lend | 24,185 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  | 165 |
Total non-hedging derivatives | 24,185 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 165 |
Total | $ | 4,784,420 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (18,670) |

(1) Fair value estimates included the impact of $19.4 million settled to market contract agreements.
39

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Information about derivative assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023, follows:

|  |  | Weighted |  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Estimated
| Notional |  | Average |  |  |  | Contract |  | Fair Value
| Amount |  | Maturity |  | Received |  | pay rate |  | Asset (Liability)
| (In thousands) |  | (In years) |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands)
Cash flow hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps on commercial loans | $ | 600,000 |  |  | 1.9 |  | 3.64 | % |  | 5.35 | % |  | $ | — |
Interest rate collars on commercial loans | 200,000 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,658 |
| 800,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,658 |
Economic hedges: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap on tax advantaged economic development bond | $ | 6,202 |  |  | 5.9 |  | 5.82 | % |  | 5.09 | % |  | $ | (172) |
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers | 1,795,562 |  |  | 4.9 |  | 4.36 | % |  | 6.27 | % |  | (63,865) |
Offsetting interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers (1) | 1,795,562 |  |  | 4.9 |  | 6.27 | % |  | 4.36 | % |  | 32,053 |
Risk participation agreements with dealer banks | 376,553 |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  |  |  | (18) |
Forward sale commitments | 2,207 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  | 21 |
Total economic hedges | 3,976,086 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31,981) |
Non-hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to lend | 11,104 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  |  | 34 |
Total non-hedging derivatives | 11,104 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34 |
Total | $ | 4,787,190 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (30,289) |

(1) Fair value estimates included the impact of $26.7 million settled to market contract agreements.
40

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of unrealized changes in the fair value of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges is reported in other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction is forecasted to affect earnings. Each quarter, the Company assesses the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in cash flows of the designated hedged item or transaction. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. All cash flow hedges are considered
highly effective.
As of September 30, 2024, the Company had eight interest rate swap contracts with a notional value of $600.0 million. The interest rate swaps have durations of one to two years. This hedge strategy converts commercial variable rate loans to fixed interest rates, thereby protecting the Company from floating interest rate variability.
As of September 30, 2024, the Company had two interest rate collars. The first interest rate collar has a 3.00% floor and a 5.75% cap with a notional value of $100.0 million. The second interest rate collar has a 3.25% floor and a 5.75% cap with a notional value of $100.0 million. The interest rate collars have durations of one to two years. The structure of these instruments is such that the Company pays the counterparty an incremental amount if the collar index exceeds the cap rate. Conversely, the Company receives an incremental amount if the index falls below the floor rate. No payments are required if the collar index falls between the cap and floor rates.
Amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and in the other comprehensive income section of the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of cash flows), were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Interest rate swaps on commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | 9,190 |  |  | $ | (3,118) |  |  | $ | 3,776 |  |  | $ | (9,545) |
Less: Reclassification of unrealized (loss) from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense | (159) |  |  | (159) |  |  | (473) |  |  | (473) |
Net tax benefit on items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income | (2,542) |  |  | 794 |  |  | (1,155) |  |  | 2,435 |
Other comprehensive gain/(loss) recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of reclassification adjustments and tax effects | $ | 6,807 |  |  | $ | (2,165) |  |  | $ | 3,094 |  |  | $ | (6,637) |
Net interest expense recognized on hedged commercial loans | $ | 2,687 |  |  | $ | 2,621 |  |  | $ | 8,135 |  |  | $ | 6,262 |

41

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Economic hedges
As of September 30, 2024, the Company had an interest rate swap with a $5.5 million notional amount to swap out the fixed rate of interest on an economic development bond bearing a fixed rate of 5.09%, currently within the Company’s trading portfolio under the fair value option, in exchange for a SOFR-based floating rate. The intent of the economic hedge is to improve the Company’s asset sensitivity to changing interest rates in anticipation of favorable average floating rates of interest over the 21-year life of the bond. The fair value changes of the economic development bond are mostly offset by fair value changes of the related interest rate swap.
The Company also offers certain derivative products directly to qualified commercial borrowers. The Company economically hedges derivative transactions executed with commercial borrowers by entering into mirror-image, offsetting derivatives with third-party financial institutions. The transaction allows the Company’s customer to convert a variable-rate loan to a fixed rate loan. Because the Company acts as an intermediary for its customer, changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts mostly offset each other in earnings. There was no credit valuation loss adjustment arising from the difference in credit worthiness of the commercial loan and financial institution counterparties as of September 30, 2024. The interest income and expense on these mirror image swaps exactly offset each other.
The Company has risk participation agreements with dealer banks. Risk participation agreements occur when the Company participates on a loan and a swap where another bank is the lead. The Company gets paid a fee to take on the risk associated with having to make the lead bank whole on Berkshire’s portion of the pro-rated swap should the borrower default. Changes in fair value are recorded in current period earnings.
The Company utilizes forward sale commitments to hedge interest rate risk and the associated effects on the fair value of interest rate lock commitments and loans originated for sale. The forward sale commitments are accounted for as derivatives with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings.
The Company uses the following types of forward sale commitments contracts:
•Best efforts loan sales,
•Mandatory delivery loan sales, and
•To Be Announced (“TBA”) mortgage-backed securities sales.
A best efforts contract refers to a loan sale agreement where the Company commits to deliver an individual mortgage loan of a specified principal amount and quality to an investor if the loan to the underlying borrower closes. The Company may enter into a best efforts contract once the price is known, which is shortly after the potential borrower’s interest rate is locked.
A mandatory delivery contract is a loan sale agreement where the Company commits to deliver a certain principal amount of mortgage loans to an investor at a specified price on or before a specified date. Generally, the Company may enter into mandatory delivery contracts shortly after the loan closes with a customer.
The Company may sell TBA mortgage-backed securities to hedge the changes in fair value of interest rate lock commitments and held for sale loans, which do not have corresponding best efforts or mandatory delivery contracts. These security sales transactions are closed once mandatory contracts are written. On the closing date the price of the security is locked-in, and the sale is paired-off with a purchase of the same security. Settlement of the security purchase/sale transaction is done with cash on a net-basis.
42

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Non-hedging derivatives
The Company enters into interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), or commitments to lend, for residential mortgage loans, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. IRLCs that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative financial instruments under applicable accounting guidance. Outstanding IRLCs expose the Company to the risk that the price of the mortgage loans underlying the commitments may decline due to increases in mortgage interest rates from inception of the rate lock to the funding of the loan. The IRLCs are free-standing derivatives which are carried at fair value with changes recorded in non-interest income in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. Changes in the fair value of IRLCs subsequent to inception are based on changes in the fair value of the underlying loan resulting from the fulfillment of the commitment and changes in the probability that the loan will fund within the terms of the commitment, which is affected primarily by changes in interest rates and the passage of time.
Amounts included in the Consolidated Statements of Income related to economic hedges and non-hedging derivatives were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Economic hedges |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap on industrial revenue bond: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss)/gain recognized in other non-interest income | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | 163 |
Interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in other non-interest income | 53,303 |  |  | (24,728) |  |  | 34,124 |  |  | (21,934) |
Favorable change in credit valuation adjustment recognized in other non-interest income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Offsetting interest rate swaps on loans with commercial loan customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized (loss)/gain recognized in other non-interest income | (53,303) |  |  | 24,728 |  |  | (34,124) |  |  | 21,934 |
Risk participation agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain recognized in other non-interest income | 120 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 73 |
Forward commitments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in other non-interest income | 20 |  |  | (53) |  |  | 31 |  |  | 2 |
Non-hedging derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to lend |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in other non-interest income | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | (26) |
Realized gain in other non-interest income | 350 |  |  | 210 |  |  | 1,909 |  |  | 304 |

43

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Assets and Liabilities Subject to Enforceable Master Netting Arrangements
Interest Rate Swap Agreements (“Swap Agreements”)
The Company enters into swap agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies for commercial banking customers. The Company mitigates this risk by entering into equal and offsetting swap agreements with highly rated third party financial institutions. The swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral generally in the form of marketable securities is received or posted by the counterparty with net liability positions, respectively, in accordance with contract thresholds.
The Company had net asset positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $28.2 million and $39.8 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had net asset positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $16.9 million and $6.0 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had net liability positions with its financial institution counterparties totaling $17.3 million and $6.1 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had net liability positions with its commercial banking counterparties totaling $46.6 million and $69.8 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
The following table presents the assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

|  | Gross Amounts of |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  | Recognized |  | Consolidated |  | Consolidated |  | Financial |  | Cash |  |
(In thousands) |  | Assets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Instruments |  | Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Institutional counterparties |  | $ | 49,312 |  |  | $ | (21,080) |  |  | $ | 28,232 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,620) |  |  | $ | 17,612 |
Commercial counterparties |  | 16,939 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,939 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,939 |
Total |  | $ | 66,251 |  |  | $ | (21,080) |  |  | $ | 45,171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,620) |  |  | $ | 34,551 |

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

|  | Gross Amounts of |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  | Recognized |  | Consolidated |  | Consolidated |  | Financial |  | Cash |  |
(In thousands) |  | Liabilities |  | Balance Sheets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Instruments |  | Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Institutional counterparties |  | $ | (18,973) |  |  | $ | 1,714 |  |  | $ | (17,259) |  |  | $ | 9,208 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,051) |
Commercial counterparties |  | (46,614) |  |  | — |  |  | (46,614) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (46,614) |
Total |  | $ | (65,587) |  |  | $ | 1,714 |  |  | $ | (63,873) |  |  | $ | 9,208 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (54,665) |

44

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets

|  | Gross Amounts of |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  | Recognized |  | Consolidated |  | Consolidated |  | Financial |  | Cash |  |
(In thousands) |  | Assets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Instruments |  | Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Institutional counterparties |  | $ | 71,579 |  |  | $ | (31,812) |  |  | $ | 39,767 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39,767 |
Commercial counterparties |  | 5,992 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,992 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,992 |
Total |  | $ | 77,571 |  |  | $ | (31,812) |  |  | $ | 45,759 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,759 |

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

|  | Gross Amounts of |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |
|  | Recognized |  | Consolidated |  | Consolidated |  | Financial |  | Cash |  |
(In thousands) |  | Liabilities |  | Balance Sheets |  | Balance Sheets |  | Instruments |  | Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Institutional counterparties |  | $ | (11,277) |  |  | $ | 5,142 |  |  | $ | (6,135) |  |  | $ | 9,633 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,498 |
Commercial counterparties |  | (69,796) |  |  | — |  |  | (69,796) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69,796) |
Total |  | $ | (81,073) |  |  | $ | 5,142 |  |  | $ | (75,931) |  |  | $ | 9,633 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (66,298) |

45

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 9. LEASES
Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real estate property for branches, ATM locations, and office space. Most of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. At September 30, 2024, lease expiration dates ranged from 1 month to 15 years.
The following table represents the Consolidated Balance Sheets classification of the Company’s right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities:

(In thousands) |  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Lease Right-of-Use Assets |  | Classification |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | Other assets |  | $ | 43,712 |  |  | $ | 47,348 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets |  | Premises and equipment, net |  | 641 |  |  | 5,597 |
Total Lease Right-of-Use Assets |  |  |  | $ | 44,353 |  |  | $ | 52,945 |
Lease Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 48,762 |  |  | $ | 53,026 |
Finance lease liabilities |  | Other liabilities |  | 903 |  |  | 8,681 |
Total Lease Liabilities |  |  |  | $ | 49,665 |  |  | $ | 61,707 |

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term (in years) |  |  |
Operating leases | 8.0 |  | 8.3
Finance leases | 13.3 |  | 10.8
Weighted-Average Discount Rate |  |  |
Operating leases | 3.25 | % |  | 2.90 | %
Finance leases | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %

The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. For real estate leases, non-lease components and other non-components, such as common area maintenance charges, real estate taxes, and insurance are not included in the measurement of the lease liability since they are generally able to be segregated.
The Company does not have any material sub-lease agreements.
Lease expense for operating leases for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $2.2 million. Lease expense for operating leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $6.7 million. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.
Lease expense for operating leases for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $2.2 million. Lease expense for operating leases for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $6.9 million. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities.
46

