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Stock-Based Awards | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Awards | 19. Stock-Based Awards On July 15, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2022 Equity Plan under which the Company may issue up to 16,000,000 shares of common stock (less one share for every share granted under the 2016 Equity Plan since March 31, 2022 and inclusive of shares available under the 2016 Equity Plan as of March 31, 2022) in the form of stock options and other stock-based awards. The Company grants equity awards to employees and directors which include restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) and stock options. Certain awards described below are subject to acceleration under certain conditions.
Stock options: |  | Generally issued for terms of ten years and may vest after at least one year of service and have an exercise price equal to the Company’s stock price on the grant date. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options (when granted) using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
RSAs/RSUs: |  | Awards are valued based on the Company’s stock price on grant date and generally vest ratably, on an annual basis, over three years.
PRSUs: |  | These awards cliff vest three years from the grant date and contain a market condition whereby the number of PRSUs ultimately vesting is tied to how the Company’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) compares to a peer group of other publicly traded asset managers over the three-year period. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to value these awards.
|  | The number of PRSUs vesting ranges from 0% to 200% of the target number of PRSUs granted, as follows:
|  | •  If the relative TSR is below the 25 th percentile, then 0% of the target number of PRSUs granted will vest; •  If the relative TSR is at the 25th percentile, then 50% of the target number of PRSUs granted will vest;
|  | •  If the relative TSR is above the 25th percentile, then linear scaling is applied such that the percent of the target number of PRSUs vesting is 100% at the 50th percentile and capped at 200% of the target number of PRSUs granted for performance at the 85th percentile (or 100th percentile for grants made during 2019 and 2020) ; and •  If the Company’s TSR is negative, the target number of PRSUs vesting is capped at 100% regardless of the relative TSR percentile.
Durin g the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, total stock-based compensation expense was $10,385, $9,998 and $11,706, respectively, and the related tax benefit recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations was $2,371, $2,327 and $2,739, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions for share-based compensation was $1,548, $2,032 and $833 during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A summary of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and average remaining vesting period is as follows:
|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Unrecognized Stock- Based Compensation |  |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Vesting Period (Years) |
Employees and directors |  | $ | 12,536 |  |  |  | 1.38 |
Stock Options A summary of option activity is as follows:
|  | Options |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding January 1, 2020 |  |  | 485,536 |  |  | $ | 4.80 |
Forfeitures/expirations |  |  | (63,536 | ) |  |  | 2.49 |
Exercised |  |  | (117,000 | ) |  |  | 4.81 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 305,000 |  |  | $ | 5.68 |
Forfeitures/expirations |  |  | (162,500 | ) |  |  | 5.72 |
Exercised |  |  | (142,500 | ) |  |  | 5.64 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
There was no option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31 , 2021 and 2020 was $ 51 and $ 168 , respectively. Cash received from option exercises during the years ended December 31 , 2021 and 2020 was $ 815 and $ 292 , respectively. RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs The aggregate fair value of RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $9,466, $10,940 and $4,783, respectively. A summary of activity is as follows:
|  | RSA |  | RSU |  | PRSU (1)
|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested Balance at January 1, 2020 |  |  | 3,244,558 |  |  | $ | 7.29 |  |  |  | 39,278 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  |  | 232,610 |  |  | $ | 6.24 |
Granted |  |  | 1,653,186 |  |  |  | 3.80 |  |  |  | 32,901 |  |  |  | 3.82 |  |  |  | 117,013 | (2) |  |  | 3.11 |
Vested |  |  | (1,206,879 | ) |  |  | 8.13 |  |  |  | (27,130 | ) |  |  | 7.45 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (110,122 | ) |  |  | 4.79 |  |  |  | (5,641 | ) |  |  | 5.39 |  |  |  | (8,311 | ) |  |  | 6.24 |
Unvested Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 3,580,743 |  |  | $ | 5.38 |  |  |  | 39,408 |  |  | $ | 4.46 |  |  |  | 341,312 |  |  | $ | 5.17 |
Granted |  |  | 1,642,266 |  |  |  | 5.46 |  |  |  | 31,170 |  |  |  | 5.43 |  |  |  | 257,043 | (2) |  |  | 6.49 |
Vested |  |  | (1,897,699 | ) |  |  | 5.78 |  |  |  | (15,136 | ) |  |  | 4.73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (288,405 | ) |  |  | 5.11 |  |  |  | (452 | ) |  |  | 5.37 |  |  |  | (47,669 | ) |  |  | 5.74 |
Unvested Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 3,036,905 |  |  | $ | 5.20 |  |  |  | 54,990 |  |  | $ | 4.93 |  |  |  | 550,686 |  |  | $ | 5.73 |
Granted |  |  | 2,170,432 |  |  |  | 5.71 |  |  |  | 116,247 |  |  |  | 5.18 |  |  |  | 319,838 | (2) |  |  | 6.80 |
Vested |  |  | (1,621,201 | ) |  |  | 5.31 |  |  |  | (27,894 | ) |  |  | 5.10 |  |  |  | (202,336 | ) |  |  | 6.24 |
Forfeited |  |  | (195,054 | ) |  |  | 5.43 |  |  |  | (1,380 | ) |  |  | 5.73 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unvested Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 3,391,082 |  |  | $ | 5.46 |  |  |  | 141,963 |  |  | $ | 5.09 |  |  |  | 668,188 |  |  | $ | 6.09 |
(1) | Represents the target number of PRSUs granted and outstanding. The number of PRSUs that ultimately vest ranges from 0% to 200% of this amount.
(2) | A Monte Carlo simulation was used to value these awards using the following assumptions for the Company and the peer group: (i) beginning 90-day average stock prices; (ii) valuation date stock prices; (iii) correlation coefficients based upon the price data used to calculate the historical volatilities; and (iv) the following additional assumptions:
|  | Granted in 2022 |  |  | Granted in 2021 |  |  | Granted in 2020 |
Historical stock price volatility (low) |  |  | 33 | % |  |  | 34 | % |  |  | 21 | %
Historical stock price volatility (high) |  |  | 57 | % |  |  | 57 | % |  |  | 36 | %
Historical stock price volatility (average) |  |  | 44 | % |  |  | 44 | % |  |  | 26 | %
Risk free interest rate |  |  | 1.28 | % |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 1.47 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | %

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