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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The following are the domestic and foreign components of our income (loss) before income taxes (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Domestic$28,678 $34,518 $(49,383)
Foreign14,405 (3,024)1,710 
Total income (loss) before income taxes$43,083 $31,494 $(47,673)
The details for the provision for income taxes by jurisdiction are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Current
Federal$13,258 $8,984 $647 
State4,019 3,621 1,143 
Foreign395 224 63 
Total current provision17,672 12,829 1,853 
Deferred
Federal(3,741)5,481 1,142 
State(736)(769)(1,935)
Foreign
(75)— — 
Total deferred (benefit from) provision for income taxes(4,552)4,712 (793)
Total provision for income tax$13,120 $17,541 $1,060 
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, or IRA, was enacted. The IRA introduced a 15% alternative minimum tax based on the financial statement income of certain large corporations, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company considered the applicable tax law changes concluding there is no impact to the Company’s tax provision for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
The provision for (benefit from) income taxes for December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. Federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before income taxes as a result of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes at statutory rate$9,047 $6,614 $(10,012)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit2,186 1,796 (1,424)
Rate differential on foreign earnings(2,670)(130)(104)
Research and development credits(5,152)(4,894)(1,346)
Change in valuation allowance(413)814 304 
Stock-based compensation2,698 4,538 2,021 
Nondeductible stock-based compensation 5,757 6,053 10,012 
Unrecognized tax benefits1,699 2,498 975 
Non-deductible expenses298 350 630 
Other(330)(98)4 
Total provision for income taxes$13,120 $17,541 $1,060 
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, (in thousands):
As of December 31,
20242023
Deferred tax assets
Deferred revenue$153 $220 
Accrued expenses7,088 8,557 
Stock-based compensation4,070 6,554 
Impairment on investment— 1,445 
Net operating loss carryforwards14,918 14,492 
Tax credit carryforwards10,264 9,462 
Lease liabilities1,957 2,359 
Interest expense carryforwards2,782 1,560 
Capital loss carryforwards453 455 
Capitalized research expenses34,957 21,355 
Total deferred tax assets76,642 66,459 
Valuation allowance(16,876)(16,320)
Net deferred tax assets59,766 50,139 
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation and amortization(19,340)(15,231)
Right of use asset(1,780)(2,228)
State taxes(3,950)(3,665)
Net deferred tax liabilities(25,070)(21,124)
Net deferred tax assets and liabilities$34,696 $29,015 
We evaluated the realizability of net deferred tax assets and determined it is more likely than not that separate state net operating losses, state net operating losses from the acquisition of LegalInc, the deferred tax assets for Pulse IP, LLC and Pulse Business, LLC, and foreign deferred tax assets, excluding Poland, will not
be realized based on the available objective evidence and have recorded a valuation allowance on such deferred tax assets.
The following table summarizes the valuation allowance:

 
Year Ended December 31,
 202420232022
Beginning balance
$16,320 $14,644 $14,170 
Net (decrease) increase in current year(654)799 91 
Net increase in valuation prior period1,210 877 383 
Ending balance
$16,876 $16,320 $14,644 
Net changes in the valuation allowance in the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 include changes recorded through earnings relating to losses primarily from foreign operations and the current year release of the valuation allowance on the capital loss carryover from the acquisition of Earth Class Mail, Inc. and the release of the valuation allowance on one of the foreign entities.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had federal net operating loss, or NOL, carryforwards of $16.6 million and $17.2 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2036. At December 31, 2024, and 2023, we had state NOL carryforwards of $28.8 million and $38.2 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2025. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had foreign NOL carryforwards of $35.1 million and $30.3 million, respectively, which can be carried forward indefinitely and are not subject to expiration. At December 31, 2024,and 2023, our federal tax credit carryforwards were immaterial. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had state tax credit carryforwards of $13.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, which carry forward indefinitely. Our domestic entities may be subject to an annual limitation on the utilization of NOL and credit carryforwards based on changes in ownership as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. In 2022 we acquired Revvsales Inc. as a stock acquisition, since there was a change in ownership, the acquired NOL carryforwards are subject to an annual Section 382 limitation on the utilization of the NOL carryforwards.
We have had foreign operations since 2013. We have not provided for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences of foreign subsidiaries as they are considered indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S. At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the amount of temporary differences related to undistributed earnings and other outside temporary differences upon which U.S. income taxes are not material to our consolidated financial statements.
The following table summarizes the changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):
Gross
Unrealized Tax
Benefits
Balance at December 31, 2021$7,873 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year999 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years48 
Balance at December 31, 2022$8,920 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year2,181 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years418 
Balance at December 31, 2023$11,519 
Additions for tax positions related to the current year2,854 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years(966)
Balance at December 31, 2024$13,407 
If recognized, $13.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, would reduce our annual effective tax rate. Due to the uncertain and complex application of tax laws and regulations, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of uncertain positions may result in liabilities that could be materially different from these estimates. In such an event, we will record additional tax expense or benefit in the period in which resolution occurs. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, accrued interest and penalties related to income tax
positions were not material to our consolidated financial statements. We do not anticipate that unrecognized tax benefits will materially change within the next twelve months.
We are subject to taxation and file income tax returns in the U.S. federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions. The federal income tax returns for the years 2021 and forward and state income tax returns for the tax years 2008 and forward remain open to examination. We are under examination in two states which are not expected to have an impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.