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 2,073 |  |  | $ | 2,267 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | 11 |  |  | 112 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | 12 |  |  | 148 |

|  | Nine Months Ended
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 6,160 |  |  | $ | 6,800 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | 34 |  |  | 336 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | 35 |  |  | 443 |

The following table presents a maturity analysis of the Company’s lease liability by lease classification at September 30, 2024:

(In thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
2024 |  | $ | 2,200 |  |  | $ | 23 |
2025 |  | 8,157 |  |  | 93 |
2026 |  | 7,962 |  |  | 93 |
2027 |  | 7,246 |  |  | 93 |
2028 |  | 6,109 |  |  | 93 |
Thereafter |  | 23,116 |  |  | 837 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  | 54,790 |  |  | 1,232 |
Less amounts representing interest |  | (6,028) |  |  | (329) |
Lease liability |  | $ | 48,762 |  |  | $ | 903 |

47

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 10. CAPITAL RATIOS AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
The actual and required capital ratios were as follows:

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Minimum Capital Requirement
Company (consolidated) |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 14.4 | % |  | 14.4 | % |  | 8.0 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 12.2 |  |  | 12.3 |  |  | 6.0 |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 12.0 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 4.5 |
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  | 9.9 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 4.0 |

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Regulatory Minimum to be Adequately Capitalized |  | Regulatory Minimum to be Well Capitalized
Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 13.7 | % |  | 13.3 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 12.5 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 8.0 |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets |  | 12.5 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 6.5 |
Tier 1 capital to average assets |  | 10.2 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 5.0 |

The Company and the Bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. At each date shown, the Company met the minimum capital requirements and the Bank met the conditions to be classified as “well capitalized” under the relevant regulatory framework. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum total risk-based, tier 1 risk-based, and tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the table above.
As of January 1, 2019, banking organizations must maintain a minimum common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 7.0%, a minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.5%, and a minimum Total risk-based capital ratio of 10.5%, including a 2.5% capital conservation buffer. Capital rules impose restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary cash bonus payments if the capital conservation buffer is not met.
At September 30, 2024, the capital levels of both the Company and the Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and the Bank's regulatory capital ratios were above the minimum levels required to be considered well capitalized for regulatory purposes. The capital levels of both the Company and the Bank at September 30, 2024 also exceeded the minimum capital requirements including the currently applicable capital conservation buffer of 2.5%.
48

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)
Components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Other accumulated comprehensive income, before tax: |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding (loss) on AFS securities |  | $ | (120,206) |  |  | $ | (188,927) |
Net unrealized (loss) on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | (16) |  |  | (4,265) |
Net unrealized holding (loss) on pension plans |  | (528) |  |  | (528) |
Income taxes related to items of accumulated other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |
Net unrealized tax benefit on AFS securities |  | 31,345 |  |  | 49,401 |
Net unrealized tax benefit on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | 4 |  |  | 1,159 |
Net unrealized tax benefit on pension plans |  | 144 |  |  | 144 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (89,257) |  |  | $ | (143,016) |

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period |  | $ | 25,250 |  |  | $ | (6,616) |  |  | $ | 18,634 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities |  | 25,250 |  |  | (6,616) |  |  | 18,634 |
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain arising during the period |  | 9,190 |  |  | (2,499) |  |  | 6,691 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | (159) |  |  | 43 |  |  | (116) |
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | 9,349 |  |  | (2,542) |  |  | 6,807 |
Other comprehensive income |  | $ | 34,599 |  |  | $ | (9,158) |  |  | $ | 25,441 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding loss on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (losses) arising during the period |  | $ | (40,525) |  |  | $ | 10,544 |  |  | $ | (29,981) |
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net unrealized holding (loss) on AFS securities |  | (40,525) |  |  | 10,544 |  |  | (29,981) |
Net unrealized loss on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (loss) arising during the period |  | (3,118) |  |  | 836 |  |  | (2,282) |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | (159) |  |  | 42 |  |  | (117) |
Net unrealized (loss) on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | (2,959) |  |  | 794 |  |  | (2,165) |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (43,484) |  |  | $ | 11,338 |  |  | $ | (32,146) |

49

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains arising during the period |  | $ | 18,812 |  |  | $ | (4,501) |  |  | $ | 14,311 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | (49,909) |  |  | 13,555 |  |  | (36,354) |
Net unrealized holding gain on AFS securities |  | 68,721 |  |  | (18,056) |  |  | 50,665 |
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain arising during the period |  | 3,776 |  |  | (1,026) |  |  | 2,750 |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | (473) |  |  | 129 |  |  | (344) |
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | 4,249 |  |  | (1,155) |  |  | 3,094 |
Other comprehensive income |  | $ | 72,970 |  |  | $ | (19,211) |  |  | $ | 53,759 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding loss on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (losses) arising during the period |  | $ | (41,398) |  |  | $ | 10,701 |  |  | $ | (30,697) |
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains realized in net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net unrealized holding (loss) on AFS securities |  | (41,398) |  |  | 10,701 |  |  | (30,697) |
Net unrealized (loss) on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized (loss) arising during the period |  | (9,545) |  |  | 2,562 |  |  | (6,983) |
Less: reclassification adjustment for (losses) realized in net income |  | (473) |  |  | 127 |  |  | (346) |
Net unrealized (loss) on cash flow hedging derivatives |  | (9,072) |  |  | 2,435 |  |  | (6,637) |
Other comprehensive (loss) |  | $ | (50,470) |  |  | $ | 13,136 |  |  | $ | (37,334) |

50

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

(In thousands) |  | Net unrealized holding loss on AFS Securities |  | Net loss on effective cash flow hedging derivatives |  |  |  | Net unrealized holding loss on pension plans |  | Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at Beginning of Period |  | $ | (107,495) |  |  | $ | (6,819) |  |  |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (114,698) |
Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassifications |  | 18,634 |  |  | 6,691 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 25,325 |
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | — |  |  | (116) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (116) |
Total other comprehensive income |  | 18,634 |  |  | 6,807 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 25,441 |
Balance at End of Period |  | $ | (88,861) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (89,257) |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at Beginning of Period |  | $ | (176,274) |  |  | $ | (9,350) |  |  |  |  | $ | (616) |  |  | $ | (186,240) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | (29,981) |  |  | (2,282) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (32,263) |
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) |  | — |  |  | (117) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (117) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) |  | (29,981) |  |  | (2,165) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (32,146) |
Balance at End of Period |  | $ | (206,255) |  |  | $ | (11,515) |  |  |  |  | $ | (616) |  |  | $ | (218,386) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at Beginning of Period |  | $ | (139,526) |  |  | $ | (3,106) |  |  |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (143,016) |
Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassifications |  | 14,311 |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 17,061 |
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  | (36,354) |  |  | (344) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (36,698) |
Total other comprehensive income |  | 50,665 |  |  | 3,094 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 53,759 |
Balance at End of Period |  | (88,861) |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  | (384) |  |  | (89,257) |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at Beginning of Period |  | $ | (175,558) |  |  | $ | (4,878) |  |  |  |  | $ | (616) |  |  | $ | (181,052) |
Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassifications |  | (30,697) |  |  | (6,983) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (37,680) |
Less: amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | (346) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (346) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) |  | (30,697) |  |  | (6,637) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (37,334) |
Balance at End of Period |  | $ | (206,255) |  |  | $ | (11,515) |  |  |  |  | $ | (616) |  |  | $ | (218,386) |

51

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive
income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Statement where Net Income
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | is Presented
Realized (losses) on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Non-interest income
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Tax expense
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Net of tax
Realized (losses) on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (159) |  |  | (159) |  |  | Interest expense
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Non-interest expense
|  | 43 |  |  | 42 |  |  | Tax benefit
|  | (116) |  |  | (117) |  |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (116) |  |  | $ | (117) |  |  | Net of tax

|  |  |  |  |  | Affected Line Item in the
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Statement where Net Income
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | is Presented
Realized (losses) on AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | (49,909) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Non-interest income
|  | 13,555 |  |  | — |  |  | Tax expense
|  | (36,354) |  |  | — |  |  | Net of tax
Realized (losses) on cash flow hedging derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (473) |  |  | (473) |  |  | Interest expense
|  | — |  |  | — |  |  | Non-interest expense
|  | 129 |  |  | 127 |  |  | Tax benefit
|  | (344) |  |  | (346) |  |  | Net of tax
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | (36,698) |  |  | $ | (346) |  |  | Net of tax

52

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 11. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Earnings per share have been computed based on the following (average diluted shares outstanding are calculated using the treasury stock method):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share data) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income | $ | 37,509 |  |  | $ | 19,545 |  |  | $ | 41,346 |  |  | $ | 71,043 |
Average number of common shares issued | 51,903 |  |  | 51,903 |  |  | 51,903 |  |  | 51,903 |
Less: average number of treasury shares | 8,919 |  |  | 7,916 |  |  | 8,645 |  |  | 7,675 |
Less: average number of unvested stock award shares | 814 |  |  | 823 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 793 |
Average number of basic shares outstanding | 42,170 |  |  | 43,164 |  |  | 42,456 |  |  | 43,435 |
Plus: dilutive effect of unvested stock award shares | 282 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 205 |
Plus: dilutive effect of stock options outstanding | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Average number of diluted shares outstanding | 42,454 |  |  | 43,347 |  |  | 42,658 |  |  | 43,640 |
Basic earnings per common share: | $ | 0.89 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.64 |
Diluted earnings per common share: | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, 532 thousand shares of unvested restricted stock and 47 thousand options outstanding were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculation. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, 597 thousand shares of unvested restricted stock and 47 thousand options outstanding were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculation. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, 639 thousand shares of unvested restricted stock and 49 thousand options outstanding were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculation. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 569 thousand shares of unvested restricted stock and 49 thousand options outstanding were anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the earnings per share calculation.
53

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 12. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
A combined summary of activity in the Company’s stock award and stock option plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is presented in the following table:

|  |  | Non-Vested Stock Awards Outstanding |  | Stock Options Outstanding
(Shares in thousands) |  |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Number of Shares |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
December 31, 2023 |  |  | 785 |  |  | $ | 24.92 |  |  | 49 |  |  | $ | 26.46 |
Granted |  |  | 498 |  |  | 23.23 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquired |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock options exercised |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock awards vested |  |  | (345) |  |  | 23.12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (121) |  |  | 25.72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expired |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2024 |  |  | 817 |  |  | $ | 25.20 |  |  | 49 |  |  | $ | 26.46 |

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there were no stock option exercises. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were 6 thousand and 345 thousand shares vested in connection with stock awards, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were 58 thousand and 236 thousand shares vested in connection with stock awards, respectively. All of these shares were issued from available treasury stock. Stock-based compensation expense totaled $2.2 million and $2.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense totaled $6.2 million and $5.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period for all awards.
54

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
A description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value.

| September 30, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
(In thousands) | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | Fair Value
Trading securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 5,560 |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasuries | 6,907 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,907 |
Municipal bonds and obligations | — |  |  | 62,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,931 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 252,432 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,432 |
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 232,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 232,931 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 70,566 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,566 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 31,425 |  |  | 3,892 |  |  | 35,317 |
Other bonds and obligations | — |  |  | 656 |  |  | — |  |  | 656 |
Equity securities | 13,278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,278 |
Loans held for investment at fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 294 |  |  | 294 |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 6,003 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,003 |
Derivative assets | — |  |  | 44,790 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 45,007 |
Capitalized servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,386 |  |  | 1,386 |
Derivative liabilities | — |  |  | 63,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,678 |

| December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
(In thousands) | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | Fair Value
Trading securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,142 |  |  | $ | 6,142 |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasuries | 7,981 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,981 |
Municipal bonds and obligations | — |  |  | 63,853 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,853 |
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations | — |  |  | 347,874 |  |  | — |  |  | 347,874 |
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 417,480 |  |  | — |  |  | 417,480 |
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |  |  | 145,326 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,326 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 35,192 |  |  | 3,923 |  |  | 39,115 |
Equity securities | 13,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,029 |
Loans held for investment at fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 374 |  |  | 374 |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,237 |
Derivative assets | — |  |  | 45,613 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 45,668 |
Capitalized servicing rights | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,526 |  |  | 1,526 |
Derivative liabilities | — |  |  | 75,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,957 |

There were no transfers between levels during the three months ended September 30, 2024.
55

