Estimates and assumptions: We are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results are likely to differ from those estimates, but we do not believe such differences will materially affect our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses: Accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of trade receivables less allowances for credit losses. Trade receivables consist of amounts owed to Ingevity from customer sales and are recorded at the invoiced amounts when revenue is recognized and generally do not bear interest. The allowance for credit losses is our best estimate of the amount of probable loss in the existing accounts receivable. We determine the allowance based on our expected future credit losses, which is partly based on historical write-off experience, current collection trends, and external business factors such as economic factors, including regional bankruptcy rates and political factors. Past-due balances over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when it is probable that the receivable will not be recovered. Allowance for credit losses at December 31, 2022 and 2021, was $0.5 million and $2.0 million, respectively.

Concentration of credit risk: The financial instruments that potentially subject Ingevity to concentrations of credit risk are accounts receivable. We limit our credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations and, when necessary, requiring letters of credit, guarantees, or collateral. Our largest customer as of December 31, 2022 had accounts receivable of $9.3 million and $5.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Sales to our largest customer, from our Performance Materials segment, were approximately four percent of total net sales for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Sales to the automotive industry, which represents our largest industry concentration, were approximately 30 percent of our consolidated Net sales. No customers individually accounted for greater than 10 percent of Ingevity's consolidated Net sales.

Inventories, net: Inventories are valued at lower of cost or net realizable value, except for inventories determined using the last-in, first-out method (“LIFO”), which are valued at the lower of LIFO or market cost. The value of our U.S. inventories is determined using LIFO for the majority of our raw materials, finished goods, and production materials. The value of all other inventories, including stores and supplies inventories and inventories of non-U.S. operations, is determined by the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") or average costs methods. Elements of cost in inventories include raw materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. We routinely assess inventory for both potential obsolescence and potential declines in anticipated selling prices to derive a market value for the inventory on hand. This review also includes an analysis of potentially obsolete, unmarketable, slow-moving, or overvalued inventory. If necessary, we will impair any inventories by an amount equal to the difference between the value of the held inventory (i.e., cost) and its estimated net realizable value for FIFO and average cost inventories and market value for LIFO inventories.

Property, plant, and equipment: Owned assets are recorded at cost. Also included in the cost of these assets is interest on funds borrowed during the construction period. When assets are sold, retired or disposed of, their cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected within the consolidated statement of operations. Repair and maintenance costs that materially add to the value of the asset or prolong its useful life are capitalized and depreciated based on the extension of the useful life.

Repair and maintenance costs: We expense routine repair and maintenance costs as we incur them. We defer expenses incurred during planned major maintenance activities and record these amounts to Other assets on our consolidated balance sheet. Deferred amounts are recognized as expense ratably over the shorter of the estimated interval until the next major maintenance activity or the life of the deferred item. The cash outflows related to these costs are included in operating activities within the consolidated statement of cash flows. The timing of this maintenance can vary by manufacturing plant and has a significant impact on our results of operations in the period performed primarily due to lost production during the maintenance period.

Depreciation: The cost of property, plant, and equipment is depreciated, utilizing the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of the assets, the majority of which range from 20 to 40 years for buildings and leasehold improvements and 5 to 30 years for machinery and equipment. The following table provides details on the useful lives and proportion of our machinery and equipment (“M&E”) in each useful life category.


Percent of M&E Cost	Depreciable Life in Years	Types of Assets
23	5 to 10	Production control system equipment and hardware, laboratory testing equipment
11	15	Control systems, instrumentation, metering equipment
49	20	Production vessels and kilns, storage tanks, piping
7	25 to 30	Blending equipment, storage tanks, piping, shipping equipment and platforms, safety equipment
3	40	Machinery & equipment support structures and foundations
7	Various	Various

Leases: We lease various assets for use in our operations that are classified as both operating and financing leases. At contract inception, we determine that a lease exists if the contract conveys the right to control an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control is considered to exist when the lessee has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an identified asset as well as the right to direct the use of that asset. If a contract is considered to be a lease, we recognize a lease liability based on the present value of the future lease payments, with an offsetting entry to recognize a right-of-use asset. As a majority of our leases do not provide an explicit rate within the lease, an incremental borrowing rate is used, which is based on information available at the commencement date. The determination of the incremental borrowing rate for each individual lease was impacted by the following assumptions: lease term, currency, and the economic environment for the physical location of the leased asset.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Some of our leases include options to extend the lease term at our sole discretion. We account for lease and non-lease components together as a single component for all lease asset classes. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Certain leases provide for escalation of the lease payments, as well as maintenance costs and taxes increase.

Impairment of long-lived assets: We periodically evaluate whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our long-lived assets, including intangible assets, to be held and used may not be recoverable. If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by the long-lived asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to carrying value to determine whether impairment exists.

