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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The following are the domestic and foreign components of our income (loss) before income taxes (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Domestic$34,518 $(49,383)$(119,195)
Foreign(3,024)1,710 (420)
Total income (loss) before income taxes$31,494 $(47,673)$(119,615)
The details for the provision for (benefit from) for income taxes by jurisdiction are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Current
Federal$8,984 $647 $(194)
State3,621 1,143 760 
Foreign224 63 78 
Total current provision12,829 1,853 644 
Deferred
Federal5,481 1,142 (9,605)
State(769)(1,935)(1,990)
Total deferred provision4,712 (793)(11,595)
Total provision for (benefit from) income tax$17,541 $1,060 $(10,951)
The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 reflected the impact of a change in U.S. tax law effective January 1, 2022, which requires the capitalization and amortization of research and development expenditures incurred after December 31, 2021.
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA, was enacted. The IRA introduced a 15% alternative minimum tax based on the financial statement income of certain large corporations, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company considered the applicable tax law changes concluding there is no impact to the Company’s tax provision for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes for December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. Federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before income taxes as a result of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes at statutory rate$6,614 $(10,012)$(25,120)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit1,796 (1,424)(2,309)
Rate differential on foreign earnings(130)(104)(68)
Research and development credits(4,894)(1,346)(887)
Change in valuation allowance814 304 809 
Stock-based compensation4,538 2,021 (3,065)
Nondeductible stock-based compensation 6,053 10,012 18,267 
Unrecognized tax benefits2,498 975 703 
Non-deductible expenses350 630 287 
Other(98)4 432 
Total provision for (benefit from) income taxes$17,541 $1,060 $(10,951)
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, (in thousands):
As of December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets
Deferred revenue$220 $316 
Accrued expenses8,557 7,995 
Stock-based compensation6,554 9,293 
Impairment on investment1,445 1,445 
As of December 31,
20232022
Net operating loss carryforwards14,492 15,117 
Tax credit carryforwards9,462 12,839 
Lease liabilities2,359 2,934 
Interest expense carryforwards1,560 6,004 
Capital loss carryforwards455 453 
Capitalized research expenses21,355 6,674 
Total deferred tax assets66,459 63,070 
Valuation allowance(16,320)(14,644)
Net deferred tax assets50,139 48,426 
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation and amortization(15,231)(12,780)
Right of use asset(2,228)(2,900)
State taxes(3,665)(3,366)
Net deferred tax liabilities(21,124)(19,046)
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities$29,015 $29,380 
We evaluated the realizability of net deferred tax assets and determined it is more likely than not that separate state net operating losses, state net operating losses from the acquisition of LegalInc, capital loss carryovers from the acquisition of Earth Class Mail, the deferred tax assets for Pulse IP, LLC and Pulse Business, LLC, and foreign deferred tax assets will not be realized based on the available objective evidence and have recorded a valuation allowance on such deferred tax assets.
The following table summarizes the valuation allowance:

 
Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Beginning balance
$14,644 $14,170 $12,950 
Net increase in current year799 91 1,312 
Net increase (decrease) in valuation prior period877 383 (14)
Net decrease in valuation allowance from acquisitions— — (78)
Ending balance
$16,320 $14,644 $14,170 
Net changes in the valuation allowance in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 include changes recorded through earnings relating to losses primarily from foreign operations and to a lesser extent valuation allowances established relating to acquired businesses.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had federal net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards of $17.2 million and $16.8 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2032. At December 31, 2023, and 2022, we had state NOL carryforwards of $38.2 million and $59.9 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2028. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had foreign NOL carryforwards of $30.3 million and $33.6 million, respectively, which can be carried forward indefinitely and are not subject to expiration. At December 31, 2023, our federal tax credit carryforwards were immaterial. At December 31, 2022, we had federal tax credit carryforwards of $7.1 million, which will begin to expire in 2039. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had state tax credit carryforwards of $12.6 million and $10.8 million, respectively, which carry forward indefinitely. Our domestic entities may be subject to an annual limitation on the utilization of NOL and credit carryforwards based on changes in ownership as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. In 2021 we acquired Earth Class Mail and in 2022 we acquired Revvsales Inc. Both were structured as stock acquisitions. Since there was a change in ownership, the acquired NOL carryforwards are subject to an annual Section 382 limitation on the utilization of the NOL carryforwards.
We have had foreign operations since 2013. We have not provided for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences of foreign subsidiaries as they are considered
indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. At December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the amount of temporary differences related to undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences upon which U.S. income taxes are not material to our consolidated financial statements.
The following table summarizes the changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):
Gross
Unrealized Tax
Benefits
Balance at December 31, 2020$7,231 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year887 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(245)
Balance at December 31, 2021$7,873 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year999 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years48 
Balance at December 31, 2022$8,920 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year2,181 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years418 
Balance at December 31, 2023$11,519 
If recognized, $11.5 million of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, would reduce our annual effective tax rate. Due to the uncertain and complex application of tax laws and regulations, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of uncertain positions may result in liabilities that could be materially different from these estimates. In such an event, we will record additional tax expense or benefit in the period in which resolution occurs. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued interest and penalties related to income tax positions were not material to our consolidated financial statements. We do not anticipate that unrecognized tax benefits will materially change within the next twelve months.
We are subject to taxation and file income tax returns in the U.S. federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions. The federal income tax returns for the years 2020 through 2022 and state income tax returns for the tax years 2008 through 2022 remain open to examination. We are under examination in one state which is not expected to have an impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.