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Trading Securities at Fair Value. The Company holds one security designated as a trading security. It is a tax-advantaged economic development bond issued to the Company by a local nonprofit which provides wellness and health programs. The fair value of this security is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable and there is little to no market activity in the security; therefore, the security meets the definition of a Level 3 security. The discount rate used in the valuation of the security is sensitive to movements in the 3-month SOFR rate.
Securities Available for Sale and Equity Securities. Equity securities classified as Level 1 consist of publicly-traded equity securities for which the fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. Equity securities classified as Level 2 consist of securities with infrequent trades in active exchange markets, and pricing is primarily sourced from third party pricing services. AFS securities classified as Level 1 consist of U.S. Treasury securities. AFS securities classified as Level 2 include most of the Company’s debt securities. The pricing on Level 2 and Level 3 was primarily sourced from third party pricing services, overseen by management, and is based on models that consider standard input factors such as dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and condition, among other things. Level 3 pricing includes inputs unobservable to market participants.
Loans Held for Investment. The Company’s held for investment loan portfolio includes loans originated by Company and loans acquired through business combinations. The Company intends to hold these assets until maturity as a part of its business operations. For one acquired portfolio subset, the Company previously accounted for these purchased-credit impaired loans as a pool under ASC 310, as they were determined to have common risk characteristics. These loans were recorded at fair value on acquisition date and subsequently evaluated for impairment collectively. Upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company elected the fair value option on this portfolio, recognizing an $11.2 million fair value write-down charged to retained earnings, net of deferred tax impact, as of January 1, 2020. The fair value of this loan portfolio is determined based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Certain inputs to the fair value calculation are unobservable; therefore, the loans meet the definition of Level 3 assets. The discount rate used in the valuation is consistent with assets that have significant credit deterioration. The cash flow assumptions include payment schedules for loans with current payment histories and estimated collateral value for delinquent loans. All of these loans were nonperforming as of September 30, 2024.

|  |  |  |  |  | Aggregate Fair Value
September 30, 2024 |  | Aggregate |  | Aggregate |  | Less Aggregate
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Unpaid Principal
Loans held for investment at fair value |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 6,555 |  |  | $ | (6,261) |

|  |  |  |  |  | Aggregate Fair Value
December 31, 2023 |  | Aggregate |  | Aggregate |  | Less Aggregate
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Unpaid Principal
Loans held for investment at fair value |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 8,809 |  |  | $ | (8,435) |

56

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Loans Held for Sale. The Company elected the fair value option for all loans held for sale (HFS) originated for sale on or after May 1, 2012. Loans HFS are classified as Level 2 as the fair value is based on input factors such as quoted prices for similar loans in active markets.

|  |  |  |  |  | Aggregate Fair Value
September 30, 2024 |  | Aggregate |  | Aggregate |  | Less Aggregate
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Unpaid Principal
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 6,003 |  |  | $ | 5,918 |  |  | $ | 85 |

|  |  |  |  |  | Aggregate Fair Value
December 31, 2023 |  | Aggregate |  | Aggregate |  | Less Aggregate
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unpaid Principal |  | Unpaid Principal
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 2,237 |  |  | $ | 2,205 |  |  | $ | 32 |

The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, were gains of $29 thousand and $53 thousand, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, originations of loans held for sale totaled $51.6 million and $96.3 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, sales of loans originated for sale totaled $50.5 million and $91.8 million, respectively.
The changes in fair value of loans held for sale for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, were losses of $94 thousand and gains of $15 thousand, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, originations of loans held for sale totaled $26.8 million and $56.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, sales of loans originated for sale totaled $33.1 million and $54.8 million, respectively.
Interest Rate Swaps. The valuation of the Company’s interest rate swaps is obtained from a third-party pricing service and is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The pricing analysis is based on observable inputs for the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity and interest rate curves. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings.
Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of September 30, 2024, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Commitments to Lend. The Company enters into commitments to lend for residential mortgage loans intended for sale, which commit the Company to lend funds to a potential borrower at a specific interest rate and within a specified period of time. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate residential mortgage loans for sale is based on quoted prices for similar loans in active markets. However, this value is adjusted by a factor which considers the likelihood that the loan in a lock position will ultimately close, and by the non-refundable costs of originating the loan. The closing ratio is derived from the Bank’s internal data and is adjusted using significant management judgment. The costs to originate are primarily based on the Company’s internal commission rates that are not observable. As such, these commitments are classified as Level 3 measurements.
57

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Forward Sale Commitments. The Company utilizes forward sale commitments as economic hedges against potential changes in the values of the commitments to lend and loans originated for sale. To Be Announced (“TBA”) mortgage-backed securities forward commitment sales are used as the hedging instrument, are classified as Level 1, and consist of publicly-traded debt securities for which identical fair values can be obtained through quoted market prices in active exchange markets. The fair values of the Company’s best efforts and mandatory delivery loan sale commitments are determined similarly to the commitments to lend using quoted prices in the market place that are observable. However, costs to originate and closing ratios included in the calculation are internally generated and are based on management’s judgment and prior experience, which are considered factors that are not observable. As such, best efforts and mandatory forward commitments are classified as Level 3 measurements.
Capitalized Servicing Rights. The Company accounts for certain capitalized servicing rights at fair value in its Consolidated Financial Statements, as the Company is permitted to elect the fair value option for each specific instrument. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
The table below presents the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

| Assets (Liabilities)
|  |  | Securities |  | Loans |  |  |  |  |  | Capitalized
| Trading |  | Available |  | Held for |  | Commitments |  | Forward |  | Servicing
(In thousands) | Securities |  | for Sale |  | Investment |  | to Lend |  | Commitments |  | Rights
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
June 30, 2024 | $ | 5,699 |  |  | $ | 3,902 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 1,566 |
Unrealized gain/(loss), net recognized in other non-interest income | 88 |  |  | — |  |  | (19) |  |  | 327 |  |  | 20 |  |  | (180) |
Unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydown of asset | (227) |  |  | — |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers to held for sale loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (263) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 3,892 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
December 31, 2023 | $ | 6,142 |  |  | $ | 3,923 |  |  | $ | 374 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,526 |
Unrealized gain, net recognized in other non-interest income | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | (16) |  |  | 925 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (140) |
Unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | (31) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydown of asset | (674) |  |  | — |  |  | (64) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers to held for sale loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (794) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 3,892 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |
Unrealized (loss)/gain relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2024 | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (108) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 165 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | — |

58

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Assets (Liabilities)
|  |  | Securities |  | Loans |  |  |  |  |  | Capitalized
| Trading |  | Available |  | Held for |  | Commitments |  | Forward |  | Servicing
(In thousands) | Securities |  | for Sale |  | Investment |  | to Lend |  | Commitments |  | Rights
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
June 30, 2023 | $ | 6,405 |  |  | $ | 3,930 |  |  | $ | 401 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 1,886 |
Unrealized (loss)/gain, net recognized in other non-interest income | (19) |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 26 |  |  | (53) |  |  | (180) |
Unrealized gain included in accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydown of asset | (215) |  |  | — |  |  | (21) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers to held for sale loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (72) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2023 | $ | 6,171 |  |  | $ | 3,960 |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 1,706 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
December 31, 2022 | $ | 6,708 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 605 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 1,846 |
Unrealized gain/(loss), net recognized in other non-interest income | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | (119) |  |  | 146 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (140) |
Unrealized (loss) included in accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | (40) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Paydown of asset | (641) |  |  | — |  |  | (78) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers to held for sale loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (172) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 30, 2023 | $ | 6,171 |  |  | $ | 3,960 |  |  | $ | 408 |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 1,706 |
Unrealized (loss)/gain relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2023 | $ | (251) |  |  | $ | (40) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |

Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 recurring assets and liabilities is as follows:

|  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | Significant Unobservable Input
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Value
Assets (Liabilities) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading Securities |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 3.24 | %
AFS Securities |  | 3,892 |  |  | Indication from Market Maker |  | Price |  | 97.29%
Loans held for investment |  | 294 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 25.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral Value |  | $0.0 - $17.5
Commitments to lend |  | 165 |  |  | Historical Trend |  | Closing Ratio |  | 85.71 | %
|  |  |  | Pricing Model |  | Origination Costs, per loan |  | $ | 3 |
Forward commitments |  | 52 |  |  | Historical Trend |  | Closing Ratio |  | 85.71 | %
|  |  |  | Pricing Model |  | Origination Costs, per loan |  | $ | 3 |
Capitalized servicing rights |  | 1,386 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate (CPR) |  | 7.26 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount Rate |  | 10.09 | %
Total |  | $ | 11,349 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

59

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  | Significant Unobservable Input
(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Value
Assets (Liabilities) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading Securities |  | $ | 6,142 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 4.19 | %
AFS Securities |  | 3,923 |  |  | Indication from Market Maker |  | Price |  | 98.07 | %
Loans held for investment |  | 374 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Discount Rate |  | 25.00 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral Value |  | $0.0- $18.3
Commitments to lend |  | 34 |  |  | Historical Trend |  | Closing Ratio |  | 84.29 | %
|  |  |  | Pricing Model |  | Origination Costs, per loan |  | $ | 3 |
Forward commitments |  | 21 |  |  | Historical Trend |  | Closing Ratio |  | 84.29 | %
|  |  |  | Pricing Model |  | Origination Costs, per loan |  | $ | 3 |
Capitalized servicing rights |  | 1,526 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate (CPR) |  | 7.63 | %
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount Rate |  | 11.08 | %
Total |  | $ | 12,020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

60

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company is required, on a non-recurring basis, to adjust the carrying value or provide valuation allowances for certain assets using fair value measurements in accordance with GAAP. The following is a summary of applicable non-recurring fair value measurements. There are no liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

|  | September 30, 2024 |  | Fair Value Measurement Date |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Date
|  | Level 3 |  | Level 3 |  | Level 3 |  |  |  |  |  | Level 3
(In thousands) |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  |  |  |  |  | Inputs
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | September 2024 |  | $ | 4,395 |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 2023
Loans held for sale |  | 44,631 |  |  | September 2024 |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 2023
Capitalized servicing rights |  | 9,817 |  |  | September 2024 |  | 10,569 |  |  |  |  |  |  | December 2023
Total |  | $ | 56,320 |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,964 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs within Level 3 non-recurring assets is as follows:

|  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  | Discounted Cash Flow - Loss Severity |  | (100.00)% to (0.07)% ((66.92)%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Appraised Value |  | $0 to $182 ($154)
Loans held for sale |  | 44,631 |  |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  | Market Price |  | $44,631
Capitalized servicing rights |  | 9,817 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate (CPR) |  | 4.74% to 27.03% (13.46%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount Rate |  | 10.47% to 13.58% (12.18%)
Total |  | $ | 56,320 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individuals properties.

|  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Inputs |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated |  | $ | 4,395 |  |  | Fair Value of Collateral |  | Discounted Cash Flow - loss severity |  | (100.00)% to (0.08)% ((67.00)%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Appraised Value |  | $0 to $3,389 ($2,774)
Capitalized servicing rights |  | 10,569 |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | Constant Prepayment Rate (CPR) |  | 5.43% to 17.15% (12.31%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount Rate |  | 10.09% to 16.59% (13.82%)
Total |  | $ | 14,964 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Where dollar amounts are disclosed, the amounts represent the lowest and highest fair value of the respective assets in the population except for adjustments for market/property conditions, which represents the range of adjustments to individuals properties.
There were no Level 1 or Level 2 nonrecurring fair value measurements for the periods ended September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
61

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Individually evaluated loans. Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records non-recurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Non-recurring adjustments can also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans calculated when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation amount does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace. However, the choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates, and other market factors on current values. Additionally, commercial real estate appraisals frequently involve discounting of projected cash flows, which relies inherently on unobservable data. Therefore, nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments that relate to real estate collateral have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value for other collateral that supports commercial loans are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.
Loans Transferred to Held for Sale. Once a decision has been made to sell loans not previously classified as held for sale, these loans are transferred into the held for sale category and carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace. The choice of observable data is subject to significant judgment, and there are often adjustments based on judgment in order to make observable data comparable and to consider the impact of time, the condition of properties, interest rates, and other market factors on current values. Nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments that relate to real estate collateral have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value for other collateral that supports commercial loans are generally based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.
Capitalized loan servicing rights. A loan servicing right asset represents the amount by which the present value of the estimated future net cash flows to be received from servicing loans exceed adequate compensation for performing the servicing. The fair value of servicing rights is estimated using a present value cash flow model. The most important assumptions used in the valuation model are the anticipated rate of the loan prepayments and discount rates. Adjustments are only recorded when the discounted cash flows derived from the valuation model are less than the carrying value of the asset. Although some assumptions in determining fair value are based on standards used by market participants, some are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
62