If an asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on quoted market prices in active markets, if available. If quoted market prices are not available, the estimate of fair value is based on various valuation techniques, including a discounted value of estimated future cash flows. We report an asset to be disposed of at the lower of its carrying value or its estimated net realizable value.

Goodwill and other intangible assets: Goodwill represents the excess of cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. We conduct a required annual review of goodwill for potential impairment at October 1, or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying value. Our reporting units are our operating segments, i.e., Performance Chemicals and Performance Materials. If the carrying value of a reporting unit that includes goodwill exceeds its fair value, which is determined using both the income approach and market approach, goodwill is considered impaired. The income approach determines fair value based on discounted cash flow model derived from a reporting unit’s long-term forecasted cash flows. The market approach determines fair value based on the application of earnings multiples of comparable companies to projected earnings of the reporting unit. The amount of impairment loss is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of a reporting unit but is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. In performing the fair value analysis, management makes various judgments, estimates and assumptions, the most significant of which is the assumption related to revenue growth rates.

The factors we considered in developing our estimates and projections for cash flows include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) macroeconomic conditions; (ii) industry and market considerations; (iii) costs, such as increases in raw materials, labor, or other costs; (iv) our overall financial performance; and (v) other relevant entity-specific events that impact our reporting units.

The determination of whether goodwill is impaired involves a significant level of judgment in the assumptions underlying the approach used to determine the estimated fair values of our reporting units. We believe that the estimates and assumptions used in our impairment assessment are reasonable; however, these assumptions are judgmental and variations in any assumptions could result in materially different calculations of fair value. We will continue to evaluate goodwill on an annual basis as of October 1, and whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as significant adverse changes in operating results, market conditions, or changes in management’s business strategy indicate that there may be a probable indicator of impairment. It is possible that the assumptions used by management related to the evaluation may change or that actual results may vary significantly from management’s estimates.

Our fiscal year 2022 annual goodwill impairment test was performed as of October 1, 2022. We determined that the fair value of both our reporting units were substantially in excess of their carrying value and therefore concluded that no goodwill impairment existed. There were no events or circumstances indicating that goodwill might be impaired as of December 31, 2022. No impairment charges have been recognized historically.

Other intangible assets are comprised of finite-lived intangible assets consisting primarily of brands (representing trademarks, trade names and know-how), customer contracts and relationships, and developed technology. Other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives which range from 3 to 20 years. Any potential impairment for definite-lived intangible assets will be calculated in the same manner as disclosed under impairment of property, plant and equipment. Customer relationships are amortized in a manner that reflects the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed.

Capitalized software: Capitalized software for internal use is included within Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Amounts capitalized are presented in Capital expenditures on our consolidated statements of cash flow. Capitalized software is amortized using the straight-line over the estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years. Amortization is recorded to Costs of sales on our consolidated statements of operations for software directly used in the production of inventory and Selling, general, and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations for software used for non-production related activities.

Strategic investments: We have a variety of strategic investments that are classified as long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Our strategic investments are accounted for under either the equity method of accounting or the measurement alternative, where fair value is not readily determinable. We use the equity method of accounting for investments that we do not control, but for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence.

For strategic investments that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, our initial investment is recorded at cost. Subsequently, the carrying value for these investments will be impacted by our proportionate share of undistributed earnings or loss, distributions, amortization or accretion of basis differences, and other-than-temporary impairments. Subsequent adjustments to our initial investment are recorded within Other (income) expense, net on the consolidated statement of operations.

Strategic investments accounted for under the measurement alternative, where fair value is not readily determinable, are accounted for at cost. Adjustments for observable changes in prices or impairments are recognized in Other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of operations.

Legal liabilities: We recognize a liability for legal contingencies when a loss is probable and reasonably estimable. Third-party fees for legal services are expensed as incurred. If only a range of estimated losses can be determined, we accrue an amount that reflects the most likely outcome; if none of the estimates within that range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the low end of the range. If an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable, we will disclose an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss. If we cannot estimate the loss or range of losses arising from a legal proceeding, we will disclose that an estimate cannot be made. In assessing the materiality of a legal proceeding, we evaluate, among other factors, the amount of monetary damages claimed, as well as the potential impact of non-monetary remedies sought by plaintiffs that may require us to change our business practices in a manner that could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Revenue recognition: Our revenue is derived from contracts with customers, and substantially all our revenue is recognized when products are either shipped from our manufacturing and warehousing facilities or delivered to the customer. Revenue, net of returns and customer incentives, is based on the sale of manufactured products. Revenues are recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our products. For certain limited contracts, where we are producing goods with no alternative use and for which we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, we are recognizing revenue as goods are manufactured, rather than when they are shipped. Revenues are presented as Net sales on the consolidated statements of operations.

transferring goods. Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant. Certain customers may receive cash-based incentives, including discounts and volume rebates, which are accounted for as variable consideration and included within Net sales. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are included within Net sales. If we pay for the freight and shipping, we recognize the cost when control of the product has transferred to the customer as an expense within Cost of sales on the consolidated statements of operations. Payment terms with our customers are typically in the range of zero to sixty days. Because the period between when we transfer a promised good to a customer and when the customer pays for that good will be one year or less, we elect not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of any financing component, as it is not significant.