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Summary of Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the estimated fair values (represents exit price), and related carrying amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

|  | September 30, 2024
|  | Carrying |  | Fair |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amount |  | Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 569,967 |  |  | $ | 569,967 |  |  | $ | 569,967 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Trading securities |  | 5,560 |  |  | 5,560 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,560 |
Equity securities |  | 13,278 |  |  | 13,278 |  |  | 13,278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities available for sale |  | 661,740 |  |  | 661,740 |  |  | 6,907 |  |  | 650,941 |  |  | 3,892 |
Securities held to maturity |  | 512,277 |  |  | 451,194 |  |  | — |  |  | 449,986 |  |  | 1,208 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 30,685 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Net loans |  | 9,100,275 |  |  | 9,024,531 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,024,531 |
Loans held for sale |  | 50,634 |  |  | 50,634 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,003 |  |  | 44,631 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 49,804 |  |  | 49,804 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,804 |  |  | — |
Derivative assets |  | 45,007 |  |  | 45,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,790 |  |  | 217 |
Assets held for sale |  | 6,930 |  |  | 6,930 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,930 |  |  | — |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 9,577,489 |  |  | $ | 9,572,152 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,572,152 |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term debt |  | 353,500 |  |  | 353,982 |  |  | — |  |  | 353,982 |  |  | — |
Long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other |  | 232,042 |  |  | 230,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 230,387 |  |  | — |
Subordinated borrowings |  | 121,549 |  |  | 106,519 |  |  | — |  |  | 106,519 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable |  | 11,937 |  |  | 11,937 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,937 |  |  | — |
Derivative liabilities |  | 63,678 |  |  | 63,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,678 |  |  | — |
Liabilities held for sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

63

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying |  | Fair |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amount |  | Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,203,244 |  |  | $ | 1,203,244 |  |  | $ | 1,203,244 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Trading securities |  | 6,142 |  |  | 6,142 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,142 |
Equity securities |  | 13,029 |  |  | 13,029 |  |  | 13,029 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities available for sale and other |  | 1,022,285 |  |  | 1,022,285 |  |  | 7,981 |  |  | 1,010,381 |  |  | 3,923 |
Securities held to maturity |  | 543,351 |  |  | 476,228 |  |  | — |  |  | 474,742 |  |  | 1,486 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 22,689 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A |  | N/A
Net loans |  | 8,934,329 |  |  | 8,768,108 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,768,108 |
Loans held for sale |  | 2,237 |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 53,096 |  |  | 53,096 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,096 |  |  | — |
Derivative assets |  | 45,668 |  |  | 45,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,613 |  |  | 55 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 10,633,384 |  |  | $ | 10,615,655 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,615,655 |  |  | $ | — |
Short-term debt |  | 260,000 |  |  | 260,035 |  |  | — |  |  | 260,035 |  |  | — |
Long-term Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | 125,223 |  |  | 123,747 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,747 |  |  | — |
Subordinated borrowings |  | 121,363 |  |  | 98,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,138 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable |  | 13,766 |  |  | 13,766 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,766 |  |  | — |
Derivative liabilities |  | 75,957 |  |  | 75,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,957 |  |  | — |

64

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 14. NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Presented below is net interest income after provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net interest income |  | $ | 88,059 |  |  | $ | 90,334 |  |  | $ | 264,731 |  |  | $ | 280,626 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 5,500 |  |  | 8,000 |  |  | 17,999 |  |  | 24,999 |
Net interest after provision for credit losses |  | $ | 82,559 |  |  | $ | 82,334 |  |  | $ | 246,732 |  |  | $ | 255,627 |

65

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 15. TAX EQUITY INVESTMENTS
The Company typically accounts for tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, if certain criteria are met. The election to account for tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method is done so on a tax credit program-by-tax credit program basis. Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment, which is inclusive of any delayed equity contributions, that are unconditional and legally binding or for equity contributions that are contingent on a future event, when that event becomes probable, in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits that are allocated to the Company over the period of the investment.
Under the proportional amortization method, the Company amortizes the initial cost of the investment, inclusive of delayed equity contributions, in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits that are allocated to the Company over the period of the investment. The net benefits of these investments, which are comprised of income tax credits and operating loss income tax benefits, net of investment amortization, are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of income tax expense. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 the carrying value of all tax equity investments was $37.6 million and $16.6 million, respectively, and were included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The carrying value of the Public Welfare Investments on September 30, 2024 included $17 million of delayed equity contributions described in the chart below.
As of September 30, 2024, the Company's delayed equity contributions were estimated to be paid as follows:

(In thousands) | Delayed Equity Contributions
2024 | $ | 2,753 |
2025 | 7,814 |
2026 | 3,350 |
2027 | 2,841 |
2028 | 18 |
Thereafter | 222 |
Total delayed equity contributions | $ | 16,998 |

The following table presents income tax credits and other income tax benefits, as well as amortization expense, associated with investments where the proportional amortization method of accounting has been applied for the periods indicated.

(In thousands) | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Provision for Income Taxes: |  |
Amortization of tax credit investments | $ | (639) |  | $ | (1,917) |
Tax credit and other tax benefit/(expense) | 170 |  | 931 |
Total provision for income taxes | (469) |  | (986) |

There was no material non-income tax related expense associated with these investments recorded outside of income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The non-income tax related activity associated with these investments recorded outside of the income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $1.5 million and $6.0 million, respectively. There were no impairment losses recorded on tax equity investments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following summary data is based in part on the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

| At or for the |  | At or for the
Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
NOMINAL AND PER SHARE DATA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings per common share, diluted | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |  |  | $ | 1.63 |
Operating earnings per common share, diluted (1)(2) | 0.58 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 1.61 |  |  | 1.67 |
Net income, (thousands) | 37,509 |  |  | 19,545 |  |  | 41,346 |  |  | 71,043 |
Operating net income, (thousands) (1)(2) | 24,789 |  |  | 21,516 |  |  | 68,891 |  |  | 73,002 |
Net interest income, non FTE | 88,059 |  |  | 90,334 |  |  | 264,731 |  |  | 280,626 |
Net interest income, FTE (4) | 90,082 |  |  | 92,314 |  |  | 270,773 |  |  | 286,476 |
Total common shares outstanding, (thousands) | 42,982 |  |  | 43,822 |  |  | 42,982 |  |  | 43,822 |
Average diluted shares, (thousands) | 42,454 |  |  | 43,347 |  |  | 42,658 |  |  | 43,640 |
Total book value per common share | 24.90 |  |  | 21.70 |  |  | 24.90 |  |  | 21.70 |
Tangible book value per common share (2) | 24.53 |  |  | 21.23 |  |  | 24.53 |  |  | 21.23 |
Dividends per common share | 0.18 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.54 |  |  | 0.54 |
Dividend payout ratio | 20.63 | % |  | 40.56 | % |  | 56.67 | % |  | 33.67 | %
PERFORMANCE RATIOS (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on equity | 14.29 | % |  | 7.91 | % |  | 5.37 | % |  | 9.57 | %
Operating return on equity (1)(2) | 9.44 |  |  | 8.71 |  |  | 8.94 |  |  | 9.83 |
Return on tangible common equity (1)(2) | 14.83 |  |  | 8.45 |  |  | 5.80 |  |  | 10.16 |
Operating return on tangible common equity (1)(2) | 9.91 |  |  | 9.27 |  |  | 9.43 |  |  | 10.43 |
Return on assets | 1.28 |  |  | 0.66 |  |  | 0.47 |  |  | 0.80 |
Operating return on assets (1)(2) | 0.85 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.78 |  |  | 0.82 |
Net interest margin, FTE (4) | 3.16 |  |  | 3.18 |  |  | 3.17 |  |  | 3.33 |
Efficiency ratio (1)(2) | 63.74 |  |  | 65.05 |  |  | 64.45 |  |  | 62.65 |
FINANCIAL DATA (in millions, end of period) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 11,605 |  |  | $ | 12,140 |  |  | $ | 11,605 |  |  | $ | 12,140 |
Total earning assets | 10,922 |  |  | 11,400 |  |  | 10,922 |  |  | 11,400 |
Total loans | 9,212 |  |  | 8,984 |  |  | 9,212 |  |  | 8,984 |
Total deposits | 9,577 |  |  | 9,981 |  |  | 9,577 |  |  | 9,981 |
Loans/deposits (%) | 96 | % |  | 90 | % |  | 96 | % |  | 90 | %
Total shareholders' equity | 1,070 |  |  | 951 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | 951 |
ASSET QUALITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses, (millions) | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 103 |
Net charge-offs, (millions) | (6) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (11) |  |  | (18) |
Net charge-offs (QTD annualized)/average loans | 0.24 | % |  | 0.24 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.28 | %
Provision expense, (millions) | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 25 |
Non-accruing loans/total loans | 0.26 | % |  | 0.30 | % |  | 0.26 | % |  | 0.30 | %
Allowance for credit losses/non-accruing loans | 467 |  |  | 386 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 386 |
Allowance for credit losses/total loans | 1.22 |  |  | 1.14 |  |  | 1.22 |  |  | 1.14 |
CAPITAL RATIOS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets | 12.0 | % |  | 12.1 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 12.1 | %
Tier 1 capital leverage ratio | 9.9 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | 9.8 |
Tangible common shareholders' equity/tangible assets (2) | 9.1 |  |  | 7.7 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 7.7 |

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____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Operating measurements are non-GAAP financial measures that are adjusted to exclude net non-operating charges primarily related to acquisitions and restructuring activities. Refer to "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for additional information.
(2) Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for additional information.
(3) All performance ratios are annualized and are based on average balance sheet amounts, where applicable.
(4) Fully taxable equivalent considers the impact of tax advantaged investment securities and loans.
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AVERAGE BALANCES AND AVERAGE YIELDS/RATES
The following table presents average balances and an analysis of average rates and yields on an annualized fully taxable equivalent basis for the periods included:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 | 2023 |  |
(Dollars in millions) | Average Balance | Interest (FTE basis) | Yield/Rate (FTE basis) | Average Balance | Interest (FTE basis) | Yield/Rate (FTE basis) |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 4,717 |  | $ | 79 |  | 6.54 | % | $ | 4,385 |  | $ | 71 |  | 6.32 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | 1,380 |  | 27 |  | 7.79 |  | 1,436 |  | 27 |  | 7.48 |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 2,712 |  | 30 |  | 4.31 |  | 2,618 |  | 26 |  | 3.97 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 424 |  | 8 |  | 7.43 |  | 513 |  | 9 |  | 7.33 |  |  |  |  |
Total loans (1) | 9,233 |  | 144 |  | 6.11 |  | 8,952 |  | 133 |  | 5.88 |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities (2) | 1,340 |  | 8 |  | 2.49 |  | 2,171 |  | 13 |  | 2.40 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments & loans held for sale (3) | 563 |  | 7 |  | 4.98 |  | 267 |  | 3 |  | 4.76 |  |  |  |  |
New York branch loans held for sale (4) | 31 |  | — |  | 5.44 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-earning assets | 11,167 |  | 159 |  | 5.62 |  | 11,390 |  | 149 |  | 5.19 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets | 17 |  |  | x | 21 |  |  | X |  |  |  |
Other non-interest earning assets | 511 |  |  | x | 449 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 11,695 |  |  |  | $ | 11,860 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 2,250 |  | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 2,553 |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  |  |  |
NOW and other | 743 |  | 3 |  | 1.54 |  | 858 |  | 2 |  | 1.15 |  |  |  |  |
Money market | 2,935 |  | 25 |  | 3.35 |  | 2,697 |  | 18 |  | 2.69 |  |  |  |  |
Savings | 1,002 |  | 3 |  | 1.17 |  | 1,082 |  | 2 |  | 0.77 |  |  |  |  |
Time | 2,430 |  | 26 |  | 4.31 |  | 2,440 |  | 22 |  | 3.43 |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 9,360 |  | 57 |  | 2.42 |  | 9,630 |  | 44 |  | 1.81 |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and notes (5) | 782 |  | 11 |  | 5.44 |  | 1,010 |  | 14 |  | 5.32 |  |  |  |  |
New York branch non-interest-bearing deposits (4) | 51 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
New York branch interest-bearing deposits (4) | 207 |  | 1 |  | 2.87 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total funding liabilities | 10,400 |  | 69 |  | 2.64 |  | 10,640 |  | 58 |  | 2.15 |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest earning liabilities | 245 |  |  |  | 232 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 10,645 |  |  |  | 10,872 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total common shareholders' equity | 1,050 |  |  |  | 988 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,050 |  |  |  | 988 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 11,695 |  |  |  | $ | 11,860 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin, FTE |  |  | 3.16 | % |  |  | 3.18 | % |  |  |  |
Supplementary data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income, non FTE | $ | 88.1 |  |  |  | $ | 90.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FTE income adjustment (6) | 2.0 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income, FTE | $ | 90.1 |  |  |  | $ | 92.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) The average balances of loans include nonaccrual loans and deferred fees and costs.
(2) The average balance for securities available for sale is based on amortized cost.
(3) Interest income on loans held for sale is included in loan interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income statement.
(4) New York branch loans and deposits moved to held for sale on March 4, 2024.
(5) The average balances of borrowings include the finance lease obligation presented under other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(6) Fully taxable equivalent considers the impact of tax advantaged investment securities and loans. The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 27%.
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| Nine Months Ended September 30, |
| 2024 | 2023 |  |
(Dollars in millions) | Average Balance | Interest (FTE basis) | Yield/Rate (FTE basis) | Average Balance | Interest (FTE basis) | Yield/Rate (FTE basis) |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 4,640 |  | $ | 231 |  | 6.51 | % | $ | 4,279 |  | $ | 199 |  | 6.13 | % |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial loans | 1,373 |  | 80 |  | 7.68 |  | 1,486 |  | 81 |  | 7.22 |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgages | 2,692 |  | 85 |  | 4.22 |  | 2,464 |  | 71 |  | 3.85 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 440 |  | 24 |  | 7.38 |  | 525 |  | 28 |  | 7.28 |  |  |  |  |
Total loans (1) | 9,145 |  | 420 |  | 6.06 |  | 8,754 |  | 379 |  | 5.74 |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities (2) | 1,466 |  | 27 |  | 2.39 |  | 2,222 |  | 38 |  | 2.30 |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments & loans held for sale (3) | 550 |  | 21 |  | 5.04 |  | 380 |  | 13 |  | 4.70 |  |  |  |  |
New York branch loans held for sale (4) | 35 |  | 2 |  | 5.71 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-earning assets | 11,196 |  | 470 |  | 5.53 |  | 11,356 |  | 430 |  | 5.03 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets | 18 |  |  | x | 22 |  |  | X |  |  |  |
Other non-interest earning assets | 501 |  |  | x | 452 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 11,715 |  |  |  | $ | 11,830 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 2,281 |  | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 2,617 |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  |  |  |
NOW and other | 768 |  | 8 |  | 1.45 |  | 1,121 |  | 12 |  | 1.43 |  |  |  |  |
Money market | 2,975 |  | 74 |  | 3.31 |  | 2,637 |  | 42 |  | 2.14 |  |  |  |  |
Savings | 1,015 |  | 8 |  | 1.07 |  | 1,069 |  | 2 |  | 0.46 |  |  |  |  |
Time | 2,456 |  | 77 |  | 4.20 |  | 2,181 |  | 50 |  | 2.95 |  |  |  |  |
Total deposits | 9,495 |  | 167 |  | 2.35 |  | 9,625 |  | 106 |  | 2.02 |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings and notes (5) | 633 |  | 27 |  | 5.49 |  | 996 |  | 39 |  | 5.23 |  |  |  |  |
New York branch non-interest-bearing deposits (4) | 60 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
New York branch interest-bearing deposits (4) | 243 |  | 5 |  | 2.74 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Total funding liabilities | 10,431 |  | 199 |  | 2.54 |  | 10,621 |  | 145 |  | 1.82 |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest earning liabilities | 257 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 10,688 |  |  |  | 10,840 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total common shareholders' equity | 1,027 |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,027 |  |  |  | 990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 11,715 |  |  |  | $ | 11,830 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin, FTE |  |  | 3.17 | % |  |  | 3.33 | % |  |  |  |
Supplementary data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income, non FTE | $ | 264.7 |  |  |  | $ | 280.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FTE income adjustment (6) | 6.0 |  |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Interest Income, FTE | $ | 270.7 |  |  |  | $ | 286.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) The average balances of loans include nonaccrual loans and deferred fees and costs.
(2) The average balance for securities available for sale is based on amortized cost.
(3) Interest income on loans held for sale is included in loan interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(4) New York branch loans and deposits moved to held for sale on March 4, 2024.
(5) The average balances of borrowings include the finance lease obligation presented under other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(6) Fully taxable equivalent considers the impact of tax advantaged investment securities and loans. The yield on tax-exempt loans and securities is computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 27%.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
This document contains certain non-GAAP financial measures in addition to results presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). These non-GAAP measures are intended to provide the reader with additional supplemental perspectives on operating results, performance trends, and financial condition. Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for GAAP measures; they should be read and used in conjunction with the Company’s GAAP financial information. A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP measures is provided below. In all cases, it should be understood that non-GAAP measures do not depict amounts that accrue directly to the benefit of shareholders. An item which management excludes when computing non-GAAP operating earnings can be of substantial importance to the Company’s results for any particular quarter or year. The Company’s non-GAAP operating earnings information set forth is not necessarily comparable to non- GAAP information which may be presented by other companies. Each non-GAAP measure used by the Company in this report as supplemental financial data should be considered in conjunction with the Company’s GAAP financial information.
The Company utilizes the non-GAAP measure of operating earnings in evaluating operating trends, including components for operating revenue and expense. These measures exclude amounts which the Company views as unrelated to its normalized operations. These items primarily include restructuring costs. Restructuring costs generally consist of costs and losses associated with the disposition of assets and liabilities and lease terminations, including costs related to branch sales.
The Company also calculates operating earnings per share based on its measure of operating earnings and diluted common shares. The Company views these amounts as important to understanding its operating trends, particularly due to the impact of accounting standards related to merger and acquisition activity. Analysts also rely on these measures in estimating and evaluating the Company’s performance. Adjustments in 2024 were primarily related to branch sales and loss on sale of AFS securities. Adjustments in 2023 were primarily related to branch consolidations.
Management believes that the computation of non-GAAP operating earnings and operating earnings per share may facilitate the comparison of the Company to other companies in the financial services industry. The Company also adjusts certain equity related measures to exclude intangible assets due to the importance of these measures to the investment community.
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RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The following table summarizes the reconciliation of non-GAAP items recorded for the periods indicated:

|  | At or for the Three Months Ended September 30, | At or for the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023
GAAP Net income |  | $ | 37,509 |  | $ | 19,545 |  | $ | 41,346 |  | $ | 71,043 |
Adj: Loss on sale of AFS securities |  | — |  | — |  | 49,909 |  | — |
Adj: Net (gains) on sale of business operations and assets |  | (16,048) |  | — |  | (16,048) |  | — |
Adj: Restructuring and other expense |  | (297) |  | 2,607 |  | 2,936 |  | 2,592 |
Adj: Income taxes |  | 3,625 |  | (636) |  | (9,252) |  | (633) |
Total operating income (non-GAAP) (1) | (A) | $ | 24,789 |  | $ | 21,516 |  | $ | 68,891 |  | $ | 73,002 |
GAAP Total revenue |  | $ | 125,614 |  | $ | 107,799 |  | $ | 289,820 |  | $ | 331,791 |
Adj: Loss on sale of AFS securities |  | — |  | — |  | 49,909 |  | — |
Adj: Net (gains) on sale of business operations and assets |  | (16,048) |  | — |  | (16,048) |  | — |
Total operating revenue (non-GAAP) (1) | (B) | $ | 109,566 |  | $ | 107,799 |  | $ | 323,681 |  | $ | 331,791 |
GAAP Total non-interest expense |  | $ | 71,960 |  | $ | 76,513 |  | $ | 218,911 |  | $ | 222,516 |
Less: Total non-operating expense (see above) |  | 297 |  | (2,607) |  | (2,936) |  | (2,592) |
Operating non-interest expense (non-GAAP) (1) | (C) | $ | 72,257 |  | $ | 73,906 |  | $ | 215,975 |  | $ | 219,924 |
(In millions, except per share data) |  |  |  |  |
Total average assets | (D) | $ | 11,695 |  | $ | 11,860 |  | $ | 11,713 |  | $ | 11,830 |
Total average shareholders’ equity | (E) | 1,050 |  | 988 |  | 1,027 |  | 990 |
Total average tangible shareholders’ equity (1) | (G) | 1,034 |  | 967 |  | 1,009 |  | 967 |
Total tangible shareholders’ equity, period-end (2)(3) | (I) | 1,054 |  | 930 |  | 1,054 |  | 930 |
Total tangible assets, period-end (1) | (J) | 11,588 |  | 12,119 |  | 11,588 |  | 12,119 |
Total common shares outstanding, period-end (thousands) | (K) | 42,982 |  | 43,822 |  | 42,982 |  | 43,822 |
Average diluted shares outstanding (thousands) | (L) | 42,454 |  | 43,347 |  | 42,658 |  | 43,640 |
Earnings per common share, diluted |  | $ | 0.88 |  | $ | 0.45 |  | $ | 0.97 |  | $ | 1.63 |
Operating earnings per common share, diluted (1) | (A/L) | 0.58 |  | 0.50 |  | 1.61 |  | 4.67 |
Book value per common share, period-end |  | 24.90 |  | 21.70 |  | 24.90 |  | 21.70 |
Tangible book value per common share, period-end (1) | (I/K) | 24.53 |  | 21.23 |  | 24.53 |  | 21.23 |
Total shareholders' equity/total assets |  | 9.22 |  | 7.83 |  | 9.22 |  | 7.83 |
Total tangible shareholder's equity/total tangible assets (1) | (I/J) | 9.10 |  | 7.68 |  | 9.10 |  | 7.68 |
|  | x |  |  |
Performance ratios (3) |  | x |  |  |
Return on equity |  | 14.29 | % | 7.91 | % | 5.37 | % | 9.57 | %
Operating return on equity (1) | (A/E) | 9.44 |  | 8.71 |  | 8.94 |  | 9.83 |
Return on tangible common equity (1)(4) |  | 14.83 |  | 8.45 |  | 5.80 |  | 10.16 |
Operating return on tangible common equity (1)(4) | (A+O)/(G) | 9.91 |  | 9.27 |  | 9.43 |  | 10.43 |
Return on assets |  | 1.28 |  | 0.66 |  | 0.47 |  | 0.80 |
Operating return on assets (1) | (A/D) | 0.85 |  | 0.73 |  | 0.78 |  | 0.82 |
Efficiency ratio (1)(7) | (C-O)/(B+M+P) | 63.74 |  | 65.05 |  | 64.45 |  | 62.65 |

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Supplementary data (In thousands) |  | xx |  |  |
Tax benefit on tax-credit investments (5) | (M) | N/M | $ | 1,979 |  | N/M | $ | 7,611 |
Non-interest income tax-credit investments amortization (6) | (N) | N/M | (1,463) |  | N/M | (5,959) |
Net income on tax-credit investments | (M+N) | N/M | 516 |  | N/M | 1,652 |
Intangible amortization | (O) | 1,128 |  | 1,205 |  | 3,473 |  | 3,615 |
Fully taxable equivalent income adjustment | (P) | 2,023 |  | 1,980 |  | 6,042 |  | 5,850 |