Cost of sales: Costs primarily consist of the cost of inventory sold and other production related costs. These costs include raw materials, direct labor, manufacturing overhead, packaging costs, and maintenance costs. Shipping and handling costs are recorded within Cost of sales on the consolidated statements of operations.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses: Costs are expensed as incurred and primarily include employee compensation costs related to sales and office personnel, office expenses, and other expenses not directly related to our manufacturing operations. Costs also include advertising and promotional costs.

Royalty expense: We have licensing agreements with third parties requiring us to pay royalties for certain technologies we use in the manufacturing of our products. Royalty expense is recognized as incurred and recorded within Cost of sales on the consolidated statements of operations.

Restructuring and other (income) charges, net: We continually perform strategic reviews and assess the return on our operations, which sometimes results in a plan to restructure the business. The cost and benefit of these strategic restructuring initiatives are recorded within Restructuring and other (income) charges, net on the consolidated statement of operations. These costs are excluded from our operating segment results.

We record an accrual for severance and other non-recurring costs under the provisions of the relevant accounting guidance. Additionally, in some restructuring plans, write-downs of long-lived assets may occur. Two types of assets are impacted: assets to be disposed of by sale and assets to be abandoned. Assets to be disposed of by sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount or estimated net proceeds from the sale. Assets to be abandoned with no remaining future service potential are written down to amounts expected to be recovered. The useful lives of assets to be abandoned that have a remaining future service potential are adjusted and depreciation is recorded over the adjusted useful life.

Income taxes: We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions, including China and the United Kingdom ("UK"). The provision for income taxes includes income taxes paid, currently payable or receivable, and deferred taxes. We follow the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with current accounting standards regarding the accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws in effect at the time the underlying assets or liabilities are recovered or settled. The ability to realize deferred tax assets is evaluated through the forecasting of taxable income, historical and projected future operating results, the reversal of existing temporary differences, and the availability of tax planning strategies. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be realized. We do not provide income taxes on undistributed earnings of consolidated foreign subsidiaries, as it is our intention that such earnings will remain invested in those companies.

Pension and postretirement benefits: We provide both qualified and non-qualified pension and postretirement benefit plans to our employees. The expense related to the current employees, as well as the expense related to retirees, are included within the Consolidated Financial Statements. The costs (or benefits) and obligations related to these benefits reflect key assumptions related to general economic conditions, including interest (discount) rates, healthcare cost trend rates, and expected return on plan assets. The costs (or benefits) and obligations for these benefit programs are also affected by other assumptions,

such as average retirement age, mortality rates, employee turnover, and plan participation. To the extent our plans' actual experience, as influenced by changing economic and financial market conditions or by changes to our own plans' demographics, differs from these assumptions, the costs and obligations for providing these benefits, as well as the plans' funding requirements, could increase or decrease. When actual results differ from our assumptions, the difference is typically recognized over future periods. In addition, the unrealized gains and losses related to our pension and postretirement benefit obligations may also affect periodic benefit costs (or benefits) in future periods.

Share-based compensation: We recognize compensation expense within our Consolidated Financial Statements for all share-based compensation arrangements. Share-based compensation cost is measured at the date of grant, based on the fair value of the award, and expense is recognized over the grantee's requisite service period; forfeitures are recognized as they occur. We calculate the fair value of our stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units ("RSU"s), non-employee director deferred stock units ("DSU"s), and performance-based restricted stock units ("PSU"s) is determined using our closing stock price on the date of the grant. Substantially all compensation expense related to share-based awards is recorded as a component of Selling, general and administrative expenses within the consolidated statements of operations.

Operating segments: Our operating segments are Performance Materials and Performance Chemicals. Our operating segments were determined based upon the nature of the products produced, the nature of the production process, the type of customer for the products, the similarity of economic characteristics, and the manner in which management reviews results. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the business at the segment level when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of Ingevity as a whole. We evaluate sales in a format consistent with our reportable segments: (1) Performance Materials, which includes wood-based, chemically activated carbon products and (2) Performance Chemicals, which includes specialty pine-based chemical co-products derived from the kraft pulping process and caprolactone monomers and derivatives derived from cyclohexanone and hydrogen peroxide. Each segment operates as a portfolio of various end uses for the relevant raw material used in that segment.