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Non-GAAP financial measure.
(2) Total tangible shareholders’ equity is computed by taking total shareholders’ equity less the intangible assets at period-end. Total tangible assets is computed by taking total assets less the intangible assets at period-end.
(3) Ratios are annualized and based on average balance sheet amounts, where applicable. Quarterly data may not sum to year-to-date data due to rounding.
(4) Operating return on tangible common equity is computed by dividing the total operating income adjusted for the tax-affected amortization of intangible assets, assuming a 27% marginal rate, by tangible equity.
(5) The tax benefit is the direct reduction to the income tax provision due to tax credits and deductions generated from investments in tax equity investments.
(6) The non-interest income amortization is the reduction to the tax-advantaged investments and are incurred as the tax credits are generated.
(7) As of January 1, 2024, the Company elected the proportional amortization method for certain tax credits eliminating the need to adjust the efficiency ratio for tax credit impacts.
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GENERAL
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is intended to assist in
understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this document and with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following discussion, income statement comparisons are against the same period of the previous year and balance sheet comparisons are against the previous fiscal year-end, unless otherwise noted. Financial results discussed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year 2024 or any future period. In management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, certain reclassifications have been made to make prior periods comparable. Tax-equivalent adjustments are the result of increasing income from tax-advantaged loans and securities by an amount equal to the taxes that would be paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 27% marginal rate (including state income taxes net of federal benefit). In the discussion, unless otherwise specified, references to earnings per share and "EPS" refer to diluted earnings per common share.
Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (“Berkshire” or “the Company”) is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Boston and the holding company for Berkshire Bank (“the Bank”) which operates as a commercial bank under a Massachusetts trust company charter. Established in 1846, the Bank provides business and consumer banking, mortgage, wealth management, and investment services, with a vision to be a high performing, relationship focused community bank. Berkshire has approximately $11.6 billion in assets and presently operates 83 branch offices in New England and New York.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in this document that are not historical facts may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (referred to as the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (referred to as the Securities Exchange Act), and are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these statements from the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target” and similar expressions.
These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including among other things, changes in general economic and business conditions, increased competitive pressures, changes in the interest rate environment and inflation, access to cost effective funding, changes in the quality and composition of our loan portfolio, legislative, regulatory and accounting changes, breaches or failures of our information technology systems, the success of new business initiatives or integration of merged or acquired entities, changes in the financial markets, and other risks and uncertainties disclosed from time to time in documents that Berkshire Hills Bancorp files with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including the Risk Factors set forth in Item 1A of the Company’s 10-K, as supplemented by its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other SEC filings.
Because of these and other uncertainties, Berkshire’s actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. In addition, Berkshire’s past results of operations do not necessarily indicate Berkshire’s combined future results. You should not place undue reliance on any of the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the dates on which they were made. Berkshire is not undertaking an obligation to update forward-looking statements, even though its situation may change in the future, except as required under federal securities law. Berkshire qualifies all of its forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
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OVERVIEW
Third quarter 2024 earnings per share increased 96% year-over-year to $0.88 from $0.45 due primarily to a non-operating gain of $0.30 per share after-tax recorded on the sale of ten branches in the state of New York. This sale was announced in the first quarter of 2024 and was completed on schedule in the third quarter. The non-GAAP measure of operating earnings per share increased 16% to $0.58 from $0.50 including the benefit of fee income growth, reduced operating expenses, and lower credit loss provision expense.
For the first nine months of the year, earnings per share decreased 40% year-over-year to $0.97 from $1.63 due primarily to a non-operating loss of $0.89 per share after-tax on the sale of investment securities in the first quarter of 2024. These securities were carried at fair value on the Company’s balance sheet and this loss therefore had no effect on shareholders’ equity. Year-to-date operating earnings per share, excluding the securities loss and branch sale gain, decreased 4% to $1.61 from $1.67 primarily due to a lower net interest margin reflecting ongoing impacts of rising deposit costs.
The Company’s return on tangible common equity was 14.83% for the third quarter and 5.80% for the first nine months of 2024. The non-GAAP measure of operating return on tangible common equity was 9.91% and 9.43% for the above respective periods. Sequential growth in quarterly operating earnings in 2024 has contributed to sequential improvements in the Company’s capital profile. The third quarter return on assets measured 1.28% in 2024, while the non-GAAP measure of operating return on assets reached a five quarter high of 0.85%.
Total assets decreased 7% to $11.6 billion at period-end from $12.4 billion at year-end 2023, primarily reflecting lower cash and equivalents used as consideration in the branch sale and a reduction from seasonally high overnight customer deposits at the end of 2023. Total loans increased 2% year-to-date, with growth in all major categories except consumer loans, which reflected the targeted runoff and sale of installment loans. Excluding the $383 million in deposits sold, average quarterly deposits decreased 2% in the third quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023.
The branch sale was another step in the Bank’s efforts to create efficiencies in its branch network to support investment in its bankers and client experience. It was targeted to improve long-term operating earnings and profitability while avoiding layoffs and the costs of real estate dispositions. The sale concentrates the Bank’s overall geographic footprint and reduces certain expenses. With the sale of the ten branches, Berkshire’s total branch count was reduced to 83 offices in New England and New York, including 16 offices in its Albany and Rome/Utica markets.
Measures of asset quality remained favorable in the first nine months of 2024. Delinquent and non-performing loans were 0.53% of total period-end loans; this was the lowest quarterly level in more than 15 years.
Liquidity remained satisfactory in 2024. The ratio of loans to deposits measured 96% at period-end, compared to 85% at the start of the year. Capital further strengthened, with the ratio of equity to assets increasing to 9.2% from 8.1%. Period-end book value per share grew 7% to $24.90 and the non-GAAP measure of tangible book value per share also advanced 7% to $24.53.
In September 2024, the Federal Reserve Bank reduced the target Federal Funds rate by 50 basis points, with the effective rate decreasing to 4.83% from 5.33%. The target rate had been raised beginning in March 2022, with the effect of an increase from an effective rate of 0.08% and reaching 5.33% in August 2023. At the time when the target rate was reduced, the median projection by the Federal Reserve Board governors predicted a further 50 basis point reduction by year-end 2024, and an additional 100 basis point reduction by year-end 2025. This significant change in policy has contributed to focus in the banking industry about the future direction of bank net interest margins. The yield curve for treasury obligations has become less inverted following a prolonged period of inversion. Historically, industry revenues have responded positively to the normalization of the yield curve following periods of inversion.
In June 2024, Senior Managing Director and Chief Accounting Officer Brett Brbovic was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, replacing R. David Rosato. During 2024, the Company also announced the recruitment of commercial deposit relationship managers and private bankers. Additionally, it announced the planned move and expansion of a Boston branch to support the expanded commercial and private banking teams
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serving the Greater Boston market. In the most recent quarter, the Bank launched Berkshire One, its innovative suite of digital-first banking solutions to complement its branch and concierge banking channels.
COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE THREE MONTHS AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 AND SEPTEMBER 30, 2023
Summary. Third quarter 2024 net income increased year-over-year $18 million, or 92%, to $38 million due primarily to a non-operating gain of $16 million recorded on the sale of ten branches in the state of New York. The non-GAAP measure of operating income increased year-over-year $3 million, or 15%, to $25 million due to the benefit of reduced operating expenses and lower credit loss provision expense.
For the first nine months of the year, net income decreased $30 million, or 42% to $41 million due primarily to a non-operating loss of $50 million on the sale of securities in the first quarter. These securities were carried at fair value on the Company’s balance sheet and this loss therefore had no effect on shareholders’ equity. Year-to-date operating income, excluding the securities loss and branch sale gain, decreased $4 million, or 6%, to $69 million.
Lower year-to-date operating results primarily reflected a lower net interest margin due to ongoing impacts of rising deposit costs. The Company has adjusted to these impacts with calibrated loan growth, improving credit quality, and continued expense management. Additionally, the securities sales in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024 facilitated the reduction of higher costing funds with proceeds from the sale of lower yielding securities, as well as reinvestment in higher yielding short-term investments.
Nine month operating expenses were reduced through focused expense disciplines together with branch consolidations and the branch sale. Due to the margin pressures, the nine month efficiency ratio measured 64.45% in 2024 compared to 62.65% in 2023. The efficiency ratio improved to 63.74% in the most recent quarter, reflecting the cumulative benefit of the Company’s profitability initiatives. Earnings have also benefited from lower credit loss provision expense in 2024 even as the Company has increased the ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans.
Effective January 1, 2024, the Company elected the proportional amortization method for its tax credit equity investments in public welfare investment projects which consist of Affordable Housing and New Market tax credit
investments. This election had no impact on net income. As a result of this election, certain noncash charges which had been posted to non-interest income are now posted to income tax expense. As a result, non-interest income, total revenue, and tax expense are not comparable on a year-over-year basis. The amount charged against non-interest income and credited to tax expense in 2023 was $1.5 million in the third quarter and $6.0 million of the first nine months of the year.
Net Interest Income. Third quarter net interest income decreased year-over-year by $2 million, or 3%, to $88 million due to a 2% decrease in average earning assets and a 2 basis point reduction in the net interest margin to 3.16% from 3.18%. The decrease in average earning assets reflected the use of funds from securities sales to pay down higher cost borrowings. The net interest margin reached a recent low of 3.11% in the fourth quarter of 2023 and then increased to 3.20% in the second quarter of 2024 including the benefit of the sale of $362 million in lower yielding securities. The margin decreased to 3.16% in the most recent quarter including the impact of the sale of deposits in branches that were sold. Including deposits held for sale, total average deposits decreased $160 million, or 2%, linked quarter. Branches sold in the final week of the third quarter included deposits totaling $159 million which were included in average deposits in the quarter.
The third quarter 2024 yield on earning assets increased year-over-year by 43 basis points, while the cost of funds increased by 49 basis points. This differential was primarily driven by the differential between the yield on loans, which increased 23 basis points compared to the cost of deposits, which increased 61 basis points year-over-year. The Federal Reserve Bank shift in policy in the most recent quarter towards lowering interest rates was too late to result in lower quarter-over-quarter changes in yields and costs.
On a year-over-year basis in the third quarter, an $831 million decrease in lower yielding average investment securities funded a $281 million increase in average loans, a $296 million increase in average short-term
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investments, and a $228 million decrease in average borrowings. The 3% increase in average loans was primarily due to a $332 million increase in higher yielding average commercial real estate loans.
For the first nine months of the year, net interest income decreased year-over-year by $16 million, or 6%. This was primarily due to a decrease in the net interest margin to 3.17% from 3.33% primarily due to rising deposit costs, together with a 1% decrease in average earning assets.
Non-Interest Income. Third quarter non-interest income increased year-over-year by $20 million, or 115%, due primarily to the $16 million gain on the branch sale.
As previously noted, total non-interest income is not comparable year-over-year due to the change in tax accounting in 2024. Third quarter fee income increased year-over-year including a 12% increase in loan related fees, a 19% increase in SBA loan sale gains, and an 8% increase in wealth management fees. This growth generally represented increased business volume and benefited from the Company’s investment in front line staff and technology.
For the first nine months of the year, total non-interest income decreased $26 million, or 51%, due primarily to the $50 million first quarter loss on the sale of securities partially offset by the $16 million third quarter gain on the branch sale. The four fee income categories collectively were stable from year to year. Fee income increased sequentially in each of the quarters in 2024.
Provision Expense for Credit Losses. Provision expense decreased year-over-year by $2.5 million, or 31%, in the third quarter and by $7 million, or 28%, for the first nine months. Nine month net loan charge-offs decreased 37% to $11 million and measured 0.16% of average loans in 2024 compared to 0.28% in 2023. The 2024 provision resulted in a $7 million increase to $112 million in the allowance for credit losses on loans and an increase in the ratio of the allowance to total loans to 1.22% at period-end compared to 1.17% at the start of the year.
Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense decreased year-over-year by $5 million, or 6%, for the third quarter and by $4 million, or 2% for the first nine months of the year. The non-GAAP measure of operating non-interest expense decreased by 2% for both of these periods, declining $2 million for the third quarter and $4 million for the year-to-date.
For the year-to-date, the largest decrease in operating expense was occupancy, which decreased $3 million or 11%. This included the impact of four branch consolidations in 2023, three branch consolidations in 2024, and ten branches sold in 2024, together with dispositions of other excess properties. Of note, the sales of eight of the branches sold were completed near the end of the most recent quarter. Year-to-date marketing expense was reduced by $2 million, or 41%, primarily due to the streamlining of certain media contracts. Nine month compensation expense increased by $2 million, or 2%. Full time equivalent staff totaled 1,232 at period-end, compared to 1,340 at the start of the year. All staff related to the ten branches sold were offered employment by the branch buyers. FTE staff was reduced by 40 positions as a result of the branch sale, and staff count was reduced based on a workforce realignment in the first quarter of the year. The Company is focused on efficiencies to reduce overhead and to deepen its investment in frontline staff and customer engagement technology.
Operating non-interest expense decreased sequentially in recent quarters due to the Company’s initiatives. In the most recent quarter, the category of “other expenses” increased $2 million over the prior quarter due primarily to one commercial check fraud. Excluding this item, total operating expense decreased compared to the linked quarter.
Income Tax Expense. As previously noted, income tax expense in 2024 is not comparable to 2023 and prior years due to the change in the accounting method for certain equity tax credit investments. In 2024, the effective income tax rate was 22% for the third quarter and for the first nine months of the year.
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COMPARISON OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AT SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023
General. Total assets decreased $0.8 billion, or 7%, to $11.6 billion in the first nine months of 2024. Short-term investments and total deposits declined from elevated year-end 2023 levels. Investment securities declined in line with the deposits transferred in the sale of ten branches. Total loans increased from organic growth, net of balances sold, and there was a corresponding increase in borrowings. Loans/deposits increased to 96% from 85%. Equity/assets increased to 9.2% from 8.1%.
Investment Securities. Investment securities decreased by $0.4 billion, or 24%, to $1.2 billion during the first nine months of the year. This was primarily due to the sale of lower yielding securities near the end of the first quarter. This improved the Company’s liquidity in advance of the branch sale and benefited earnings as the sale proceeds were used to pay down higher cost funds. The yield on the securities portfolio was 2.49% in the third quarter of 2024 compared to 2.40% in the fourth quarter of 2023.
Loans. Total loans increased $0.2 billion, or 2%, to $9.2 billion in the first nine months of 2024, primarily reflecting balanced ongoing commercial originations. In 2024, the Company sold $47 million in seasoned residential mortgages early in the third quarter and transferred $47 million in consumer loans to held for sale at the end of the third quarter; this sale was completed in October. Additionally, the Company sold $50 million in residential mortgage and consumer loan balances as part of the branch sale. Adjusted for these balances sold, total loans increased 4% for the year-to-date. The yield on total loans was 6.11% in the most recent quarter, compared to 5.97% in the final quarter of 2023.
Commercial loans comprised 66% of total loans and increased $0.3 billion, or 5%, to $6.1 billion during the first nine months of 2024. Growth was recorded in all major categories of commercial loans, including an 11% increase in multifamily loans and a 22% increase in owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. Based on the supervisory definition of commercial real estate loans which excludes owner-occupied properties, the supervisory measure of commercial real estate loans to total bank regulatory capital measured 283% at period-end, compared to 286% at year-end 2023. The supervisory measure of construction loans to bank regulatory capital measured 50% and 51% at the above respective dates.
The Company has a diversified commercial real estate portfolio primarily located in suburban markets in its footprint. The commercial real estate loan portfolio increased $0.2 billion, or 6%, to $4.7 billion in the first nine months of 2024, and constituted 51% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. There were $1 million in net charge-offs of commercial real estate loans in the first nine months of 2024. Nonaccruing loans were 0.22% of total commercial real estate loans at period-end compared to 0.10% at year-end 2023. Period-end loans rated substandard were 1.41% of commercial real estate loans, compared to 1.95% at year-end 2023. At period-end, the largest property type concentrations (over 5% of the portfolio and excluding construction loans) were retail trade (20%), multifamily (14%), office (11%), healthcare (9%), and hospitality (7%). The largest category, retail trade, was primarily comprised of properties anchored by strong grocery and big box tenants in suburban areas – with no significant tenant concentrations, and negligible indoor mall exposure. The $502 million office portfolio was approximately 70% composed of Class A properties and approximately 76% of the office portfolio was maturing after 2025. Boston properties were 16% of the office portfolio, with no high-rise office buildings. Construction loans consisted primarily of multifamily (approximately 46%) and industrial (approximately 14%) at period-end.
Residential mortgage loans comprised 30% of loans and were unchanged at $2.8 billion in the first nine months of 2024. Consumer loans comprised 4% of loans and decreased $0.1 billion, or 23%, for the year-to-date. This was largely due to targeted run-off and sales of unsecured consumer installment loans.
Asset Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
Loan performance indicators were little changed since year-end 2023 and remained at historically favorable levels. Total delinquent and non-performing loans measured 0.53% of loans at period-end, compared to 0.54% at the start of the year. This was the lowest quarterly level in more than 15 years. It included non-performing loans measuring 0.26% and 0.24% of total loans at the above respective dates.
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Annualized year-to-date net loan charge-offs measured 0.16% of average loans compared to 0.26% for the year 2023. Criticized loans/total loans decreased to 2.51% of total loans from 2.71% in the first nine months of the year, including a reduction in classified loans to 1.38% of loans from 1.69% of loans. Potential problems loans, which are defined as accruing classified loans, decreased to $103 million from $132 million for the year-to-date. Improvements in borrower risk ratings have generally reflected borrowers adjusting operations to mitigate the impact of higher interest rates on variable rate loans and to the impact of changing supply/demand conditions.
The allowance for credit losses on loans increased by $7 million, or 6%, to $112 million during the first nine months of the year. In addition to reflecting the 2% loan growth, this also reflected an increase in the ratio of the allowance to total loans to 1.22% from 1.17%. The increase in reserve coverage reflected increases in all major loan categories except non-owner occupied commercial real estate, for which the ratio of the allowance to loans decreased to 1.41% from 1.47%. The largest increase was the reserve related to commercial and industrial loans, which grew by $5 million, increasing to 1.71% of loans from 1.37%. Due to the sale of consumer loans, the related reserve decreased by $5 million, while the coverage ratio increased to 6.08% from 5.46%. Consumer loans include home equity loans and installment loans. Factors contributing to higher reserves included longer expected loan lives and increased qualitative reserves related to macroeconomic and federal policy uncertainties.
Deposits and Borrowings. For the first nine months of the year, total deposits decreased by $1.1 billion, or 10%, to $9.6 billion. This included the sale of $0.4 billion in deposits due to the sale of ten branches in the third quarter. All categories of deposits decreased, including a reduction in short-term payroll related balances which vary daily and which were elevated at year-end 2023. Average deposits in the most recent quarter were $9.4 billion, decreasing $0.6 billion, or 6%, from the fourth quarter of 2023. Excluding deposits sold, average deposits decreased $0.2 billion, or 2%.
The branch sale included $383 million in deposits, consisting of $77 million of non-interest bearing deposits, $25 million of NOW deposits, $77 million of money market deposits, $45 million of savings deposits, and $159 million of time deposits. Approximately $224 million in deposits were sold early in the first month of the quarter and $158 million were sold near the end of the quarter. The average balance of deposits held for sale was $259 million in the third quarter and included some accounts which were not sold because client selected deposit retention exceeded expectations.
Non-interest bearing deposits were 24% of average deposits in the third quarter of 2024 compared to 25% in the fourth quarter of 2023. All major categories of average deposits decreased between these two periods, primarily in transaction deposits. The total cost of deposits increased to 2.42% in the most recent quarter compared to 2.11% in the fourth quarter of 2023. The cost of deposits held for sale in the most recent quarter was 2.30%.
Total borrowings increased year-to-date by $0.2 billion, or 40%, to $0.8 billion. The cost of borrowings was unchanged at 5.4% in the most recent quarter compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. Average borrowings increased by $0.1 billion, or 15%, to $0.7 billion in the most recent quarter compared to the fourth quarter of 2023.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The notional amount of derivative financial instruments totaled $4.8 billion at period-end, which was unchanged from year-end 2023. The net fair value of these instruments at period-end was a liability of $19 million, decreasing from a liability of 30 million at year-end 2023. Included in derivative financial instruments are $800 million in cash flow hedges on commercial loans, of which $275 million mature in 2025, $425 million mature in 2026, and $100 million mature in 2027. The Company recorded a $473 thousand charge to interest expense for the realized loss on cash flow hedging instruments in the first nine months of 2024.
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Shareholders’ Equity. Capital measures remained strong and improved in the first nine months of 2024. Total shareholders’ equity increased $58 million, or 6%, to $1.1 billion. The $50 million loss on the first quarter sale of securities resulted in a credit to accumulated other comprehensive loss and an offsetting charge against earnings. Year-to-date net income totaled $41 million, dividends totaled $23 million, and share repurchases totaled $18 million. Excluding the securities loss, which had no impact on total equity, net income for the first nine months of 2024 totaled $80 million, which was the primary reason for the 6% increase in total equity.
Book value per share increased by $1.63, or 7%, to $24.90 in the first nine months of 2024. The non-GAAP measure of tangible book value per share increased by $1.71, or 7%, to $24.53. Share repurchases in 2024 were accretive to book value measures, based on the average repurchase price of approximately $21.94.
Reflecting the increase in equity and the decrease in total assets, the ratio of equity to assets increased to 9.2% from 8.1% and the non-GAAP measure of tangible common equity to tangible assets increased to 9.1% from 8.0%. The common equity Tier 1 capital ratio measured 12.0% at both period-end and year-end 2023.
Liquidity and Cash Flows
Liquidity is defined as the ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet all present and future funding requirements at reasonable costs for the Company, including the Bank. Liquidity management addresses both the Company’s ability to fund new loans and investments pursuant to commitments and as opportunities arise, to meet customer deposit withdrawals and to repay borrowings and subordinated notes as they mature. The Company views its liquidity as satisfactory for current conditions as well as for stressed scenarios in its liquidity testing models.
At September 30, 2024, liquid assets totaling $1.2 billion included cash and equivalents totaling $0.6 billion and securities available for sale totaling $0.6 billion. At year-end 2023 liquid assets were $2.2 billion, including $1.2 billion in cash and equivalents and $1.0 billion in securities available for sale.
At September 30, 2024, wholesale funds totaled $1.2 billion, including $0.7 billion in borrowings and $0.5 billion in brokered deposits. At year-end 2023, wholesale funds totaled $1.0 billion evenly split between borrowings and brokered deposits.
Unused borrowing availability at period-end from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston “FHLBB” and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (“FRB”) totaled $3.7 billion, compared to $4.0 billion at year-end 2023. Borrowings from these sources are supported by collateral, to the extent utilized. Cash balances at the holding company totaled $71 million at period-end.
During the first nine months of 2024, total cash and equivalents decreased to $0.6 billion from $1.2 billion as deposits decreased from elevated overnight levels at year-end 2023. For the year-to-date, the primary source of funds was securities sales totaling $0.4 billion and the primary additional uses of funds were the outflow of $0.3 billion due to the branch sale and $0.3 billion in net loan growth.
Capital Resources
Please see the “Shareholders’ Equity” section of the Comparison of Financial Condition for a discussion of shareholders’ equity together with the note on Shareholders' Equity in the consolidated financial statements. Additional information about capital resources and regulatory capital is contained in the notes to the consolidated financial statements and in the Company's most recent Form 10-K.
The Company’s goal is to maintain sound capitalization and use capital generation to support organic growth and shareholder distributions in the form of dividends and stock repurchases. The Company’s goal is to maintain a “well-capitalized” regulatory designation under projected and stressed financial projections.
In most recent periods, the Company has returned excess capital to shareholders through stock repurchases. The Company’s long-term goal is to maintain an efficient capital structure and to provide a return in excess of the cost of its common equity capital.
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As a result of rising interest rates, available for sale bond portfolios in banks are generally subject to unrealized losses which result in charges against accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) and reduce the book value of shareholders’ equity. Like many of its peers, the Company utilizes an option in reporting its regulatory equity which excludes changes in AOCI in the calculation of regulatory capital. Reductions in bond valuations due to changes in market interest rates are reversed as bonds approach maturity. These reversals are accreted to AOCI over time, restoring the book value of equity. The balance of AOCI was a loss of $89 million at period-end, compared to a loss of $143 million at year-end 2023. This reduction was primarily due to the realization of $50 million in losses with the securities sale in the first quarter of 2024.
While the Company monitors the book value of equity and related metrics, it primarily manages capital based on regulatory capital measures, with a focus on the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio. This ratio measured 12.0% both at period-end and year-end 2023.
In acting as a source of strength for the Bank, the Company relies in the long term on capital distributions from the Bank in order to provide operating and capital service for the Company, which in turn can access national financial markets to provide financial support to the Bank. Capital distributions from the Bank to the parent company presently require approval by the FDIC.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements
included in its most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. Modifications to significant accounting policies made during the year are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this report. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP and practices generally applicable to the financial services industry requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and to disclose contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Management has identified the Company's most critical accounting policies as related to:
• Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
• Fair Value Measurements
These policies are considered most critical in that they are important to the Company’s financial condition and results, and they require management’s subjective and complex judgment as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. Both of these policies were significant in determining income and financial condition in the financial statements. There is further discussion of the application of these policies in the Form 10-K.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY UPDATE
Berkshire Bank is a performance and purpose-driven, values-guided bank providing strength, stability and trusted advice to create a positive impact for its clients and communities while upholding equitable, ethical, responsible and sustainable business practices. Corporate responsibility highlights for the year-to-date include:
•Berkshire was named one of the Most Trustworthy Companies in America 2024 by Newsweek and received an Association of Marketing and Communication Professionals Communitas Award for leadership in corporate responsibility for the seventh consecutive year.
•The Company released its 2023 Sustainability Report highlighting all that Berkshire is doing to be a responsible, equitable and sustainable bank while elevating its client experience and community impact.
•Berkshire expanded its Down Payment Assistance Program to help qualifying buyers achieve their dream of homeownership.
•More than 1,000 Berkshire employees participated in 50 volunteer projects contributing more than 4,600 hours of service as part of Xtraordinary Day, the Bank’s annual day of service.
•Berkshire maintained its top quartile environmental, social and governance performance in the banking sector and was listed as an “Outperformer” in the R-Factor™ rating as of October 2024.
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•The Company was recognized among TIME’s America’s Best Mid-Size Companies 2024.
•Berkshire was recognized as a Top Charitable Contributor by the Boston Business Journal for the 12th consecutive year and named to Newsweek’s list of America’s Greatest Workplaces.
•The Bank achieved targets for lending in low-moderate income communities, increasing minority homeownership, and support for green projects through its multi-year Community Comeback program.
•The American Bankers Association Foundation honored Berkshire Bank for its dedication to economic inclusion with the foundation’s Community Commitment Award, which recognizes banks for extraordinary corporate social responsibility activities.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
For additional discussion about the Company’s Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk, please review Item 7A of the most recent report on Form 10-K which sets forth the methodologies employed by the Company and the various aspects of its analysis of its interest rate sensitivity.
Market risk represents the risk of loss to earnings, capital and the economic values of certain assets and liabilities resulting from changes in interest rates and equity prices. The only significant market risk exposure for the Company is Interest Rate Risk (“IRR”). This is a result of the Company’s core business activities of making loans and accepting deposits, as well as investments and funding activities.
The effective management of IRR is essential to achieving the Company’s financial objectives. This responsibility resides with the Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”). The ALCO’s role is to establish an effective asset/liability decision-making process to aid in managing risk exposures and achieving strategic objectives and corporate financial goals. The Company manages IRR by using two primary risk measurement techniques: simulation of net interest income and simulation of economic value of equity. These two measurements are complementary and provide both short-term and long-term risk profiles of the Company.
Net Interest Income (“NII”) at Risk Simulation is used to measure the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in market rates over a 12 month period assuming a static balance sheet. This simulation captures underlying product behaviors, such as asset and liability repricing dates, balloon dates, interest rate indices and spreads, rate caps and floors, as well as other behavioral attributes. The simulation of net interest income also requires a number of key assumptions such as (i) prepayment projections for loans and securities; (ii) new business loan spreads; and (iii) deposit pricing assumptions. Combined, these assumptions can be inherently uncertain, and as a result, actual results may differ from simulation forecasts due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, future business conditions, as well as unanticipated changes in management strategies.
The Company uses two sets of standard scenarios to measure NII Sensitivity. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario, while twist scenarios assume the shape of the curve flattens or steepens instantaneously.
The following tables set forth the estimated percent change in the Company’s NII Sensitivity compared to the flat rate scenario over one-year simulation periods beginning September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