Fair value measurements: We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the assets and liabilities fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. The carrying value of our financial instruments: cash and cash equivalents, other receivables, other payables, and accrued liabilities, approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

Derivative financial instruments: We are exposed to market risks, such as the impact of changes in interest rates on our floating rate debt, foreign currency exchange rates due to transactions denominated in a variety of foreign currencies, and commodity prices due to purchases of certain raw materials and inputs. Changes in these rates and prices may have an impact on our future cash flow and earnings. We formally document all relationships between the derivative financial instrument and the hedged item, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. We enter into derivative financial instruments which are governed by policies, procedures, and internal processes set forth by our Board of Directors.

Our risk management program also addresses counterparty credit risk by selecting only major financial institutions with investment grade ratings. Once the derivative financial instrument is entered into, we continuously monitor the financial institutions’ credit ratings and our credit risk exposure held by the financial institution. When appropriate, we reallocate exposures across multiple financial institutions to limit credit risk. If a counterparty fails to fulfill its performance obligations under the derivative financial instrument, then Ingevity is exposed to credit risk equal to the fair value of the financial instrument. Derivative assets and liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are presented on a gross basis. Due to our proactive mitigation of these potential credit risks, we anticipate performance by our counterparties to these contracts, and therefore, no material loss is expected. In order to mitigate the impact of market risks, we have and may enter into both net investment hedges and cash flow hedges.

Cash Flow Hedges: Cash flow hedges are derivative financial instruments designated as and used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that are attributable to a particular risk. The derivative financial instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, and the changes in fair value of these hedging instruments are offset in part or in whole by corresponding changes in the anticipated cash flows

of the underlying exposures being hedged. The gains and losses arising from qualifying hedging instruments are reported as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) located within the consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The reclassification gain or losses of the hedge from AOCI are recorded in the same financial statement caption on the consolidated statements of operations as the hedged item. For example, designated cash flow hedges entered to minimize foreign currency exchange risk of forecasted revenue transactions are recorded to Net sales on the consolidated statements of operations when the forecasted transaction occurs. Designated commodity cash flow hedges gains or losses recorded in AOCI are recognized within Cost of sales on the consolidated statements of operations when the inventory is sold.

Net Investment Hedges: Net investment hedges are defined as derivative or non-derivative instruments, which are designated as and used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of the net investment in certain foreign operations. The net of the change in the hedge instrument and the item being hedged against for qualifying net investment hedges is reported as a component of the foreign currency adjustments ("CTA") within AOCI on the consolidated balance sheet. The gains (losses) on net investment hedges are reclassified to earnings only when the related CTA are required to be reclassified, usually upon the sale or liquidation of the investment.

Treasury stock: We record shares of common stock repurchased at cost as treasury stock, resulting in a reduction of stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets. When the treasury shares are contributed under our employee benefit plans or issued for option exercises, we use a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method for determining cost. The difference between the cost of the shares and the market price at the time of contribution to an employee benefit plan is added to or deducted from Additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.

Translation of foreign currencies: The local currency is the functional currency for all of our significant operations outside the U.S., consisting primarily of the euro, the Japanese yen, the pound sterling, and the Chinese renminbi. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates, and adjustments resulting from these financial statement translations are included within AOCI on the consolidated balance sheets. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during each period.

Business combinations: Accounting for business combinations which requires, among other things, the acquiring entity in a business combination to recognize the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed; the recognition of acquisition-related costs within the consolidated results of operations; the recognition of restructuring costs within the consolidated results of operations for which the acquirer becomes obligated after the acquisition date; and contingent purchase consideration to be recognized at fair value on the acquisition date with subsequent adjustments recognized on the consolidated statement of operations. We generally use qualified third-party consultants to assist management in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes, when necessary, assistance with the determination of lives and valuation of tangible property, plant, and equipment and identifiable intangibles, assisting management in determining the fair value of obligations associated with employee-related liabilities, and assisting management in assessing obligations associated with legal and environmental claims. The purchase price allocation process allows us to refine these estimates over a measurement period not to exceed one year to reflect new information obtained surrounding facts and circumstances existing at the acquisition date.

The fair value assigned to identifiable intangible assets acquired is determined primarily by using an income approach, which is based on assumptions and estimates made by management. Significant assumptions utilized in the income approach are the attrition rate, revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, royalty rates, and the discount rate. These assumptions are based on company-specific information and projections, which are not observable in the market and are therefore considered Level 2 and Level 3 measurements. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identified assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Based on the acquired business’ end markets and products, as well as how the chief operating decision maker will review the business results, determines the most appropriate operating segment for which to integrate the acquired business. Goodwill acquired, if any, is allocated to the reporting unit within or at the operating segment for which the acquired business will be integrated. Selection of the appropriate reporting unit is based on the level at which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by business management post-integration. Operating results of the acquired entity are reflected within the Consolidated Financial Statements from the date of acquisition.