|  | Estimated Percent Change in Net Interest Income |  |
Parallel Interest Rate Shock (basis points) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
+200 |  | 1.1% |  | 0.5% |  |
+100 |  | 0.6 |  | 0.3 |  |
-100 |  | (0.90) |  | (0.6) |  |
-200 |  | (2.1) |  | (2.1) |  |
|  | Estimated Percent Change in Net Interest Income |  |
Yield Curve Twist Interest Rate Shock (basis points) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023 |  |
Short End +100 |  | (1.0)% |  | (0.5)% |  |
Short End -100 |  | 0.9 |  | (0.5) |  |
Long End +100 |  | 1.6 |  | 1.1 |  |
Long End -100 |  | (1.8) |  | (1.1) |  |

The Company’s NII sensitivity results at period-end were mostly little changed from the start of the year, with modest asset sensitivity in parallel shock simulations.
Yield curve twist simulations were mostly little changed from the prior year-end, with slight liability sensitivity in the short end of the yield curve and modest asset sensitivity on the long end. In the situation of a normalization of
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the yield curve to a positive slope due to both lower short-term rates and higher long-term rates, the result is modeled to be positive to net interest income in the framework of a static balance sheet.
Economic Value of Equity (EVE) Sensitivity is conducted to ascertain a longer-term view of the Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates. As with NII modeling, EVE Sensitivity captures product characteristics such as loan resets, repricing terms, maturity dates, rate caps and floors. Key assumptions include loan prepayment speeds, deposit pricing elasticity and non-maturity deposit attrition rates. These assumptions can have significant impacts on valuation results as the assumptions remain in effect for the entire life of each asset and liability. All key assumptions are subject to periodic review.
Base case EVE Sensitivity is calculated by estimating the net present value of all future cash flows from existing assets and liabilities using current interest rates. The current spot interest rate curve is shocked up and down to generate new interest rate curves for parallel rate shock scenarios. These new curves are then used to recalculate EVE Sensitivity for rate shock scenarios.
The following table sets forth the estimated percent change in the Company’s EVE Sensitivity from the base case scenario, assuming various instantaneous parallel shocks in interest rates.

|  | Estimated Percent Change in Economic Value of Equity
Parallel Shock Rate Change (basis points) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
+200 |  | (2.1)% |  | (3.9)%
+100 |  | (0.9) |  | (1.8)
-100 |  | 0.0 |  | 1.2
-200 |  | (0.1) |  | 1.3

The Company’s EVE Sensitivity profile indicates that at September 30, 2024 the balance sheet was modestly liability sensitive, with this sensitivity decreasing compared to December 31, 2023.
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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
a) Disclosure controls and procedures.
The principal executive officers, including the principal financial officer, based on their evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting.
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
As of September 30, 2024, neither the Company nor the Bank was involved in any pending legal proceedings believed by management to be material to the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Bank, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Bank holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans, and other issues incident to the Bank’s business. A summary of certain legal matters involving unsettled litigation or pertaining to pending transactions are as follows:
On February 4, 2020, the Bank filed a complaint in the New York State Supreme Court for the County of Albany against Pioneer Bank (“Pioneer”) seeking damages of approximately $16.0 million. The complaint alleges that Pioneer is liable to the Bank for a credit loss of approximately $16.0 million suffered by the Bank in the third quarter of 2019 as a result of Pioneer’s breaches of a series of loan participation agreements executed in 2017, 2018 and 2019 in which it served as the lead bank, as well as constructive fraud, fraudulent concealment and/or negligent misrepresentation. Pioneer filed a motion to dismiss aspects of the Bank’s complaint, which motion was allowed in part by the court to dismiss the Bank’s negligent misrepresentation claim, and denied in part by the court to allow all other claims by the Bank to proceed. The Company wrote down the underlying credit loss in its entirety in the third quarter of 2019, but recognized a partial recovery of $1.7 million early in the second quarter of 2020. The Company has not accrued for any additional anticipated recovery at this time. Extensive discovery has taken place in this action. On November 30, 2022, the Bank filed an amended complaint in its action against Pioneer setting forth more detailed allegations of Pioneer’s breaches of the loan participation agreements and stating additional claims for fraudulent inducement to cause Berkshire to join the loan participation agreements, constructive fraud and fraudulent concealment. On January 30, 2023, as part of its response to the Bank’s amended complaint, Pioneer filed a counterclaim against the Bank alleging (i) certain breaches by the Bank of the 2019 loan participation agreement stemming from actions that the Bank took to protect its interests after it learned of the facts and circumstances that caused the underlying credit loss, and (ii) that as a result of accepting the partial recovery of approximately $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2020 the Bank should be deemed to have ratified the 2019 loan participation agreement and mooted its claims against Pioneer. Further discovery is continuing between the parties.
On or about August 10, 2020, a former employee of the Bank’s subsidiary First Choice Loan Services Inc. (“FCLS”) filed a complaint in the Court of Common Pleas, Bucks County Pennsylvania against FCLS and two of its former senior corporate officers generally alleging wrongful termination as a result of purported whistleblower retaliation and other violations of New Jersey state employment law. The complaint also purports to name the Bank and the Company as additional defendants, even though neither entity ever employed, paid wages to or contracted with the plaintiff. On November 16, 2020, the plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint reiterating the same claims against the same defendants. The Company's liability insurer has provided outside litigation counsel to defend the Company and the Bank in this matter, as well as FCLS and its former senior corporate officers. On December 7, 2020, defense counsel filed Preliminary Objections on behalf of the Company, the Bank, FCLS and FCLS’s former senior corporate officers denying the plaintiff’s claims and seeking dismissal of the case and an order that the plaintiff’s claims must proceed through arbitration in accordance with contractual obligations set forth in plaintiff’s previous employment agreement with FCLS. On June 30, 2021, the court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint without prejudice in support of FCLS’s petition to compel arbitration. The parties have mutually agreed on an arbitrator to hear the case and are preparing for arbitration proceedings that are expected to occur no earlier than the first quarter of 2025. Discovery is continuing between the parties in preparation for final arbitration.
On or about May 13, 2024, a complaint was filed against the B ank in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, Syracuse Division by an individual who claims to have filed the complaint on behalf of a purported class of victims of an alleged Ponzi scheme perpetrated by a former Berkshire Bank customer. The complaint alleges that because the Bank held deposit accounts for the former customer that appear to be related to the alleged Ponzi scheme, the Bank is liable to the alleged fraudster’s victims for aiding and abetting the scheme. The Bank has filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 9(b). On October 31, 2024, the court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted under Rules 12(b)(6) and 9(b).
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed herein and in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could materially affect the Company's business, financial condition, or future operating results. The risks described in this report and in the Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks presently facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company, or currently deemed to be immaterial, also may materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, and/or operating results. There have been no material changes in risk factors from those identified in the Form 10-K.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES, USE OF PROCEEDS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
(a) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
The Company occasionally engages in the practice of transferring unregistered securities for the purpose of completing business transactions. These shares are issued to vendors or other organizations as consideration for services performed in accordance with each contract. During the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 there were no shares transferred.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) The following table provides certain information with regard to shares repurchased by the Company in the third quarter of 2024:

|  | Total number of |  | Average price |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under
Period |  | shares purchased |  | paid per share |  | plans or programs |  | the plans or programs
July 1-31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,589 |
August 1-31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,589 |
September 1-30, 2024 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,589 |
Total |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | 839,589 |

On January 25, 2024, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company is authorized to repurchase shares of Company common stock at a total cost of up to $40 million through December 31, 2024. The maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program has been estimated based on the September 30, 2024 closing price per share of Company common stock of $26.93.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc.(1)
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (2)
4.1 |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (3)
4.2 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series B Non-Voting Preferred Stock of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. (4)
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 |  | The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
104 |  | The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL.

_______________________________________
(1) Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 10-Q as filed on August 9, 2018.
(2) Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on June 26, 2017.
(3) Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form S-1, Registration Statement and amendments thereto, initially filed on March 10, 2000, Registration No. 333-32146.
(4) Incorporated herein by reference from the Exhibits to the Form 8-K as filed on October 16, 2017.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| BERKSHIRE HILLS BANCORP, INC.
Dated: November 12, 2024 | By: | /s/ Nitin J. Mhatre
| Nitin J. Mhatre
| President and Chief Executive Officer
Dated: November 12, 2024 | By: | /s/ Brett Brbovic
| Brett Brbovic
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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